Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="en">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikibooks</sitename>
    <dbname>enwikibooks</dbname>
    <base>https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikibooks</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikibooks talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="102" case="first-letter">Cookbook</namespace>
      <namespace key="103" case="first-letter">Cookbook talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="108" case="first-letter">Transwiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="109" case="first-letter">Transwiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="110" case="first-letter">Wikijunior</namespace>
      <namespace key="111" case="first-letter">Wikijunior talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="112" case="first-letter">Subject</namespace>
      <namespace key="113" case="first-letter">Subject talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Requests for deletion</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>385</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673168</id>
      <parentid>4673027</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T13:22:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ternera</username>
        <id>2679710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Talmudic aramic */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4673168</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44516" sha1="13jw06qbde9uti950o2pkeq9r7ee7ep" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==
{{closed|Deleted due to generative LLM content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 September 2026 (UTC)}}
Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Art And AI]] ==
Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] ==
This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

:As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]].
:This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]
:::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook.  Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is?  If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::::Hi,
:::::This is definitely the former, not the latter. As I said, I don't particularly think this should be on Wikibooks, it just happens the previous years had been, and clearly they weren't subject to this degree of scrutiny 😅
:::::I have created https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/A-level_Computer_Science_AQA_Paper_1_Skeleton_program_2027 - I'll delete the content of the page and put the link at the top. If there is a more appropriate banner to indicate the migration, please make it look how it should :D [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC)
::::::I can't seem to put a link without the edit being deemed destructive, so I'll let you trusted people do what's needed. [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:27, 29 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] ==
I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, &quot;Afghanistan&quot; and &quot;Quagga&quot; are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
== [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] ==
I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
:I would say this is absolutely LLM-generated, {{vd}} [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== [[Talmudic aramic]] ==
Per the user's other mass-created pages, I concur with the AI flagging that Kittycataclysm placed on the page. I believe this to be LLM-generated, and it should thus be deleted. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:29, 30 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}, LLM spam. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 13:22, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>13jw06qbde9uti950o2pkeq9r7ee7ep</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hebrew</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673194</id>
      <parentid>4660510</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T19:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52716-59</username>
        <id>3627271</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673194</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1688" sha1="3ex0p3nziqsa3jnzzg9tjekwcfa55j8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Web version--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{center/top}}

{| cellspacing=&quot;8&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:800px; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#FFFFFF;{{Text default color}};border:0px;&quot;

| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xxx-large;&quot;&gt;'''ISRAELI HEBREW'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{Hebrew-Huge|עברית ישראלית}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Learning the Hebrew Language as spoken in Israel, for English Speakers&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;{{TextBox|'''[[Hebrew/Contents|תֹּכֶן הָעִנְיָנִים (Table of Contents)]]'''}}&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
| [[Image:Jerusalem Ecce Homo Bogen um 1900.jpg|350px|The Arch of Ecce Homo, Jerusalem, Holy Land]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
----
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|{{SideBox|Printable version:&lt;br&gt;[[Hebrew/Print version|View]]}}
|{{SideBox|Hebrew is a [[:Category:Category 3 Languages|Category II language]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers|Foreign Service Institute (US)]])&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-
|{{SideBox|Hebrew Wikipedia:&lt;br&gt;[[w:he:עברית|עברית]]}}
|{{SideBox|English Wikipedia's article:&lt;br&gt;[[w:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew language]]}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

|}
{{center/end}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Shelves|Languages of Asia}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Categories|Category 2 Languages}}
{{alphabetical|H}}
{{status|25%}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;!--Print Version--&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xxx-large;&quot;&gt;'''Hebrew'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xxx-large;&quot;&gt;'''עִבְרִית'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Learning the Hebrew Language, for English Speakers&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
{{print version cover text}}
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3ex0p3nziqsa3jnzzg9tjekwcfa55j8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673328</id>
      <parentid>4673194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T03:05:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>per previous edit</comment>
      <origin>4673328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1689" sha1="3l6cvl6u4yq1cmso8j2w6jq7x1pwf2e" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Web version--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{center/top}}

{| cellspacing=&quot;8&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:800px; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#FFFFFF;{{Text default color}};border:0px;&quot;

| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xxx-large;&quot;&gt;'''ISRAELI HEBREW'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{Hebrew-Huge|עברית ישראלית}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Learning the Hebrew Language as spoken in Israel, for English Speakers&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;{{TextBox|'''[[Hebrew/Contents|תֹּכֶן הָעִנְיָנִים (Table of Contents)]]'''}}&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
| [[Image:Jerusalem Ecce Homo Bogen um 1900.jpg|350px|The Arch of Ecce Homo, Jerusalem, Holy Land]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
----
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|{{SideBox|Printable version:&lt;br&gt;[[Hebrew/Print version|View]]}}
|{{SideBox|Hebrew is a [[:Category:Category 3 Languages|Category III language]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers|Foreign Service Institute (US)]])&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-
|{{SideBox|Hebrew Wikipedia:&lt;br&gt;[[w:he:עברית|עברית]]}}
|{{SideBox|English Wikipedia's article:&lt;br&gt;[[w:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew language]]}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

|}
{{center/end}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Shelves|Languages of Asia}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Categories|Category 2 Languages}}
{{alphabetical|H}}
{{status|25%}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;!--Print Version--&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xxx-large;&quot;&gt;'''Hebrew'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xxx-large;&quot;&gt;'''עִבְרִית'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Learning the Hebrew Language, for English Speakers&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
{{print version cover text}}
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3l6cvl6u4yq1cmso8j2w6jq7x1pwf2e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aros/User/Docs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673374</id>
      <parentid>4673093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:11:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="138987" sha1="05mskn0x09x0h2n2yqqk1dnn4vlakcr" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}

==What is AROS==

Google translation 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=nl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=da&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ja&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ko&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pt&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], 


*Computer Hardware
*AROS (operating system)
*Applications and Games
*User


[http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. 

This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it.  

Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. 

AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. 
Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. 

AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access.  

Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. 


Good Sites to visit 

: [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] 
: [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News]
: [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], 
: [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] 
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit]


: [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] 
: [https://aminet.net/ Aminet]
: [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site]


: [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] 
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase]
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] 


: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] 
: [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64]
: [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] 
: [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] 
: [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] 
: [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], 
: [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version]


: [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] 
: [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], 
:[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], 


: [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] 
: [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] 
: [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] 
: [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] 
: [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] 
: [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive]
: [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags]
: [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam]
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga]


== Distributions aka Distros ==

For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. 

* For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros],
* For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], 
* For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], 

'''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.'''
* For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], 
* For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] 


AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. 
Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is &quot;Hosted&quot;. 

AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from &quot;Hosted&quot; drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support 


AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. 

* The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. 

*ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers 
*ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build 
*ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons 


==Media==

AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) 

* USB .VHD 

[https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below 

&lt;pre&gt;
0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip
7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip
559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip
93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip
59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip
24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5  ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip
f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b  ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip
e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8  Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt; 


[https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS]

22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) 


There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb 

Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], 

Linux   - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, 

Mac     - 


* Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs 

 The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar 

&lt;pre&gt;
617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip
11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip
f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt;


You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. 

No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it.

The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC.

The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions.

You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS.
For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. 


Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information 

Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. 

Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems.  Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. 

Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. 


* SD-card
For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. 


==Booting==

The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. 

Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed 

*go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -&gt; Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode 
*you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD 
*disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence

Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. 
For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) 

 For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. 

The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. 
If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. 

After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here 

If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of &quot;crashes right after grub boot selection&quot; it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. 
&lt;pre&gt;
So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. 
Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: 
Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - 
&lt;/pre&gt;
Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. 
It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. 


=====Advice for various machines=====

Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up 

&lt;pre&gt;
[MultiLoader]
[ELF Loader]
[Boot]

[HPET] 
[Kernel:ACPI]
[Kernel:APIC-IA32]
[Kernel:SMP APIC]
[HiddStorage]

ACPI: ????
ACPI Error 
[ACPI]AcpiOs????
[BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI 

[PCI] Scanning bus ? 
[AHCI] Sata 
[Vesa]  only if vesa is chosen as graphics option 

[ATA] detect hd &amp; cd drives 
[ATA0?] ata-identity 
[packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. 
[DOS] 
[Storage:Bus]
[Storage:Controller]

[MSS] USB setup
[ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? 

[I2C] 
[ATI]
[drm] nouveau 
[AROSTCP]   if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting 


&lt;/pre&gt;

; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. 


AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. 

If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use.

SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at &quot;waiting for bootable media&quot; screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting 

The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version.  Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read &quot;module /Devs/Alt/ata.device&quot;. Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use.


Further options (removing the &quot; &quot;) to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging:

&lt;pre&gt;
Disable AHCI                        &quot;AHCI=disable&quot;
Disable NVME                        &quot;NVME=disable&quot;

Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=disable&quot;
Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=nopci,nolegacy&quot;
ATA safe mode:                      &quot;ATA=nodma,32bit&quot;
Disable IDE from SATA:              &quot;ATA=32bit,nosata2pata&quot;
VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors &quot;ATA=nodma,nopoll&quot; 

noacpi                   all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't 
acpi=strict              if there are issues with sound after boot 

noioapic                 alternative to no acpi 

Set AHCI                            &quot;AHCI=force150/force300/force600&quot;
Disable AHCI/SATA:       comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K

Disable USB:             comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K
Disable native graphics: &quot;nomonitors&quot;
USB3                     &quot;USB=xhci&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt; 

Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll 

Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. 


* If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command  line.  This  will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. 
* ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If  you  get  crashes  at  early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line 


If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). 

However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&amp;group_id=43586&amp;func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you 


For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image 

If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings  


=====nvme.device=====

 Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines 

The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

 This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data 


=====AHCI=====

 Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines 

* Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM 
* SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI 


 AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working

Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. 

Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. 


=====ata.device for old BIOS's =====

 Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level 

Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). 

*Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search &quot;BIOS BOOT CDROM&quot;

* At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. 

* check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&amp;play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. 

'''Save''' options changed at the end. 

PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. 
Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation.


==Installing==

We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here]

We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu 

error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot 

&lt;pre&gt;
#module /Devs/ahci.device      &lt;&lt; disable
module /Devs/Alt/ata.device    &lt;&lt; add this line instead
&lt;/pre&gt;


==File structure overview==

AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions.

AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|boot:
| grub bootloader 
|----
|C:
| small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards
|----
|Classes:
| .class as well as datatypes 
|----
|Devs:
| .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics 
|----
|L:
| where .handler files go 
|----
|Libs:
| where .library files go 
|----
|Prefs:
| applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities 
|----
|S:
| startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here
|----
|Storage:
| place to keep old or alternative device drivers
|----
|System:
| applications associated with AROS operating system
|----
|Tools:
| extra applications
|----
|Utilities:
| extra applications
|----
|WBStartup:
| copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc
|----
|}

See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]]


=== Filesystem ===

Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Journalling     - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 
Non-journaling  - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2  
&lt;/pre&gt;

Filesystem options for AROS to install 
* SFS default 
* Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&amp;highlight=pfs3+free&amp;page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] 
* FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage 

Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes 
* FAT32 favorite as most OSs support 
* NTFS (can lock AROS) 
* exFAT 

The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS
*SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS 
*PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive 

The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not....
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/exfat-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = exfat-handler
DosType        = 0x46415458
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = ntfs3g-handler
DosType        = 0x4e544653

Also to make a read-only mount you can set:

Control        = ro
&lt;/pre&gt;


The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features.  

SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. 

Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other.  Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches.  

In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI.  The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code].  

SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless 

AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. 
The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. 

SFS Tools 
* GUI - arSFSDoctor, 
* CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, 

 sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment

If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. 


PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. 
The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems.  It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. 

PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command &quot;. Deldir&quot; convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command &quot;diskvalid&quot;, which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader.

The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device.

The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact.   

When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update.   

The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. 

It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root.  

PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt.  There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc.  


Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. 

The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR).


===Installing Applications===

The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. 

At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists.


===User Data files===

AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location.

Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. 


===User Environment configuration files===

AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:.  This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc.

During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage.  Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot.

Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent.

Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env.

ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment.  It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. 

Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:.  The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors.  If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:.  If you click Use, they only go in ENV:.  If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:.

you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen.


===Drivers===

For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. 
For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network 

All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers &lt;something.device&gt; go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers &lt;something.audio&gt; are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers &lt;something.hidd&gt; are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. 


==Configuring==

AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&amp;menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune 

AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like 
* DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) 
* AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) 

File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, 

App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. 

General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, 


Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -&gt; Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited 

CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell'
If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. 

WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands.

Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon.


Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc.  

Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop 

To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished.  You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected.  

Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -&gt; Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All.  

In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX 


We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to...
 C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info
is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes.

[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/  AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines.  

there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like 
 Demos/iconscale 40 40
It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. 

there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like:
 iconsize 32 32

Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa?
Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care).
 processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project 

SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: &quot;Disk&quot;, &quot;Drawer&quot;, &quot;Tool&quot;,  &quot;Project&quot;, &quot;Garbage&quot;, &quot;Device&quot;, &quot;Kick&quot; and &quot;AppIcon&quot;.

Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ?


'''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work 

Themes - SYS:Prefs -&gt; Appearance 
The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be &quot;themes:ice&quot; but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. 

* Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: &quot;Please insert volume Theme: in any drive&quot;? 
You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer &quot;S&quot;. There should be a line: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES &gt;Nil: 
This does the trick. 
Open a shell and run: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES 
Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work 

* The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. 

In each theme directory is 
*Env-Archive -&gt; Zune -&gt; global.prefs
*images -&gt; Gadgets -&gt; 20x20 pngs for Down etc 
*menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config
*system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc 


There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. 


Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder 

Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder 
e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder 
 ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer 

or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) 

e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script 

 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;Nil: 


Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h 

*AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters 
*AutoPoint 
*Blanker screensaver 
*ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front 
*DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily 
*NoCapsKey
*Opaque 
*FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys 

&lt;pre&gt;
ALT TAB       Cycle Windows
              Cycle Screens
              Enlarge Window
              Shrink Window
              Toggle Window Size
              Insert Text
              Run Program
              Run Arexx Script
&lt;/pre&gt;

e.g.
&lt;pre&gt;
LAmiga F1               = Avail Flush
LAmiga F2               = Open Prefs
LAmiga F3               = Finder
Alt Tab                 = Cycle Windows
LAmiga Tab or M         = Cycle Screens
Alt Up arrow            = Enlarge Window 
Alt Down arrow          = Shrink Window
Alt Home                = Toggle Window Size 
                        = Insert Text             
LAmiga e                = Run Program             
                        = Run Arexx Script        
&lt;/pre&gt;

If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set &quot;CX_POPUP=NO&quot;. 

Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown:

SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english

Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts.


There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like 

*Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos 
*Dock - FKey, 
*Files - Multiview, DOpus4, 
*Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, 
*General Apps - 


the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases 


 Common Keyboard Shortcuts

&lt;pre&gt;
RAlt Right Alt Key 
LAlt Left Alt Key 
RWinKey Right Windows Key 
LWinKey Left Windows Key 
RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one)
LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one)
&lt;/pre&gt;

;Bootup Options 
:Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc  

;Left Click 
:LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 

;Right Click 
:RAmiga = Help = F12 

;Mark 
:RAmiga and B 

;Cut 
:RAmiga and X 

;Copy 
:RAmiga and C 

;Paste 
:RAmiga and V 

;Search 
:RAmiga and S 

;Mouse Movement 
LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster 

;Mouse Selection 
LAmiga and LAlt to select 

;Screen Switching 
LAmiga and M or N 

;HELP key 
Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey 


ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press 


===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II===

Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) 

DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 
DOpus5:DirectoryOpus 
;DOpus5:C/LoadDB
&lt;/pre&gt;

Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. 
Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green 

Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with &lt; button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister 

single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use.

As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous.

Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon 


DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure 
&lt;pre&gt;
ARexx       - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks 
Buttons     - 
Commands    - 
Desktop     - 
Environment - two environment files bundled:
 default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app
 workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup)
Filetypes   - 
Groups      - 
Icons       - 
Images      - 
Modules     - compiled tasks 
Settings    - 
Sounds      - 
Themes      - 
WBStartup   - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Settings -&gt; Environment -&gt; Display -&gt; Workbench (Use) 


*Settings -&gt; Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) 

*Toolbar  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List 
*Menu     -&gt;  (Right Win Key together with 2) 
*Buttons  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) 

*Settings         -&gt; Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc 
*File Types       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 5)
*User Menus       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 6)
*Hotkeys          -&gt; Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) 
*Scripts          -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 8)
*Icon Positioning -&gt;   (Right Win key together with 9)


Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories 

* Font (amiga bitmap fonts)
* Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) 
* Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) 
* Icons (png newicons glowicons ) 
* Patterns (iff jpg png ) 


Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot 

For example, configure in Environment -&gt; Backgrounds -&gt; Desktop something like this:
&lt;pre&gt;
Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#?
...or 
Work:Pictures/back#?.iff
...etc...
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes]  


If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Changes DOpus background image forever

   Start with:
   Run &gt;NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx 
*/

if ~show(&quot;L&quot;, &quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;) then do
	if ~addlib(&quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;, 0, -30,0) then exit 10
end

/* Configure these two lines for your needs: */
minutes=1
picpath=&quot;Work:Pics/#?.iff&quot;

address DOPUS.1

do forever
	call delay 3000*minutes
	dopus set background '&quot;'picpath'&quot;' desktop center custom
	dopus refresh background custom
end
&lt;/pre&gt;


If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command

&lt;pre&gt;
/* random diropus backdrop changer */
/* by paul trauth, 1999 */
/* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */

options results

parse arg path

address DOPUS.1

/* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */

dopus query background desktop custom
currentpatt=result
lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt)
currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('&quot;',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1))

dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/')
num=0
do while dir~=''
    where=pos('/',dir)
    if where&gt;0 then do
        file=left(dir,where-1)
        dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where)
    end
    else do
        file=dir
        dir=''
    end

    if left(file,1) ~='.' &amp; file~=currentpatt then
        do
            pics.num=file
            num=num+1
        end
end

which=random(0,num-1,time(s))
newbg='&quot;'||path||'/'||pics.which||'&quot;'

dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact
dopus set background on
dopus refresh background
&lt;/pre&gt;


Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are:
&lt;pre&gt;
 %a - abbreviated weekday name
 %A - weekday name
 %b - abbreviated month name
 %B - month name
 %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
 %d - day number with leading 0s
 %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %e - day number with leading spaces
 %h - abbreviated month name
 %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
 %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
 %j - julian date
 %m - month number with leading 0s
 %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
 %p - AM or PM strings
 %q - hour using 24-hour style
 %Q - hour using 12-hour style
 %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
 %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
 %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
 %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
 %w - weekday number
 %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
 %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
 %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s
&lt;/pre&gt;
like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or 


A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this...
 RX &quot;address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN&quot;
Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. 

The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
dopus addappicon
dopus addtrap
dopus back
dopus checkdesktop
dopus clear
dopus command
dopus desktoppopup
dopus error
dopus front
dopus getdesktop
dopus getfiletype
dopus getstring
dopus matchdesktop
dopus progress
dopus query background, font, palette, pens
dopus read
dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister
dopus remappicon
dopus remtrap
dopus request
dopus script
dopus screen
dopus send
dopus set background, font, palette, pens
dopus setappicon
dopus version
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
lister add
lister addstem
lister copy
lister clear value
lister clearcaches
lister close
lister empty
lister findcache
lister getstring
lister iconify
lister new
lister query active all, dest source
lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide 
lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles
lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, 
lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window
lister read
lister refresh
lister reload
lister remove
lister request
lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode
lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source
lister set title, toolbar, value, variable
lister select
lister wait
&lt;/pre&gt;

The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script

&lt;pre&gt;
command all
command wait copy
command read s:startup-sequence
command source 12345 makedir name noicon
&lt;/pre&gt;


*SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 
*FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 
*FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) 


===Wanderer ===


Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. 

Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’.

Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs 


===Scalos===

[https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. 

Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&amp;Drop) is available. 

24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. 

Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. 

Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore &quot;Name column selects text icons&quot; flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. 

Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). 

Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. 

Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. 

Online update with updater.module


Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers 
* Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one 
* AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos
* all Programs placed in &quot;WBStartup&quot; should start 
* The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings


&lt;pre&gt;
v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999
v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999
v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000
v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable)
v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001
v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002
v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005
v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007
v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007
v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009
v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010
v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source 
v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], 


 Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer 

or run the &quot;Scalos Menu&quot; preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called &quot;Menu13.prefs&quot; in &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot;. The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a &quot;Palette13.prefs&quot; file will be saved in to &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot; directory. 


&lt;pre&gt;
ASSIGN Scalos:             SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER   
ASSIGN Libs:               Scalos:Libs add    
;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes  Scalos:Devs/Datatypes   add  
Assign Theme:              Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add 
Assign Locale:             Scalos:Locale add 

Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet 

run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB 
;Scalos:Scalos
&lt;/pre&gt;

Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' 


In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas 
&lt;pre&gt;
About Scalos
Paths               - should be preset 
Startup             - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup 
Desktop             - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) 
Icons               - 
Drag and Drop       - 
Windows             -
Text Windows        -   in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed 
TrueType Fonts      - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones 
Miscellaneous       - 

Plugins             - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added 
Modules             - ??
Menu                - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties 
FileTypes           - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support 
PopupMenu           - tweak how popups appear 
Pattern             - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre 
Palette             - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are 
*DE Desktop/Background 
*SC Screen 
*TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised 
*IW Window/Background ie Icons showing 

 Workflow - In &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on &quot;Defaults&quot; tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab to check eveything is OK and click Save 

Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. 

Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. 
Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. 

*Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. 
*Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If &quot;Fit size&quot; is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change.
*Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. 

Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture

Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if &quot;asyncron layout&quot; is set. 
&lt;pre&gt;
Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window.
Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen.
Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows.
TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. 

 Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps  Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for  or AmigaDos for modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
DESCRIPTION	NAME/A      This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu  
INCLUDE NAME/A          Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to &quot;Scalos:FileTypes&quot; 

POPUPMENU      Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype.
&lt;/pre&gt;

The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:
&lt;pre&gt;
SUBMENU &quot;NAME/A&quot;
ENDSUBMENU 


MENUENTRY &quot;NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S&quot;
ENDMENUENTRY 

INTERNALCMD	&quot;NAME/A&quot;
WBCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
AREXXCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
CLICMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;

ICONWINDOWCMD &quot;NAME/A&quot;

PLUGINCMD
MENUSEPARATOR

ENDPOPUPMENU

TOOLTIP 
ENDTOOLTIP
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:

GROUP &quot;ORIENTATION/K&quot;
ENDGROUP  
MEMBER &quot;HIDE/K&quot;
ENDMEMBER  

HBAR 
STRING &quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;
SPACE &quot;SIZE/N/A&quot;

DTIMAGE &quot;FILENAME/A&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;


Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders 
&lt;pre&gt;
About            - 
Desktop          - 
FileTrans        - 
FileType         - 
Icons            - 
Menu             - 
Modules          - 
PointerIcons     - 
Prefs            - 
Sound            - 
Window           - 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Plugins
&lt;pre&gt;
devicefilter.plugin       
persist.plugin            should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened 
title_clock.plugin        add digital clock to title see more below 
title_envvar.plugin       %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar 
title_freepens.plugin     
volumegauge.plugin        
wb39.plugin               
wbrexx.plugin             plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals 
xtwindows.plugin          left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows 
filetype.plugin           then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) 
menu.plugin               
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties 


*Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, 


In Scalos_Prefs-&gt;Filetype-&gt;Recognition  you can define the filetypes and on &quot;Action&quot; you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan)
there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon 

Associating files with &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save 

then you create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. Use &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. 

defined all archive types from XAD in &quot;filetypes&quot;. If you change to &quot;action&quot; and click on &quot;archive&quot; you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype


Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so '''BEWARE''' 


&lt;pre&gt;
The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders:

    %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;10:43:37&quot;
    %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;Saturday 14 July 2001&quot;

Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting 

    %a - abbreviated weekday name
    %A - weekday name
    %b - abbreviated month name
    %B - month name
    %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
    %C - same as &quot;%a %b %e %T %Z %Y&quot;
    %d - day number with leading 0s
    %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %e - day number with leading spaces
    %h - abbreviated month name
    %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
    %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
    %j - julian date
    %m - month number with leading 0s
    %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
    %n - insert a linefeed
    %p - AM or PM strings
    %q - hour using 24-hour style
    %Q - hour using 12-hour style
    %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
    %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
    %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
    %t - insert a tab character
    %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
    %w - weekday number
    %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
    %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
    %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s

 like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p
&lt;/pre&gt;


Shutdown -&gt; right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown 


ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like 
*SCALOS_PATTERNNO=&lt;number&gt; : background image matching the number 
*SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text.
*SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed.
*Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support

runcommand parameters... in which case:
&lt;pre&gt;
%p = parameters
%w = directory path
%d = device-name
%% = literal percentage token
&lt;/pre&gt;


With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API 

If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable.

ACTIVATEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Activate the root window */
ADDRESS workbench
ACTIVATEWINDOW root

/* Activate the &quot;Work:&quot; partition's window if already open*/
ACTIVATEWINDOW &quot;Work:&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

CHANGEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */
ADDRESS workbench
CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100

/* Change the currently active window */
CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100
&lt;/pre&gt;


Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if 


The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C.

IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer.

The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time.


The Program will be started from the Shell.
If &quot;WB Args&quot; is set, with the Argument &quot;%p&quot; will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value.
IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path.


PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn.
If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line.
It's possible to Drag&amp;Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list.


Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will
not deselect all other icons. 

MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. 

WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. 

FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. 
Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings-&gt;Scalos-&gt;Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop.


Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if &quot;show all files&quot; is enabled, can now be saved
using &quot;snapshot&quot; menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. 


Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the &quot;hide&quot; flag is set will not be shown.

Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok.
The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the &quot;.backdrop&quot; file and clear double lines.

Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed.

If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly.
Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable &quot;Use ExAll&quot; in Scalos prefs.

Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) 
Some programs will not startup with error message &quot;has not returned, wait some more&quot;? and &quot;unable to open your tool&quot; 


need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. 
* either &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending
* or 
Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar 

For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as &quot;RAM.info&quot; or &quot;Ram Disk.info&quot;. All functions will automatically be performed 

sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably  

Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue 


Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted:
&lt;pre&gt;
Fixed:
    Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap
    Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window
    Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible
    Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font
    Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit
    Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit
    scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference
    scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k 
    NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written
    Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup
    wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit
    Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page
    System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page
    Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed
    Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent
    Crash when leaving out an icon
    Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs
    Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs
    Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages
    deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64
    Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences

Won't fix:
    Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences

Not fixed:
    Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons 
    Refreshing drawer windows is slow 
    Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail 
    Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed 
    When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window
    Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs
&lt;/pre&gt;


===DOpus 4 Directory Opus===

Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time 

Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory 
&lt;pre&gt;
run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i &gt;NIL
&lt;/pre&gt;
makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. 


Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. 


DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual and Arexx calls].

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] 
*[] 
*[] 


*Button little rectangle with name inside
*Bank vertical stack of buttons 

 Buttons 
*Workbench app {f} i.e. first  use {F} for all selected items with app 
*AmigaDos  c type apps with arguments after 
*Arexx     
*Command   c type apps with no arguments after 

 Flags (most used)
*CD Destination to extract etc 
*Do all files
*Output window 
*Run asynchronously
*Workbench to front

*Buffer above 100000 for 64bit 


 Filetypes
Defines how certain files are handled like '''default tool''' 


 Screen
Fonts, set each element to any font 
Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) 

 System 
Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup 


===BoingIconBar===

User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards 

Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save 

&lt;pre&gt;
SYS:System/Shell 
SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4
SYS:Utilities/Editor
SYS:System/SysMon
SYS:System/Scout
Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB
Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint
Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint
AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer
Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox
&lt;/pre&gt;

right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps 

If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable 

another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar 


===AmiStart===

On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested 

* how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? 
try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left.


===Fonts===

Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to &quot;Install Font&quot; each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. 

To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager.

Begin

The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list &quot;preferred languages&quot; to put it first and then English. If you want the tab &quot;Time Zone&quot; and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard.


Custom Keyboard Layout

[http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] 

only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. 

So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using
 gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib
where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file

[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] 


Installing fonts

*[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] 
*Outline resizable .font .otag 
In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script &quot;Download Fonts&quot; you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field &quot;Codepage&quot; option &quot;ISO-8859-7&quot; and list the font &quot;Arial&quot; and &quot;Regular&quot; form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox &quot;Anti-aliasing&quot; button and then &quot;Install&quot;. Immediately folder Fonts: created files &quot;arialregular.font&quot; and &quot;arialregular.otag&quot;, which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts.


Final stages 

After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields &quot;Icons&quot; and &quot;Screen&quot; as the font &quot;ArialRegular&quot; to the size you want. In the field &quot;System&quot; to give &quot;s_courier&quot;, which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the &quot;ArialRegular&quot; font fields in tabs &quot;Windows&quot; and &quot;Groups&quot;, and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. 


===Windows===

*Intuition
The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there.  Right click to show menu -&gt; Window -&gt; Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it.  

As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key 

The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
; run shell
run QUIET c:newshell &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;

; slimmer right aros the screen 
run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ &gt;NIL:

; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y
run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ &gt;NIL:


*Zune - AROS version of MUI
Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. 


Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck &quot;Offscreen move&quot; for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: 

* the first using the command &quot;cycle windows&quot; (for example ALT TAB); 
* the second using the command &quot;rescue window&quot; (for example ALT F5). 

Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then &quot;rescue&quot; it: it will move back inside your screen. 


How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows)

Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. 


* how to set up permanently 'view all files'?
As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job 

* how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? 
sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps 

sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities


* how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore).
If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change.

* Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk)
yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise 


===Say narrator===

SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. 
To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK 

Examples of use 
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK:
Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110
Echo &quot;DH1 EH0 L OW1&quot; &gt;SPEAK:A1
&lt;/pre&gt;

Classic options are M/F, R/N, S&lt;rate&gt;, P&lt;pitch&gt;, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes.

Long options select a speech engine:

Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US

Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection.


===Printing===

This needs further [https:www.aminet.net/package/docs/help/PrinterGuide drivers written], we have postscript and write to file support only 


*Postscript

Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port 


Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript 

Print using compatible Postscript printer 


*GutenPrint

Some work has been done 

;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. 


*printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment.

Please try the following steps:

Open the printer web interface in a browser:

 http://192.168.1.x/

Look for the network or protocol settings.

Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol.

Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled.

Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it.

 ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print

 ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/


===Files===

====File endings and datatypes====

* Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. 
* In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -&gt; Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). 
* Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be &quot;flaC&quot; according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. 

For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. 


File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. 


'''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.'''


The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables:
1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description
2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions

use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here).

use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors.

Note:
When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). 

&lt;pre &gt;
# name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name.
# version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules
# basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. 
# pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text
# Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable.
# GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file.
# ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter).
# flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not)
# priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer.

Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator

To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter).

And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS).

Sounds complicated ?

Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ).

Would that suffice ?

red1+2: typos, reformatting.

disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk.


==Network Connection==

AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP.  This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. 


===Wired===

Use Network Prefs to setup 


=====IPv6=====

Some support 


128bit IPv6 address packet 
&lt;pre&gt;
Local FD::/8
Global 2000::/3
64:ff9b::/96
&lt;/pre&gt;
NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 
DNS64 


OS routing works with 
&lt;pre&gt;
MacOS Ventura 
Windows 11 with cloud account 
Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish 
Android 10 (block google dns) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IPv4====

The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. 

[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]]

'''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' 
* Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' 
* Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) 
* check mark on Active
* select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go 
* set Unit to 0 
* IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' 


* IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically 

From the shell CLI,  ifconfig -a

Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx

* inet or '''Address''' of network card 
* netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into 
* broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx

click OK


[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]]

'''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' 
* IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) 


* or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work 
* '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual 
* first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google)  i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 
* second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 


* At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option 
* Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) 


'''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. 

e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' 
and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in &quot;manually&quot; into AROS Network prefs. 

e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info 
* for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) 

 Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings 

IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT 


===Wireless===

 You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup 

[[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]]

[[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]]

We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. 

or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based 


There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well 


* open Network/Prefs
* In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) 

Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. 

* Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on &quot;Add&quot; button. 
* Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right &quot;encyption&quot; that is most likely &quot;WPA&quot;. 
* Key Type set as &quot;Passphrase&quot;. i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). 
* Unselect (no tick) &quot;hidden&quot; if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. 
* Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. 

For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. 


===USB Ethernet===

Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) 

* click Add button
* set Name as net0
* Tick Active box
* enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling 
* set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) 
* IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) 
'''or manual'''
* IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) 
* Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 
* click OK

There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. 


Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information 

* IP Mode Get address from DHCP 
'''or if manual settings'''
* Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. 
* first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 
* second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 


===USB Tethering via Android smartphone===


Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in &quot;usbrndis.device&quot; in the &quot;device&quot; textfield of &quot;Interface&quot; sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select &quot;Start Network during system boot&quot; and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.&lt;br&gt;

usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable &quot;USB Tethering&quot; &lt;br&gt;

A reboot should not be necessary.

When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. 


===Solving Issues===

[[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]]

* In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab 
* If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) 
* For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin 


* For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer 


* If wireless, try getting closer to the router. 
* Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers 
* Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&amp;nbsp;dBi or 7&amp;nbsp;dBi 
* Try with another computer/laptop/machine 

Program Error  C:WirelessManager 

* Test with another OS 
* Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) 
* Check that socket and card are working 
* Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc)   


Are you connecting with the Router ? 

Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. 


For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed...

&lt;pre&gt;

; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06)
; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team.
;
Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

; stop and restart
execute &quot;sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet&quot;

Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device

&lt;/pre&gt;


What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? 
It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options &quot;acpi=off noapic nolapic&quot;? 


If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot

open a shell and run the following commands:

&lt;pre&gt;
echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Please report the output, typically it will look like this  

# True  (explanation this variable is related to the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; checkbox in network prefs) 
# True  ()
# Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0


If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this?

 ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP 

should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP


By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as:


&lt;pre&gt;
ping www.google.com
ifconfig net0
&lt;/pre&gt;


The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell:

 C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose 

or 

 C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose 

and capture the output 


If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change &quot;&gt;NIL:&quot; to &quot;&gt;T:wifi.log&quot; on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5?

&lt;pre&gt;
if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq &quot;True&quot;
Run QUIET &quot;C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} &gt;T:wifi.log&quot;
wait 5
EndIf
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here.


&lt;pre&gt;

c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose
Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7)
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'


Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration.
&lt;/pre&gt;

looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)?


&lt;pre&gt;

Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7):
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=02c66fd4 ***
Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
Added interface atheros5000.device:0
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Started AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
sana2: sending MLME frame


Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC?

IRQ 4 (A)

&lt;/pre&gt;

apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request).


&lt;pre&gt;

Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12):
41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='AirLink59300'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=0224e444 ***
Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000
Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
[eloop_run] Starting
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000
EAPOL: disable timer tick
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000
MLME: scan completed

&lt;/pre&gt;

Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? 


&lt;pre&gt;
&quot;ENV:sys/wireless.prefs&quot; looks like this:
network={
ssid=&quot;testadhoc&quot;
key_mgmt=NONE
wep_key0=&quot;12345&quot;
wep_tx_keyidx=0
}
&lt;/pre&gt; 


If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after  # Example blocks: 

 scan_ssid=1

Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. 

&lt;pre&gt;
ap_scan=1

network={
ssid=&quot;YOURESSID&quot;
scan_ssid=1
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=YOURPASSWORD
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
filter_ssids=1
ap_scan=2

network={
ssid=&quot;REMOVED&quot;
scan_ssid=1
bssid=REMOVED
priority=100
mode=0
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
auth_alg=OPEN
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=REMOVED
}
&lt;/pre&gt;


Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name.

Check Scout -&gt; Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell:

C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0


some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 

1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen

2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP

3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them

once done, reboot.


If previous setup is proving problematic 

&lt;pre &gt;

SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. 


Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working 

̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that &quot;Start networking at boot&quot; in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick).  
̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE
̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding &gt;RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here.


try running &quot;status&quot; in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running
If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the &quot;start networking at boot&quot; box or typing into a shell. 

 Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet

(run Status again afterwards).


The &quot;cannot resolve hostname&quot; will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address.

One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router.


Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions 

 pciinfo
 sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status

&lt;pre &gt;
 ping &lt;router-address&gt; e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) 
 ifconfig net0
 ifconfig net0 up
 extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status
 WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose &gt;RAM:wifi.log
 ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, 
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device &gt;NIL:
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid=&quot;mynet1&quot; &gt;NIL: 
 C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. 


start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens.


Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: 

&lt;pre&gt;
Internet &lt;---------&gt; home router &lt;---------&gt; computer 
-----------external IP------------------internal IP-------------
&lt;/pre&gt;

Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router.

You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings...

* Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host)
* IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router)

* IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router)
* Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer)

As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client).

The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services.

Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address.

By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change.

So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses).

Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. 

When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network!


Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault.

Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] 


===File Sharing===

As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). 
The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. 

Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. 

An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. 

Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. 


====SMB2/3====

With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the &quot;Public&quot; user.

On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center).

AROS Mountlist should look lke this 
&lt;pre&gt;
Handler = L:smb2-handler
StackSize = 65536
Priority = 5
GlobVec = -1
ACTIVATE=1
Startup = &quot;smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

which could also be
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public&quot;

so
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder&quot;


After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named &quot;SMB0&quot; which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file &quot;ServerAutoMounts&quot;, in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. 
The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. 


====Old SMBFS====

e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -:

SMBFS WORKGROUP=&lt;YOUR WORKGROUP NAME&gt; VOLUME=&lt;AROS volume name to use&gt;: SERVICE=&lt;UNC Path to connect to&gt;

SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared

And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. 


You can put the above script into wbstartup or  

give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx 

Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info &quot;sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info&quot;

This should create an icon for your script file.

Now right-click on your script and select 'information'.

Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save 

The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it.


====Setup ISO images within AROS====

Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below....

&lt;pre &gt;
# Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension).
# Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. 
(Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) 
# From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk.
&lt;/pre &gt; 

 assign devname: dismount 
 Assign DOSVOLUME: remove
 [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet 

If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Entry for ISO image */

ISO1:
FileSystem = cdrom.handler
Device = fdsk.device
Unit = 1
LowCyl = 0
HighCyl = 0
Surfaces = 1
BlocksPerTrack = 1
DOSType = 0x41434400
Activate = 1
#
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell:

 Mount iso1: from devs:iso1

Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives 


==Video Guides==


Video demonstrations and tutorials covering:

:00. '''Introduction''' 
::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&amp;feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&amp;t=14s&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], 

:01. '''Installation'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&amp;feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], 
::[ driver install], 
::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], 

:02. '''Amiga Basics'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], 
::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&amp;feature=related OS 1.3], 

:03. '''Customisation demos'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], 

:04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps 
::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], 

:05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&amp;feature=mfu_in_order&amp;list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], 

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&amp;feature=related Apps Pt 3], 
::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], 
::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&amp;feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&amp;feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&amp;feature=related TV out Tests], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&amp;feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], 
::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], 

::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [],

::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 


:06. '''Commercial software available'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], 

:07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' 
:: Amiberry [], [], 
::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial]

::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], 

:08. '''Misc and History'''

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], 

:09. '''Misc Shows and Events'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], 

:10. 
::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY]


===History===

The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] 

* 1992 Commodore folds 
* 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. 
* Early 1999, Haage &amp; Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. 
* March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. 
* Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System 
* June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. 
* November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. 
* Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. 
* Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. 
* Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. 
* Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. 
* Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived 
* Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. 
* Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. 
* Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. 
* Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB)
* September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro 


* Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported 
* Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version  
* Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) 
* 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened 
* 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version 
* Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) 
* 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11
* 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&amp;pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] 


===Bounties===

To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of &quot;bounties&quot; (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here].


Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &amp;mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding).


[http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... 

;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, 

;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, 

;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&amp;forum=18&amp;post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), 

;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, 


* 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive 
* 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles.
* 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers.
* 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers.
* 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers.
* 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE
* 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers.
* 2017 - x86/64bit smp 


Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen 

* yes, usb -&gt; rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device 
* you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -&gt; rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) 

Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 2  RXD
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 3  TXD 
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5  GND
&lt;/pre&gt;

Null modem cable connections DTE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 3
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 2
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
(9pole SUB-D)


&lt;pre&gt;
serial  ser: (amiga/aros)  tty2 tty1USB0 (linux)  COM1 (windows)  (depends on the os being used) 
speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400     lower baud might be more successful 
data bits 8
stop bits 1
parity none
handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely)  rts/cts  dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. 
*68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. 
*PPC support is very limited to certain devices. 


If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT

If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command &quot;after assignment to LUA&quot;
C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar &gt;NIL:
Change the command to match your WeatherBar path.

&lt;pre&gt;
PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD
run &gt;nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua
&lt;/pre&gt;

To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the &quot;WeatherBar&quot; will appear on the Browser url address bar above 


Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides 

&lt;pre&gt;
internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset):

    AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga)
    Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga)
    ISO-8859-1 – Western European
    ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO)
    ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European
    ISO-8859-3 – South European
    ISO-8859-4 – North European
    ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages
    ISO-8859-9 – Turkish
    ISO-8859-15 – West European II
    ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European
    KOI8-R – Russian
    UTF-8 – Unicode

In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are:

    IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866)
    ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek)
    ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6)
    windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows)
    windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows)
    windows-1252 – West European (Windows)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly 
 dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy &amp;&amp; sync


Scalos 
&lt;pre&gt;
-------------------------------
{ &quot;STRING&quot;,		&quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;,

HALIGN		LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT

VALIGN		TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM

STYLE		NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC

FONT		// font specification - format: &quot;fontname.font/size&quot;

-------------------------------
arguments for STRING SRC

&quot;diskstate&quot;,		
&quot;diskusage&quot;,		
&quot;diskusagefree&quot;,	
&quot;diskusageinuse&quot;,	
&quot;diskusagepercent&quot;,	
&quot;fibfilename&quot;,	
&quot;filecomment&quot;,	
&quot;filedate&quot;,		
&quot;fileprotection&quot;,	
&quot;filesize&quot;,		
&quot;filetime&quot;,		
&quot;filetypestring&quot;,	
&quot;iconname&quot;,		
&quot;linktarget&quot;,		
&quot;plugin&quot;	pluginname &lt;optional plugin arguments&gt;
&quot;versionstring&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreateddate&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreatedtime&quot;,	
&quot;volumeordevicename&quot;,	

-------------------------------

arguments for HIDE

&quot;novolumenode&quot;,	
&quot;isempty&quot; (some STRING)	

-------------------------------

all internal commands:

&quot;about&quot;,		
&quot;backdrop&quot;,		
&quot;cleanup&quot;,		
&quot;cleanupbyname&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbydate&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbysize&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbytype&quot;,	
&quot;clearselection&quot;,	
&quot;clone&quot;,		
&quot;close&quot;,		
&quot;copy&quot;,		
&quot;cut&quot;,		
&quot;delete&quot;,		
&quot;emptytrashcan&quot;,	
&quot;executecommand&quot;,	
&quot;formatdisk&quot;,		
&quot;iconify&quot;,		
&quot;iconinfo&quot;,		
&quot;lastmsg&quot;,		
&quot;leaveout&quot;,		
&quot;makedir&quot;,		
&quot;open&quot;,		
&quot;parent&quot;,		
&quot;paste&quot;,		
&quot;putaway&quot;,		
&quot;quit&quot;,		
&quot;redraw&quot;,		
&quot;redrawall&quot;,		
&quot;rename&quot;,		
&quot;reset&quot;,		
&quot;selectall&quot;,		
&quot;showallfiles&quot;,	
&quot;showonlyicons&quot;,	
&quot;shutdown&quot;,		
&quot;sizetofit&quot;,		
&quot;snapshot&quot;,		
&quot;snapshotall&quot;,	
&quot;snapshotwindow&quot;,	
&quot;unsnapshot&quot;,		
&quot;update&quot;,		
&quot;updateall&quot;,		
&quot;viewbydate&quot;,		
&quot;viewbyicon&quot;,		
&quot;viewbysize&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytype&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytext&quot;,		
&lt;/pre&gt;


{{status|50%}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>05mskn0x09x0h2n2yqqk1dnn4vlakcr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673376</id>
      <parentid>4673374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:11:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673376</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="138988" sha1="qhakm5mcwe4oohggemcjt15wzop29la" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}

==What is AROS==

Google translation 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=nl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=da&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ja&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ko&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pt&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], 


*Computer Hardware
*AROS (operating system)
*Applications and Games
*User


[http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. 

This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it.  

Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. 

AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. 
Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. 

AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access.  

Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. 


Good Sites to visit 

: [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] 
: [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News]
: [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], 
: [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] 
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit]


: [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] 
: [https://aminet.net/ Aminet]
: [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site]


: [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] 
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase]
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] 


: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] 
: [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64]
: [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] 
: [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] 
: [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] 
: [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], 
: [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version]


: [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] 
: [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], 
:[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], 


: [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] 
: [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] 
: [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] 
: [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] 
: [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] 
: [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive]
: [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags]
: [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam]
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga]


== Distributions aka Distros ==

For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. 

* For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros],
* For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], 
* For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], 

'''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.'''
* For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], 
* For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] 


AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. 
Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is &quot;Hosted&quot;. 

AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from &quot;Hosted&quot; drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support 


AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. 

* The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. 

*ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers 
*ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build 
*ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons 


==Media==

AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) 

* USB .VHD 

[https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below 

&lt;pre&gt;
0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip
7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip
559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip
93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip
59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip
24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5  ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip
f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b  ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip
e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8  Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt; 


[https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS]

22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) 


There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb 

Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], 

Linux   - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, 

Mac     - 


* Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs 

 The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar 

&lt;pre&gt;
617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip
11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip
f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt;


You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. 

No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it.

The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC.

The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions.

You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS.
For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. 


Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information 

Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. 

Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems.  Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. 

Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. 


* SD-card
For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. 


==Booting==

The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. 

Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed 

*go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -&gt; Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode 
*you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD 
*disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence

Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. 
For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) 

 For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. 

The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. 
If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. 

After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here 

If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of &quot;crashes right after grub boot selection&quot; it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. 
&lt;pre&gt;
So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. 
Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: 
Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - 
&lt;/pre&gt;
Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. 
It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. 


=====Advice for various machines=====

Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up 

&lt;pre&gt;
[MultiLoader]
[ELF Loader]
[Boot]

[HPET] 
[Kernel:ACPI]
[Kernel:APIC-IA32]
[Kernel:SMP APIC]
[HiddStorage]

ACPI: ????
ACPI Error 
[ACPI]AcpiOs????
[BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI 

[PCI] Scanning bus ? 
[AHCI] Sata 
[Vesa]  only if vesa is chosen as graphics option 

[ATA] detect hd &amp; cd drives 
[ATA0?] ata-identity 
[packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. 
[DOS] 
[Storage:Bus]
[Storage:Controller]

[MSS] USB setup
[ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? 

[I2C] 
[ATI]
[drm] nouveau 
[AROSTCP]   if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting 


&lt;/pre&gt;

; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. 


AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. 

If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use.

SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at &quot;waiting for bootable media&quot; screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting 

The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version.  Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read &quot;module /Devs/Alt/ata.device&quot;. Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use.


Further options (removing the &quot; &quot;) to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging:

&lt;pre&gt;
Disable AHCI                        &quot;AHCI=disable&quot;
Disable NVME                        &quot;NVME=disable&quot;

Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=disable&quot;
Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=nopci,nolegacy&quot;
ATA safe mode:                      &quot;ATA=nodma,32bit&quot;
Disable IDE from SATA:              &quot;ATA=32bit,nosata2pata&quot;
VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors &quot;ATA=nodma,nopoll&quot; 

noacpi                   all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't 
acpi=strict              if there are issues with sound after boot 

noioapic                 alternative to no acpi 

Set AHCI                            &quot;AHCI=force150/force300/force600&quot;
Disable AHCI/SATA:       comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K

Disable USB:             comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K
Disable native graphics: &quot;nomonitors&quot;
USB3                     &quot;USB=xhci&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt; 

Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll 

Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. 


* If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command  line.  This  will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. 
* ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If  you  get  crashes  at  early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line 


If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). 

However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&amp;group_id=43586&amp;func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you 


For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image 

If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings  


=====nvme.device=====

 Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines 

The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

 This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data 


=====AHCI=====

 Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines 

* Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM 
* SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI 


 AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working

Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. 

Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. 


=====ata.device for old BIOS's =====

 Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level 

Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). 

*Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search &quot;BIOS BOOT CDROM&quot;

* At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. 

* check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&amp;play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. 

'''Save''' options changed at the end. 

PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. 
Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation.


==Installing==

We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here]

We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu 

error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot 

&lt;pre&gt;
#module /Devs/ahci.device      &lt;&lt; disable
module /Devs/Alt/ata.device    &lt;&lt; add this line instead
&lt;/pre&gt;


==File structure overview==

AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions.

AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|boot:
| grub bootloader 
|----
|C:
| small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards
|----
|Classes:
| .class as well as datatypes 
|----
|Devs:
| .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics 
|----
|L:
| where .handler files go 
|----
|Libs:
| where .library files go 
|----
|Prefs:
| applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities 
|----
|S:
| startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here
|----
|Storage:
| place to keep old or alternative device drivers
|----
|System:
| applications associated with AROS operating system
|----
|Tools:
| extra applications
|----
|Utilities:
| extra applications
|----
|WBStartup:
| copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc
|----
|}

See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]]


=== Filesystem ===

Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Journalling     - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 
Non-journaling  - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2  
&lt;/pre&gt;

Filesystem options for AROS to install 
* SFS default 
* Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&amp;highlight=pfs3+free&amp;page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] 
* FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage 

Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes 
* FAT32 favorite as most OSs support 
* NTFS (can lock AROS) 
* exFAT 

The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS
*SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS 
*PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive 

The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not....
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/exfat-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = exfat-handler
DosType        = 0x46415458
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = ntfs3g-handler
DosType        = 0x4e544653

Also to make a read-only mount you can set:

Control        = ro
&lt;/pre&gt;


The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features.  

SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. 

Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other.  Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches.  

In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI.  The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code].  

SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless 

AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. 
The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. 

SFS Tools 
* GUI - arSFSDoctor, 
* CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, 

 sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment

If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. 


PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. 
The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems.  It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. 

PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command &quot;. Deldir&quot; convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command &quot;diskvalid&quot;, which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader.

The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device.

The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact.   

When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update.   

The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. 

It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root.  

PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt.  There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc.  


Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. 

The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR).


===Installing Applications===

The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. 

At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists.


===User Data files===

AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location.

Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. 


===User Environment configuration files===

AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:.  This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc.

During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage.  Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot.

Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent.

Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env.

ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment.  It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. 

Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:.  The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors.  If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:.  If you click Use, they only go in ENV:.  If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:.

you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen.


===Drivers===

For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. 
For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network 

All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers &lt;something.device&gt; go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers &lt;something.audio&gt; are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers &lt;something.hidd&gt; are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. 


==Configuring==

AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&amp;menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune 

AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like 
* DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) 
* AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) 

File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, 

App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. 

General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, 


Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -&gt; Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited 

CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell'
If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. 

WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands.

Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon.


Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc.  

Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop 

To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished.  You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected.  

Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -&gt; Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All.  

In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX 


We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to...
 C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info
is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes.

[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/  AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines.  

there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like 
 Demos/iconscale 40 40
It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. 

there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like:
 iconsize 32 32

Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa?
Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care).
 processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project 

SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: &quot;Disk&quot;, &quot;Drawer&quot;, &quot;Tool&quot;,  &quot;Project&quot;, &quot;Garbage&quot;, &quot;Device&quot;, &quot;Kick&quot; and &quot;AppIcon&quot;.

Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ?


'''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work 

Themes - SYS:Prefs -&gt; Appearance 
The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be &quot;themes:ice&quot; but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. 

* Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: &quot;Please insert volume Theme: in any drive&quot;? 
You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer &quot;S&quot;. There should be a line: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES &gt;Nil: 
This does the trick. 
Open a shell and run: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES 
Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work 

* The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. 

In each theme directory is 
*Env-Archive -&gt; Zune -&gt; global.prefs
*images -&gt; Gadgets -&gt; 20x20 pngs for Down etc 
*menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config
*system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc 


There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. 


Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder 

Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder 
e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder 
 ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer 

or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) 

e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script 

 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;Nil: 


Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h 

*AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters 
*AutoPoint 
*Blanker screensaver 
*ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front 
*DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily 
*NoCapsKey
*Opaque 
*FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys 

&lt;pre&gt;
ALT TAB       Cycle Windows
              Cycle Screens
              Enlarge Window
              Shrink Window
              Toggle Window Size
              Insert Text
              Run Program
              Run Arexx Script
&lt;/pre&gt;

e.g.
&lt;pre&gt;
LAmiga F1               = Avail Flush
LAmiga F2               = Open Prefs
LAmiga F3               = Finder
Alt Tab                 = Cycle Windows
LAmiga Tab or M         = Cycle Screens
Alt Up arrow            = Enlarge Window 
Alt Down arrow          = Shrink Window
Alt Home                = Toggle Window Size 
                        = Insert Text             
LAmiga e                = Run Program             
                        = Run Arexx Script        
&lt;/pre&gt;

If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set &quot;CX_POPUP=NO&quot;. 

Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown:

SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english

Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts.


There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like 

*Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos 
*Dock - FKey, 
*Files - Multiview, DOpus4, 
*Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, 
*General Apps - 


the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases 


 Common Keyboard Shortcuts

&lt;pre&gt;
RAlt Right Alt Key 
LAlt Left Alt Key 
RWinKey Right Windows Key 
LWinKey Left Windows Key 
RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one)
LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one)
&lt;/pre&gt;

;Bootup Options 
:Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc  

;Left Click 
:LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 

;Right Click 
:RAmiga = Help = F12 

;Mark 
:RAmiga and B 

;Cut 
:RAmiga and X 

;Copy 
:RAmiga and C 

;Paste 
:RAmiga and V 

;Search 
:RAmiga and S 

;Mouse Movement 
LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster 

;Mouse Selection 
LAmiga and LAlt to select 

;Screen Switching 
LAmiga and M or N 

;HELP key 
Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey 


ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press 


===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II===

Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) 

DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 
DOpus5:DirectoryOpus 
;DOpus5:C/LoadDB
&lt;/pre&gt;

Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. 
Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green 

Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with &lt; button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister 

single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use.

As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous.

Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon 


DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure 
&lt;pre&gt;
ARexx       - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks 
Buttons     - 
Commands    - 
Desktop     - 
Environment - two environment files bundled:
 default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app
 workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup)
Filetypes   - 
Groups      - 
Icons       - 
Images      - 
Modules     - compiled tasks 
Settings    - 
Sounds      - 
Themes      - 
WBStartup   - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Settings -&gt; Environment -&gt; Display -&gt; Workbench (Use) 


*Settings -&gt; Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) 

*Toolbar  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List 
*Menu     -&gt;  (Right Win Key together with 2) 
*Buttons  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) 

*Settings         -&gt; Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc 
*File Types       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 5)
*User Menus       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 6)
*Hotkeys          -&gt; Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) 
*Scripts          -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 8)
*Icon Positioning -&gt;   (Right Win key together with 9)


Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories 

* Font (amiga bitmap fonts)
* Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) 
* Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) 
* Icons (png newicons glowicons ) 
* Patterns (iff jpg png ) 


Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot 

For example, configure in Environment -&gt; Backgrounds -&gt; Desktop something like this:
&lt;pre&gt;
Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#?
...or 
Work:Pictures/back#?.iff
...etc...
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes]  


If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Changes DOpus background image forever

   Start with:
   Run &gt;NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx 
*/

if ~show(&quot;L&quot;, &quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;) then do
	if ~addlib(&quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;, 0, -30,0) then exit 10
end

/* Configure these two lines for your needs: */
minutes=1
picpath=&quot;Work:Pics/#?.iff&quot;

address DOPUS.1

do forever
	call delay 3000*minutes
	dopus set background '&quot;'picpath'&quot;' desktop center custom
	dopus refresh background custom
end
&lt;/pre&gt;


If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command

&lt;pre&gt;
/* random diropus backdrop changer */
/* by paul trauth, 1999 */
/* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */

options results

parse arg path

address DOPUS.1

/* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */

dopus query background desktop custom
currentpatt=result
lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt)
currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('&quot;',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1))

dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/')
num=0
do while dir~=''
    where=pos('/',dir)
    if where&gt;0 then do
        file=left(dir,where-1)
        dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where)
    end
    else do
        file=dir
        dir=''
    end

    if left(file,1) ~='.' &amp; file~=currentpatt then
        do
            pics.num=file
            num=num+1
        end
end

which=random(0,num-1,time(s))
newbg='&quot;'||path||'/'||pics.which||'&quot;'

dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact
dopus set background on
dopus refresh background
&lt;/pre&gt;


Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are:
&lt;pre&gt;
 %a - abbreviated weekday name
 %A - weekday name
 %b - abbreviated month name
 %B - month name
 %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
 %d - day number with leading 0s
 %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %e - day number with leading spaces
 %h - abbreviated month name
 %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
 %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
 %j - julian date
 %m - month number with leading 0s
 %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
 %p - AM or PM strings
 %q - hour using 24-hour style
 %Q - hour using 12-hour style
 %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
 %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
 %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
 %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
 %w - weekday number
 %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
 %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
 %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s
&lt;/pre&gt;
like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or 


A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this...
 RX &quot;address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN&quot;
Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. 

The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
dopus addappicon
dopus addtrap
dopus back
dopus checkdesktop
dopus clear
dopus command
dopus desktoppopup
dopus error
dopus front
dopus getdesktop
dopus getfiletype
dopus getstring
dopus matchdesktop
dopus progress
dopus query background, font, palette, pens
dopus read
dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister
dopus remappicon
dopus remtrap
dopus request
dopus script
dopus screen
dopus send
dopus set background, font, palette, pens
dopus setappicon
dopus version
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
lister add
lister addstem
lister copy
lister clear value
lister clearcaches
lister close
lister empty
lister findcache
lister getstring
lister iconify
lister new
lister query active all, dest source
lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide 
lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles
lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, 
lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window
lister read
lister refresh
lister reload
lister remove
lister request
lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode
lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source
lister set title, toolbar, value, variable
lister select
lister wait
&lt;/pre&gt;

The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script

&lt;pre&gt;
command all
command wait copy
command read s:startup-sequence
command source 12345 makedir name noicon
&lt;/pre&gt;


*SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 
*FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 
*FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) 


===Wanderer ===


Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. 

Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’.

Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs 


===Scalos===

[https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. 

Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&amp;Drop) is available. 

24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. 

Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. 

Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore &quot;Name column selects text icons&quot; flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. 

Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). 

Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. 

Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. 

Online update with updater.module


Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers 
* Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one 
* AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos
* all Programs placed in &quot;WBStartup&quot; should start 
* The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings


&lt;pre&gt;
v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999
v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999
v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000
v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable)
v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001
v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002
v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005
v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007
v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007
v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009
v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010
v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source 
v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], 


 Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer 

or run the &quot;Scalos Menu&quot; preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called &quot;Menu13.prefs&quot; in &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot;. The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a &quot;Palette13.prefs&quot; file will be saved in to &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot; directory. 


&lt;pre&gt;
ASSIGN Scalos:             SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER   
ASSIGN Libs:               Scalos:Libs add    
;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes  Scalos:Devs/Datatypes   add  
Assign Theme:              Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add 
Assign Locale:             Scalos:Locale add 

Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet 

run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB 
;Scalos:Scalos
&lt;/pre&gt;

Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' 


In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas 
&lt;pre&gt;
About Scalos
Paths               - should be preset 
Startup             - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup 
Desktop             - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) 
Icons               - 
Drag and Drop       - 
Windows             -
Text Windows        -   in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed 
TrueType Fonts      - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones 
Miscellaneous       - 

Plugins             - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added 
Modules             - ??
Menu                - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties 
FileTypes           - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support 
PopupMenu           - tweak how popups appear 
Pattern             - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre 
Palette             - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are 
*DE Desktop/Background 
*SC Screen 
*TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised 
*IW Window/Background ie Icons showing 

 Workflow - In &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on &quot;Defaults&quot; tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab to check eveything is OK and click Save 

Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. 

Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. 
Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. 

*Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. 
*Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If &quot;Fit size&quot; is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change.
*Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. 

Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture

Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if &quot;asyncron layout&quot; is set. 
&lt;pre&gt;
Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window.
Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen.
Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows.
TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. 

 Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps  Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for  or AmigaDos for modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
DESCRIPTION	NAME/A      This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu  
INCLUDE NAME/A          Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to &quot;Scalos:FileTypes&quot; 

POPUPMENU      Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype.
&lt;/pre&gt;

The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:
&lt;pre&gt;
SUBMENU &quot;NAME/A&quot;
ENDSUBMENU 


MENUENTRY &quot;NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S&quot;
ENDMENUENTRY 

INTERNALCMD	&quot;NAME/A&quot;
WBCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
AREXXCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
CLICMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;

ICONWINDOWCMD &quot;NAME/A&quot;

PLUGINCMD
MENUSEPARATOR

ENDPOPUPMENU

TOOLTIP 
ENDTOOLTIP
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:

GROUP &quot;ORIENTATION/K&quot;
ENDGROUP  
MEMBER &quot;HIDE/K&quot;
ENDMEMBER  

HBAR 
STRING &quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;
SPACE &quot;SIZE/N/A&quot;

DTIMAGE &quot;FILENAME/A&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;


Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders 
&lt;pre&gt;
About            - 
Desktop          - 
FileTrans        - 
FileType         - 
Icons            - 
Menu             - 
Modules          - 
PointerIcons     - 
Prefs            - 
Sound            - 
Window           - 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Plugins
&lt;pre&gt;
devicefilter.plugin       
persist.plugin            should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened 
title_clock.plugin        add digital clock to title see more below 
title_envvar.plugin       %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar 
title_freepens.plugin     
volumegauge.plugin        
wb39.plugin               
wbrexx.plugin             plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals 
xtwindows.plugin          left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows 
filetype.plugin           then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) 
menu.plugin               
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties 


*Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, 


In Scalos_Prefs-&gt;Filetype-&gt;Recognition  you can define the filetypes and on &quot;Action&quot; you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan)
there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon 

Associating files with &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save 

then you create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. Use &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. 

defined all archive types from XAD in &quot;filetypes&quot;. If you change to &quot;action&quot; and click on &quot;archive&quot; you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype


Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so '''BEWARE''' 


&lt;pre&gt;
The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders:

    %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;10:43:37&quot;
    %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;Saturday 14 July 2001&quot;

Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting 

    %a - abbreviated weekday name
    %A - weekday name
    %b - abbreviated month name
    %B - month name
    %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
    %C - same as &quot;%a %b %e %T %Z %Y&quot;
    %d - day number with leading 0s
    %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %e - day number with leading spaces
    %h - abbreviated month name
    %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
    %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
    %j - julian date
    %m - month number with leading 0s
    %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
    %n - insert a linefeed
    %p - AM or PM strings
    %q - hour using 24-hour style
    %Q - hour using 12-hour style
    %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
    %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
    %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
    %t - insert a tab character
    %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
    %w - weekday number
    %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
    %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
    %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s

 like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p
&lt;/pre&gt;


Shutdown -&gt; right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown 


ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like 
*SCALOS_PATTERNNO=&lt;number&gt; : background image matching the number 
*SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text.
*SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed.
*Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support

runcommand parameters... in which case:
&lt;pre&gt;
%p = parameters
%w = directory path
%d = device-name
%% = literal percentage token
&lt;/pre&gt;


With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API 

If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable.

ACTIVATEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Activate the root window */
ADDRESS workbench
ACTIVATEWINDOW root

/* Activate the &quot;Work:&quot; partition's window if already open*/
ACTIVATEWINDOW &quot;Work:&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

CHANGEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */
ADDRESS workbench
CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100

/* Change the currently active window */
CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100
&lt;/pre&gt;


Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if 


The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C.

IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer.

The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time.


The Program will be started from the Shell.
If &quot;WB Args&quot; is set, with the Argument &quot;%p&quot; will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value.
IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path.


PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn.
If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line.
It's possible to Drag&amp;Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list.


Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will
not deselect all other icons. 

MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. 

WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. 

FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. 
Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings-&gt;Scalos-&gt;Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop.


Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if &quot;show all files&quot; is enabled, can now be saved
using &quot;snapshot&quot; menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. 


Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the &quot;hide&quot; flag is set will not be shown.

Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok.
The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the &quot;.backdrop&quot; file and clear double lines.

Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed.

If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly.
Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable &quot;Use ExAll&quot; in Scalos prefs.

Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) 
Some programs will not startup with error message &quot;has not returned, wait some more&quot;? and &quot;unable to open your tool&quot; 


need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. 
* either &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending
* or 
Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar 

For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as &quot;RAM.info&quot; or &quot;Ram Disk.info&quot;. All functions will automatically be performed 

sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably  

Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue 


Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted:
&lt;pre&gt;
Fixed:
    Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap
    Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window
    Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible
    Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font
    Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit
    Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit
    scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference
    scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k 
    NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written
    Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup
    wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit
    Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page
    System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page
    Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed
    Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent
    Crash when leaving out an icon
    Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs
    Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs
    Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages
    deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64
    Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences

Won't fix:
    Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences

Not fixed:
    Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons 
    Refreshing drawer windows is slow 
    Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail 
    Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed 
    When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window
    Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs
&lt;/pre&gt;


===DOpus 4 Directory Opus===

Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time 

Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory 
&lt;pre&gt;
run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i &gt;NIL
&lt;/pre&gt;
makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. 


Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. 


DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual and Arexx calls].

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] 
*[] 
*[] 


*Button little rectangle with name inside
*Bank vertical stack of buttons 

 Buttons 
*Workbench app {f} i.e. first  use {F} for all selected items with app 
*AmigaDos  c type apps with arguments after 
*Arexx     
*Command   c type apps with no arguments after 

 Flags (most used)
*CD Destination to extract etc 
*Do all files
*Output window 
*Run asynchronously
*Workbench to front

*Buffer above 100000 for 64bit 


 Filetypes
Defines how certain files are handled like '''default tool''' 


 Screen
Fonts, set each element to any font 
Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) 

 System 
Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup 


===BoingIconBar===

User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards 

Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save 

&lt;pre&gt;
SYS:System/Shell 
SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4
SYS:Utilities/Editor
SYS:System/SysMon
SYS:System/Scout
Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB
Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint
Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint
AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer
Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox
&lt;/pre&gt;

right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps 

If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable 

another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar 


===AmiStart===

On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested 

* how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? 
try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left.


===Fonts===

Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to &quot;Install Font&quot; each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. 

To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager.

Begin

The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list &quot;preferred languages&quot; to put it first and then English. If you want the tab &quot;Time Zone&quot; and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard.


Custom Keyboard Layout

[http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] 

only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. 

So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using
 gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib
where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file

[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] 


Installing fonts

*[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] 
*Outline resizable .font .otag 
In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script &quot;Download Fonts&quot; you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field &quot;Codepage&quot; option &quot;ISO-8859-7&quot; and list the font &quot;Arial&quot; and &quot;Regular&quot; form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox &quot;Anti-aliasing&quot; button and then &quot;Install&quot;. Immediately folder Fonts: created files &quot;arialregular.font&quot; and &quot;arialregular.otag&quot;, which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts.


Final stages 

After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields &quot;Icons&quot; and &quot;Screen&quot; as the font &quot;ArialRegular&quot; to the size you want. In the field &quot;System&quot; to give &quot;s_courier&quot;, which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the &quot;ArialRegular&quot; font fields in tabs &quot;Windows&quot; and &quot;Groups&quot;, and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. 


===Windows===

*Intuition
The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there.  Right click to show menu -&gt; Window -&gt; Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it.  

As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key 

The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
; run shell
run QUIET c:newshell &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;

; slimmer right aros the screen 
run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ &gt;NIL:

; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y
run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ &gt;NIL:


*Zune - AROS version of MUI
Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. 


Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck &quot;Offscreen move&quot; for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: 

* the first using the command &quot;cycle windows&quot; (for example ALT TAB); 
* the second using the command &quot;rescue window&quot; (for example ALT F5). 

Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then &quot;rescue&quot; it: it will move back inside your screen. 


How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows)

Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. 


* how to set up permanently 'view all files'?
As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job 

* how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? 
sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps 

sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities


* how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore).
If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change.

* Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk)
yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise 


===Say narrator===

SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. 
To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK 

Examples of use 
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK:
Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110
Echo &quot;DH1 EH0 L OW1&quot; &gt;SPEAK:A1
&lt;/pre&gt;

Classic options are M/F, R/N, S&lt;rate&gt;, P&lt;pitch&gt;, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes.

Long options select a speech engine:

Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US

Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection.


===Printing===

This needs further [http://www.aminet.net/package/docs/help/PrinterGuide drivers written], we have postscript and write to file support only 


*Postscript

Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port 


Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript 

Print using compatible Postscript printer 


*GutenPrint

Some work has been done 

;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. 


*printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment.

Please try the following steps:

Open the printer web interface in a browser:

 http://192.168.1.x/

Look for the network or protocol settings.

Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol.

Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled.

Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it.

 ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print

 ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/


===Files===

====File endings and datatypes====

* Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. 
* In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -&gt; Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). 
* Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be &quot;flaC&quot; according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. 

For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. 


File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. 


'''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.'''


The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables:
1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description
2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions

use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here).

use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors.

Note:
When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). 

&lt;pre &gt;
# name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name.
# version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules
# basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. 
# pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text
# Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable.
# GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file.
# ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter).
# flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not)
# priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer.

Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator

To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter).

And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS).

Sounds complicated ?

Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ).

Would that suffice ?

red1+2: typos, reformatting.

disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk.


==Network Connection==

AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP.  This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. 


===Wired===

Use Network Prefs to setup 


=====IPv6=====

Some support 


128bit IPv6 address packet 
&lt;pre&gt;
Local FD::/8
Global 2000::/3
64:ff9b::/96
&lt;/pre&gt;
NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 
DNS64 


OS routing works with 
&lt;pre&gt;
MacOS Ventura 
Windows 11 with cloud account 
Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish 
Android 10 (block google dns) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IPv4====

The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. 

[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]]

'''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' 
* Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' 
* Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) 
* check mark on Active
* select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go 
* set Unit to 0 
* IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' 


* IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically 

From the shell CLI,  ifconfig -a

Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx

* inet or '''Address''' of network card 
* netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into 
* broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx

click OK


[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]]

'''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' 
* IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) 


* or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work 
* '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual 
* first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google)  i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 
* second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 


* At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option 
* Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) 


'''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. 

e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' 
and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in &quot;manually&quot; into AROS Network prefs. 

e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info 
* for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) 

 Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings 

IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT 


===Wireless===

 You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup 

[[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]]

[[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]]

We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. 

or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based 


There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well 


* open Network/Prefs
* In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) 

Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. 

* Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on &quot;Add&quot; button. 
* Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right &quot;encyption&quot; that is most likely &quot;WPA&quot;. 
* Key Type set as &quot;Passphrase&quot;. i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). 
* Unselect (no tick) &quot;hidden&quot; if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. 
* Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. 

For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. 


===USB Ethernet===

Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) 

* click Add button
* set Name as net0
* Tick Active box
* enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling 
* set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) 
* IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) 
'''or manual'''
* IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) 
* Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 
* click OK

There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. 


Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information 

* IP Mode Get address from DHCP 
'''or if manual settings'''
* Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. 
* first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 
* second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 


===USB Tethering via Android smartphone===


Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in &quot;usbrndis.device&quot; in the &quot;device&quot; textfield of &quot;Interface&quot; sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select &quot;Start Network during system boot&quot; and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.&lt;br&gt;

usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable &quot;USB Tethering&quot; &lt;br&gt;

A reboot should not be necessary.

When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. 


===Solving Issues===

[[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]]

* In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab 
* If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) 
* For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin 


* For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer 


* If wireless, try getting closer to the router. 
* Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers 
* Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&amp;nbsp;dBi or 7&amp;nbsp;dBi 
* Try with another computer/laptop/machine 

Program Error  C:WirelessManager 

* Test with another OS 
* Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) 
* Check that socket and card are working 
* Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc)   


Are you connecting with the Router ? 

Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. 


For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed...

&lt;pre&gt;

; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06)
; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team.
;
Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

; stop and restart
execute &quot;sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet&quot;

Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device

&lt;/pre&gt;


What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? 
It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options &quot;acpi=off noapic nolapic&quot;? 


If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot

open a shell and run the following commands:

&lt;pre&gt;
echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Please report the output, typically it will look like this  

# True  (explanation this variable is related to the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; checkbox in network prefs) 
# True  ()
# Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0


If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this?

 ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP 

should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP


By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as:


&lt;pre&gt;
ping www.google.com
ifconfig net0
&lt;/pre&gt;


The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell:

 C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose 

or 

 C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose 

and capture the output 


If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change &quot;&gt;NIL:&quot; to &quot;&gt;T:wifi.log&quot; on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5?

&lt;pre&gt;
if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq &quot;True&quot;
Run QUIET &quot;C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} &gt;T:wifi.log&quot;
wait 5
EndIf
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here.


&lt;pre&gt;

c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose
Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7)
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'


Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration.
&lt;/pre&gt;

looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)?


&lt;pre&gt;

Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7):
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=02c66fd4 ***
Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
Added interface atheros5000.device:0
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Started AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
sana2: sending MLME frame


Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC?

IRQ 4 (A)

&lt;/pre&gt;

apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request).


&lt;pre&gt;

Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12):
41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='AirLink59300'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=0224e444 ***
Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000
Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
[eloop_run] Starting
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000
EAPOL: disable timer tick
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000
MLME: scan completed

&lt;/pre&gt;

Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? 


&lt;pre&gt;
&quot;ENV:sys/wireless.prefs&quot; looks like this:
network={
ssid=&quot;testadhoc&quot;
key_mgmt=NONE
wep_key0=&quot;12345&quot;
wep_tx_keyidx=0
}
&lt;/pre&gt; 


If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after  # Example blocks: 

 scan_ssid=1

Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. 

&lt;pre&gt;
ap_scan=1

network={
ssid=&quot;YOURESSID&quot;
scan_ssid=1
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=YOURPASSWORD
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
filter_ssids=1
ap_scan=2

network={
ssid=&quot;REMOVED&quot;
scan_ssid=1
bssid=REMOVED
priority=100
mode=0
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
auth_alg=OPEN
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=REMOVED
}
&lt;/pre&gt;


Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name.

Check Scout -&gt; Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell:

C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0


some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 

1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen

2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP

3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them

once done, reboot.


If previous setup is proving problematic 

&lt;pre &gt;

SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. 


Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working 

̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that &quot;Start networking at boot&quot; in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick).  
̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE
̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding &gt;RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here.


try running &quot;status&quot; in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running
If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the &quot;start networking at boot&quot; box or typing into a shell. 

 Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet

(run Status again afterwards).


The &quot;cannot resolve hostname&quot; will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address.

One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router.


Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions 

 pciinfo
 sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status

&lt;pre &gt;
 ping &lt;router-address&gt; e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) 
 ifconfig net0
 ifconfig net0 up
 extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status
 WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose &gt;RAM:wifi.log
 ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, 
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device &gt;NIL:
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid=&quot;mynet1&quot; &gt;NIL: 
 C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. 


start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens.


Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: 

&lt;pre&gt;
Internet &lt;---------&gt; home router &lt;---------&gt; computer 
-----------external IP------------------internal IP-------------
&lt;/pre&gt;

Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router.

You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings...

* Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host)
* IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router)

* IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router)
* Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer)

As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client).

The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services.

Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address.

By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change.

So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses).

Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. 

When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network!


Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault.

Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] 


===File Sharing===

As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). 
The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. 

Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. 

An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. 

Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. 


====SMB2/3====

With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the &quot;Public&quot; user.

On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center).

AROS Mountlist should look lke this 
&lt;pre&gt;
Handler = L:smb2-handler
StackSize = 65536
Priority = 5
GlobVec = -1
ACTIVATE=1
Startup = &quot;smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

which could also be
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public&quot;

so
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder&quot;


After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named &quot;SMB0&quot; which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file &quot;ServerAutoMounts&quot;, in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. 
The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. 


====Old SMBFS====

e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -:

SMBFS WORKGROUP=&lt;YOUR WORKGROUP NAME&gt; VOLUME=&lt;AROS volume name to use&gt;: SERVICE=&lt;UNC Path to connect to&gt;

SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared

And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. 


You can put the above script into wbstartup or  

give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx 

Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info &quot;sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info&quot;

This should create an icon for your script file.

Now right-click on your script and select 'information'.

Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save 

The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it.


====Setup ISO images within AROS====

Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below....

&lt;pre &gt;
# Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension).
# Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. 
(Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) 
# From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk.
&lt;/pre &gt; 

 assign devname: dismount 
 Assign DOSVOLUME: remove
 [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet 

If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Entry for ISO image */

ISO1:
FileSystem = cdrom.handler
Device = fdsk.device
Unit = 1
LowCyl = 0
HighCyl = 0
Surfaces = 1
BlocksPerTrack = 1
DOSType = 0x41434400
Activate = 1
#
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell:

 Mount iso1: from devs:iso1

Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives 


==Video Guides==


Video demonstrations and tutorials covering:

:00. '''Introduction''' 
::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&amp;feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&amp;t=14s&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], 

:01. '''Installation'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&amp;feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], 
::[ driver install], 
::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], 

:02. '''Amiga Basics'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], 
::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&amp;feature=related OS 1.3], 

:03. '''Customisation demos'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], 

:04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps 
::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], 

:05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&amp;feature=mfu_in_order&amp;list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], 

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&amp;feature=related Apps Pt 3], 
::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], 
::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&amp;feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&amp;feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&amp;feature=related TV out Tests], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&amp;feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], 
::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], 

::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [],

::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 


:06. '''Commercial software available'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], 

:07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' 
:: Amiberry [], [], 
::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial]

::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], 

:08. '''Misc and History'''

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], 

:09. '''Misc Shows and Events'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], 

:10. 
::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY]


===History===

The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] 

* 1992 Commodore folds 
* 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. 
* Early 1999, Haage &amp; Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. 
* March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. 
* Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System 
* June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. 
* November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. 
* Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. 
* Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. 
* Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. 
* Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. 
* Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived 
* Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. 
* Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. 
* Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. 
* Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB)
* September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro 


* Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported 
* Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version  
* Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) 
* 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened 
* 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version 
* Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) 
* 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11
* 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&amp;pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] 


===Bounties===

To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of &quot;bounties&quot; (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here].


Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &amp;mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding).


[http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... 

;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, 

;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, 

;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&amp;forum=18&amp;post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), 

;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, 


* 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive 
* 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles.
* 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers.
* 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers.
* 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers.
* 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE
* 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers.
* 2017 - x86/64bit smp 


Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen 

* yes, usb -&gt; rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device 
* you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -&gt; rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) 

Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 2  RXD
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 3  TXD 
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5  GND
&lt;/pre&gt;

Null modem cable connections DTE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 3
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 2
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
(9pole SUB-D)


&lt;pre&gt;
serial  ser: (amiga/aros)  tty2 tty1USB0 (linux)  COM1 (windows)  (depends on the os being used) 
speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400     lower baud might be more successful 
data bits 8
stop bits 1
parity none
handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely)  rts/cts  dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. 
*68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. 
*PPC support is very limited to certain devices. 


If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT

If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command &quot;after assignment to LUA&quot;
C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar &gt;NIL:
Change the command to match your WeatherBar path.

&lt;pre&gt;
PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD
run &gt;nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua
&lt;/pre&gt;

To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the &quot;WeatherBar&quot; will appear on the Browser url address bar above 


Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides 

&lt;pre&gt;
internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset):

    AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga)
    Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga)
    ISO-8859-1 – Western European
    ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO)
    ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European
    ISO-8859-3 – South European
    ISO-8859-4 – North European
    ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages
    ISO-8859-9 – Turkish
    ISO-8859-15 – West European II
    ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European
    KOI8-R – Russian
    UTF-8 – Unicode

In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are:

    IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866)
    ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek)
    ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6)
    windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows)
    windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows)
    windows-1252 – West European (Windows)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly 
 dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy &amp;&amp; sync


Scalos 
&lt;pre&gt;
-------------------------------
{ &quot;STRING&quot;,		&quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;,

HALIGN		LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT

VALIGN		TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM

STYLE		NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC

FONT		// font specification - format: &quot;fontname.font/size&quot;

-------------------------------
arguments for STRING SRC

&quot;diskstate&quot;,		
&quot;diskusage&quot;,		
&quot;diskusagefree&quot;,	
&quot;diskusageinuse&quot;,	
&quot;diskusagepercent&quot;,	
&quot;fibfilename&quot;,	
&quot;filecomment&quot;,	
&quot;filedate&quot;,		
&quot;fileprotection&quot;,	
&quot;filesize&quot;,		
&quot;filetime&quot;,		
&quot;filetypestring&quot;,	
&quot;iconname&quot;,		
&quot;linktarget&quot;,		
&quot;plugin&quot;	pluginname &lt;optional plugin arguments&gt;
&quot;versionstring&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreateddate&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreatedtime&quot;,	
&quot;volumeordevicename&quot;,	

-------------------------------

arguments for HIDE

&quot;novolumenode&quot;,	
&quot;isempty&quot; (some STRING)	

-------------------------------

all internal commands:

&quot;about&quot;,		
&quot;backdrop&quot;,		
&quot;cleanup&quot;,		
&quot;cleanupbyname&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbydate&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbysize&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbytype&quot;,	
&quot;clearselection&quot;,	
&quot;clone&quot;,		
&quot;close&quot;,		
&quot;copy&quot;,		
&quot;cut&quot;,		
&quot;delete&quot;,		
&quot;emptytrashcan&quot;,	
&quot;executecommand&quot;,	
&quot;formatdisk&quot;,		
&quot;iconify&quot;,		
&quot;iconinfo&quot;,		
&quot;lastmsg&quot;,		
&quot;leaveout&quot;,		
&quot;makedir&quot;,		
&quot;open&quot;,		
&quot;parent&quot;,		
&quot;paste&quot;,		
&quot;putaway&quot;,		
&quot;quit&quot;,		
&quot;redraw&quot;,		
&quot;redrawall&quot;,		
&quot;rename&quot;,		
&quot;reset&quot;,		
&quot;selectall&quot;,		
&quot;showallfiles&quot;,	
&quot;showonlyicons&quot;,	
&quot;shutdown&quot;,		
&quot;sizetofit&quot;,		
&quot;snapshot&quot;,		
&quot;snapshotall&quot;,	
&quot;snapshotwindow&quot;,	
&quot;unsnapshot&quot;,		
&quot;update&quot;,		
&quot;updateall&quot;,		
&quot;viewbydate&quot;,		
&quot;viewbyicon&quot;,		
&quot;viewbysize&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytype&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytext&quot;,		
&lt;/pre&gt;


{{status|50%}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qhakm5mcwe4oohggemcjt15wzop29la</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673377</id>
      <parentid>4673376</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:13:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673377</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="138949" sha1="67ed773d8hi4i536m4bsa7q5idmjvul" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}

==What is AROS==

Google translation 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=nl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=da&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ja&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ko&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pt&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], 


*Computer Hardware
*AROS (operating system)
*Applications and Games
*User


[http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. 

This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it.  

Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. 

AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. 
Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. 

AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access.  

Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. 


Good Sites to visit 

: [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] 
: [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News]
: [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], 
: [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] 
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit]


: [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] 
: [https://aminet.net/ Aminet]
: [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site]


: [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] 
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase]
: [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] 


: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] 
: [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64]
: [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] 
: [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] 
: [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] 
: [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], 
: [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version]


: [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] 
: [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], 
:[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], 


: [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] 
: [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] 
: [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] 
: [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] 
: [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] 
: [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive]
: [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags]
: [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam]
: [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga]


== Distributions aka Distros ==

For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. 

* For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros],
* For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], 
* For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], 

'''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.'''
* For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], 
* For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] 


AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. 
Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is &quot;Hosted&quot;. 

AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from &quot;Hosted&quot; drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support 


AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. 

* The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. 

*ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers 
*ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build 
*ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons 


==Media==

AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) 

* USB .VHD 

[https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below 

&lt;pre&gt;
0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip
7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip
559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip
93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip
59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip
24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5  ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip
f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b  ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip
e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8  Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt; 


[https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS]

22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) 


There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb 

Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], 

Linux   - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, 

Mac     - 


* Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs 

 The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar 

&lt;pre&gt;
617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip
11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip
f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip

86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip
f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip
&lt;/pre&gt;


You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. 

No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it.

The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC.

The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions.

You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS.
For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. 


Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information 

Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. 

Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems.  Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. 

Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. 


* SD-card
For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. 


==Booting==

The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. 

Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed 

*go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -&gt; Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode 
*you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD 
*disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence

Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. 
For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) 

 For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. 

The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. 
If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. 

After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here 

If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of &quot;crashes right after grub boot selection&quot; it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. 
&lt;pre&gt;
So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. 
Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: 
Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - 
&lt;/pre&gt;
Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. 
It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. 


=====Advice for various machines=====

Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up 

&lt;pre&gt;
[MultiLoader]
[ELF Loader]
[Boot]

[HPET] 
[Kernel:ACPI]
[Kernel:APIC-IA32]
[Kernel:SMP APIC]
[HiddStorage]

ACPI: ????
ACPI Error 
[ACPI]AcpiOs????
[BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI 

[PCI] Scanning bus ? 
[AHCI] Sata 
[Vesa]  only if vesa is chosen as graphics option 

[ATA] detect hd &amp; cd drives 
[ATA0?] ata-identity 
[packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. 
[DOS] 
[Storage:Bus]
[Storage:Controller]

[MSS] USB setup
[ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? 

[I2C] 
[ATI]
[drm] nouveau 
[AROSTCP]   if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting 


&lt;/pre&gt;

; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. 


AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. 

If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use.

SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at &quot;waiting for bootable media&quot; screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting 

The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version.  Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read &quot;module /Devs/Alt/ata.device&quot;. Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file &quot;SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg&quot;, and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use.


Further options (removing the &quot; &quot;) to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging:

&lt;pre&gt;
Disable AHCI                        &quot;AHCI=disable&quot;
Disable NVME                        &quot;NVME=disable&quot;

Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=disable&quot;
Disable ATA:                        &quot;ATA=nopci,nolegacy&quot;
ATA safe mode:                      &quot;ATA=nodma,32bit&quot;
Disable IDE from SATA:              &quot;ATA=32bit,nosata2pata&quot;
VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors &quot;ATA=nodma,nopoll&quot; 

noacpi                   all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't 
acpi=strict              if there are issues with sound after boot 

noioapic                 alternative to no acpi 

Set AHCI                            &quot;AHCI=force150/force300/force600&quot;
Disable AHCI/SATA:       comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K

Disable USB:             comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K
Disable native graphics: &quot;nomonitors&quot;
USB3                     &quot;USB=xhci&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt; 

Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll 

Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. 


* If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command  line.  This  will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. 
* ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If  you  get  crashes  at  early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line 


If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). 

However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&amp;group_id=43586&amp;func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you 


For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image 

If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings  


=====nvme.device=====

 Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines 

The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

 This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data 


=====AHCI=====

 Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines 

* Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM 
* SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI 


 AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working

Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. 

Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. 

With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. 


=====ata.device for old BIOS's =====

 Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level 

Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). 

*Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search &quot;BIOS BOOT CDROM&quot;

* At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. 

* check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&amp;play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. 

'''Save''' options changed at the end. 

PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. 
Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation.


==Installing==

We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here]

We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu 

error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot 

&lt;pre&gt;
#module /Devs/ahci.device      &lt;&lt; disable
module /Devs/Alt/ata.device    &lt;&lt; add this line instead
&lt;/pre&gt;


==File structure overview==

AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions.

AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|boot:
| grub bootloader 
|----
|C:
| small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards
|----
|Classes:
| .class as well as datatypes 
|----
|Devs:
| .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics 
|----
|L:
| where .handler files go 
|----
|Libs:
| where .library files go 
|----
|Prefs:
| applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities 
|----
|S:
| startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here
|----
|Storage:
| place to keep old or alternative device drivers
|----
|System:
| applications associated with AROS operating system
|----
|Tools:
| extra applications
|----
|Utilities:
| extra applications
|----
|WBStartup:
| copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc
|----
|}

See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]]


=== Filesystem ===

Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Journalling     - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 
Non-journaling  - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2  
&lt;/pre&gt;

Filesystem options for AROS to install 
* SFS default 
* Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&amp;highlight=pfs3+free&amp;page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] 
* FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage 

Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes 
* FAT32 favorite as most OSs support 
* NTFS (can lock AROS) 
* exFAT 

The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS
*SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS 
*PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive 

The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not....
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/exfat-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = exfat-handler
DosType        = 0x46415458
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L:

DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows:

FileSystem     = ntfs3g-handler
DosType        = 0x4e544653

Also to make a read-only mount you can set:

Control        = ro
&lt;/pre&gt;


The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features.  

SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. 

Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other.  Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches.  

In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI.  The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code].  

SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless 

AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. 
The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. 

SFS Tools 
* GUI - arSFSDoctor, 
* CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, 

 sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment

If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. 


PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. 
The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems.  It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. 

PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command &quot;. Deldir&quot; convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command &quot;diskvalid&quot;, which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader.

The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device.

The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact.   

When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update.   

The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. 

It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root.  

PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt.  There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc.  


Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. 

The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR).


===Installing Applications===

The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. 

At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists.


===User Data files===

AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location.

Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. 


===User Environment configuration files===

AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:.  This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc.

During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage.  Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot.

Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent.

Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env.

ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment.  It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. 

Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:.  The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors.  If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:.  If you click Use, they only go in ENV:.  If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:.

you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen.


===Drivers===

For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. 
For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network 

All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers &lt;something.device&gt; go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers &lt;something.audio&gt; are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers &lt;something.hidd&gt; are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. 


==Configuring==

AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&amp;menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune 

AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like 
* DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) 
* AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) 

File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, 

App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. 

General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, 


Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -&gt; Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited 

CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell'
If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. 

WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands.

Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon.


Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc.  

Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop 

To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished.  You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected.  

Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -&gt; Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All.  

In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX 


We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to...
 C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info
is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes.

[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/  AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines.  

there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like 
 Demos/iconscale 40 40
It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. 

there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like:
 iconsize 32 32

Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa?
Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care).
 processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project 

SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: &quot;Disk&quot;, &quot;Drawer&quot;, &quot;Tool&quot;,  &quot;Project&quot;, &quot;Garbage&quot;, &quot;Device&quot;, &quot;Kick&quot; and &quot;AppIcon&quot;.

Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ?


'''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work 

Themes - SYS:Prefs -&gt; Appearance 
The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be &quot;themes:ice&quot; but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. 

* Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: &quot;Please insert volume Theme: in any drive&quot;? 
You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer &quot;S&quot;. There should be a line: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES &gt;Nil: 
This does the trick. 
Open a shell and run: 
 Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES 
Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work 

* The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. 

In each theme directory is 
*Env-Archive -&gt; Zune -&gt; global.prefs
*images -&gt; Gadgets -&gt; 20x20 pngs for Down etc 
*menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config
*system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc 


There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. 


Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder 

Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder 
e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder 
 ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer 

or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) 

e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script 

 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu &gt;Nil: 
 run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;Nil: 


Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h 

*AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters 
*AutoPoint 
*Blanker screensaver 
*ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front 
*DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily 
*NoCapsKey
*Opaque 
*FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys 

&lt;pre&gt;
ALT TAB       Cycle Windows
              Cycle Screens
              Enlarge Window
              Shrink Window
              Toggle Window Size
              Insert Text
              Run Program
              Run Arexx Script
&lt;/pre&gt;

e.g.
&lt;pre&gt;
LAmiga F1               = Avail Flush
LAmiga F2               = Open Prefs
LAmiga F3               = Finder
Alt Tab                 = Cycle Windows
LAmiga Tab or M         = Cycle Screens
Alt Up arrow            = Enlarge Window 
Alt Down arrow          = Shrink Window
Alt Home                = Toggle Window Size 
                        = Insert Text             
LAmiga e                = Run Program             
                        = Run Arexx Script        
&lt;/pre&gt;

If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set &quot;CX_POPUP=NO&quot;. 

Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown:

SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english

Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts.


There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like 

*Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos 
*Dock - FKey, 
*Files - Multiview, DOpus4, 
*Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, 
*General Apps - 


the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases 


 Common Keyboard Shortcuts

&lt;pre&gt;
RAlt Right Alt Key 
LAlt Left Alt Key 
RWinKey Right Windows Key 
LWinKey Left Windows Key 
RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one)
LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one)
&lt;/pre&gt;

;Bootup Options 
:Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc  

;Left Click 
:LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 

;Right Click 
:RAmiga = Help = F12 

;Mark 
:RAmiga and B 

;Cut 
:RAmiga and X 

;Copy 
:RAmiga and C 

;Paste 
:RAmiga and V 

;Search 
:RAmiga and S 

;Mouse Movement 
LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster 

;Mouse Selection 
LAmiga and LAlt to select 

;Screen Switching 
LAmiga and M or N 

;HELP key 
Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey 


ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press 


===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II===

Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) 

DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 
DOpus5:DirectoryOpus 
;DOpus5:C/LoadDB
&lt;/pre&gt;

Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. 
Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green 

Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with &lt; button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister 

single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use.

As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous.

Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon 


DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure 
&lt;pre&gt;
ARexx       - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks 
Buttons     - 
Commands    - 
Desktop     - 
Environment - two environment files bundled:
 default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app
 workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup)
Filetypes   - 
Groups      - 
Icons       - 
Images      - 
Modules     - compiled tasks 
Settings    - 
Sounds      - 
Themes      - 
WBStartup   - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Settings -&gt; Environment -&gt; Display -&gt; Workbench (Use) 


*Settings -&gt; Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) 

*Toolbar  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List 
*Menu     -&gt;  (Right Win Key together with 2) 
*Buttons  -&gt; Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) 

*Settings         -&gt; Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc 
*File Types       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 5)
*User Menus       -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 6)
*Hotkeys          -&gt; Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) 
*Scripts          -&gt;  (Right Win key together with 8)
*Icon Positioning -&gt;   (Right Win key together with 9)


Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories 

* Font (amiga bitmap fonts)
* Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) 
* Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) 
* Icons (png newicons glowicons ) 
* Patterns (iff jpg png ) 


Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot 

For example, configure in Environment -&gt; Backgrounds -&gt; Desktop something like this:
&lt;pre&gt;
Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#?
...or 
Work:Pictures/back#?.iff
...etc...
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes]  


If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Changes DOpus background image forever

   Start with:
   Run &gt;NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx 
*/

if ~show(&quot;L&quot;, &quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;) then do
	if ~addlib(&quot;rexxsupport.library&quot;, 0, -30,0) then exit 10
end

/* Configure these two lines for your needs: */
minutes=1
picpath=&quot;Work:Pics/#?.iff&quot;

address DOPUS.1

do forever
	call delay 3000*minutes
	dopus set background '&quot;'picpath'&quot;' desktop center custom
	dopus refresh background custom
end
&lt;/pre&gt;


If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command

&lt;pre&gt;
/* random diropus backdrop changer */
/* by paul trauth, 1999 */
/* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */

options results

parse arg path

address DOPUS.1

/* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */

dopus query background desktop custom
currentpatt=result
lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt)
currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('&quot;',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1))

dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/')
num=0
do while dir~=''
    where=pos('/',dir)
    if where&gt;0 then do
        file=left(dir,where-1)
        dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where)
    end
    else do
        file=dir
        dir=''
    end

    if left(file,1) ~='.' &amp; file~=currentpatt then
        do
            pics.num=file
            num=num+1
        end
end

which=random(0,num-1,time(s))
newbg='&quot;'||path||'/'||pics.which||'&quot;'

dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact
dopus set background on
dopus refresh background
&lt;/pre&gt;


Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are:
&lt;pre&gt;
 %a - abbreviated weekday name
 %A - weekday name
 %b - abbreviated month name
 %B - month name
 %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
 %d - day number with leading 0s
 %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %e - day number with leading spaces
 %h - abbreviated month name
 %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
 %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
 %j - julian date
 %m - month number with leading 0s
 %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
 %p - AM or PM strings
 %q - hour using 24-hour style
 %Q - hour using 12-hour style
 %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
 %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
 %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
 %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
 %w - weekday number
 %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
 %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
 %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
 %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
 %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s
&lt;/pre&gt;
like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or 


A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this...
 RX &quot;address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN&quot;
Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. 

The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx 

&lt;pre&gt;
dopus addappicon
dopus addtrap
dopus back
dopus checkdesktop
dopus clear
dopus command
dopus desktoppopup
dopus error
dopus front
dopus getdesktop
dopus getfiletype
dopus getstring
dopus matchdesktop
dopus progress
dopus query background, font, palette, pens
dopus read
dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister
dopus remappicon
dopus remtrap
dopus request
dopus script
dopus screen
dopus send
dopus set background, font, palette, pens
dopus setappicon
dopus version
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
lister add
lister addstem
lister copy
lister clear value
lister clearcaches
lister close
lister empty
lister findcache
lister getstring
lister iconify
lister new
lister query active all, dest source
lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide 
lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles
lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, 
lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window
lister read
lister refresh
lister reload
lister remove
lister request
lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode
lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source
lister set title, toolbar, value, variable
lister select
lister wait
&lt;/pre&gt;

The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script

&lt;pre&gt;
command all
command wait copy
command read s:startup-sequence
command source 12345 makedir name noicon
&lt;/pre&gt;


*SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 
*FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 
*FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) 


===Wanderer ===


Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. 

Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’.

Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs 


===Scalos===

[https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. 

Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&amp;Drop) is available. 

24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. 

Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. 

Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore &quot;Name column selects text icons&quot; flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. 

Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). 

Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. 

Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. 

Online update with updater.module


Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers 
* Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one 
* AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos
* all Programs placed in &quot;WBStartup&quot; should start 
* The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings


&lt;pre&gt;
v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999
v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999
v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000
v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable)
v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001
v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002
v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005
v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007
v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007
v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009
v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010
v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source 
v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k  
&lt;/pre&gt;


Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], 


 Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer 

or run the &quot;Scalos Menu&quot; preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called &quot;Menu13.prefs&quot; in &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot;. The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a &quot;Palette13.prefs&quot; file will be saved in to &quot;envarc:scalos/&quot; directory. 


&lt;pre&gt;
ASSIGN Scalos:             SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER   
ASSIGN Libs:               Scalos:Libs add    
;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes  Scalos:Devs/Datatypes   add  
Assign Theme:              Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add 
Assign Locale:             Scalos:Locale add 

Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet 
Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet 

run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB 
;Scalos:Scalos
&lt;/pre&gt;

Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' 


In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas 
&lt;pre&gt;
About Scalos
Paths               - should be preset 
Startup             - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup 
Desktop             - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) 
Icons               - 
Drag and Drop       - 
Windows             -
Text Windows        -   in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed 
TrueType Fonts      - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones 
Miscellaneous       - 

Plugins             - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added 
Modules             - ??
Menu                - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties 
FileTypes           - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support 
PopupMenu           - tweak how popups appear 
Pattern             - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre 
Palette             - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are 
*DE Desktop/Background 
*SC Screen 
*TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised 
*IW Window/Background ie Icons showing 

 Workflow - In &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on &quot;Defaults&quot; tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click &quot;Pattern List&quot; tab to check eveything is OK and click Save 

Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. 

Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. 
Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. 

*Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. 
*Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If &quot;Fit size&quot; is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change.
*Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. 

Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture

Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if &quot;asyncron layout&quot; is set. 
&lt;pre&gt;
Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window.
Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen.
Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows.
TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. 

 Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps  Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for  or AmigaDos for modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
DESCRIPTION	NAME/A      This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu  
INCLUDE NAME/A          Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to &quot;Scalos:FileTypes&quot; 

POPUPMENU      Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype.
&lt;/pre&gt;

The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:
&lt;pre&gt;
SUBMENU &quot;NAME/A&quot;
ENDSUBMENU 


MENUENTRY &quot;NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S&quot;
ENDMENUENTRY 

INTERNALCMD	&quot;NAME/A&quot;
WBCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
AREXXCMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;
CLICMD &quot;NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N&quot;

ICONWINDOWCMD &quot;NAME/A&quot;

PLUGINCMD
MENUSEPARATOR

ENDPOPUPMENU

TOOLTIP 
ENDTOOLTIP
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus:

GROUP &quot;ORIENTATION/K&quot;
ENDGROUP  
MEMBER &quot;HIDE/K&quot;
ENDMEMBER  

HBAR 
STRING &quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;
SPACE &quot;SIZE/N/A&quot;

DTIMAGE &quot;FILENAME/A&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;


Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders 
&lt;pre&gt;
About            - 
Desktop          - 
FileTrans        - 
FileType         - 
Icons            - 
Menu             - 
Modules          - 
PointerIcons     - 
Prefs            - 
Sound            - 
Window           - 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Plugins
&lt;pre&gt;
devicefilter.plugin       
persist.plugin            should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened 
title_clock.plugin        add digital clock to title see more below 
title_envvar.plugin       %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar 
title_freepens.plugin     
volumegauge.plugin        
wb39.plugin               
wbrexx.plugin             plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals 
xtwindows.plugin          left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows 
filetype.plugin           then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) 
menu.plugin               
&lt;/pre&gt;


*Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties 


*Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, 


In Scalos_Prefs-&gt;Filetype-&gt;Recognition  you can define the filetypes and on &quot;Action&quot; you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan)
there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon 

Associating files with &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run &quot;Scalos_FileTypes&quot; you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save 

then you create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. Use &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. 

defined all archive types from XAD in &quot;filetypes&quot;. If you change to &quot;action&quot; and click on &quot;archive&quot; you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype


Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so '''BEWARE''' 


&lt;pre&gt;
The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders:

    %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;10:43:37&quot;
    %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. &quot;Saturday 14 July 2001&quot;

Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting 

    %a - abbreviated weekday name
    %A - weekday name
    %b - abbreviated month name
    %B - month name
    %c - same as &quot;%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y&quot;
    %C - same as &quot;%a %b %e %T %Z %Y&quot;
    %d - day number with leading 0s
    %D - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %e - day number with leading spaces
    %h - abbreviated month name
    %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s
    %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s
    %j - julian date
    %m - month number with leading 0s
    %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s
    %n - insert a linefeed
    %p - AM or PM strings
    %q - hour using 24-hour style
    %Q - hour using 12-hour style
    %r - same as &quot;%I:%M:%S %p&quot;
    %R - same as &quot;%H:%M&quot;
    %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s
    %t - insert a tab character
    %T - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week
    %w - weekday number
    %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week
    %x - same as &quot;%m/%d/%y&quot;
    %X - same as &quot;%H:%M:%S&quot;
    %y - year using two digits with leading 0s
    %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s

 like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p
&lt;/pre&gt;


Shutdown -&gt; right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown 


ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like 
*SCALOS_PATTERNNO=&lt;number&gt; : background image matching the number 
*SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text.
*SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed.
*Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support

runcommand parameters... in which case:
&lt;pre&gt;
%p = parameters
%w = directory path
%d = device-name
%% = literal percentage token
&lt;/pre&gt;


With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API 

If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable.

ACTIVATEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Activate the root window */
ADDRESS workbench
ACTIVATEWINDOW root

/* Activate the &quot;Work:&quot; partition's window if already open*/
ACTIVATEWINDOW &quot;Work:&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

CHANGEWINDOW
&lt;pre&gt;
/* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */
ADDRESS workbench
CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100

/* Change the currently active window */
CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100
&lt;/pre&gt;


Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if 


The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C.

IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer.

The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time.


The Program will be started from the Shell.
If &quot;WB Args&quot; is set, with the Argument &quot;%p&quot; will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value.
IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path.


PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn.
If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line.
It's possible to Drag&amp;Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list.


Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will
not deselect all other icons. 

MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. 

WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. 

FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. 
Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings-&gt;Scalos-&gt;Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop.


Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if &quot;show all files&quot; is enabled, can now be saved
using &quot;snapshot&quot; menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. 


Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the &quot;hide&quot; flag is set will not be shown.

Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok.
The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the &quot;.backdrop&quot; file and clear double lines.

Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed.

If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly.
Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable &quot;Use ExAll&quot; in Scalos prefs.

Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) 
Some programs will not startup with error message &quot;has not returned, wait some more&quot;? and &quot;unable to open your tool&quot; 


need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. 
* either &quot;pattern&quot;, similar to magellan to identify file by ending
* or 
Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar 

For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as &quot;RAM.info&quot; or &quot;Ram Disk.info&quot;. All functions will automatically be performed 

sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably  

Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue 


Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted:
&lt;pre&gt;
Fixed:
    Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap
    Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window
    Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible
    Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font
    Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit
    Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit
    scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference
    scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k 
    NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written
    Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup
    wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit
    Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page
    System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page
    Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed
    Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent
    Crash when leaving out an icon
    Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs
    Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs
    Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages
    deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64
    Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences

Won't fix:
    Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences

Not fixed:
    Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons 
    Refreshing drawer windows is slow 
    Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail 
    Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed 
    When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window
    Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs
&lt;/pre&gt;


===DOpus 4 Directory Opus===

Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time 

Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory 
&lt;pre&gt;
run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i &gt;NIL
&lt;/pre&gt;
makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. 


Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. 


DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual and Arexx calls].

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] 
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] 
*[] 
*[] 


*Button little rectangle with name inside
*Bank vertical stack of buttons 

 Buttons 
*Workbench app {f} i.e. first  use {F} for all selected items with app 
*AmigaDos  c type apps with arguments after 
*Arexx     
*Command   c type apps with no arguments after 

 Flags (most used)
*CD Destination to extract etc 
*Do all files
*Output window 
*Run asynchronously
*Workbench to front

*Buffer above 100000 for 64bit 


 Filetypes
Defines how certain files are handled like '''default tool''' 


 Screen
Fonts, set each element to any font 
Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) 

 System 
Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup 


===BoingIconBar===

User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards 

Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save 

&lt;pre&gt;
SYS:System/Shell 
SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4
SYS:Utilities/Editor
SYS:System/SysMon
SYS:System/Scout
Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB
Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint
Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint
AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer
Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox
&lt;/pre&gt;

right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps 

If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable 

another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar 


===AmiStart===

On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested 

* how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? 
try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left.


===Fonts===

Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to &quot;Install Font&quot; each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. 

To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager.

Begin

The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list &quot;preferred languages&quot; to put it first and then English. If you want the tab &quot;Time Zone&quot; and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard.


Custom Keyboard Layout

[http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] 

only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. 

So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using
 gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib
where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file

[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] 


Installing fonts

*[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] 
*Outline resizable .font .otag 
In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script &quot;Download Fonts&quot; you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field &quot;Codepage&quot; option &quot;ISO-8859-7&quot; and list the font &quot;Arial&quot; and &quot;Regular&quot; form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox &quot;Anti-aliasing&quot; button and then &quot;Install&quot;. Immediately folder Fonts: created files &quot;arialregular.font&quot; and &quot;arialregular.otag&quot;, which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts.


Final stages 

After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields &quot;Icons&quot; and &quot;Screen&quot; as the font &quot;ArialRegular&quot; to the size you want. In the field &quot;System&quot; to give &quot;s_courier&quot;, which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the &quot;ArialRegular&quot; font fields in tabs &quot;Windows&quot; and &quot;Groups&quot;, and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. 


===Windows===

*Intuition
The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there.  Right click to show menu -&gt; Window -&gt; Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it.  

As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key 

The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence 

&lt;pre&gt;
; run shell
run QUIET c:newshell &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;

; slimmer right aros the screen 
run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ &gt;NIL:

; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y
run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ &gt;NIL:


*Zune - AROS version of MUI
Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. 


Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck &quot;Offscreen move&quot; for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: 

* the first using the command &quot;cycle windows&quot; (for example ALT TAB); 
* the second using the command &quot;rescue window&quot; (for example ALT F5). 

Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then &quot;rescue&quot; it: it will move back inside your screen. 


How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows)

Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. 


* how to set up permanently 'view all files'?
As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job 

* how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? 
sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps 

sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities


* how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore).
If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change.

* Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk)
yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise 


===Say narrator===

SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. 
To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK 

Examples of use 
&lt;pre&gt;
Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK:
Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110
Echo &quot;DH1 EH0 L OW1&quot; &gt;SPEAK:A1
&lt;/pre&gt;

Classic options are M/F, R/N, S&lt;rate&gt;, P&lt;pitch&gt;, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes.

Long options select a speech engine:

Echo &quot;Hello&quot; &gt;SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US

Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection.


===Printing===

This needs further [http://www.aminet.net/package/docs/help/PrinterGuide drivers written], we have postscript and write to file support only 

;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. 


*Postscript

Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port 


Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript 

Print using compatible Postscript printer 


*printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment.

Please try the following steps:

Open the printer web interface in a browser:

 http://192.168.1.x/

Look for the network or protocol settings.

Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol.

Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled.

Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it.

 ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print

 ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/


===Files===

====File endings and datatypes====

* Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. 
* In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -&gt; Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). 
* Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be &quot;flaC&quot; according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. 

For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. 


File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. 


'''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.'''


The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables:
1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description
2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions

use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here).

use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors.

Note:
When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). 

&lt;pre &gt;
# name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name.
# version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules
# basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. 
# pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text
# Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable.
# GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file.
# ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter).
# flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not)
# priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer.

Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator

To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter).

And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS).

Sounds complicated ?

Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ).

Would that suffice ?

red1+2: typos, reformatting.

disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk.


==Network Connection==

AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP.  This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. 


===Wired===

Use Network Prefs to setup 


=====IPv6=====

Some support 


128bit IPv6 address packet 
&lt;pre&gt;
Local FD::/8
Global 2000::/3
64:ff9b::/96
&lt;/pre&gt;
NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 
DNS64 


OS routing works with 
&lt;pre&gt;
MacOS Ventura 
Windows 11 with cloud account 
Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish 
Android 10 (block google dns) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IPv4====

The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. 

[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]]

'''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' 
* Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' 
* Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) 
* check mark on Active
* select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go 
* set Unit to 0 
* IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' 


* IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically 

From the shell CLI,  ifconfig -a

Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx

* inet or '''Address''' of network card 
* netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into 
* broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx

click OK


[[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]]

'''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' 
* IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) 


* or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work 
* '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual 
* first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google)  i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 
* second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set 


* At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option 
* Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) 


'''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. 

e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' 
and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in &quot;manually&quot; into AROS Network prefs. 

e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info 
* for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) 

 Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings 

IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT 


===Wireless===

 You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup 

[[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]]

[[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]]

We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. 

or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based 


There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well 


* open Network/Prefs
* In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) 

Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. 

* Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on &quot;Add&quot; button. 
* Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right &quot;encyption&quot; that is most likely &quot;WPA&quot;. 
* Key Type set as &quot;Passphrase&quot;. i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). 
* Unselect (no tick) &quot;hidden&quot; if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. 
* Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. 

For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. 


===USB Ethernet===

Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) 

* click Add button
* set Name as net0
* Tick Active box
* enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling 
* set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) 
* IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) 
'''or manual'''
* IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) 
* Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 
* click OK

There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. 


Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information 

* IP Mode Get address from DHCP 
'''or if manual settings'''
* Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. 
* first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 
* second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 


===USB Tethering via Android smartphone===


Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in &quot;usbrndis.device&quot; in the &quot;device&quot; textfield of &quot;Interface&quot; sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select &quot;Start Network during system boot&quot; and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.&lt;br&gt;

usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable &quot;USB Tethering&quot; &lt;br&gt;

A reboot should not be necessary.

When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. 


===Solving Issues===

[[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]]

* In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab 
* If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) 
* For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin 


* For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer 


* If wireless, try getting closer to the router. 
* Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers 
* Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&amp;nbsp;dBi or 7&amp;nbsp;dBi 
* Try with another computer/laptop/machine 

Program Error  C:WirelessManager 

* Test with another OS 
* Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) 
* Check that socket and card are working 
* Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc)   


Are you connecting with the Router ? 

Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. 


For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed...

&lt;pre&gt;

; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06)
; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team.
;
Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

; stop and restart
execute &quot;sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet&quot;

Run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: AROSTCP
WaitForPort AROSTCP
If NOT Warn
  ; echo &quot;Stack online&quot;
Else
  echo &quot;Wait for Stack Failed&quot;
EndIf

run &lt;NIL: &gt;NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device

&lt;/pre&gt;


What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? 
It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options &quot;acpi=off noapic nolapic&quot;? 


If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot

open a shell and run the following commands:

&lt;pre&gt;
echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun}
echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Please report the output, typically it will look like this  

# True  (explanation this variable is related to the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; checkbox in network prefs) 
# True  ()
# Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0


If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this?

 ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP 

should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP


By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as:


&lt;pre&gt;
ping www.google.com
ifconfig net0
&lt;/pre&gt;


The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the &quot;Start networking during system boot&quot; box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell:

 C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose 

or 

 C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose 

and capture the output 


If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change &quot;&gt;NIL:&quot; to &quot;&gt;T:wifi.log&quot; on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5?

&lt;pre&gt;
if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq &quot;True&quot;
Run QUIET &quot;C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} &gt;T:wifi.log&quot;
wait 5
EndIf
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here.


&lt;pre&gt;

c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose
Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7)
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'


Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration.
&lt;/pre&gt;

looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)?


&lt;pre&gt;

Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7):
65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='echelon'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=02c66fd4 ***
Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
Added interface atheros5000.device:0
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Started AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
sana2: sending MLME frame


Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC?

IRQ 4 (A)

&lt;/pre&gt;

apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request).


&lt;pre&gt;

Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A'
Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -&gt; 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs'
Line: 1 - start of a new network block
ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12):
41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300
PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED]
key_mgmt: 0x2
PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED]
Priority group 0
id=0 ssid='AirLink59300'
*** [wpa_sm_init] sm-&gt;pmksa=0224e444 ***
Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a
RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver
Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000
EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE
EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE
EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000
Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0
[eloop_run] Starting
State: DISCONNECTED -&gt; SCANNING
Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID
MLME: starting scan
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000
EAPOL: disable timer tick
EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized
MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000
MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000
MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000
MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000
MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000
MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000
MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000
MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000
MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000
MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000
MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000
MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000
MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000
MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz)
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000
sana2: sending MLME frame
[eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000
MLME: scan completed

&lt;/pre&gt;

Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? 


&lt;pre&gt;
&quot;ENV:sys/wireless.prefs&quot; looks like this:
network={
ssid=&quot;testadhoc&quot;
key_mgmt=NONE
wep_key0=&quot;12345&quot;
wep_tx_keyidx=0
}
&lt;/pre&gt; 


If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after  # Example blocks: 

 scan_ssid=1

Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. 

&lt;pre&gt;
ap_scan=1

network={
ssid=&quot;YOURESSID&quot;
scan_ssid=1
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=YOURPASSWORD
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
filter_ssids=1
ap_scan=2

network={
ssid=&quot;REMOVED&quot;
scan_ssid=1
bssid=REMOVED
priority=100
mode=0
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
auth_alg=OPEN
pairwise=CCMP
group=CCMP
psk=REMOVED
}
&lt;/pre&gt;


Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name.

Check Scout -&gt; Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell:

C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0


some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 

1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen

2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP

3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them

once done, reboot.


If previous setup is proving problematic 

&lt;pre &gt;

SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice
SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. 


Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working 

̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that &quot;Start networking at boot&quot; in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick).  
̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE
̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding &gt;RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here.


try running &quot;status&quot; in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running
If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the &quot;start networking at boot&quot; box or typing into a shell. 

 Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet

(run Status again afterwards).


The &quot;cannot resolve hostname&quot; will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address.

One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router.


Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions 

 pciinfo
 sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status

&lt;pre &gt;
 ping &lt;router-address&gt; e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) 
 ifconfig net0
 ifconfig net0 up
 extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status
 WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose &gt;RAM:wifi.log
 ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, 
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device &gt;NIL:
 Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid=&quot;mynet1&quot; &gt;NIL: 
 C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 
&lt;/pre &gt; 

Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. 


start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens.


Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: 

&lt;pre&gt;
Internet &lt;---------&gt; home router &lt;---------&gt; computer 
-----------external IP------------------internal IP-------------
&lt;/pre&gt;

Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router.

You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings...

* Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host)
* IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router)

* IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router)
* Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer)

As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client).

The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services.

Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address.

By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change.

So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses).

Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. 

When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network!


Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault.

Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] 


===File Sharing===

As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). 
The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. 

Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. 

An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. 

Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. 


====SMB2/3====

With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the &quot;Public&quot; user.

On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center).

AROS Mountlist should look lke this 
&lt;pre&gt;
Handler = L:smb2-handler
StackSize = 65536
Priority = 5
GlobVec = -1
ACTIVATE=1
Startup = &quot;smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder&quot;
&lt;/pre&gt;

which could also be
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public&quot;

so
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder&quot;
or
&quot;smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder&quot;


After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named &quot;SMB0&quot; which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file &quot;ServerAutoMounts&quot;, in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. 
The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. 


====Old SMBFS====

e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -:

SMBFS WORKGROUP=&lt;YOUR WORKGROUP NAME&gt; VOLUME=&lt;AROS volume name to use&gt;: SERVICE=&lt;UNC Path to connect to&gt;

SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared

And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. 


You can put the above script into wbstartup or  

give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx 

Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info &quot;sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info&quot;

This should create an icon for your script file.

Now right-click on your script and select 'information'.

Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save 

The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it.


====Setup ISO images within AROS====

Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below....

&lt;pre &gt;
# Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension).
# Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. 
(Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) 
# From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk.
&lt;/pre &gt; 

 assign devname: dismount 
 Assign DOSVOLUME: remove
 [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet 

If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Entry for ISO image */

ISO1:
FileSystem = cdrom.handler
Device = fdsk.device
Unit = 1
LowCyl = 0
HighCyl = 0
Surfaces = 1
BlocksPerTrack = 1
DOSType = 0x41434400
Activate = 1
#
&lt;/pre&gt;

Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell:

 Mount iso1: from devs:iso1

Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives 


==Video Guides==


Video demonstrations and tutorials covering:

:00. '''Introduction''' 
::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&amp;feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&amp;t=14s&amp;pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], 

:01. '''Installation'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&amp;feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], 
::[ driver install], 
::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], 

:02. '''Amiga Basics'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], 
::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&amp;feature=related OS 1.3], 

:03. '''Customisation demos'''
::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], 

:04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps 
::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], 

:05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&amp;feature=mfu_in_order&amp;list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], 

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&amp;feature=related Apps Pt 3], 
::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], 
::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&amp;feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&amp;feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&amp;feature=related TV out Tests], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&amp;feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], 
::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], 

::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [],

::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 
::[], [], [], 


:06. '''Commercial software available'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], 

:07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' 
:: Amiberry [], [], 
::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], 
::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial]

::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], 
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], 

:08. '''Misc and History'''

::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], 

:09. '''Misc Shows and Events'''
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], 

:10. 
::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY]


===History===

The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] 

* 1992 Commodore folds 
* 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. 
* Early 1999, Haage &amp; Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. 
* March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. 
* Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System 
* June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. 
* November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. 
* Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. 
* Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. 
* Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. 
* Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. 
* Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived 
* Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. 
* Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. 
* Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. 
* Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB)
* September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro 


* Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported 
* Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version  
* Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) 
* 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened 
* 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version 
* Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) 
* 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11
* 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&amp;pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] 


===Bounties===

To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of &quot;bounties&quot; (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here].


Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &amp;mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding).


[http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... 

;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, 

;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, 

;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&amp;forum=18&amp;post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), 

;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, 


* 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive 
* 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles.
* 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers.
* 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers.
* 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers.
* 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE
* 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers.
* 2017 - x86/64bit smp 


Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen 

* yes, usb -&gt; rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device 
* you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -&gt; rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) 

Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 2  RXD
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 3  TXD 
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5  GND
&lt;/pre&gt;

Null modem cable connections DTE 
&lt;pre&gt;
Pin 2 -&gt; Pin 3
Pin 3 -&gt; Pin 2
Pin 5 -&gt; Pin 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
(9pole SUB-D)


&lt;pre&gt;
serial  ser: (amiga/aros)  tty2 tty1USB0 (linux)  COM1 (windows)  (depends on the os being used) 
speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400     lower baud might be more successful 
data bits 8
stop bits 1
parity none
handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely)  rts/cts  dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


*You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. 
*68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. 
*PPC support is very limited to certain devices. 


If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT

If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command &quot;after assignment to LUA&quot;
C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar &gt;NIL:
Change the command to match your WeatherBar path.

&lt;pre&gt;
PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD
run &gt;nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua
&lt;/pre&gt;

To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the &quot;WeatherBar&quot; will appear on the Browser url address bar above 


Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides 

&lt;pre&gt;
internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset):

    AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga)
    Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga)
    ISO-8859-1 – Western European
    ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO)
    ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European
    ISO-8859-3 – South European
    ISO-8859-4 – North European
    ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages
    ISO-8859-9 – Turkish
    ISO-8859-15 – West European II
    ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European
    KOI8-R – Russian
    UTF-8 – Unicode

In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are:

    IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866)
    ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek)
    ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6)
    windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows)
    windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows)
    windows-1252 – West European (Windows)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly 
 dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy &amp;&amp; sync


Scalos 
&lt;pre&gt;
-------------------------------
{ &quot;STRING&quot;,		&quot;ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K&quot;,

HALIGN		LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT

VALIGN		TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM

STYLE		NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC

FONT		// font specification - format: &quot;fontname.font/size&quot;

-------------------------------
arguments for STRING SRC

&quot;diskstate&quot;,		
&quot;diskusage&quot;,		
&quot;diskusagefree&quot;,	
&quot;diskusageinuse&quot;,	
&quot;diskusagepercent&quot;,	
&quot;fibfilename&quot;,	
&quot;filecomment&quot;,	
&quot;filedate&quot;,		
&quot;fileprotection&quot;,	
&quot;filesize&quot;,		
&quot;filetime&quot;,		
&quot;filetypestring&quot;,	
&quot;iconname&quot;,		
&quot;linktarget&quot;,		
&quot;plugin&quot;	pluginname &lt;optional plugin arguments&gt;
&quot;versionstring&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreateddate&quot;,	
&quot;volumecreatedtime&quot;,	
&quot;volumeordevicename&quot;,	

-------------------------------

arguments for HIDE

&quot;novolumenode&quot;,	
&quot;isempty&quot; (some STRING)	

-------------------------------

all internal commands:

&quot;about&quot;,		
&quot;backdrop&quot;,		
&quot;cleanup&quot;,		
&quot;cleanupbyname&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbydate&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbysize&quot;,	
&quot;cleanupbytype&quot;,	
&quot;clearselection&quot;,	
&quot;clone&quot;,		
&quot;close&quot;,		
&quot;copy&quot;,		
&quot;cut&quot;,		
&quot;delete&quot;,		
&quot;emptytrashcan&quot;,	
&quot;executecommand&quot;,	
&quot;formatdisk&quot;,		
&quot;iconify&quot;,		
&quot;iconinfo&quot;,		
&quot;lastmsg&quot;,		
&quot;leaveout&quot;,		
&quot;makedir&quot;,		
&quot;open&quot;,		
&quot;parent&quot;,		
&quot;paste&quot;,		
&quot;putaway&quot;,		
&quot;quit&quot;,		
&quot;redraw&quot;,		
&quot;redrawall&quot;,		
&quot;rename&quot;,		
&quot;reset&quot;,		
&quot;selectall&quot;,		
&quot;showallfiles&quot;,	
&quot;showonlyicons&quot;,	
&quot;shutdown&quot;,		
&quot;sizetofit&quot;,		
&quot;snapshot&quot;,		
&quot;snapshotall&quot;,	
&quot;snapshotwindow&quot;,	
&quot;unsnapshot&quot;,		
&quot;update&quot;,		
&quot;updateall&quot;,		
&quot;viewbydate&quot;,		
&quot;viewbyicon&quot;,		
&quot;viewbysize&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytype&quot;,		
&quot;viewbytext&quot;,		
&lt;/pre&gt;


{{status|50%}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>67ed773d8hi4i536m4bsa7q5idmjvul</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aros/Developer/Docs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673176</id>
      <parentid>4672201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T16:18:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="129582" sha1="5icsfga9rx5wzkc0uc2xvmebjr9n0r4" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}

==A technical overview of AROS==

Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Chinese], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Russian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Polish],
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pt&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Portuguese]

{{Uncited}}

AROS,&lt;ref&gt;[http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php References and sources]&lt;/ref&gt; like AmigaOS (TM), is a [[w:Message passing|message-passing]], [[w:Preemption (computing)|preemptive]] [[w:Multitasking|multitasking]] [[w:Operating system|OS]].

It uses [[w:Reentrant (subroutine)|re-entrant]] shared libraries to save memory space.

AROS is based around an executive library kernel (Exec) and two other libraries:

* Exec (the &quot;kernel&quot;, which is not a kernel in the modern sense), 
* Intuition (graphics and GUI, integrated into the system) and 
* AmigaDOS (Disk Operating System, the Metacomco's Tripos modified to work with Exec).

The design philosophies of AmigaDOS and Intuition are rather different, the former adopting a C-like API and the latter creating an [http://www.basden.demon.co.uk/amiga/amiga.oo.html object-oriented], message passing aware environment for the programmer. The system base is the only absolute address in AmigaOS (located at 0x00000004) this does differ with AROS as AROS SysBase is automatically provided (no $4) but everything else is dynamically loaded. The OS is well known for delivering high performance due to its close connections with the hardware, while simultaneously having the flexibility to support re-targetable graphics (Cybergraphics) and retargetable audio subsystems (AHI).

: Diagram showing relationships of libraries to system needed


Remember, AROS is a [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/ABIv1 research] operating system, and while all contributions to the base AROS code are welcome, please contact the dev list first for any core changes. Writing applications for AROS does not have this requirement. 

While AROS appears and feels almost feature complete, it is still [[Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs|missing a small number of functions]] from the Amiga API. 


[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1201 This thread provides] information for setup, [http://www.aros.org/documentation/developers/index.php documentation] and whether you are interested in core OS changes and/or writing/porting software apps 

*you compile directly under AROS, which can be running on either real hardware, virtual hardware
*in hosted mode under linux/window, cross-compile from that host OS (save your files as ISO-8859-15 encoding instead of UTF-8) [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker images] 


'''The repository''' for 64bit and 32bit ABIv1 all hardware platforms is [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS current development version]. 
There are many forks of this so that developers can work on their own and forward changes at a later date as discussed on the dev forum 


64bit PC is one of two hardware platform with another fork called [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS abiv11] which is used for Aros One x64 PC 

32bit PC is the other fork [https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS/tree/alt-abiv0 repository for current stable PC version ABIv0 with backported ABIv1 features is located which is used on AROS One and Icaros x86 32bit based distros] this is for historic reasons 


Any [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues bugs / issues can be added for ABIv1 issues]. The two individual PC forks have their own issues tab on their github webpages 

We have a [https://arosdevteam.slack.com/archives/CUFV48U3H slack here], discord on [https://discord.gg/UKp9qdEBuQ Discord@AmigaDev], 


==Software Development for AROS==

===Programming languages===

====Common to all====

'The Developer Environment', which primarily supports C/C++ code, there are other scripting programming languages available 

:[[Aros/User/DOS|DOS]] 
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/LUA|LUA]] 
:REXX [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx|Regina (AROS' ARexx)]] 


====Needs to be compiled/ported====

::[[Aros/Developer/Docs/LLVM|LLVM]] 
::Python [ Info], [], 
::[https://ae.arosworld.org/index.php?board=11.0 FreePascal FPC Aros-Exec thread], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language fpc arm here is very old and will not work], FreePascal for AROS has its own [http://fpcaroswiki.alb42.de/ Wikibook], 


::[http://sourceforge.net/projects/xamos/ X-Amos Basic] 
::[http://sdlbasic.sourceforge.net/ SDLBasic] ([https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language ])
::[[Aros/Developer/Basic/Basic4SDL|Basic4SDL]] ([https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language ])
::[http://alvyn.sourceforge.net/ Alvyn] ([http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MISC.14.html download]) 


::[http://www.airsoftsoftwair.com/ Hollywood when enough users warrant a port - paid one time fee language] 


::[[Aros/Developer/Docs/E|AmigaE Portable E]]


====Hardware Restricted====

'''Basic'''

:[http://amos.pspuae.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html '''Amos Pro'''] [http://amos.pspuae.com/index.php?action=forum#1 compatible] [http://www.amigacoding.com/index.php/Main_Page commands] (all incomplete) 

:'''Blitz Basic''' [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=46537#forumpost46537 none on AROS] 
:: [http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz] on amiga(TM) emulator

:'''Amiga Basic'''
:: [ ACEBasic]

'''Misc''' 
:Ruby [http://www.ruby-lang.org/en Info]/[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Ruby 32bit PC], 


===Where to get the C/C++ Environment===

If you want to develop for AROS, its generally easier to be running linux hosted AROS development environment especially for C++, cross compiling the code. That's how most developers now are doing it. g++ is used to compile owb web browser as well as some other AROS software. If you were hoping for a rich set of C++ libraries or classes defined for the OS feature set, you might be disappointed.

AROS Native compiling is possible, but you're much more likely to run into the odd bug(s) in the dev environment since it gets little testing and fixing by other developers.

Is there a sftp software or scp over ssh available?
Maybe. At least the security part would be handled by [https://github.com/jens-maus/amissl amissl] [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc port]. [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus5] has recently added sftp support. See here for a [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1974&amp;highlight=ssh&amp;pid=12073#post_12073 ssh scp client]

[https://arosdevteam.slack.com/join/shared_invite/enQtOTc4Mzg0NDIzNzQ0LWQ2NWZmNmMwNGIwNGEyNTgxNzU3MGFjMTk3ZThmOTQ1MTVjMzhmNTllYWQ0ZTUxMjBjMGE0Y2VjMDJmNTc5MzI#/shared-invite/email Slack Dev Forum] 


====Cross compilers from Windows or Linux====

*Windows WSL2 walkthrough can be [https://arosnews.github.io/how-to-cross-compile-aros-hosted-wsl/ found here] 


you want to build AROS. No problem.

Here are instructions for PC 64-bit:
https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS/blob/master/INSTALL.md

Here are instructions for PC 32-bit:
https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS/blob/alt-abiv0/INSTALL.md

And as always has been the case you can use the contrib archive to 'obtain' the development directory which contains the /native/ AROS gcc compiler and tools. That compiler is used to build AROS itself but can be used outside the AROS build process by providing --sysroot with indicated directory to cross compile for AROS.


'''64 bit'''


'''32 bit'''

A good option for multiple OS is [https://axrt.org/index.php?tab=download-aros AxRuntime lets developers compile their Amiga API-based applications as Linux binaries being able to utilize modern development tools available on Linux, like IDEs, debuggers, profilers, etc] 


Older 32bit guides for Linux hosted compiler

Please install these packages before moving to next step. Below is a reference list for Debian-based distributions. Reference build system was Ubuntu 18.04/20.04 amd64.

subversion git-core gcc g++ make gawk bison flex bzip2 netpbm autoconf automake libx11-dev libxext-dev libc6-dev liblzo2-dev libxxf86vm-dev libpng-dev gcc-multilib libsdl1.2-dev byacc python-mako libxcursor-dev cmake zsh mingw64

Do all of these operations under home directory of your user or another directory where your user has write permissions.

Specifically, in a section &quot;Linux-i386&quot;, be sure first to build the cross-compiler (toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386) and only then AROS itself (alt-abiv0-linux-i386).


Clone &amp; build
&lt;pre&gt;
$ mkdir myrepo
$ cd myrepo
$ git clone https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS.git AROS
$ cd AROS
$ git checkout alt-abiv0
$ cd ..
$ cp ./AROS/scripts/rebuild.sh .
$ ./rebuild.sh
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now to the build selection below - Linux-i386 

Select toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386 - Select alt-abiv0-linux-i386 (DEBUG) 

Start AROS by:
&lt;pre&gt;
$ cd alt-abiv0-linux-i386/bin/linux-i386/AROS
$ ./Arch/linux/AROSBootstrap
&lt;/pre&gt;


Pc-i386 Select toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386 (if not built yet) - Select alt-abiv0-pc-i386

ISO image available in alt-abiv0-pc-i386/distfiles


Now that we have linux-hosted build, we can resume native (option 2).
Run ./rebuild.sh and selection option 2. Wait until it finished, then:
&lt;pre&gt;
$ cd alt-abiv0-pc-i386
$ make
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now
&lt;pre&gt;
$ make bootiso
&lt;/pre&gt;


Now, your compiler is located in toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386 directory and named i386-aros-gcc. Includes are in alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development/include and libraries are in alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development.lib.

This is how then can be passed to the compiler:

/home/xxx/toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386/i386-aros-gcc --sysroot /home/xxx/alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development -L/home/xxx/alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development/lib 

../toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386/i386-aros-gcc --sysroot bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development local/helloworld/helloworld.c -o local/helloworld/helloworld


Another method was using Debian like distros and download the [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/cross gimmearos.sh script] to setup the developer environment by downloading necessary packages ...  The gimmearos script is a good start in that direction, building the cross compilers and hosted AROS environment, but gimmearos.sh might be out of date or not be completely compatible with any given linux distro. 

In order to do that, you have to compile AROS yourself. Download AROS source archive not contrib. Compile AROS by entering the main directory

 ./configure
 make

([http://http://developers.aros.org/documentation/compiling.html More on compiling AROS]). The result will be a basic AROS system without development tools.

To compile C++ on Linux, type 'make gnu-contrib-crosstools', creating the cross-compilers in ./bin/linux-i386/tools/, named i386-aros-gcc, etc.

'''Note''': Currently, to make the cross compilers usable copy 'collect-aros' from tools/ to tools/i386-aros/bin/. At the moment the cross compilers if used from the Linux command line will only find it when it's there.

If you want to compile native compilers (the Developer Environment), type 'make contrib-gnu-gcc', creating native compilers in AROS' System:Development/bin directory.

When the output needs to be stripped &lt;code&gt;--strip-unneeded --remove-section .comment&lt;/code&gt;

The Obj-C backend should build out of the box.

Open contrib/gnu/gcc/mmakefile.src and search for the line which contains &quot;--enable-languages&quot; and add &quot;objc&quot; to the list of languages that follows it.

    --enable-languages=c,c++,objc

Better make it—enable-languages=c,c++,objc,obj-c++

ObjC++ is broken as soon as you try to use exceptions, but that might change in future GCC versions and it does not hurt having it there already.


Do you need a cross-compiler or a real compiler? In the first case you can get away with just downloading the proper gcc archive, apply the patch and proceed with the normal gcc build. In the case of a real cross-compiler then when downloading the contrib sources, also need to download the normal sources, place the contrib sources into a directory called contrib, need to install autoconf+automake+perl+python, call ./configure, cd into the subdirectory and type make.

to rebuild GCC with host == build == target == i386-pc-aros. So just get the vanilla sources and apply the patches without bothering about the build system?


[https://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2019/10/a-pre-configured-development-machine.html pre-configured VM environment vmware virtual machine to develop AROS and AROS software]


====Native compilers for AROS====

Namely gcc for C or g++ for C++ are supplied with the [[Aros/Developer/Docs#The Developer Environment|Developer Environment]], which is already '''setup''' and part of any current AROS distribution like AROS One or the nightlies 

* Current GCC 6.5 (32bit) though moving to 10.5 and 15.1 (64bit) 
* Older software components. GNU GCC 4.x GNU BinUtils, GNU Fileutils 4.x, GNU Textutils and others usually deprecated 

On single partition systems and the Boot ISO, the AROS Developer environment is installed under &quot;SYS:Development/&quot;. Systems with multiple partitions - such as a Work: partition - tend to install it to there instead, however it can be installed manually to any location. Please remember, if moving, that you will need to correct the Development packages 'install location' env variable to point to the new locations root - look in SYS:S/startup-sequence.

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign Development: SYS:Development 
Assign C: Development:bin ADD 
&lt;/pre&gt;


In the aros build instructions. you need to check out contrib and/or ports into your AROS source directory, as subdirs. then, assuming you are building in an external build dir, as you should, you simply configure and &quot;make contrib&quot; for instance or whatever submodule you might want to build.


===Beginners Tutorials in C C++===

As AROS is [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=29856 C based] API compatible to AmigaOS 3.x, so most of the information on programming C on the Amiga applies to AROS as well. Please note that there is a lot of AmigaOS 1.3 (1985-1989) and [https://www.markround.com/amigaguide AmigaOS AOS 2.x (1990-1992)] information around but OS3.1 is recommended but limited in amount. 

Brief overview of what is required to write AROS Applications

# Using [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Intuition|Intuition]] for basic screens/windows 
# Using graphics within windows via 8bit [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Graphics|graphics]] and so onto  15-16-24bit [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CGFX|cybergraphx]]
# Load and save work to [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DOS|dos]] disk drives
# Using the [[Aros/Developer/Zune|ZUNE GUI Environment]]


Writing native games require this extra information

# Using [[Aros/Developer/AHIDrivers|AHI audio hardware independent API]]
# Using USB joystick/joypad with the Poseidon USB stack through [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/LowLevel|LowLevel]] library


Additional features that could be added later

# Adding additional [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Locale|Locale]] language translations to your program 
# Adding a [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx|AREXX/Regina]] port to your application 
# Executing Amiga(TM) [[Aros/User/DOS|DOS]] commands from your application
# Using [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Icon|icons]] (.info files) and icon tooltypes (stack, version, and program startup options)
# Local couch or IP based SANA2 networking co-op multi player gaming support 


Most AmigaOS programming books are nowadays very much out of date as most are from the late 1980s and do not cover later amigaOS releases like 3.1 for example, Rob Peck's book &quot;Programmer's Guide to the Amiga&quot;. The Amiga ROM Kernel manuals aka RKMs like Libraries (3rd edition), Devices (), the AmigaDOS manual (3rd edition) and the Style Guide may have their uses. There are some reference examples from AmigaMail and Devcon notes (available again on an Amiga developers CD 2.1). 

For Arexx then &quot;The Amiga Programmer's Guide to ARexx&quot; by Eric Giguere, which was published by Commodore is useful as well as an &quot;Arexx Cookbook&quot;.


* Beginners C Guide [http://www.iu.hio.no/~mark/CTutorial/CTutorial.html C Tutorial], 
* [http://www.pjhutchison.org/tutorial/amiga_c.html Amiga based but interesting]
* [http://thecguru.com/ C for beginners],
* [http://fresh2refresh.com/c/c-basic-program/ C programming basics] for students, 
* [https://www.edx.org/courses Free Online course] from American Universities 
* Reference Amiga [http://amigadev.elowar.com/ API reference].


* AROS based c source can be found [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Examples|here]] and lots of example code can be found inside [https://github.com/aros-development-team AROS sources] themselves and from the contrib section of the archives from [https://github.com/aros-development-team/contrib Aros site], and study the AROS applications source code, e.g. the test programs from the Tests drawer (folder/directory). Take a look at the code of some smaller AROS programs might be a better and more up to date 

When you upload your builds, please write the architecture (like i386-aros, x86_64-aros, aarch64-aros etc.) in the archive name 
and it is also advisable to write in the field &quot;Requirements&quot; the ABI (ABIv1 leave blank, for PC fork 64bit ABIv11 ends in v11, 32bit ends in , Arm Pi ends ) 


===Compiling C/C++ Code===

Native, although we have a IDE Integrated Development Environment (Murks), it does lack a debugger. Whilst others use a combination of a text editor and shell to edit code. Most though use an AROS hosted on Linux to take advantage of the better GCC tools like GDB and various IDEs.

Open shell - its a menu option at the top left of Wanderer (desktop). Or by using the right Win key and w (or F12 and w) within the directory with the source code. Type in
 sh 
to change the amiga shell into a unix shell. You can then type in ls (unix equivalent to amiga dir). Take a look [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linux_commands here] for more commands.

For a single file program-name.c or program-name.cpp
 gcc -o program-name program-name.c  
or 
 g++ -o program-name program-name.cpp
or
 g++ -o test -Wall -g main.cc texturelib.cpp xmodelib.cc -lsdl -lgl

To close the shell, click on the top left-hand corner to close (twice). Once to get back the aros shell and then again to close finally. Use [http://freshmeat.net/projects/cksfv/ cksfv] as a test.

Some source code requires the addition of Amiga API libraries, like dos, which you can flag at the compile time as 
 gcc -o julia.exe julia.c -ldos

For DOS use -ldos as example and if you are compiling mui codes it will be -lmui or intuition -lintuition. Other missing symbols are due to linker libraries being necessary for linking in functions that aren't in the standard C libraries. For example some source code would need added

 -lz or -lm or -lpng or -larosc etc.

use this in unix line command mode to search for 'search-item' in many .c files (*.cpp for c++, etc.)
 grep -l 'search-item' *.c

If the program is not executable, try using parameter fno-common 

&quot;Delete #?.o&quot;? Or if you are using abcshell then &quot;rm *.o&quot;


:''More information: [[Aros/Developer/Porting software]]''


=== How to make Apps have AROS 64-bit specific support code ===

[http://www.aros.org/cs/documentation/developers/app-dev/portable.php Portable code] 

AROS64 already uses 64bit addressing, it just doesn't setup the MMU for more than 4GB physical memory currently.
When porting software to AROS64 it is &quot;mostly&quot; a case of converting ULONG's that are used to store pointers, into IPTR's instead, etc. Another quirk, is making sure items on the stack are the correct size by using the STACKED attribute for them. 

* Use texteditor or some tool to replace all &quot;ULONG&quot; with &quot;IPTR&quot; and &quot;LONG&quot; with &quot;SIPTR&quot; in the sources.

compiling mui stuff for aros setting -std=gnu99 is necessary, had -std=c99 usually 
A MUI application most likely needs only the HOOKPROTOxxx SDI macros. They are compatible with AROS, only the attributes (hook, object attribute) must be given in the right order.

crash which suggest memory corruption. From my experience porting from 32-bit to 64-bit these kinds of errors can happen if a pointer is passed somewhere via ULONG variable. Then half of the pointer is cut.

To generate this error, please run AROSBootstrap with -m 1024. This will allocate heap to 64-bit address space which will make these errors immediatelly visible. These types of crashes are hard to debug. Disabled as little code as possible to stop corruption from occurring and then try to read from the code where it can be broken

Crashing in tslf_freevec is another symptom of memory corruption and these memory corruptions will manifest differently on different setups.


==Coding conventions==

As the AROS core source is a shared developer experience, there are rules regarding structure and style. When it comes to your creating your own app and coding, the structure and style should be your own, i.e. you should enjoy what you do and do it so that you can understand what is going on.

===Layout===

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
static void 1st_function()
{
    program
    exit(0);    
}

int main(void)
{
    1st_function();
    2nd_function();
    3rd_function();
    return 0;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;

struct Screen * openscreen(void);
struct Window *openwindow(struct Screen *screen, const char *title, LONG x, LONG y, LONG w, LONG h);

VOID 1st_function();
VOID 2nd_function();

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    program
    return 0;
} /* main */

VOID 1st_function()
{

}

VOID 2nd_function()
{

}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===General style===

This code is used by many people and therefore you should keep some things in mind when you submit source code:

* Keep things simple 
* Keep the source clean 
* Always know what you are doing, if not flag it and describe what needs to be done... 
* Explain clearly/simply what you are doing 
* Remember that you write code once but that it is read many times by many people

===Comments===

AROS uses some of the comments in the source to generate the documentation. Therefore it's necessary to keep a certain format so the tools can find their information. Other comments are ignored but they should explain what you thought when you wrote the code. If you really can't think of an explanation, then don't write the code a second time like this:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* This adds 1 to t */
t ++;
&lt;/pre&gt;

What we think of is this:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Go on with next element */
t ++;
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Formatting===

This is only '''IMPORTANT''' if you are going to work on the core AROS code or contrib but not applications which may reside outside like on AROS Archives or other websites.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
{
    /* a */
    struct RastPort * rp;
    int               a;

    /* b */
    rp = NULL;
    a  = 1;

    /* c */
    if (a == 1)
        printf (&quot;Init worked\n&quot;);

    /* d */
    if
    (
        !(rp = Get_a_pointer_to_the_RastPort
            (
                some
                , long
                , arguments
            )
        )
    ||
        a &lt;= 0
    )
    {
        printf (&quot;Something failed\n&quot;);
        return FAIL;
    }

    /* e */
    a = printf (&quot;My RastPort is %p, a=%d\n&quot;
        , rp
        , a
    );

    return OK;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Looks ugly, eh ? :-) Ok, here are the rules:

&lt;pre&gt;
If several lines contain similar code, put similar things below each other (see a and b);
Put spaces between operands and operators
Put braces {}, brackets [] and parentheses () below each other (d) if there is much code between. 
Brackets and parentheses may be in one line if the code between is small (c)
Indent by 4 Spaces. Two indent levels may be abbreviated by one tab.
&lt;/pre&gt;

'''Before committing please normalize the indentation - if you have a mixture of tabs and spaced - please always use spaces, 1 tab = 4 spaces.'''

The reasons for this are:

# While some editors can use an arbitrary sizes for tabs, it's a bit complicated to tell another editor which tab size was used by the one used to write the code. 
# Most code in AROS was written this way and your code should look like the rest. 
# You can print this code on any printer without special tools to &quot;fix&quot; the tabs. 
# Most editors have smart tabs which do exactly this. If your editor doesn't, write a bug report.

If you have a function with many arguments (d, e) you should put the parentheses in lines of their own and each argument in one line (d) or put the first argument behind the opening parentheses (e) and each following argument in a line of its own with the comma in front. The closing parentheses is in a line of its own and aligned with the beginning of the expression (i.e. the a and not the opening parentheses or the printf()).

Use a single blank line to separate logical blocks. Large comments should have a blank line before and after them, small comments should be put before the code they explain with only one blank line before them.

If you see any TABS in AROS core sources then the suggestion is to &quot;detab the file and commit that separately&quot; either before or afterwards from making functionality changes. Make two commits instead of one. This makes it easier for others to see the real changes instead of having to dig through multiple lines of irrelevant diffs.

===Eliminating Global Variables===

i.e. pass variables to functions (local scope) or classes making it easier to track and debug your code.

Any time you find that you need a particular thing in 'a lot of different places', chances are that all those places are conceptually related, and so you can create a class, a namespace, a function, or some other higher-level organizational unit to represent that relationship. This makes the program easier to understand.

Bad Designs

* All variables are global. 
* There are no standalone functions, only sub-procedures which act on the global variables. 
* Every sub-procedure is at least 500 lines to several thousand 
* Every sub-procedure has more than one task to perform 
* Copy-paste is preferred to writing methods, AND subtle changes are made in the middle of the code

Good Designs

* structure program into functions (C or basic) - top-down procedural approach 
* put in class(es) (freepascal or C++) - the object is fixed and you use methods to access the object

&lt;pre&gt;
 class String_List
 {
 private:
 list&lt;string&gt; m_List;  // member
 public:
 void read_strings() { /* read strings into m_List */ }
 void print_strings() { /* write contents of m_List to stdout */ }
 void sort_strings() { /* sort contents of m_List */ }
 void sort_strings_reverse() { /* reverse-sort contents of m_List */ }
 void unique_strings() { /* remove duplicate strings */ }
 };

 int main()
 {
 String_List myList;  // local
 myList.read_strings();
 myList.sort_strings();
 myList.print_strings();
 myList.sort_strings_reverse();
 myList.print_strings();
 myList.unique_strings();
 myList.print_strings();
 return 0;
 }
&lt;/pre&gt;

This way it is very easy to replace the list with new list for debugging purposes, or replacing the methods without replacing the list, when you want different results. You only have to replace the content of the local variables.

 So create the structure that matches your data (linked lists, trees, arrays, etc.) and what to do with them (sorting, searching, etc.)

&lt;pre&gt;
.h usually contain #define #include typedef enum struct extern screen and window definitions (data structures)
.c should contains functions and algorithms
&lt;/pre&gt;

One way to look at it is that menu headings act as the .c file and sub-menu headings as functions.

When you start a project, you place a couple of declarations in the include file. As the project continues, you place more and more declarations in the include file, some of which refer to or contain previous declarations. Before you know it, you have a real mess on your hands. The majority of your source files have knowledge of the data structures and directly reference elements from the structures.
Making changes in an environment where many data structures directly refer to other data structures becomes, at best, a headache. Consider what happens when you change a data structure.

Use good variables names to help clarify code and only comment when you need to explain why a certain programming approach was made.

You're Refactoring Legacy Code, you see a global, you want to get rid of it. How do you do this?

Exactly what to do depends on how the global is used. The first step is to find all uses of the global throughout the code, and get a feel for what the significance of the variable is and how it relates to the rest of the program. Pay particular attention to the &quot;lifetime&quot; of the variable (when it gets initialized, when it is first used, when it is last used, how it gets cleaned up). Then, you will probably make the global a data member of a class (for OO languages), or you will write some get/set functions. Converting to the Singleton Pattern is common, but you may discover that it makes more sense for the data element to be a member of an existing singleton, or maybe even an instance variable.

# Create a basic read method, either as a class or a global function. Replace all reads with the access method, but leave the variable defined as a global.
# Review each of the writes to the method and extract action functions one at a time. Unless two operations are coded identically in the original code, extract each write access separately.
# Change the variable scope from global to local.
# Analyze similar action functions to determine if any can be merged, i.e., there are no functional differences in the results of the function, just differences in the implementation details.
# Review the calls to the read method and see if a more complex functionality should be applied. Follow the approach for writes and unless implementations are identical, create separate access functions. 
# Analyze the access functions for duplication.

As returning variables by &quot;passing by value&quot; are forgotten, so &quot;passing by reference&quot; is often used instead. The reference is a pointer to the variable so the value is remembered when returned.

Alternatives

* Hidden Globals
* Singleton Pattern
* Database or TupleSpace
* Context Object 
* Dependency Injection 
* Stateful Procedures


==AROS/AmigaOS APIs and Docs==

&lt;pre&gt;
Library:
   - Private data structure
   - Many public access methods

Device:
   - Private data structure
   - Two (BeginIO/AbortIO) access methods

Resource:
   - Public data structure
   - *NO* access methods
&lt;/pre&gt;

And, being Amiga OS-compatible, there are exceptions to all of these.


===System Libraries===

The [http://developers.aros.org/ AROS Guide To Libraries] can be used as a guide to individual commands and old Dev Docs are used in application programming.

Amiga/Aros styles libraries are very different from windows and linux libs. Typical .so/dll libraries are foreign to most Amiga-like OS 


*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/AROSC|arosc.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/AmigaGuide|amigaguide.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/ASL|asl.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Bullet|bullet.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/BSDsocket|bsdsocket.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CAMD|camd.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Codesets|codesets.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CGFX|cybergraphics.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CGXVIDEO|cgxvideo.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Commodities|commodities.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DataTypes|datatypes.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DiskFont|diskfont.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DOS|dos.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Exec|exec.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Expansion|expansion.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/FreeType2|freetype.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/GadTools|gadtools.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Graphics|graphics.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Icon|icon.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Identify|identify.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/IFFParse|iffparse.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Intuition|intuition.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Keymap|keymap.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Layers|layers.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Locale|locale.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/LowLevel|lowlevel.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEESingBas|mathieeesingbas.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEEDoubBas|mathieeedoubbas.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEESingTrans|mathieeesingtrans.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEEDoubTrans|mathieeedoubtrans.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Mathtrans|mathtrans.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MUIMaster|muimaster.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Partition|partition.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/PopUpMenu|popupmenu.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/OOP|oop.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Regina|regina.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Reqtools|reqtools.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/RexxSysLib|rexxsyslib.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/ScreenNotify|screennotify.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/TTEngine|ttengine.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Thread|thread.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Utility|utility.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Xadmaster|xadmaster.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Workbench|workbench.library]]
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c82e86b8480277998014cc327b56c7664023a52f ClassAct Reaction boopsi class]


===AROS Subsystems===

# [[Aros/Developer/Zune|Zune MUI compatible GUI]]
# [[Aros/Developer/AROSAppPackages|AROS Application Packages]]
# AHI Audio Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/AHIDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/AHIDriversDev|Development]]
# AROSTCP Sana2 Network Interface Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/NICDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/NICDriversDev|Development]]
# [[Aros/Developer/AmiSSL|AmiSSL]]
# gfx.hidd/cybergraphics Video Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/GfxDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/GfxDriversDev|Development]]
# IO Device Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/IODeviceDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/IODeviceDriversDev|Development]]
# USB Device Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/USBDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/USBDriversDev|Development]]
# PCI Device Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/PCIDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/PCIDriversDev|Development]]
# [http://www.libsdl.org/ SDL] [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2013&amp;pid=13333#post_13333 SDL2 coding usage], [https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Aaros-development-team%2Fcontrib%20SDL2&amp;type=code SDL2 commits], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/contrib/commit/c62c3c425c35bac19dadc23be092b0b13a66c76c SDL3 initial commit], []
# [[w:Gallium3D|Gallium 3D]] [http://www.mesa3d.org/ openGL aka Mesa] - [[Aros/Developer/OpenGL|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/OpenGLDev|Development]] [http://www.swiftless.com/opengltuts.html Swfitless]
# A small subset of GTK2 through [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gtk-mui/ MUI-GTK] 
# Cairo 2D Engine - [[Aros/Developer/Cairo|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/Cairo|Development]]
# [[Aros/Developer/Scalos|Scalos desktop API and plugin modules]]
# [[Aros/Developer/VHI|VHI video driver]]


====HIDDs====

*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/HIDDClass|hiddclass.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Graphics|graphics.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/VesaGfx|vesagfx.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/ATI|radeon.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/NVidia|nvidia.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Nouveau|nouveau.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Kbd|kbd.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Mouse|mouse.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/i2c|i2c.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/IRQ|irq.hidd (deprecated)]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/PCI|pci.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/PCIPC|pcipc.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Serial|serial.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Thunderbolt|thunderbolt.hidd]]
https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4f02ea691799aff3a01f60cfa5f9182c82fc57a8

HIDD are used for device/peripheral low level hardware support drivers. The HIDD system is split up into a collection of classes with a strict inheritance hierarchy. A HIDD class implements a device driver for a single device or in rare cases a group of devices and provides an interface for other programs and devices to access.
      
In order to maintain portability of interfaces across a wide range of hardware this interface will in general not present the raw interface to the underlying hardware. Instead it will present a generic interface that describes many different hardware implementations. This allows for the best reuse of both interfaces and code.

HIDD API is heavyweight though. You need to open a HIDD library, open oop.library, instantiate an object (even if there's no object); and object calls are more costly compared to plain library calls.


Basically your task is to implement a subclass of hidd.ata.bus for your hardware. just implementing the XXXATA__Hidd_ATABus__xxxxxx methods for the Amiga chipset - and appropriate versions of the interface_xxx.c file(s). pretty much everything in probe.c could be ignored - just write a replacement scan for relevant amiga devices and store whatever info you need in the bus data? only the &quot;SUPPORT_LEGACY&quot; blocks might be related.

You do not need to depend on PCI API. PCI is just a way to discover the hardware on PCs, etc. 
&lt;hidd/pci.h&gt; includes (at some depth) &lt;interface/HW.h&gt;, which defines IID_HW. This comes from the 'generic' HIDD class in: 
 rom/hidds/hidd/hiddclass.conf
did not split up HIDD and HW because they are always used in pair. It's the same as hidd/pci.h bringing definition for: PCI, PCIDriver and PCIDevice. PCI is actually PCIHW, just the name was not changed for backwards compatibility reasons. HW is a 'hub' where HIDD instances plug in.

ATA HIDD aoHidd_ATABus_Use32Bit value is completely ignored unless ata.device first detects correct command line parameter.
Yes. Unfortunately I was unable to find any comment in code or svn history with explanations. Looked  at Linux source, there 32-bit PIO is also controller driver's property. Some of them enable it, some don't.

Actually, switching the default to ON should be safe. ata.device is fail-safe at this because during IDENTIFY command it validates upper 16  bits,  and  if they appear to be zeroes in all 128 longwords, then 32-bit mode is switched off. But, nevertheless, I know how tricky hardware can be, so I decided not to change original behavior. If  you think it's wrong in some cases, then it's possible to add one more  attribute  like  aHidd_ATABus_Default32Bit. If set to YES, then  this means that 32-bit PIO is safe to use by default.


====Devices====

*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/ATA|ata.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Console|console.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Narrator|narrator.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Printer|printer.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Trackdisk|trackdisk.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/AmberRAM|amberram.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Timer|timer.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/|.device]]

The Amiga used [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices|Devices]] to communicate with [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=3475&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=ASC additional hardware]. AROS has replaced these hardware devices with hidd equivalents but some are still retained for backwards compatibility.

Local libraries/devices/handlers,etc. are supposed to override the ones in ROM if their version is higher than the one in ROM.

Here is the list of commands exec default: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| CMD_CLEAR
|  Purge the buffer of the device
|----
| CMD_READ
|  Playback Control
|----
| CMD_STOP
|  Stopped the activity of the device
|----
| CMD_FLUSH
|  Empty the queue of commands
|----
| CMD_RESET
|  Reset a device
|----
| CMD_WRITE
|  Playback Control
|----
| CMD_INVALID
|  Create an error
|----
| CMD_UPDATE
|  Gets updated device
|----
| CMD_START
|  Will restart the device
|----
|}

While most other &quot;stuff you communicate with&quot; in AmigaOS are devices &lt;ref&gt;AMIGA ROM Kernel Reference Manual: Devices, 3rd Edition. Commodore-Amiga, Inc. Addison-Wesley, 1991. {{ISBN|0-201-56775-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; that share a [http://gega.homelinux.net/AmigaDevDocs/ common base interface]. [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices1.3|OS 1.3 Device Drivers]].


====Handlers====

:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/Pipe|pipe.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/Port|port.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/SFS|sfs.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/FAT|fat.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/PFS|pfs.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/NTFS|fuse.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/FFS|ffs.handler]]

filesystem handlers have their own separate system consisting of completely differently structured messages that dos.library use to pass requests (for things like reading, writing, getting directory contents etc.) to them. AROS originally went with implementing filesystem handlers as devices, which might arguably be more consistent with the rest of the AmigaOS API but which is quite incompatible with AmigaOS itself. However, it made it far harder to port filesystems and the gains were comparatively small, and so there's been a long standing goal of fixing this incompatibility. It has now, June 2011, been reintroduced to all AROS flavors.

are argstr and argsize valid for the handler startup environment?
DOS/RunHandler() calls DOS/CreateNewProcTags(), and then CallEntry() (in rom/dos/exit.c) to start the handler, so yes, argstr and argsize are *present* in the call signature of the handler.

Granted, argstr will be NULL and argsize 0, but those values *are* passed to the handler function using:

&lt;pre&gt;
AROS_UFC3(ULONG, entry,
                         AROS_UFCA(STRPTR, argptr, A0),
                         AROS_UFCA(ULONG, argsize, D0),
                         AROS_UFCA(struct ExecBase *, SysBase, A6));
&lt;/pre&gt;

Creating your own [without the whole build tree http://pagesperso-orange.fr/franck.charlet/temp/radeon.zip] and then  
&lt;pre&gt;
make stub
make
make install
&lt;/pre&gt;

SFS has two Root blocks, one at the start and one at the end of the disk. The Root blocks both contain the same information.  They hold various information about the disk structure and have the locations of some important blocks used by the filesystem.  

The Root ObjectContainer contains the Root directory Object. The name of this Object is the name of the volume. It is identical to a normal directory Object.

The Bitmap is used to keep track of free space. Each bit in a bitmap represents a single block. A set bit indicates a free block and a cleared bit a used block.

AdminSpaceContainers are used to keep track of space which has been reserved for storing administration blocks. Only the Bitmap, the Root blocks and the actual data stored in files aren't stored in administration space. Administration space is allocated in chunks of 32 blocks at a time. A single AdminSpaceContainer can hold information about a large number of such areas each of which has its own little bitmap of 32 bits.

Extents are stored in a B-Tree. The Root block holds a pointer to the root of the Extent B-Tree. Extents keep track of space in use by a specific file. Each fragment a file consists of has its own Extent. Extents are in a double linked list. The list can be used to locate the next or previous fragment of a file.

Below is the standard block header. This header is found before EVERY type of block used in the filesystem, except data blocks.  The id field is used to check if the block is of the correct type when it is being referred to using a BLCK pointer.  The checksum field is the SUM of all LONGs in a block plus one, and then negated. When applying a checksum the checksum field itself should be set to zero. The checking a checksum the checksum is okay if the result of the checksum equals zero. The ownblock BLCK pointer points to the block itself. This field is an extra safety check to ensure we are using a valid block.

Field	Type	Description
id	ULONG	The id field is used to identify the type of block we are dealing with. It is used to make sure that when referencing a block we got a block of the correct type. The id consist of 4 bytes and each blocktype has its own unique foure letter code.
checksum	ULONG	This field contains the sum of all longs in this block, plus one and then negated. The checksum can be used to check if the block hasn't been corrupted in any way.
ownblock	BLCK	Points to itself, or in other words, this field contains the block number of this block. This is yet another way to check whether or not a block is valid.

&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsBlockHeader {
    ULONG id;
    ULONG checksum;
    BLCK ownblock;
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
The algorithm to calculate the checksum of a block:
&lt;pre&gt;
ULONG calcchecksum(struct fsBlockHeader *block, LONG blocksize} {
    ULONG *data=(ULONG *)block;
    ULONG checksum=1;

    block-&gt;checksum=0;

    while(blocksize&gt;0) {
        checksum+=*data++;
        blocksize-=4;
    }

    return(-checksum);
} 
&lt;/pre&gt;

A Root block contains very important information about the structure of a SFS disk. It has information on the location and size of the disk, the blocksize used, locations of various important blocks, version information and some filesystem specific settings.

A SFS disk has two Root blocks; one located at the start of the partition and one at the end. On startup the filesystem will check both Roots to see if it is a valid SFS disk. If either one is missing SFS can still continue (although at the moment it won't).

A Root block could be missing on purpose. For example, if you extend the partition at the end (adding a few MB's) then SFS can detect this with the information stored in the Root block located at the beginning (since only the end-offset has changed).   Same goes for the other way around, as long as you don't change start and end point at the same time.

When a Root block is missing because the partition has been made a bit larger, then SFS will in the future be able to resize itself without re-formatting the disk.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
version	UWORD	The version of the filesystem block structure. You can check this field to identify what version of the filesystem your dealing with it and to see if you can handle this structure correctly. Don't try to interpret the disk's structure when this field contains an unknown version number!

sequencenumber	UWORD	Used to identify which Root block was written last in case the sequencenumber on both Root blocks don't match.
datecreated	ULONG	Creation date of this volume. This is the date when the disk was last formatted and will never be changed.

bits	UBYTE	Various settings, see below.
&lt;pre&gt;
pad1	UBYTE	Reserved, leave zero.
pad2	UWORD	Reserved, leave zero.
reserved1	ULONG[2]	Reserved, leave zero.
firstbyteh	ULONG	High 32-bits of a 64-bit number. This is the first byte of our partition relative to the start of the disk.
firstbyte	ULONG	Low 32-bits of a 64-bit number.
lastbyteh	ULONG	High 32-bits of a 64-bit number. This is the last byte (exclusive) of our partition relative to the start of the disk.
lastbyte	ULONG	Low 32-bits of a 64-bit number.
totalblocks	ULONG	The total number of blocks this partition consists of.
blocksize	ULONG	The size of a block of this partition.
reserved2	ULONG[2]	Reserved, leave zero.
reserved3	ULONG[8]	Reserved, leave zero.
bitmapbase	BLCK	Block number of the start of the Bitmap.
adminspacecontainer	BLCK	Block number of the first AdminSpaceContainer.
rootobjectcontainer	BLCK	Block number of the ObjectContainer which contains the root of the disk (this is where the volume name is stored).
extentbnoderoot	BLCK	Block number of the root of the Extent B-Tree.
reserved4	ULONG[4]	Reserved, leave zero.
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsRootBlock {
  struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
  UWORD version;
  UWORD sequencenumber;
  ULONG datecreated;
  UBYTE bits;
  UBYTE pad1;
  UWORD pad2;
  ULONG reserved1[2];
  ULONG firstbyteh;
  ULONG firstbyte;
  ULONG lastbyteh;
  ULONG lastbyte;
  BLCK  totalblocks;
  ULONG blocksize;
  ULONG reserved2[2];
  ULONG reserved3[8];
  BLCK  bitmapbase;
  BLCK  adminspacecontainer;
  BLCK  rootobjectcontainer;
  BLCK  extentbnoderoot;
  ULONG reserved4[4];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;

AdminSpaceContainers are used to store the location and bitmap of each administration space. The AdminSpaceContainers are located in a double linked list and they contain an array of fsAdminSpace structures.  There is one fsAdminSpace structure for every administration space on disk.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
next	BLCK	The next AdminSpaceContainer, or zero if it is the last in the chain.
previous	BLCK	The previous AdminSpaceContainer, or zero if it is the first AdminSpaceContainer.
bits	UBYTE	The number of bits in each in the bits ULONG in the fsAdminSpace structure.
pad1	UBYTE	Reserved, leave zero.
pad2	UWORD	Reserved, leave zero.
adminspace	struct fsAdminSpace	An array of fsAdminSpace structures. The size of the array is determined by the current blocksize.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsAdminSpaceContainer {
  struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
  BLCK next;
  BLCK previous;
  UBYTE bits;
  UBYTE pad1;
  UWORD pad2;
  struct fsAdminSpace adminspace[0];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
Field	Type	Description
space	BLCK	The first block of an administration space.
bits	ULONG	A small bitmap which is used to determine which blocks in an administration space are already in use. The number of bits in this bitmap is determined by the bits field in the AdminSpaceContainer.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsAdminSpace {
  BLCK  space;
  ULONG bits;
};
&lt;/pre&gt;

The fsBitmap structure is used for Bitmap blocks. A bitmap block is used to keep track of which space is in use and which isn't for a particular area of a disk.  All bitmap blocks together keep track of the free space for an entire disk. The location of the first bitmap block is known and all other bitmap blocks are stored in order after the first one.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
bitmap	ULONG	An array of ULONG's.  These hold the actual information on which blocks are in use and which aren't.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsBitmap {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    ULONG bitmap[0];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
Each bit in a bitmap block (except for the block header) represents a single block. If the bit is set than the block is free, and if the bit is clear then it is full. The first ULONG in the bitmap area of the first bitmap block represents blocks 0 through 31 on the disk. Bit 31 of this ULONG is block 0, 30 is block 1, and so on. Bit 0 of the first ULONG represents block 31.

Below is a table to clarify how bitmaps work even further. The first column is the bitmap block number, the second column is the number of the ULONG in the bitmap array. The third column is the bit number in this ULONG, and the last column is the block which this specific bit, in this specific bitmap block represents.

We'll assume here that a bitmap block has room for 120 ULONG's (meaning there is room for storing 32 * 120 bits).

&lt;pre&gt;
Bitmap block	ULONG number	Bit number	Block represented
1 (first)	0	31	0
1	0	30	1
...	...	...	...
1	0	1	30
1	0	0	31
1	1	31	32
...	...	...	...
1	2	31	64
1	2	30	65
...	...	...	...
1	119	0	3839
2	0	31	3840
2	0	30	3841
...	...	...	...
&lt;/pre&gt;
The last bitmap block doesn't need to be completely used. The unused bits (which belong to blocks which do not exist) all have to be clear, to indicate that these blocks are in use.

The fsObjectContainer structure is used to hold a variable number of fsObjects structures (Objects) which have the same parent directory. Each ObjectContainer must contain at least one Object. If there is space in the ObjectContainer not used by the variable number of Objects then that space is zero filled. Objects always start at 2-byte boundaries, which means sometimes a padding byte is inserted between two Objects.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
parent	NODE	The node number of the parent Object, or 0 if this object has no parent (which is only the case for the Root directory).
next	BLCK	The next ObjectContainer belonging to this directory, or zero if it is the last in the chain.
previous	BLCK	The previous ObjectContainer belonging to this directory, or zero if it is the first ObjectContainer in this directory.
object	struct fsObject	A variable number of fsObject structures. The number of structures depends on the individual sizes of each fsObject structure and the blocksize. These structures are located directly after each other with at most 1 byte of padding between them to get the structures aligned on a 2 byte boundary.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsObjectContainer {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    NODE parent;
    BLCK next;
    BLCK previous;
    struct fsObject object[0];
}; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

fsHashTable is the structure of a HashTable block. It functions much like the hash table found in FFS user directory blocks, except that it is stored in a separate block. This block contains a number of hash-chains (about 120 for a 512 byte block). Each hash-chain is a chain of Nodes. Each Node has a pointer to an Object and a pointer to the next entry in the hash-chain.  Using such a hash-chain you can locate an object quickly by only knowing its name.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
parent	NODE	The node number of the directory Object this HashTable block belongs to.
hashentry	NODE	An array of Nodes. Each Node represents the start of a hash-chain (singly linked). A hash-value is calculated using the name of a file or directory, and this value determines in which chain the Object is linked. If there are no entries in a hash-chain then the hashentry value is zero.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsHashTable {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    NODE parent;
    NODE hashentry[0];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
To calculate the hash-value using a name of an Object as input use these routines:
&lt;pre&gt;
UWORD calchash(UBYTE *name) {
    UWORD hash=0;
    /* Calculates a hash value over the passed in string.
       The end of the string can be either a NUL byte or a
       slash. The hash function is the same as the one
       used in FastFileSystem set to international mode. */
    while(name[hash]!=0 &amp;&amp; name[hash]!='/') {
        hash++;
    }
    while(*name!=0 &amp;&amp; *name!='/') {
        hash=hash*13+upperchar(*name++);
    }

    return((UWORD)(hash % (UWORD)((blocksize-sizeof(struct fsHashTable))&gt;&gt;2)));
}
UBYTE upperchar(UBYTE c) {
    if((c&gt;=224 &amp;&amp; c&lt;=254 &amp;&amp; c!=247) || (c&gt;='a' &amp;&amp; c&lt;='z')) {
        c-=32;
    }
    return(c);
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

The BNodeContainer is used to store B-Trees. Currently only one B-Tree is in use by this filesystem and it is used to store the location of file data. The fsBNodeContainer structure contains two other structures. The fsBlockHeader structure and the BTreeContainer structure.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
btc	struct BTreeContainer	Contains information about the B-Tree and its nodes contained in this block.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsBNodeContainer {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    struct BTreeContainer btc;
}; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


First try and locate the Root block. It should start with &quot;ROOT&quot;.  SFS has two of these, one at the start of the partition and one at the end.  One of the fields contains the block size, which will be the size of all important SFS blocks.

The root block has the root object container, which contains information about files and directories in the root directory.  The object 
containers basically hold one or more smaller structures that represent files and directories.  Scanning them all should give you a list of 
files and directories.

The root block also has the root of the Extent B-Tree.  This is a standard B-Tree structure (not a binary tree) that is used commonly in 
all kinds of system, you can read about how they work on Wikipedia if needed.  The B-Tree holds the information about *where* all the data is 
located for your files.

To recover your files, I'd do this:

* Find one of the root blocks, if not present, then figure out the block size your disk was using, and scan every block in turn to see if it 
looks like an ObjectContainer (check the fsBlockHeader's ID, check if the ownblock number is equal to the block you are currently scanning, 
and check its checksum).  So if you currently have block 12, and you see a block with the correct id, and ownblock = 12 and its checksum is good, 
then that's probably a valid ObjectContainer.

* With all the ObjectContainers found, you can extract filenames and directory names from these, but also the number of their first data 
block (in the field data) and the file size.  For small files (less than blocksize) this data block will be enough to recover the data.
For larger files, you might be lucky and all the remaining blocks are found after the first one (if the file was defragmented).  You can't be
sure of that though so...

* For larger files, you need to find all the BNodeContainers.  You could scan these in the same way you found all the ObjectContainers (look for 
blocks with the correct id, ownblock number and checksum). 

* With all the BNodeContainers found, you can try looking up the first data block of a file in the B-Tree structure.  This is a bit complicated 
-- the B-Tree consists of non-leaf nodes (blocks that only contain pointers to other B-Tree blocks), the isLeaf flag indicates this.  Or it 
can be a B-Tree leaf block.  The leaf blocks contain extra information per entry (see https://hjohn.home.xs4all.nl/SFS/extents.htm)
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsExtentBNode {
     ULONG key;
     ULONG next;
     ULONG prev;
     UWORD blocks;
};
&lt;/pre&gt;

The key should be a block of a file (the first of a range), that is 1 to 65535 block long (depending the &quot;blocks&quot; field).  If the file is split 
up into more parts, then &quot;next&quot; will contain block number of the next range of blocks.  You need to look this up again in the B-Tree 
structure to find out how large it is. 

You can for the most part ignore the other structures (bitmap, admin containers).  The fsObjects and B-tree containers is what you'll need to 
recover the data. 


====Resources====

&lt;pre&gt;
rom/storage/mmakefile.src 
rom/storage/storage.conf 
rom/storage/storage_device.c 
rom/storage/storage_ids.c 
rom/storage/storage_init.c 
rom/storage/storage_intern.h 
rom/storage/storage_mount.c 
rom/storage/storage_unit.c
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
rom/storage/includes/device.h 
rom/storage/includes/unit.h 
rom/storage/includes/volume.h 
rom/storage/storage_intern.h 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;

*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/ACPI|acpi.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Battclock|battclock.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Bootloader|bootloader.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Cia|cia.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Filesystem|FileSystem.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Hostlib|hostlib.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Kernel|kernel.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Misc|misc.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Processor|processor.resource]]


==Debugging Code==

Please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=43586&amp;atid=439463 AROS Bug Tracker] if any issues are found.


GRUB Command line list

&lt;pre&gt;
sysdebug  
usbdebug - allows to see Poseidon's log in debug output
&lt;/pre&gt;


How do I get debugging out of InitResident ? If running i386 hosted on linux sysdebug=initresident on command line.
This  way  you can enable any of listed flags. sysdebug=all stands for &quot;everything&quot;


Have an executable (crosscompiled C++ code) which has 6 MB size on disk, but after loading it in memory, 250 MB RAM is taken. Any software that would split AROS executable into ELF part which would show actual size values?

 readelf -S executable

it will show you all sections in elf file, including sizes and requested alignment.

 objdump -h filename

That's will give you a quick overview of the sections and sizes. Ignore all the .debug.* sections. 
Would hazard a guess that you have a large .bss section. That's pretty common in C++.

Next step:

 nm—size-sort filename | grep ' [bB] '

The last few will be your biggest consumers. Would suggest -C to demangle the symbols... ;)


Suggest profiling the program (just use some printf's in the main loop for time spent in each part), it usually is quite easy to spot slow parts in games or apps.

If someone has '#define IPTR ULONG' somewhere. To see where that define is, redefine IPTR in the source code that fails, just above the line that fails, and the preprocessor will tell you where it was defined first.

===How to setup gdb with AROS/hosted===

Download AROS sources (AROS-xxxxxxxx-source.tar.bz2, where xxxxxxxx is the current date) and AROS contrib sources (AROS-xxxxxxxx-contrib-source) from 

Untar-bzip2 and cd to the unpacked archive directory.

 &gt; tar -xvjf AROS-xxxxxxxx-source.tar.bz2
 &gt; cd AROS-xxxxxxxx-source

Check the link to &quot;contrib&quot; (contrib-source) inside directory, e.g. correct like this:

 &gt; rm contrib
 &gt; ln -s ../AROS-xxxxxxxx-contrib-source.tar.bz2 contrib

Make sure you have the correct locale setting, otherwise compilation will fail at some point. See [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/compiling.php#setting-the-locale-to-iso8859 here] (or link below) for more on that. You might have to enter this:

 &gt; export LANG=&quot;en_US.ISO-8859-1&quot;

Now configure for a debug build - see &quot;./configure --help&quot; for more - here are two examples:

 &gt; ./configure—enable-debug=stack,modules,symbols
 
 &gt; ./configure—enable-debug=all

You may &quot;make&quot; now, or choose a separate directory for your build (e.g. for easy removal), for example if compiling for i386 architecture you could create a directory like this:

 &gt; mkdir linux-i386
 &gt; cd linux-i386
 &gt; ../AROS/configure—enable-debug=stack,symbols,modules

When done configuring you're ready to go:

 &gt; make

Building AROS takes some time - minutes on fast machines (e.g. 2.5&amp;nbsp;GHz quadcore), up to hours on slower machines.
The result will be AROS Linux hosted with gdb debugging enabled.

See aros.org documentation for more on compiling AROS, including more [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/compiling.php --enable-debug] options.


When finished, enter bin/linux-i386/AROS directory (replace &quot;linux-i386&quot; with your compilation target platform, e.g. linux-x86_64, etc.) inside the unpacked archive directory. This directory contains the required .gdbinit file for properly running AROS inside gdb.

 &gt; cd bin/linux-i386/AROS

Run AROS (here: with 128MB of memory) from gdb:

 &gt; gdb—args boot/aros-unix -m 128
or
 &gt; gdb—args boot/arosboot -m 128

 (gdb) r

Watch the shell output - in case AROS complains about &quot;LoadKeyCode2RawKeyTable: Loading &quot;DEVS:Keymaps/X11/keycode2rawkey.table&quot; failed!&quot; you should also see some instructions on how to create a keymap table. (see link above &quot;more on compiling&quot;, too.)
Quit gdb, and try default keymap table:

 (gdb) q
 The program is running.  Quit anyway (and kill it)? (y or n) y
 &gt; cd ../../..
 &gt; make default-x11keymaptable

Re-run AROS, as described above. Try e.g. RAros (= right windows key) + W to open a shell. If this doesn't work you have to create a keymap table yourself, quit gdb again, and make a new keytable:

 &gt; make change-x11keymaptable

A window will open. Watch the window's title bar, and follow the instructions.

When done, re-run AROS. RAros + W should now open a shell.

Next, compile your program with gdb support.


When you start GDB is there a warning which says

   warning: File &quot;&lt;whatever&gt;/.gdbinit&quot; auto-loading has been declined by your `auto-load safe-path' set to ...

If so start gdb with &quot;-ix .gdbinit&quot;


&lt;pre&gt;
Summary - In short:

* build AROS with debugging support (i.e. ./configure --enable-debug=all)
* build your application with debugging support (i.e. option -g)
* run AROS in the GNU debugger (you may use the GUI frontend &quot;ddd&quot; which simplifies usage a bit)
* start your application
* use the commands &quot;findaddr&quot; and &quot;add-symbol-file&quot; as written in the debugging manual
* if the debugger doesn't find the source code of your application use the &quot;dir&quot; command of the debugger. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

===How to use gdb===

In AROS open a shell, then (in host shell) use CTRL-Z to go into gdb. Use &quot;b Exec_CreatePool&quot; (one of the functions used early on by startup code in programs) to add a breakpoint, then &quot;cont&quot; and gdb will interrupt somewhere early during startup of &quot;program&quot;. Use &quot;bt&quot; to show backtrace and &quot;loadseg&quot; for &quot;??&quot; entries. One of them will be for &quot;program&quot;. After that you can use &quot;disassemble program&quot;.

One thing you need to make sure is that .gdbinit you have in your build directory is the same as in source tree. It has been modified some time ago, but the build system does not refresh it - you need to copy it manually

To recap, please read our debugging [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/debugging.php manual]:


To detect segfaulting when loading, try...

 ./configure—enable-debug—with-optimization=&quot;-O2&quot;

Because crash or no crash may depend on optimization. For newer compilers maybe this helps...

 --with-optimization=-&quot;-O2 -fno-strict-aliasing&quot;

One way to make crashes less random (more easily reproducible) is to activate the munging of free memory in rom/exec/freemem.c which is normally commented out:

&lt;pre&gt;
Index: freemem.c
===================================================================
--- freemem.c   (revision 34289)
+++ freemem.c   (working copy)
@@ -154,11 +154,12 @@
         * created with their TCB placed in the tc_MemEntry list. The workaround
         * is to avoid munging when FreeMem() is called with task switching disabled.
         */
+
        /* DOH! it doesn't work even this way. What's wrong???
-        *
-        * if ((SysBase-&gt;TDNestCnt &lt; 0) &amp;&amp; (SysBase-&gt;IDNestCnt &lt; 0))
-        *      MUNGE_BLOCK(memoryBlock, MEMFILL_FREE, byteSize);
         */
+
+       if ((SysBase-&gt;TDNestCnt &lt; 0) &amp;&amp; (SysBase-&gt;IDNestCnt &lt; 0))
+           MUNGE_BLOCK(memoryBlock, MEMFILL_FREE, byteSize);

     }
&lt;/pre&gt;

Mungwall can be turned on at runtime. Currently this works in all hosted versions. Just specify &quot;mungwall&quot; on kernel command line and it works. It can work on native too. In order to enable it you need to parse kernel command line, and if &quot;mungwall&quot; is present, set EXECF_MungWall bit in IntExecBase.IntFlags.

This needs to be done before the first AllocMem() for obvious reasons. And never reset back this flag! If you change it on a working system, you are doomed.

Hosted ports do the processing in rom/exec/prepareexecbase.c --enable-debug=mungwall option in configure still works but is going obsolete.  A kludge in rom/exec/allocmem.c is responsible for this and it needs to be removed when the transition is done.

BTW,  on  i386-pc  port it can be activated by &quot;mungwall&quot; argument on command line, you don't need to rebuild AROS.
New mungwall affects not only AllocMem()/FreeMem(), but also pools. I also tested it with AllocAbs(), seems to work correctly.

Runtime mungwall works on:

* pc-i386
* pc-x86_64
* linux-i386
* linux-x86_64
* darwin-x86
* linux-ppc

Works on all hosted ports, if the port itself is working.

* amiga-m68k
* Not on sam440-ppc and efika-chrp-ppc, even if they would be able to be built at moment. Does not work on (for now, need NVRAM support)

When starting my freshly rebuilt i386-linux-aros which was compiled with full debugging support I get sometimes the error &quot;Program exited with code 0377&quot;. Add the following to your .gdbinit: 
 set follow-fork-mode child

Here are some of the custom AROS gdb functions (defined in &quot;.gdbinit&quot; file) to resolve &quot;in ?? ()&quot; entries in backtrace: 
&lt;pre&gt;
#0 0xb7ffd424 in __kernel_vsyscall ()
#1 0xb7e2a657 in sigsuspend () from /lib/libc.so.6
#2 0xb7c63900 in ?? ()
#3 0xb7c640e3 in ?? ()
#4 0xb7c641e0 in ?? ()
&lt;/pre&gt;

You can use

 loadseg 0xb7c63900
 loadframe 2
or
 loadbt
and some others. Use &quot;help &quot; for a little help text. If the commands do not work try &quot;loadkick&quot; first.


Use &quot;thistask&quot;, &quot;taskready&quot;, &quot;taskwait&quot; to get list of AROS tasks. &quot;bttask &quot; shows backtrace of a task which is in ready or in wait queue and &quot;loadseg&quot; to resolve &quot;??&quot; entries in it's backtrace (&quot;loadframe&quot; would not work as it assume current running task).

===Native debugging tools for AROS===

 to enable debugging at boot time entering the GRUB menu editing line (E key) and adding &quot;debug=memory&quot; to your boot line, then press Ctrl+X to complete booting.


SYS:Tools/Debug/'''Bifteck'''

Open a shell and enter the line below to run Biftek and grab the debug messages collected in RAM into a text file.

 tools/debug/bifteck &gt; ram:debug.txt

and certainly does not open a window. It is a shell tool and only dumps data located from the debug location.
It is therefore important to 'catch' that debug data as soon as possible (before it gets overridden). You should invoke bifteck at the first opportunity before doing anything else.  You can use the TO option to store bifteck output to a file or you can pipe it manually to a file.  


SYS:Tools/Debug/'''Sashimi''' - displays error messages

One suggestion is to do a bug() debugging. Each time bug() is executed it will be output on sashimi. 
You include &lt;aros/debug.h&gt; and place bug(&quot;something\n&quot;); in your source code at location though which control passes.

To get the output - open an aros shell

 SYS:Tools/Debug/sashimi &gt; RAM:out.txt

'''Ctrl C''' to end the output to the RAM Disk.

# open shell, and type
# ram: (to switch to ram drive)
# System:Tools/Debug/Sashimi &gt; mylogfile.txt
# open AHI prefs using wanderer (or use another opened shell)
# play test sound
# close AHI prefs
# shell still open with Sashimi running: press ctrl-c to break Sashimi and return to prompt.
# in shell: copy mylogfile.txt System: (or to your required location)


SYS:Utilities/'''Snoopy''' - monitors OS function calls, run &quot;Sashimi&quot; to see Snoopy's output


SYS:Tools/'''WiMP'''    - the Window (and Screens) Manipulation Program

You can use the -E option of gcc to find out how preprocessor macros are expanded.

===Errors===

crash in strcasecmp usually means that one of its arguments is NULL.

empty space between these two names, prossibly some invisible character 

Old Amiga [http://www.amigacoding.com/index.php?title=Guru_codes&amp;redirect=no Guru Codes]

If the crash is in intuition. Sometimes, if it relates to text, a null pointer sets it off. 
an uninitialised pointer can have any address (this is a common fault).


Compiling on 64bit, Many old code would not properly typecast when doing pointer-integer conversions and thus at least throw a warning. This can easily be located and fixed.

[http://www.aros.org/cs/documentation/developers/app-dev/portable.php Portable code] 

* Use texteditor or some tool to replace all &quot;ULONG&quot; with &quot;IPTR&quot; and &quot;LONG&quot; with &quot;SIPTR&quot; in the sources.
* Fix (change IPTR/SIPTR back to ULONG/LONG) the few places which really rely on ULONG/LONG being exactly 32 bit. That's for things like pixel (ARGB) buffers, structs written/read to disk, colormaps, but probably not much else.

Then again, many current compilers also throw a warning when you try to assign a pointer value to an integer and the integer is possibly too small. This happens under .NET for example when a 64 bit pointer is assigned to something like an ULONG - so exactly the case which you described.


=== Example ===

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
/* 1. Header for your name,date,purpose of program.
2. Pre-processor directives. This will include the #includes for files you want to add. 
3. Includes for function prototypes if necessary.
4. Main()
Create Pointers for Libraries and any Window you want to open.
5. Open necessary libraries.
6. Check if open exit program if fail.
7. Open a window exit program if fail.
8. Add your program
9. Close Window
10 Close Libraries.
11 End Program. */

/* standard os included headers &lt;.h&gt; */
#include &lt;dos/dos.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/dosasl.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/dosextens.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/exall.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/rdargs.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/memory.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/types.h&gt;
#include &lt;utility/utility.h&gt;
#include &lt;intuition/intuition.h&gt;

/* define as unresolved external references (proto/xxx.h) and compiler will link to auto(matically) open library */ 
#include &lt;proto/arossupport.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/dos.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/exec.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/intuition.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/graphics.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/cybergraphics.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/datatypes.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/icon.h&gt;

#include &lt;workbench/workbench.h&gt;
#include &lt;workbench/icon.h&gt;

#include &lt;datatypes/pictureclass.h&gt;

#include &lt;proto/muimaster.h&gt;
#include &lt;libraries/mui.h&gt;

#include proto/bsdsocket.h

#include &lt;ctype.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
#include &lt;string.h&gt;

/* my own headers &quot;.h&quot; */

#define CTRL_C      (SetSignal(0L,0L) &amp; SIGBREAKF_CTRL_C)
#define  isDir(fib) ((fib)-&gt;fib_DirEntryType &gt;= 0)

#define ARG_TEMPLATE    &quot;FILE/A,ALL/S,QUIET/S,W=WIDTH/N,H=HEIGHT/N,M=METHOD,DEFTOOL&quot;

int main(void)
{


	return retval;
} /* main */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If you used c++, there is not yet c++ support in our shared library system. 
The easiest way to create / compile a shared library would be to use the AROS build system but the libraries can be created manually. You have to create a ROMTAG structure and some header files.  

A shared library is built with the %build_module macro with a line like this:

 %build_module mmake=MetaTarget modname=mylib modtype=library files=SourceFiles 

This macro can build different AROS module types, like devices, Zune classes, HIDDs, etc.

&lt;pre&gt;
##begin config
version 1.0
##end config

##begin functionlist
void func1(LONG a, LONG b)
int func2(char *s, ULONG a)
##end functionlist
&lt;/pre&gt;


Alternatively,  

&lt;pre&gt;
#ifndef LIB_H
#define LIB_H

#define __NOLIBBASE__

#include &lt;exec/libraries.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/semaphores.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/dos.h&gt;

#ifdef __AROS__
//#include &lt;aros/debug.h&gt;
#define reg(x)
#define __saveds
#endif

#define USESYSBASE struct ExecBase *SysBase = Base-&gt;My_SysBase;

struct MyTestBase
{
  struct Library   My_Test_Lib;
	struct ExecBase *My_SysBase;
	APTR             My_SegList;
  int              testint;
};

#endif
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Resident header written for mytest.library */
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#define __NOLIBBASE__

#define VERSION         1
#define REVISION        0

#define LIBHEADNAME     mytest
#define LIBHEADNAMESTR &quot;mytest&quot;
#define COMPDATE        &quot;04.10.2015&quot;
#define VERS            &quot;1.0&quot;

#define LIBBASETYPE 	struct MyTestBase
#define LIBBASETYPEPTR  LIBBASETYPE *

#include &lt;aros/debug.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/exec.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/exec.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/resident.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/nodes.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/libraries.h&gt;
#include &lt;aros/symbolsets.h&gt;
#include &quot;lib.h&quot;

const UBYTE lib_name[] = LIBHEADNAMESTR &quot;.library&quot;;

const UBYTE lib_id[] = &quot;$VER: &quot; LIBHEADNAMESTR &quot;.library &quot; VERS &quot; (&quot; COMPDATE &quot;) by ALB42\n&quot;;

extern const APTR FuncTable[];

AROS_UFP3 (LIBBASETYPEPTR, InitLib,
    AROS_UFPA(LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, D0),
    AROS_UFPA(BPTR, seglist, A0),
    AROS_UFPA(struct ExecBase *, sysbase, A6)
);

static struct LibInitStruct
{
    IPTR                   LibSize;
    const APTR             *FuncTable;
    const struct DataTable *DataTable;
    APTR                    InitFunc;
}
const LibInitStruct =
{
    sizeof(LIBBASETYPE),
    FuncTable,
    NULL,
    (APTR)InitLib
};

const struct Resident romtag =
{
  RTC_MATCHWORD,              /* match word */
  (APTR)&amp;romtag,              /* back pointer */
  (APTR)(&amp;romtag + 1),        /* skip pointer */
  RTF_AUTOINIT | RTF_EXTENDED,/* flags */
  VERSION,                    /* version */
  NT_LIBRARY,                 /* type of module */
  0,                          /* init priority */
  (STRPTR)lib_name,           /* module name */
  (STRPTR)lib_id + 6,
  (APTR)&amp;LibInitStruct,
  REVISION, NULL
};

AROS_UFH3 (LIBBASETYPEPTR, InitLib,
    AROS_UFHA(LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, D0),
    AROS_UFHA(BPTR, seglist, A0),
    AROS_UFHA(struct ExecBase *, sysbase, A6)
    )
{
    AROS_USERFUNC_INIT
    
    Base-&gt;My_SegList = seglist;
    Base-&gt;My_SysBase = (APTR)sysbase;
    Base-&gt;testint = 0;
    
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;InitLib\n&quot;);
    
    if (!set_open_libraries())
    {
      set_close_libraries();
      return NULL;
    }
    
    return Base;
    
    AROS_USERFUNC_EXIT
}

AROS_LH1(LIBBASETYPEPTR, LibOpen,
    AROS_LHA (ULONG, version, D0),
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 1, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibOpen\n&quot;);

    (void)version;
    
    Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_OpenCnt++;
    return Base;

    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
    
}

__saveds APTR LibExpungeInternal(LIBBASETYPE *Base reg(a6))
{
  USESYSBASE
  APTR seglist;
  bug(&quot;LibExpungeInternal\n&quot;);

  if (Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_OpenCnt)
  {
    return 0;
  }

  seglist = Base-&gt;My_SegList;

  Forbid();
  Remove((struct Node*)Base);
  Permit();
  FreeMem((APTR)Base - Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_NegSize, (LONG)Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_PosSize +
    (LONG)Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_NegSize);
  
  set_close_libraries();
  return seglist;
}

AROS_LH0(BPTR, LibClose,
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 2, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibClose\n&quot;);

    if (!(--Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_OpenCnt))
    {
      return LibExpungeInternal(Base);          
    }
    return 0;
	
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}

AROS_LH1(BPTR, LibExpunge,
    AROS_LHA(LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, D0),
    struct ExecBase *, sysBase, 3, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT

    (void)sysBase;
    
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibExpunge\n&quot;);

    return LibExpungeInternal(Base);
	
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}

AROS_LH0(LIBBASETYPEPTR, LibReserved,
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 4, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibReserved\n&quot;);

    return 0;
    //return (APTR)LibReserved();
    
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}


// Space for your own functions
// do not forget to update the FuncTable as well

AROS_LH1(int, TestFunction,
    AROS_LHA(int, TestValue, D0),
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 5, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;TestFunction\n&quot;);

    Base-&gt;testint = TestValue + Base-&gt;testint;
    
    return Base-&gt;testint;
    
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}

// Functable -&gt; Table of all functions in the Library, in right order - important!

const APTR FuncTable[] = 
{
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibOpen,LIBHEADNAME,1),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibClose,LIBHEADNAME,2),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibExpunge,LIBHEADNAME,3),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibReserved,LIBHEADNAME,4),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(TestFunction,LIBHEADNAME,5),
    (void *)-1
};

// AutoInit stuff
void *__PROGRAM_ENTRIES__symbol_set_handler_missing;
void *__LIBS__symbol_set_handler_missing;
// end of AutoInitStuff
&lt;/pre&gt;

Makefile
&lt;pre&gt;
VPATH = 
CFLAGS = -O2 -g -fomit-frame-pointer -W -Wall -Wno-parentheses
CC = i386-aros-gcc
LD = i386-aros-gcc
LDFLAGS = -nostartfiles -Wl,-Map -Xlinker linkermap
LIBS = -lautoinit -llibinit
STRIP = i386-aros-strip --strip-unneeded --remove-section .comment

OBJS = lib_header.o 

all: mytest.library

mytest.library: $(OBJS)
	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) $^ $(LIBS) -o $@

lib_header.o: lib_header.c lib.h

clean:
	rm -f *.o *.library *.ppu testlibrary linkermap
&lt;/pre&gt;


Porting UNIX library to AROS - dealing with static variables which would make it easy to port such libraries to AROS, keeping the benefits of sharing them on disk, but losing the benefit of actually sharing them in memory.

Our problem arises by the fact we want to share the actual code (the .text section of the library) and constant data, but we need to have per-task .bss and .data sections. If we get rid of our intention to share the .text and .rodata sections, things get quite easy: just load and relocate the library whenever it's open, by whoever it's open. It's like statically linking the library into the executable, except that the final linking is done at runtime.

In the V0 branch, in workbench/hidds/hidd.nouveau was committed pcimock.hidd. This is a pci driver that allows mocking real PCI devices under linux-hosted. The main idea is to be able to run the real hardware driver under linux-hosted with as little changes as possible (some changes will always be needed though unless someone wants to write complete device simulator) so that driver's code paths can be executed and debugged using gdb. This was a very helpful capability when porting nouveau. Now it is externalized from nouveau.hidd and can be used by other people porting drivers. The pcimock.hidd can currently mock 4 different nvidia cards, 1 AGP bridge and also mock irq.hidd.

What's the difference between this driver and the pcilinux.hidd? I used that one to develop many different HW drivers for aros. As far as I understood the intention of pcilinux.hidd it is supposed to get access to real hardware that is running under linux. The pcimock.hidd goal is to mock the hardware. For example my dev box is a PCIE system, but I still would like to run the AGP codes paths in nouveau under linux-hosted to check if they don't seg fault. The other case would be to run codes paths for hardware that the developer does not have (Fermi cards in my case). In the case of pcimock.hidd, the AROS driver's code paths will execute as long as you add proper mocking (for example fill in PCI config area or values for registers in BARs). This is an advantage for ported drivers - the code should already work (since it worked on another system) but there might have been mistakes made during porting which can be detected easily with gdb.

In case you are writing your driver from scratch, pcilinux.hidd hidd will give you more advantage, since you can actually access the real hardware from linux-hosted.


== Misc ==

===APL, MPL, BSD, GPL and LGPL Licences===

The majority of AROS sources in licensed under AROS Public License ([http://aros.sourceforge.net/license.html APL]) which (to a degree) protects us from someone taking AROS sources and not contributing improvements back (for example MorphOS took some AROS source and then contributed changes back)

It is written to allow the use of AROS code in other open source or commercial projects without exception whilst providing a mechanism so that improvements/additions can find their way back to the original source in one form or another.

There are &quot;3rd&quot; party applications used by AROS that do not fall under this license, which are an extra &quot;Contrib&quot; download for convenience.

Anyone can port GPL-ed network and sound drivers as AROSTCP and AHI are GPLed. Direct using (porting) [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#GPLIncompatibleLibs GPL]-ed code in other parts of AROS (gfx, sata, usb) is not possible because AROS license is not compatible with GPL. You need to utilize permissive licensed code like BSD or MIT/X11.


BSD and MPL license are the closest to APL.

APL however is not so compatible with LGPL/GPL.

LGPL case - you cannot statically combine APL code with LGPL. You can, however thank to LGPL being &quot;lesser&quot; restrictive, use LGPL dynamically loaded libraries in APL codes.

GPL case - you cannot combine APL code with GPL in any way if there is no explicit clause by GPLed code authors allowing that. If you do combine APL with GPL in &quot;bad&quot; ways described above - you have a problem (you violate GPL). This problem might result in everything in AROS becoming GPL or everything running or AROS becoming GPL (here I'm not sure really). The other scenario is that you are not allowed to legally distribute such code at all. To be honest I have grasped how to violate GPL, but I'm still no exactly sure what happens when you violate it (but I'm sure it's not anything nice)

GPL software can run on top of non-GPL &quot;system components&quot; (see system components exception of GPL), but the other way around (non-GPL using GPL) leads to problems. This means applications like scout, or Quake III are ok (in the majority of cases).

Theres no reason GPL drivers cannot be ported - but they cant be in AROS's ROM (requires linking APL code with GPL), nor can AROS depend on them (e.g. they must use existing apis).
If they are launched (dynamically linked) by a user action that is allowed. It is also allowed to distribute such binaries together for convenience.

GPL is not about statical or dynamic linking but is about executing process and function calls.


These components - SFS, isapnp, Zune texteditor, AHi, network drivers, freetype, openuirl, BHFormat, Edit and (&quot; dynamically loaded libraries&quot;) are LGPL, not GPL. Mesa/Nouveau stuff is MIT. Some user tools are GPL though.

'''AROS (system)'''
* system components (libraries/classes/devices/etc) cannot be GPL as they would propagate GPL to complete system as well as GPL is not compatible with MPL from which APL is based 
* system components can be LGPL v2 or a permissive license (MIT/BSD)
* system applications can be anything you like (but still I would prefer APL or permissive so the code can be reused if needed)

'''Contrib:'''
* no rules - contrib does not impact AROS system since nothing in AROS system depends on contrib.

About stealing code: The chances of this happening is exactly the same whether we are APL or GPL. If any closed-source option wanted to do it, there is no one that can validate otherwise. MorphOS has used some AROS codes, but contributed changes back.

The rationale behind APL is that while it guarantees that the original developer will get the improvements back (to a certain degree - file based), the person who uses the codes does not have to open his original codes. BSD does not guarantee that the original developer gets improvements. GPL requires the person using the codes to open his codes as well.

The copyright holders needs to stay - we just need information from them that the codes are available under APL (for example a checked-in file like in case of Poseidon). We don't do transfer of copyrights.

; Ultimately what can and cannot be done is up to the author(s) - not the licence.

===AROS source code tree===

* http://www.evillabs.net/AROS/Audit-2012-03-14/AROS-trunk.txt
* http://www.evillabs.net/AROS/Audit-2012-03-14/AROS-contrib.txt


Found this interesting (non-GPL) licensing 'anomaly' - to keep in mind for distributors.

Programs that lose their license if sold (&quot;non-profit only&quot; licensed):
  contrib/aminet/comm/term/TinyTerminal
  contrib/aminet/dev/basic/bwBASIC
  contrib/aminet/text/edit/xdme
  contrib/fish/aroach
  contrib/fish/lotto
  contrib/fish/shuffle
  contrib/fish/touch
  + cdvdfs.


Here is a list of all the GPL/GPLv2/GPLv3 licenses fossology found, what have explicit licenses in their comments.


 excluded LGPL, BSD/GPL dual licensed and programs (such as Prefs/Edit and BHFormat)

&lt;pre&gt;
AROS/rom/dbus/include/  AFL_v2.1 ,GPL_v2+  (supposedly AFL &lt; 3 is GPL incompatible) 
AROS/workbench/classes/zune/betterstring/include/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/classes/zune/texteditor/include/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/classes/datatypes/gemimage/ GPL_v2+ GPL
AROS/workbench/classes/datatypes/degas/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/libs/openurl/README: GPL
AROS/workbench/network/smbfs/documentation/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/smbfs/source_code/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/kern/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/mmakefile.src conf.h  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/sys/  CMU ,GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/net/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/api/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/conf/conf.h: GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/netinclude/net/radix.h: CMU ,GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AHI/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AddAudioModes/ GPL_v2+  AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AddAudioModes/COPYING: GPL 
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/Docs/texinfo.tex: GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/COPYING: GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/Drivers/EMU10kx/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AHI-Handler/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8029/  GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/pcnet32/  GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/ppp/LEGAL: GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/atheros5000/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rhine/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/nForce/  GPL_v2+  GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/prism2/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/fec/LEGAL: GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8139/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/etherlink3/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/intelpro100/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8169/  GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/emac/   GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8168/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/realtek8180/   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/via-rhine/via-rhine.c: GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/via-rhine/   GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/e1000/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/sis900/  GPL   GPL_v2+
&lt;/pre&gt;

AHI: it has special provisions (COPYING.DRIVERS). The library is LGPL, preferences software is GPL and drivers can be anything without breaking GPL/LGPL.

Network stack: well, we are long overdue for a new, IPv6 enabled network stack anyway, anyone interested? ;) Seriously though it seems like the glue code is GPL and as all the drivers. However some of the drivers are our own code, so they could be relicensed to LGPL.

 Same filter as the AROS trunk list. These should all be libraries or plugins - no programs.

&lt;pre&gt;
contrib/regina/utsname.h: GPL_v2+

contrib/mui/classes/nlist/include/default-align.h: GPL_v2+
contrib/mui/classes/nlist/include/amiga-align.h: GPL_v2+

contrib/mui/classes/BWins/include/MUI/BWin_mcc.h: GPL
contrib/mui/classes/BWins/include/BWin_private_mcc.h: GPL
contrib/mui/classes/BWins/COPYING: GPL_v2
contrib/mui/classes/BWins/MCC_BWins.readme: GPL_v2

contrib/mui/classes/thebar/include/default-align.h: GPL_v2+
contrib/mui/classes/thebar/include/amiga-align.h: GPL_v2+

contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/LEGAL: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D.readme: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/soft3d.c: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/soft3d_opengl.h: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/soft3d_opengl.c: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/Wazp3D.h: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/Wazp3D.c: GPL

contrib/libs/mpega/  GPL_v2+
&lt;/pre&gt;

http://www.evillabs.net/AROS/Audit-2012-03-14/AROS-contrib.txt

===Types===

On AROS following rules apply:
&lt;pre&gt; 
1. BYTE/UBYTE is 8bit, WORD/UWORD is 16bit, LONG/ULONG is 32bit, QUAD/UQUAD is 64bit, the types are comparable with stdint types (int8_t, int16_t, int32_t, int64_t)
2. IPTR/SIPTR are integer types large enough to fit pointer, that is sizeof(IPTR) = sizeof(APTR) = 4 on 32bit system, and = 8 on 64bit system
3. ti_Data in TagList is large enough to hold a IPTR/APTR type.
4. never store a pointer in integer of type LONG. It may work (if the pointer has upper 32bits clear), but does not have to. Compiler should warn you about that.
5. If you are unsure about point 4, allocate your memory with MEMF_31BIT flag set. But don't expect that AROS internals will do the same.
&lt;/pre&gt; 
point 4 is actually important.


* UBYTE/BYTE for 8bit
* UWORD/WORD for 16bit
* ULONG/LONG for 32bit
* UQUAD/QUAD for 64bit

&lt;pre&gt;
UBYTE    Unsigned 8 bit integer variable (byte).
BYTE     Signed 8 bit integer variable (byte).
UWORD    Unsigned 16 bit integer variable (word).
WORD     Signed 16 bit integer variable (word).
ULONG    Unsigned 32 bit integer variable (longword).
LONG     Signed 32 bit integer variable (longword).
FLOAT    32 bit IEEE floating point variable.
UQUAD    Unsigned 64 bit integer variable.
QUAD     Signed 64 bit integer variable.
DOUBLE   64bit IEEE floating point variable.
BOOL     Boolean variable, TRUE and FALSE are also defined in exec/types.h.
VOID     Void.

APTR     A generic pointer for multiple purposes - Arrays.
STRPTR   A pointer to a null-terminated string.
IPTR     Really important in AROS, the only way to declare a field that can contain both: an integer or a pointer.
&lt;/pre&gt;

if you want to write really portable app, you may be interested in standard datatypes defined in C99: int8_t, uint8_t, int16_t, uint16_t, int32_t, uint32_t, int64_t, uint64_t, intptr_t, uintptr_t. They are all defined in inttypes.h include file.

In exec/types.h the following short-cuts are typedef'd. They are used often in AROS, so you should nearly always include exec/types.h and soon only they will be removed from sys/_types.h include, all types are now defined in include files named aros/types/xxx.h.

(Preparation for C library split; sys/xxx.h include will only be available there when compiling with POSIX C library)


Compiler specific types, like int and long might change their size. In case of AROS, similar to linux, int remains 32 bit whereas long grows to 64 bits in size.

If you use Amiga-like data types, i.e. BYTE/UBYTE, WORD/UWORD, LONG/ULONG and QUAD/UQUAD or the C99 standard types (uint8_t and so on, see stdint.h include) then you should have less issues to solve than by using types without size guarantee.

Of course, all pointers grow to 64 bytes using 64bit cpu. Most of the code can be just recompiled and will work. In rare cases, where e.g. pointers are casted to integers, a special care must be taken. Especially in the cases, where pointer is casted to LONG/ULONG (this code will break on 64 bit AROS) e.g.  '#define IPTR ULONG'.

With compiler delint patches which the majority of them are simple casting issues to make the compiler happy. Notice some of the changes involve introducing double casts. In very recent versions of GCC. Yes, the bulk of the double casts are for converting 32 bit addresses (ie from a 32 bit PCI DMA address register) to a 64 bit pointer. First cast is to IPTR (to expand to 64 bits, and prevent sign extension if the address is above 0x7FFFFFFF), and then to APTR.

ULONG != IPTR except on 32bit .. so if you need to store pointers make sure and use IPTR and not ULONG (which some old code does). For this reason things like Taglist elements are 64bit (since the tag data can be a pointer). 
If your passing items on the stack you should use the STACKED attribute to make sure they are correctly aligned (on 64bit all items on the stack are 64bit..)

There is more issues like using &quot;== 0L&quot; causes problems.

===Endian===

*BE 
*LE

Use the macros from &lt;endian.h&gt; instead making a guess based upon architecture defines
 
&lt;pre&gt;
#if _BYTE_ORDER == _BIG_ENDIAN

#elif _BYTE_ORDER == _LITTLE_ENDIAN

#else
+
#error &lt;whatever.h&gt; - Byte order for this architecture is unsupported! 
&lt;/pre&gt;


===SVN and GIT===

If you want to help develop AROS OS itself, you can 

* view current GIT/SVN entries [http://aros.sourceforge.net/ Aros Org website] or [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Github], [https://github.com/ezrec older ezrec mirror], [https://github.com/michalsc/AROS/ older mirror], [https://trac.aros.org/trac/timeline TRAC], [], 
* awaiting update [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git git repo], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/commits ohloh] or [https://svn.aros.org/svn/aros/trunk/ svn repo] and access [Git version git://repo.or.cz/AROS.git here], 
* deprecated [https://www.gitorious.org/aros/aros/commit/a7fda9e ARIX commits] or [https://gitorious.org/aros/aros GIT old]

If you have SVN access (early 2015 introduced a new SVN server, create a new account at trac aros org) and/or have obtained the source [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS site] - you can compile the current build tools/environment using: 

 &gt; make development

and follow this [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/compiling.php#building procedure] or [https://github.com/apiraino/aros_guide Guide] 


https://trac.aros.org/trac#Developing

If you plan on contributing back changes, please post information about such changes first on this [http://mail.aros.org/mailman/listinfo/aros-dev/ mailing list] for more experience developers can validate whether they are correct.


Then there are the nightly build machines. They svn update before the build and run configure as one of the next steps. autoconf might be added to the nightly build scripts.

Our build relies on packages downloaded from Internet (SDL for example) - it always worked this way. The minimal requirement (when just building core AROS) is binutils and gcc. If you build contrib as well, you need many more packages to be downloaded.

https://gitorious.org/aros/aros/commits/crosstools-II

git://gitorious.org/aros/aros.git

Branch crosstools-II there is only one commit on top of ABI_V1 
&lt;pre&gt;
../../aros-src/AROS/configure --enable-ccache
--with-portssources=~/aros/Sources --target=pc-x86_64
--with-aros-toolchain-install=/home/weissms/media/data/aros/test/crosstools/pc-x86_64
&lt;/pre&gt;
and
&lt;pre&gt;
../../aros-src/AROS/configure --enable-ccache
--with-portssources=~/aros/Sources --target=pc-i386
--with-aros-toolchain-install=/home/weissms/media/data/aros/test/crosstools/pc-i386
&lt;/pre&gt;
build OK.


:''More information: [[Aros/Developer/Maintainer|AROS Maintainer Docs]]''

===SDI Calls===

Integrate the 'SDI'-headers to allow easier porting to all amiga-like platforms.

&lt;pre&gt;
PUTCHARPROTO( PutTheChar, char c, struct SPrintfStream *s  )
{
 // REAL CODE
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

have &quot;SDI_compiler.h&quot; and &quot;SDI_hook.h&quot; included

its more organized like

 #include SDI/SDI_hook.h

than

 #include SDI_hook.h

option 1 --- i also use when back porting from amiga's..

&lt;pre&gt;
#ifdef __AROS__
#include SDI/SDI_hook.h
#else
#include SDI_hook.h
#endif
&lt;/pre&gt;

also

you can add the -i include/sdi/ location if you do not want to add or edit any files.


Defining HOOKPROTO to IPTR name(struct IClass * cl, Object * obj, Msg msg); solved the problem

A MUI application most likely needs only the HOOKPROTOxxx SDI macros. They are compatible with AROS, only the attributes (hook, object attribute) must be given in the right order. examine compiler/include/aros/symbolsets.h (AROS_LIBREQ)

compiling mui stuff for aros setting -std=gnu99 is necessary (i have had -std=c99 most of the time).

===Locale with Flexcat===

Most languages have a locale, but not every app is localized, the only thing needed is to translate the &quot;catalog&quot; files. It is a case of locating the correct catalog and saving the translated version.

For every app that lacks of your language catalog and is localized anyway, you should find (in the sources) files related to locale:

* file.cd = catalog descriptor, contains base msg, with internal language (usually english)
* language.ct = catalog translation, contains every translated msg, indexed as in the file.cd.

Compare with other localized apps... Then, &quot;make my_app-catalogs&quot; should create and install your translated catalogs. ex : for, saying, sys:prefs/wanderer:

on root of AROS sources, type:
 &quot;make workbench-prefs-wanderer-catalogs&quot;
then (if you changed the .cd file):
 &quot;make workbench-prefs-wanderer&quot;

For apps not localized, you have to adapt their code to support it, if it is possible...

noticed the original .cd file has many (//) strings at the end of any voice, so added them also to the .ct file. 
That (//) is only for cd files. I'm highly recommending to use FlexCat for updating ct files, e.g. like this:

 flexcat app.cd deutsch.ct newctfile deutsch.ct

You'll get error checking and new entries are marked in the resulting ct file.

When editing .ct files, only change those lines containing translation and perhaps version string, nothing else.
The rest is up to the relevant tool, flexcat. In order to update your translation, type in the following in your shell:

 flexcat xyz.cd xyz.ct NEWCTFILE xyz_upd.ct COPYMSGNEW

This way you will not only make sure you have correct translation file but flexcat also pre-fills newly added strings with &quot;*** NEW *** text. Even better tool for checking cd/ct/catalog files is catcheck, but this one is sadly only available for AmigaOS/68k...

Some languages have variations, like portugues from portugal and portugues from brasil differs...

This is the way to go. I will have a look at language files, but basically if those two languages differ you have to do two separated set of translation files, yes.
(you could create a brazilian slang language localization too)

* At system level localization for one language is a dot language file.
(ex: locale:languages/klingon.language)

* At app level localization is a dot catalog file
(ex: locale:catalogs/klingon/system/libs/dos.catalog)

* At sources level, the dot ct file, and &quot;$language&quot; dot cd files and some building framework.
(ex: catalogs/my_app.ct catalogs/klingon.cd catalogs/mmakefile.src support.c support.h)

Please, use Flexcat to generate CT files: 
 FlexCat wanderer.cd NEWCTFILE=deutsch.ct

Then fill the first 2 lines with something useful:
&lt;pre&gt;
## version $VER: wanderer.catalog 1.1 (9.2.2006)
## language deutsch
&lt;/pre&gt;

You can even update the CT-File: (This adds the new strings)
 FlexCat wanderer.cd deutsch.ct NEWCTFILE=deutsch.ct


To compile a catalog you only need the .cd file and your translation (.ct file):
 FlexCat multiview.cd deutsch.ct CATALOG=MultiView.catalog


[http://murks-ide.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/murks-ide/trunk/src/Catalogs/flexcat_linux?revision=100 Linux version of FlexCat]

: [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/app-dev/localization.php#localization-for-non-developers More information]


A script which compares the required version (i.e. the version which an application/module etc. tries to open) with the version of the existing CT files. The result is in this table:

https://github.com/aros-translation-team/translations/wiki/Progress

The following cases are highlighted:

    n/a i.e. CT misses at all
    version in existing CT file is lower than the required version


It might be a bit difficult to participate if you haven't worked with Git before but alternatively you can send your CT files to our Slack channel.

When the ct file has been generated via flexcat (flexcat keyshow.cd NEWCTFILE=spanish.ct) it has the following header:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## version $VER: &lt;name&gt;.catalog &lt;ver&gt;.&lt;rev&gt; (04.01.2021)
## language nolanguage
## codeset 0
;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Those values &lt;ver&gt;.&lt;rev&gt; are the version and revision of the CT file for the languaje or are the values of the application being localized?

The &lt;ver&gt; part must match with version which the application tries to open. You can find the value either in the column &quot;Required Version&quot; in the table which I've linked above, our you can look in the git repository. For keyshow it would be https://github.com/aros-translation-team/keyshow. You can find in the file &quot;catalog_version.h&quot; the right version number.
The &lt;rev&gt; part starts for new CT files with 0 and should be increased every time the CT file is updated.

Updated several files and created a few more that were missing on the spanish catalog.

The catalogs are in Git repositories at https://github.com/aros-translation-team

a) You tell me your Github user name. I'll invite you. You can work directly with the Git repositories.

b) You create Github forks of the catalog repositories and create pull requests.

c) You send the CT files to mrustler  gmx de


===C Utils Misc===

The AROS source uses at several places the __DATE__ macro to fill the date entry of a $VER tag. Problem is that c:version doesn't understand that date format (e.g. &quot;May 21, 2011&quot;). As a result the output of e.g.
&gt; &quot;version c:shell full&quot; contains &quot;(null)&quot;. Is extending the version command to understand the format of __DATE__  the right solution for that problem?

AmigaOs compilers should use __AMIGADATE__ macro or similar form, if it isn't implemented it could be emulated in makefile: -D__AMIGADATE__=\&quot;$(shell date &quot;+%d.%m.%Y&quot;)\&quot;

BTW. I think DD.MM.YYYY is better format than &quot;Month DD YYY&quot; because &quot;Month DD YYY&quot; is not localized in any way.

&quot;strnicmp&quot; shouldn't work with NULL pointers

The Situation:

compiled a linklib using c++ object files (using the c++ cross compiler).
compiled a C stub that uses the linklib (using the c++ cross compiler).

Try to link them together (using the c++ cross compiler) with C object
files (using the normal target c compiler) that need to use -nostartup
= cant do because using the c++ files pulls in arosc (for stdio etc.) -
so wants to have the autoinit stuff present.

What can I do about this??

If it is possible to manually open it then what do I need to do exactly?

=== ENV ===

The philosophy behind ENV: is that keeping configuration files there allows you to  'Use'  preferences  by  keeping  a copy in ENVARC: intact. However in some cases (like this one) it is not required.

99% of the time that statement is true (not required) for pretty much every file in ENV: or do people change their default icons - and prefs settings - every boot?

There seem to be a bad habit of late with developers changing things to reflect their own personal preference when the change isn't actually necessary - It would be nice if people could refrain from doing that in the tree without at least discussing it on the dev-list first (and with good reasoning unless they committed said work in the first place..)

We're not keen on the pollution of the &quot;S:&quot; dir: it's meant to be for scripts. What's wrong with &quot;ENV:&quot;?
Only the fact that it takes up RAM. I  understand  that  for  PCs  with  several gigabytes of RAM this is
irrelevant. But let's remember about other machines. The philosophy behind ENV: is that keeping configuration files there allows you to  'Use'  preferences  by  keeping  a copy in ENVARC: intact.

However in some cases (like this one) it is not required.

How about implementing in the style of HappyENV then? RAM-disk handler that falls through to reading from ENVARC: if there is no such file stored in it already. Removes RAM usage for unchanged files, removes the need to copy ENVARC to ENV in startup-sequence. 
Shouldn't be too hard to make from AmberRAM, or even just extend AmberRAM to provide this service.

Is it feasable to build a special version of AmberRAM handling ENV: that will try and copy the requested file from ENVARC: if it isnt found in ENV: ? 
Additionaly it could mark closed &quot;files&quot; as untouched - and expunge them from ENV: after a period of time to free up additional RAM:, or when the system is running low on free memory?

Silenty disappearing files may not be a good plan. Would be nice if the following would work:

ASSIGN :ENV SYS:Prefs/Env-Arc ADD
ASSIGN :ENV RAM:ENV  ADD

Where new files put in ENV: end up in RAM:ENV, and opening files looks in RAM:ENV first, then SYS:Prefs/Env-Arc

Well - that's essentially what im proposing but without the assigns - or need for a RAM:ENV directory. 
Adding it as a feature of AmberRAM sounds like the most memory efficient way (one handler to load in RAM) but that's only if it is possible to make it handle ENV: additionally to RAM:, and if it is even possible to add the proposed functionality (...and how to make it enable it when accessing ENV:).

===(AS)MP support===

If one has to recompile software for SMP multi core, is there any thing special one has to do to get software to run?   
Use task.resource if you need to query information about what tasks are running, and clear msgports completely when they are allocated.

Most code should not need Forbid. Use Semaphores, Messages etc. to sync your own code. 

Accessing system structures is a different thing. Use the proper API whenever possible.

How single structures will be protected in the future is still a moving target, at least it is not documented. And you should never  use undocumented stuff  


Ideas on for SMP multi-core

Another suggestion is ... Forbid/Permit function calls are meant to halt multitasking so as no other task could intervene with what ever the calling task is doing, e.g. setting semaphores. Disable/Enable calls are meant to halt interrupts and as a side effect they also halt task switching.

One option is to make it compulsory to protect shared resources with semaphores and forbid the use of simple Forbid() calls as to protect something. Setting semaphore should be done if possible with atomic instructions (check and alter in one instruction). Or make the second concurrent ObtainSemaphore call halt the second calling task and force if possible a task switch which ever gives better results. 

Semaphores could store the owning tasks task pointer instead of boolean to make things easier.

As long as the CPU initiates the DMA transfers through the OS, and the OS ensures that the transferred memory is within the region accessible to the user initiating the transfer, everything is fine. The CPU is the conductor, and the CPU by that has the control of which DMA transfer is initiated and which is not.
All you need to do is to write device drivers reasonable. Hint: CachePreDMA and CachePostDMA exist.
All the Os has to do is to verify that the memory regions to be transferred are valid, and prohibit direct access to the DMA control registers from user space. None of these algorithms imply huge costs.
The current OS design doesn't really allow virtual memory in first place, Forbid() is again the problem.

[http://www.tbs-software.com/guide/index.php?guide=autodocs.doc%2Fmemory.doc&amp;node=1 memory.library API] seem to low level. IMHO the programs should not know how the swapping is implemented. I would just go for one new memory flag
MEMF_SWAPPABLE that indicates that a certain memory region or a whole memory pool won't be accessed during Forbid()/Permit() etc. It only solves part of the problem, it only implements virtual memory and not memory protection. For the latter you need to be able make certain memory inaccessible by other programs, some memory read-only for one task and read-write for other tasks, etc. And I think this should be done in the same Address Space in order to avoid you constantly need to swap between different address spaces. 
So to summarize, if there are programs using this API we may provide a wrapper layer to get them working but I am not convinced this API should be the reference API with whom to provide VM to AROS programs.

=== Variadic ===

variadic functions (i.e. functions with an arbitrary amount of arguments).

&lt;pre&gt;
    #include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;
    [...]

    char * STDARGS GetKeyWord(int value, char *def, ...)
    {
        [...]
        va_list va;
        [...]
        va_start(va, def);
        [...]
        va_end (args);

&lt;/pre&gt;

Please keep with using stdarg rather than having va casted to a LONG * type and varargs handled manually. Doing so, prevents tons of casting, where a simple va_arg can be used. So, string = *((char **) args) instead of string=va_arg(va, char *).

&lt;pre&gt;
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;

int printf (const char * format, ...)

{
    int     retval;
    va_list args;

    va_start (args, format);

    retval = vfprintf (stdout, format, args);

    va_end (args);

    fflush (stdout);

    return retval;
} /* printf */
&lt;/pre&gt;

Couldn't find varargs.h or stdarg.h. and have no use for AROS_SLOWSTACKHOOKS or AROS_SLOWSTACKTAGS.

GCC looks for stdarg.h in a different place: 
 /bin/linux-i386/tools/lib/gcc/i386-aros/4.2.2/include/stdarg.h

Here is a path for a &quot;normal&quot; header:
 bin/linux-i386/tools/lib/gcc/i386-aros/4.2.2/../../../../i386-aros/sys-include/aros/system.h


The use of vararg.h isn't supported by newer gcc versions. If you want your code to run on architectures that pass part of variadic arguments in a number of registers you need to use AROS_SLOWSTACK macros. Otherwise your program will not work on powerpc and x86_64 ports.

Of course the SLOWSTACK stuff is not needed in a function that can use va_list, va_start, va_arg and va_end. It's only needed if you want to write functions like DoMethod or similar.

 #include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;

should be enough no matter if you do cross or native compiling. If it does not work, something is wrong and should be corrected.

Stdarg.h is here, Development:lib/gcc/i386-aros/4.2.2/include/

...which is part of the compiler's default include paths. In other words, #include &lt;stdarg.h&gt; works out of the box, indeed. (sorry, I should have just tried it before invoking &quot;search&quot; or &quot;find&quot;...)

furthermore, myprintf() as shown above won't work, because...

 printf(format, args);

...is wrong - the second argument does not match printf() prototype, it expects a argument list, but args is of type va_list (obviously) - so one has to use...

 vfprintf(stdout, format, args);

...instead, just like in the original printf(), and add fflush(stdout).

additionally, one could use...

 int myarg = va_arg(args, int);

...between va_start() and va_end() to access individual arguments, where each call to va_arg() returns an argument casted to the desired type (here: &quot;int&quot;) from the list given (here: &quot;args&quot;) and advances to the next one.

wrapping up vfprintf() and modifying the format string now is a major speedup! no more backslash-n typing! this has been haunting me for years!

On MOS and AmigaOS, the NewObject variadic function is kept in the static library. It takes most of the parameters on the stack - thanks to that the implementation of NewObject calls the NewObjectA function. Everything works perfect, and the typical MUI macros may be easily used.

This, however, is not the case when you compile for AROS. Here, NewObject is a variadic macro, not a function. Thanks such approach we do not need any custom compiler in case of systems, where the arguments of variadic functions are passed partially through registers and partially through the stack (This is the case of PPC and x86_64, this is also the reason why both OS4 and MOS require specially patched compilers).

Since NewObject is a macro, the gcc's preprocessor expects the list of macros arguments enclosed within parentheses. In MUI macros it is not the case. Imagine the following test code:

&lt;pre&gt;
#define foo(a,b) ((a)+(b))

int loosy_function(int a, int b)
{
    return foo(a,b);
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

This will compile and work, but the following piece of code:

&lt;pre&gt;
#define foo(a,b) ((a)+(b))
#define END )

int loosy_function(int a, int b)
{
    return foo(a,b END;
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

will fail with the error: unterminated argument list invoking macro &quot;foo&quot;

There are two ways of fixing your issue. Either create your new objects outside this huge MUI constructions, and in there use just a pointer, or get rid of the &quot;End&quot; macro and exchange it with &quot;TAG_DONE)&quot;.


Badly written software is, for example, casting va_list to an APTR or even doing so as if va_list were a plain table of function arguments. Such code needs to be fixed because it has very few chances to work anywhere but on author's machine ;)

The problem is nOt that they assume sizeof(APTR) == 4, its that they often do not use APTR, and use ULONG to store pointers exclusively. If the code used APTR/IPTR as it should - most of the &quot;problems&quot; wouldn't exist.

It would also help if people would start using variadic arguments properly. Many coders do assumptions which shall never be made. Instead, they should consider using stdarg.h file and all the va_* functions :)

===ABI===

In the head of our SVN repository there are now only 3 directories:

&lt;pre&gt;
admin/
branches/
trunk/
&lt;/pre&gt;

We have added two extra dirs there: tags and imports

As discussed when we branch ABI V0 and [[Aros/Developer/ABIv1|ABI V1]] it would also be good to introduce tags. Normally this is done in a directory in the repository called tags. Currently we don't have this directory there. (We do have branches/tags that is a hack I have done because one doesn't have write access in the top directory. I think this directory is not clean and should be removed).

The second directory I would introduce is an imports directory for implementing vendor branches as discussed in the svn [http://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.5/svn.advanced.vendorbr.html book]. Currently we use code from several different projects and that code is stored inside the AROS tree; we seem to have problems with keeping this code up to date and merge our changes upstream. Maintainers of up stream projects like the MUI classes etc. have complained about this (to put it lightly).

Introducing these vendor branches would make it easier to see what changes we have made and make patches to be sent upstream and make it easier to import newer upstream versions of their code. Although can't &quot;copy&quot; the vendor branch into the main branch because it's already there, so start with a &quot;merge&quot;.

Yes, the first step to make the code already in the repository compatible with the vendor branches will be the most difficult. The best way to do it the following way:

* first import the version on which the current AROS code is based into the vendor branch
* then import the new version over it in the vendor branch
* finally merge the difference between these two version in the AROS code present in the repository.

For example, place NList directly under vendor and not in a subdirectory like &quot;contrib/zune/classes&quot;.

Actually after we have a stable [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/specifications/drafts/abiv1.php ABIv1 (2012 or later)]. We need to move away as much as possible from the contrib directory to some other repositories. The reasons are ...

* The AROS repository should be for the core AROS code.
* other contrib projects should be tried to be compiled for all Amiga-like OSes.
* The release scheme for AROS and the other programs should not have to be aligned.
* Binary versions should be provided on aros-archives and on aminet and/or OS4Depot to install them. (Some clever programs should maybe be provided to make the life of distribution developers easier). 
* avoid parallel forks of programs for AROS and the other amiga OSes.

If there is really a need for a place for hosting AROS projects we may investigate setting up such a server but then including bug tracking, governance, maillist, etc. for each project separately. I personally think there are already enough places like sourceforge, google code, savannah, etc. where people can go for hosting such projects.

==Links==

* http://amigadocs.hokstad.com
* http://amigadocs.hokstad.com/doku.php?id=dev-links


 In the future...?
*AROS 64bit - SMP, Vulkan with OpenGL compability layer
*AROS 32bit - keep for historic reasons 

What would you like to see implemented in AROS?
ABIv1 completed, SMP (x86_64),  SendMsg()/GetMsg() to support memory protection between target and destination, in that order.   Michal Schulz and Jason McMullan have been toying with the question &quot;What are the minimal changes needed to the AmigaOS 3.1 API to support SMP&quot;?  The answer so far seems to be &quot;few, but subtle&quot;.  For example, SysBase-&gt;ThisTask is no longer meaningful on SMP, but FindTask(NULL) is.  Disable() and Forbid() are shockingly bad on performance, but adding a spinlock semaphore mode to SignalSemaphore will help new code on SMP.  

Leveraging a 'common' OS with a lot of machine support (Linux, MacOS, Windows, QNX, etc.) is something that AROS has been doing for quite a long time, and it is the biggest strength of AROS. This AROS experience and programming model, in the same way the Google's Android layers on top of Linux, or MacOS X layers on top of the Darwin/BSD kernel, as a first step 

* The graphics + layers subsystem could be implemented as a shim on top of a OpenGL ES implementation (ie on any modern Linux system, or the RaspberryPI's hardware, MacOS X, etc). 
  - This also allows every window to be on its own 3D surface with backing store, allowing Wanderer (or a Commodity)
rearrange/zoom/animate app windows without having to send a pile or refreshes to them

* Use OpenAL as the sound backend
* AROSTCP would be a thin layer over the native OS's TCP/IP stack
* dos.library, poseidon.library, and input.device would be slim shims over the native APIs
* If we move to loading all libraries' into the application's task space, instead of a single global instance of the library, this will allow SMP and MMU more easily. 
  - Yes, it will require a lot of work in the libraries to make this transition
  - Yes, I do think it will be worth it in the end.

* A 'fat binary' install format (or, maybe LLVM bytecode) that can be 'flattend' to the target architecture on installation.

So, what would this 'AROS of the future' look like?

* AmigaOS 3.x style API, with certain 'fundamental changes' to message passing
* Uses the underlying OS' device drivers, so more AROS developer effort can go to user-visible features and bugfixes 
* Allows AROS applications to run side-by-side with the OS's native apps


And why would anyone want to program on such a system?

* AROS applications would run on any system that has the AROS Framework installed
* AROS applications are pixel-for-pixel the same on all platforms. 
* Develop with the knowledge that you are guaranteed OpenGL and OpenAL, and the rest of the AROS Framework

an option for mmake to dump its dependency of metatarget in a graphviz[*] input file. This should make it possible to visualize the dependencies and hopefully be inspiration for cleaning up some mess, circular or unneeded dependencies and so on.


AmigaOS gcc 9 [https://franke.ms/amiga/gcc.wiki Old versions] able to create binaries for AmigaOS and [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=93813 Upgrading gcc versions] 


=== AI ===

Please see discussion of the [https://arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1933&amp;rowstart=0 Aros world thread] [https://opencode.ai/ opencode], [https://openrouter.ai/models?categories=programming new opencode models], [https://axrt.org/media/aros-ui-ai.mp4 AI ui], 

*DeepSeek V4 Flash - very good model, use it daily but prehaps a small monthly fee payable 
*Ring 2.6 - good model but pricing small                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   


                  Multimodal
                   Context
                   Prompt
                    &lt;---
  Model &lt;---&gt; Agent ---&gt; End user
 engine 

 Gemini      LMStudio
  Qwen       Comfyui
   etc


Recent, self hosting local models on laptops, mini pcs, laptops or desktops with [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqvZJf5Vz7U quantization] (compressed) so reducing memory to run on 8Gb VRAM (very low size models) but for better performance more VRAM is needed for text based tasks. For smaller models, very specific prompting and chatting (iterations) for very smaller sections of your overall application as lots of supervision needed for the code produced 


Ability increases by the amount of ram (more for better quality) and the memory bandwidth (how fast) but 

Total VRAM should be greater than Model size (in Gbytes), context length (you set Gbytes taken) and KV cache - everything a trade off 

&lt;pre&gt;
Small   Limited Okay  Better   Bigger  Best 
 1-2B     3B     7B     20B     30B          model size 
  Q2      Q2     Q4     Q6       Q8          compressing 
 4GB     8GB    16GB   32GB     64GB         VRAM needed 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Roughly...
*DDR4 Pi5    about 17GB/s 
*DDR5        about 40Gb/s 
*DDR6        about 90Gb/s about Jetson Orin Nano level 
*Strix Halo  about 210Gb/s 
*DGX Spark   about 220Gb/s
* MacBook M3 base 100GB/s Pro 150GB/s Max 200Gb/s unified memory 
* MacBook M4 base 120Gb/s Pro 170Gb/s Max 250Gb/s 
* MacBook M5 base 140Gb/s 
* MacBook M6 base 160Gb/s Pro 180Gb/s Max 
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMnMrivvAWo Mac Studio] Max 400Gb/s to Ultra 800Gb/s 


*[https://lmstudio.ai/download LMstudio single gpu],

 128Gb 
*[ gpt-oss-120b] 70Gb model  

 64Gb 
*[HauHau 3.6 35B] 

*[ muse-glimmer]

 32Gb 
Alibaba Cloud's [ Qwen] team series of large language models LLMs 
*[ Qwen-3.8-27B] 
*[ Qwen-3.6-35B A3B] 
*[ Qwen-3.6-27B] 

 16Gb
*[ Qwen 3.8 27B GSQ ACO GGUF]
*[ Yue2 music creation] 
*[ Suno]

 8Gb 
*[ glm-ocr]
*[ medGemma]
*[ qwen 3.5-4b]
*[https://github.com/sipeed/picoclaw picoclaw claude] 
*[ DeepSeek R1] 
*[ Qwen 3.5 9B Q4] 
*[ Qwen 2.5 14b Coder] 
*[ gpt-oss-20b 4Q] 


 Simple laptop 
*[ mini CPM5-2B] for simple user interfaces of single c file apps as long as robust explicit clear instruction given 
*[ Spark X2.5]


For the full experience 
#Training learning using 1+ high end GPUs at least 16GB VRAM per GPU card or 64Gb+ of unified, 16Core CPU with at least 64Gb of RAM system memory 
#Inference with custom asics or GPUs 


For ever bigger LLMs needs one of the below but with settings adjusting 
*[https://ollama.com/download Ollama single gpu]
*[https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases llama.CPP multi gpus],
*[ VLM multiple gpus], 


*[ MiniMax H3] for audio and video but gpu 8Gb+ 
*[https://github.com/ideogram-oss/ideogram4 ideogram4]
*[https://github.com/calesthio/OpenMontage OpenMontage]

*[https://github.com/jamiepine/voicebox voicebox]
*[ Chatterbox] with neural watermark 
*[ Index-TTS] 
*[ Qwen3-TTS]
*[ Omnivoice]
*[ faster-qwen3]
*[ dots.tts]


Multimedia 
*[ Kimi K3], 


 Refactor 
*[ Devstral-small-2 256K context] 


 FIM - Fill in the middle 
Mistral Codestral-2 for 64Gb+ unified 


&lt;pre&gt;
Text to Audio --\
Text to Video --/ Reference Video --&gt; Video and Audio output 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Agent = Model + Harness 

 Agentic 

Harnesses like [ Claude Code] [ Cursor] [ pi] [ opencode] could help models. [https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness Deepseek] etc allows many models to reside inside but also everything is a plugin, including the model adapter, the tool registry, the session log, and the agent loop itself, so each is replaceable from configuration 

MoE mixture of experts model 


==References==
{{reflist}}
{{status|50%}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>5icsfga9rx5wzkc0uc2xvmebjr9n0r4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Blender 3D: Noob to Pro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673400</id>
      <parentid>4671939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:34:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexey Vazhnov</username>
        <id>120729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid 2 revisions from [[Special:Diff/4671938|4671938]] until [[Special:Diff/4671939|4671939]] — vandalism</comment>
      <origin>4673400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27416" sha1="l38m9aiq4f9o57mmahgfmtvq7vwja4m" xml:space="preserve">{{featured book|PDF=BlenderDocumentation4}}{{Book Search}}

== About This Book ==
''Blender 3D: Noob to Pro'' is a product of shared effort by numerous [[/Team|team members]] and anonymous editors. Its purpose is to teach people how to create three dimensional computer graphics using [http://www.blender.org Blender], a [[w:free software|free software]] application. 


This book is intended to be used in conjunction with other on-line resources that complement it:
*[[Subject:Blender 3D|Other Blender-related Wikibooks]] on topics such as scripting and creating games;
*The [http://wiki.blender.org/ Blender Wiki] for technical documentation;
*User forums, such as the [http://blenderartists.org/forum/ Blender Artists Forum].

While you can learn simply by reading the book, you'll get more out of the tutorials if you follow along. In order to do this, you'll need access to a computer with Blender installed. You can [http://www.blender.org/download download Blender] from the [http://www.blender.org/ Blender Foundation]'s website; more detailed instructions are in the [[/Unit 1: Knowing Before Making|first module]].

{{B3D:N2P/Note|'''Version compatibility:''' Blender is under continuous development, and most of the following tutorials '''do not apply to the current version of Blender.''' While you might find some individual tutorials still useful, this book should no longer be used as a general guide for learning Blender.}}

Version-specific content should be tagged with a [[Template:B3D:N2P/ForVersion|note]] that looks like this: {{B3D:N2P/ForVersion|2.75}}

== Overview ==
{{collection}}
The core of this book is a series of tutorials that increase in complexity, with later tutorials building on the preceding ones.  While experienced users can skip ahead, ''beginners are urged to proceed through the tutorials in sequence.''

The tutorials in the core series are grouped into four '''units''':
# [[#Unit 1: Background|''Background'']] — A basic orientation regarding:
#* Computer graphics
#* The Blender user interface (UI)
# [[#Unit 2: Basic Modeling and Shading|''Basic Modeling and Shading'']] — Basic techniques for building and rendering 3D models
# [[#Unit 3: Broadening Horizons|''Broadening Horizons'']]
#* Alternative modeling and rendering techniques
#* Introductions to lighting, animation, and game creation
# [[#Unit 4: Taking Off with Advanced Tutorials|''Taking Off'']]
#* Scripting
#* Advanced techniques for modeling, animation and game creation (Note: the Blender Game Engine is not available as of 2.8x onwards)

Each unit is subdivided into '''sections''', which are made up of '''modules'''.

Three appendices are also provided:
* ''Reference Material'' — including:
** [[/FAQ|Frequently-Asked Questions]]
** [[/Glossary|Glossary]]
* ''General Advice'' — Tips to help you get the most out of Blender
* ''Miscellaneous Tutorials'' — Tutorials that aren't part of the core series
{{clear}}

{{B3D:N2P/noprint|1=== You Can Help! ==
{{B3D:N2P/Hidden begin|title=Click &quot;show&quot; for details.}}
You are strongly encouraged (read as ''begged'') to contribute to this book!  There are many things you can do to help:
*edit existing modules (to correct errors, improve the writing, or make additions)
*add new modules (tutorials or reference material)
*upload new images (screen shots or sample renders)
*join the team responsible for this WikiBook 

=== How to Edit a Module ===
To edit any wiki page (including this one):
# Click on the '''Edit''' tab at the top of the page.
# Make your change in the large text box.
# Type an explanation of your change in the '''Edit summary''' text box below.
# Click on the '''Show preview''' button below the edit summary to preview your change.
# If you're satisfied with the result, click on the '''Save page''' button.

Your contribution will be [[Help:Revision_review|reviewed]] before it is officially published. 

Things you shouldn't add to modules:
* external links that are not directly related to the module
* comments or questions regarding the text

To ask questions and make comments about any module:
#Click on the '''Discussion''' tab at the top of the page.  This will take you to the corresponding talk page.  Note that the talk page name begins with the &quot;Talk:&quot; prefix.
#If the topic of your question or comment is under discussion, edit the relevant section.
#If it's a new topic, click on the '''Add topic''' tab at the top of the talk page to start a new discussion.
#Sign your message by typing &lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; at the end.  (This will expand to your username and the date.)
#Remember to save your edit when you're done!
#To return to the WikiBook, click on the '''Book''' tab at the top of the talk page.

=== How to Add a Module ===
To add a module (such as a tutorial or reference page) to this book:
#Edit the [[#Table of Contents|Table of Contents]] section (below) and add a list item with a descriptive wikilink.  (If you're creating a tutorial and are unsure where it belongs, put it in the [[#Miscellaneous Tutorials|Miscellaneous Tutorials section]].)
#After saving your edit, follow the redlink to create the module and begin adding content to it.
#To make it easy to read the book in sequence, each module should have '''navigation links''' to the previous module and the next module.  Provide these links by transcluding the [[Template:B3D:N2P/NAV|NAV template]] at the top and bottom of the page, as shown on the [[/Nav Demo Page 2|demo page]].  (If you expect the module to be moved elsewhere in the sequence, you can skip this step.)
#Preview your work. When you're satisfied with it, use the '''Save page''' button to add your new module to the wiki.
#If you provided navigation links, update the NAV templates on the previous and next modules, if they exist.
#If you didn't provide navigation links, please ask someone to insert your new module in an appropriate place.  One way to do this would be to create a talk page for your new module and type your request there.

=== Images ===
Images are a vital part of Blender tutorials. They clarify instructions, provide a point of reference, and improve the teaching process.  However, '''if the image's copyright is not attributed correctly, we must remove it.''' This can make a once-great tutorial useless.  Even if you believe you know what copyright to use, please check the '''[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Using proper copyright RE:Blender|proper Blender images copyright]]''' page to see how and where you should add copyright information. Please make sure every image you use is not copyrighted or that you have permission to use it.

Before uploading an image:
* Search [[commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]] or look in [[:Commons:Category:Blender 3D screenshots|the appropriate Commons category]] to see if the image you want to use already exists. (Uploading duplicate images is wasteful.)
* Before uploading a general image (such as an icon or button) or if you want an image to use as an example, look in our [[/Image Portfolio|image portfolio]]. Remember to attribute the work of others.

If you use a Commons image in this WikiBook, please use one of the categories shown in the templates on '''[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Using proper copyright RE:Blender|proper Blender images copyright]]''' to make it visible from the category links in the [[/Image Portfolio|image portfolio]].

=== How to Join the Team ===
If you want to join our WikiBook team, go to the [[/Team|team page]] for information and advice.
{{Hidden end}}
}}
&lt;br&gt;

== Table of Contents ==

=== Unit 1: Background ===
* [[/Unit 1: Knowing Before Making|Knowing before Making]] &amp;nbsp;'''{{Green|⇐ START HERE}}'''
* [[/What Blender Can Do/]]

* Section 1A: 3D Concepts
** [[/3D Geometry/]]
** [[/Coordinate Transformations/]]
*** [[/Orthographic Views/]]
*** [[/Perspective Views/]]
** [[/Coordinate Spaces in Blender/]]

* Section 1B: User Interface (UI.)
** [[/User Interface Overview|Overview]]
** [[/Keystroke, Button, and Menu Notation/]]
** [[/Non-standard equipment|Non-standard Input Devices]] 
** [[/Operating System specific notes|Operating System-specific Issues]]
** [[/Blender Interface|Blender User Interface]]
** [[/Blender Windowing System/]]
** [[/User Preferences Windows/]]
** [[/Properties Window/]]
** [[/3D View Windows/]]
** [[/Object Mode/]]

=== Unit 2: Basic Modeling and Shading ===
* Section 2A:  Your First Mesh Models
** [[/Mesh Edit Mode/|Meshes and Edit Mode]]
** [[/Normals and Shading/]]
** [[/More Mesh Editing Techniques/]]
** [[/Quickie Lighting/]]
** [[/Quickie Model/]]
** [[/Quickie Render/]]
** [[/World Settings/|Enter the World]]
** [[/Understanding the Camera/]]
** [[/Improving Your House/]]

* Section 2B:  Smooth Meshes (Simple Person with a Hat)
** [[/Modeling a Simple Person|Extruding a Simple Person]]
** [[/Detailing Your Simple Person 1|Smoothing Your Simple Person]]
** [[/Detailing Your Simple Person 2|Improving Your Simple Person]]
** [[/Creating a Simple Hat|Spinning a Simple Hat]]
** [[/Putting Hat on Person|Putting the Hat on the Person]]

* Section 2C:  Materials and Textures
** [[/Materials and Textures/|Overview]]
** [[/Quickie Material/]]
** [[/Multiple Materials Per Object|Multiple Materials per Object]]
** [[/Metal Versus Plastic|Metal Versus Plastic]]
** [[/Texture Settings/]]
** [[/Image Textures/]]
** [[/Procedural Textures/]]
** [[/Quickie Texture/]]
** [[/Halo Materials/]]

* Beyond Basics
** [[/Blender Memory Management/]]
** [[/Bones/|Using Bones]]
** [[/Mountains Out Of Molehills|Mountains out of Molehills]]
** [[/Modeling a volcano|Modeling a Volcano]]
** [[/Penguins from spheres/|Penguins from Spheres]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
** [[/Dicing With Depth/|Dicing With Depth (Dice Modeling)]]
**[[/Model a Goblet/]]
*** [[/Model a Silver Goblet/]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Model a Silver Goblet cylinder|Model a Silver Goblet Another Way]]
*** [[/Spin a goblet/]]
*** [[/Light a Silver Goblet/|Light a Silver Goblet (Early look at lighting)]]
** [[/Simple Vehicle/]]
*** [[/Simple Vehicle: Wheel tutorial 1/]]
*** [[/Simple Vehicle: Wheel tutorial 2/]]
*** [[/Simple Vehicle: Seat/]]
*** [[/Simple Vehicle: Rocket Launcher/]]
*** [[/Simple Vehicle: Another Shooting Machine/]]
*** [[/Simple Vehicle: Body/]]
*** [[/Simple Vehicle: Some Assembly Required/]]
** [[/Modeling a 3D Parachute in Blender/]]
** [[/Model a Low Poly Head/]]
** [[/Building a House/]]
** [[/Pipe joints/]]
** [[/Lighting Suzanne:  Introductory one lamp lighting/]]

* Curve and Path Modeling
** [[/Curve and Path Modeling/|Overview]]
** [[/Intro to Bezier Curves/|Intro to Bézier Curves]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
** [[/Bevelling a Curve/|Bevelling a Curve]]
** [[/NURBS Patches/|NURBS Patches]]
** [[/Deforming Meshes using the Curve Modifier/]]

* [[/The Empty Object/]]

* Using Reference Photos
** [[/Background Images/]]
** [[/Aligning Vertices with a Guide Image/]] {{stage short|75%|00:00, 13 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
** [[/Modeling a Wolf from Guide Images/]] 
** [[/2D Image (logo) to a 3D Model|Using Bézier Curve to Model a 3D logo from a 2D logo]] {{stage short|75%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}}

* Further Materials and Textures
** [[/Subsurface scattering|Subsurface Scattering]]
** [[/Ray Tracing|Ray Tracing]]
** [[/Using Textures|Using Textures]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
** [[/Using a texture to make a material partially transparent/]] {{stage short|50%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
** [[/Creating Basic Seawater/]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
** [[/Mountains Out Of Molehills 2/]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
** [[/Basic Carpet Texture/]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
** [[/The Rusty Ball/]] 
** [[/Creating Pixar-looking eyes in Blender|Creating Pixar-looking eyes]] {{stage short|25%|20:00, 11 sept 2015 (UTC)}}
** [[/Procedural Eyeball/]]
** [[/Putting It All Together:  A Dragon!/]]

=== Unit 3: Broadening Horizons ===

* [[/Image Editor/|The UV/Image Editor]]

* UV Maps - Pasting photos to 3D surfaces
** [[/UV Map Basics/]]
** [[/Realistic Eyes In Blender/]] {{stage short|75%|9:00, 20 sept 2015 (UTC)}}

* Lighting
** [[/Beginning Lighting/]]
** [[/Understanding Real Lights/]]
** [[/Understanding Blender Lights/]] 
** [[/Basic Lighting Rigs/]]
** [[/Faked Gi with Blender internal/|Faked Global Illumination with Blender internal]] {{stage short|50%|9:00, 4 dec 2015 (UTC)}}

* [[/Parenting/|Practicing Good Parenting]]

* Basic Animation
** [[/Basic Animation/|Overview]]
** [[/Basic Animation/Keyframing_Introduction/|Introduction to Keyframing]]
** [[/The Ways of the Animator/]]
** [[/Animation Editors/]]
** [[/Basic Animation/Introducing the Graph Editor/|Introducing the Graph Editor]]
** [[/Basic Animation/Rendering/|Animation Rendering]]
** [[/Basic Animation/Lattice|Lattice Modifier]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 2 Feb 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Basic Animation/Bounce|Bouncing Ball with Lattice]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Creating Basic Water animation/|Creating Basic Water Animation]]
** [[/Flying Through A Canyon/|Flying Through a Canyon]]
** [[/Using the sequencer to compile frames into an animation/|Using the Sequencer to Compile Frames into an Animation]]

* [[/Further Rendering Options/]]

* Particle Systems
** [[/Particle Systems/|Overview]]
** [[/Making Fire/|Fire]] {{stage short|50%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Furry/|Fur]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Fireworks/]] {{stage short|25%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Particles forming Shapes/]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Billboard Animation/]] {{stage short|75%|17:26, 6 March 2016 (UTC)}}

* Soft Bodies
** [[/Soft Body Animation/]] {{stage short|75%|11:15, 8 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Simple Cloth Animation/]]
** [[/Soft Body with wind/|Soft Body with Wind]] {{stage short|75%|11:15, 8 March 2016 (UTC)}}

* Blender Game Engine
** [[/Your First Test/|Blender Game Engine Basics- Rolling Ball]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Platformer: Creation and Controls|Platformer: Controls and Movement]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/An aMAZEing game engine tutorial|Maze: Force and Multiple Levels]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Platformer: Physics Fixes|Platformer: Improving the Physics]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Making exe|How to Make an Executable]] {{stage short|50%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Build a skybox/|Build a Skybox]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Basic mouse pointer/|Basic Mouse Pointer]] {{stage short|25%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Text in BGE/]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Python Platformer: Creation|Platformer: Creating the Engine with Python]] {{stage short|75%|22:05, 13 March 2016 (UTC)}}

=== Unit 4: Taking Off with Advanced Tutorials ===

* Python Scripting
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Introduction|Introduction]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Addon Anatomy|Anatomy Of An Addon]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Addon User Interface|A User Interface For Your Addon]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Addon Custom Property|Adding A Custom Property]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Separately Installable Addon|A Separately Installable Addon]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Python Scripting/Object, Action, Settings|Object, Action, Settings]]

* Advanced Modeling
**[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Modeling|Overview]]
** [[/HDRi|High Dynamic Range imaging (HDRi)]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Creating a Light Probe/]] {{stage short|50%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Making Landscapes with heightmaps|Landscape Modeling with Heightmaps]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/How to Do Procedural Landscape Modeling/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Landscape Modeling I: Basic Terrain/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Landscape Modeling II: Texture Stenciling/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Landscape Modeling III: Exporting as a Heightmap/]] {{stage short|75%|17:13, 23 April 2016 (UTC)}}

* Advanced Materials and Textures
** [[/Bump Mapping|Bump Mapping]] {{stage short|75%|17 may 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Normal Mapping|Normal Mapping]]
*** [[/Texture Normal Mapping|Texture Normals]] {{stage short|75%|17 may 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Color Map Normal Mapping|Color Map Normals]] {{stage short|75%|17 may 2016 (UTC)}}

* Nodes
** [[/Nodes|Introduction]]
** [[/Texture Nodes|Texture Nodes]]
** [[/Material Nodes|Material Nodes]] {{stage short|75%|24 July 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Compositing|Compositing]]
** [[/Compositing/Portal Effect|Further Compositing: A Portal Effect]]

* [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Rendering|Advanced Rendering]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Introduction to Cycles|Introduction to Cycles]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Cycles Glass|A Glass Material in Cycles]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Cycles Fireflies|Dealing with Fireflies in Cycles]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Cycles Fireflies 2|Fireflies in Cycles, Continued]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Procedural Eyeball in Cycles|Procedural Eyeball in Cycles]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Introduction to Freestyle|Introduction to Freestyle]]

* Advanced Animation
**[[Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation|Overview]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Introduction|Introduction]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/index|Guided Tour:]]
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/index|Armature Object]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/object|Armature Object in Object Mode]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/edit|Armature Object in Edit Mode]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Armature/pose|Armature Object in Pose mode]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/index|Mesh Object]]
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/Amodif|Connection between Armature and Mesh]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/env|Envelope]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/vg|Vertex Groups &amp; Weight Paint]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/Shape|Shape Keys]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
***** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Mesh/Shape/Sync|Lip-Sync with Shape Keys]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/index|Constraints]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/cl|Copy Location]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/cr|Copy Rotation]]{{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/tt|Track-To]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/fl|Floor]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/lt|Locked Track]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/fp|Follow Path]]
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/st|Stretch-To]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/Const/ik|IK Solver]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/timeline|Timeline Window]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/ipo/index|Graph Editor]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/ipo/type|Dope Sheet]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/NLA/index|NLA Editor]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
**** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/Guided tour/NLA/intro|Introduction To NLA Editor]] {{stage short|75%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/index|Working Example: Bob]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/Build rig|Building the Rig]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/connect2mesh|Deform the Mesh]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/bob/walk|Create a Walk Cycle]] {{stage short|25%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/ Piston, Rod and Crank|Working example: Piston, Rod and Crank]] {{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Animation/example/ Cutting Through Steel|Working example: Cutting Through Steel]]{{stage short|50%|28 July 2016 (UTC)}}

* Advanced Game Engine
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine|Overview]]
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)|Advanced Game Engine Techniques (GUI)]]
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Pop-Up Menus|Creating Pop-Up Menus]] {{stage short|75%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Moving Menus|Creating Dropping Menus]] {{stage short|75%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/The &quot;5-Layer&quot; Button|The &quot;5-Layer&quot; Button]]{{stage short|25%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}}
*** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Object Outlines|Creating Object Outlines]]{{stage short|25%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}}
** [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(Python)|Advanced Game Engine Techniques (Python)]]
** [[Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)|Creating A &quot;HUD&quot;]]
* [[/Hacking Blender/]]
**[[/Intro-GE-Source|Introduction to Game Engine Source]] {{stage short|75%|29 July 2016 (UTC)}}

=== Appendices ===

==== Reference Material ====

* [[/Glossary/]]
* [[/FAQ/|Frequently Asked Questions]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Tutorial Links List/]]
* [[/Hotkeys/]]
* [[/Output Formats/]]
* [[/Image Portfolio/]]
* [[/Blender Glossary/]]  {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} 
* [[/Every Material Known to Man/|Materials Directory: Every Material Known To Man]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Sources of free 3D models/]] - Sources of free 3D models for additional study
* [[/Blueprint Links List|All Blueprints Links]] &amp;ndash; blueprints from all over the Web
* [[/Materials, Textures, Photos/]] - Sources of free materials, textures and photos

==== Advice ====

General advice:
* [[/Asking for Help/]]
* [[/Know What You're Doing|Tips for a Successful Project]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Modeling Realistically|Modeling Realistically]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Modeling tips/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}

Performance tips (for making Blender run faster):
* [[/Cheat the 3D/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}} 
* [[/Performance vs. Quality/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}

==== Miscellaneous Tutorials ====
''This is our attic, mostly tutorials that could be useful to some extent if they would be revamped completely, but are of little use at the moment. If you can contribute to some of them, go ahead and rewrite them to your liking!''
* [[/Modeling a Gingerbread Man/]] {{stage short|75%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Modeling a simple space-ship/]]
* [[/Create an animated GIF wallpaper (Blender/GIMP)/]]
** [[/Part 1 - Preparing the Scene/]]
* [[/Creating Weapons based on 2D Images/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Making Your Creation Smoother/|Modeling with Meta Balls]] {{stage short|75%|19:16, 07 May 2010 (UTC)}}
* [[/Match Moving/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Motion Tracking with Icarus/|Match Moving/Motion Tracking with Icarus and Blender]] {{stage short|75%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Create a Clayman/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Organic Modeling/]] {{stage short|25%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Understanding the Fluid Simulator/]] {{stage short|50%|17:06, 4 January 2010 (UTC)}}
* [[/Creating a jewel in Blender/]]
* [[/Modeling a picture/]] [[image: 00%.svg]]
* [[/Modeling with the Spin Tool/]]
** [[/Spin Tool Introduction/]]
** [[/Illustrative Example: Model a Wine Glass/]]
* [[/Creating Ogg-Theora movies using Blender/]]
* [[/Creating animated GIFs using Blender and Gimp/]]
* [[/3D Tiling Backgrounds For The Web/]] {{stage short|100%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Cool Things|Cool Things That Aren't That Obvious in Blender]]
* [[/Troubleshooting/]] Common Technical Issues and What to do About Them
* [[/Creating Blender Libraries/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Add some depth with stereo/]]
* [[/Fluffy Material|Ways to create a &quot;fluffy&quot; effect (materials and lights)]]
* [[/Human Body/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Rendering Information/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Using Blender Libraries/]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Beginning Modeling Final Project/]] {{stage short|50%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Using Inkscape to make advanced Bezier curves/]]{{stage short|25%|1:18, 28 July 2010 (UTC)}}
* [[/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Modeling/Light Mapping|Light Mapping]] {{stage short|00%|19:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)}}
* [[/Platonic Solids/]]
**[[/Polygonal Modeling/]]
*** [[/Box Modeling/]] 
**** [[/Illustrative example: Model a Chair (Swan Chair)/]]
***** [[/Model a Chair-Preparations/]]
***** [[/Model a Chair-The Seat/]]
***** [[/Model a Chair-The Feet/]]
**** [[/Illustrative Example: Modeling a Simple Human Character/]]
***** [[/Modeling a Human Character - Preparations/]]
***** [[/Modeling a Human Character - Modeling/]]
*** [[/Polygon by Polygon modeling/]] 
* [[/Animation Notes and FAQ/]]
* [[/Customization|Customization]]
* [[/Mist - Make Objects Opaque/]]

{{Stages}}

=== Additional Resources ===
* [https://docs.blender.org/manual/en/latest/ The Blender Reference Manual for the latest release]

{{mergefrom|Blender 3D: MemoBook}}

{{Shelves|Blender 3D|Open source software}}
{{alphabetical|B}}
{{status|75%}}

[[ca:Blender 3D: novell a professional]]
[[de:Blender Dokumentation]]
[[es:Blender 3D: novato a profesional]]
[[fr:Blender 3D]]
[[gl:Blender 3D: de novato a profesional]]
[[he:Blender 3D ממתחיל למתקדם]]
[[ko:블렌더_3D_배우기]]
[[pt:Tornando-se profissional em Blender 3D]]
[[ru:Blender 3D/Шаг за шагом]]
[[tr:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro]]
[[zh:Blender 3D：从入门到精通]]</text>
      <sha1>l38m9aiq4f9o57mmahgfmtvq7vwja4m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Multiple myeloma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>30215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673370</id>
      <parentid>4660760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:46:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18386" sha1="hdl1brp4vl565o29ezsa0z93kb2akue" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}


==Epidemiology==
[[File:Tumor_Myeloma_Radius.JPG|thumb|right]]
*Incidence comparable to Hodgkin's disease or CLL (2-3 per 100,000)
*In 2003: 16,000 new cases and 11,000 deaths
*Peak incidence 50-60s; male:female 1:1

==History==
*First published case: (clinical case and postmortem)
**'''1848''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Bence_Jones-On_a_New_Substance_Occurring_in_the_Urine.pdf PDF] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/canjclin.28.1.49/pdf Full text PDF (reprinted)] -- &quot;On a new substance occurring in the urine of a patient with mollities ossium.&quot; (Bence Jones H, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1848 138:55-62.)
***Bence Jones protein
**'''1850''' {{PMID|20895930}} -- &quot;Case of Mollities and Fragilitas Ossium, accompanied with urine strongly charged with animal matter.&quot; (Macintyre W, Med Chir Trans. 1850;33:211-32.)

==Natural History==
*Proliferation and accumulation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells derived from B-cell lymphocytes
*Believed to be monoclonal tumor cells from a single transformed cell
*Low growth-fraction tumor; subclinical phase 1-3 years
*MM is currently incurable: median survival 3 years

'''POEMS syndrome:'''
*polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes &lt;ref&gt;{{PMID|12456500}} (Free full text) - &quot;POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome.&quot; Dispenzieri A et al. Blood. 2003 Apr 1;101(7):2496-506.&lt;/ref&gt;
*May be associated with plasma cell disorders

==Diagnosis==
&lt;big&gt;'''Guidelines:'''&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''''Multiple Myeloma + General:'''''&lt;/p&gt;
*'''2003: International Myeloma Working Group''' {{PMID|12780789}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group.&quot; (International Myeloma Working Group [no authors listed], Br J Haematol. 2003 Jun;121(5):749-57.)
**''see also:'' '''2003: International Myeloma Foundation Consensus''' - {{PMID|14671610}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Myeloma management guidelines: a consensus report from the Scientific Advisors of the International Myeloma Foundation.&quot; (Durie BG, Hematol J. 2003;4(6):379-98.)
*'''2006: UK Myeloma Forum''' {{PMID|16412016}} [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05867.x/pdf Full text] -- &quot;Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma 2005.&quot; (Smith A, Br J Haematol. 2006 Feb;132(4):410-51.)
*'''2009:''' {{PMID|18971951}} -- &quot;Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma.&quot; (Kyle RA, Leukemia. 2009 Jan;23(1):3-9.)
**See also chart in {{PMID|21181954}} [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajh.21913/pdf PDF]
*'''2010: Smoldering multiple myeloma''' (Review) {{PMID|20026810}} -- &quot;Smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: current diagnostic criteria, new predictors of outcome, and follow-up recommendations.&quot; (Blade J, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 1;28(4):690-7.)
*'''2011: Workup (International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel)''' {{PMID|21292778}} [http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/117/18/4701.full.pdf Full text] -- &quot;Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3.&quot; (Dimopoulos M, Blood. 2011 May 5;117(18):4701-5.)
*'''2014: International Myeloma Working Group''' {{PMID|25439696}} -- &quot;International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma.&quot; (Rajkumar SV, Lancet Oncol. 2014 Nov;15(12):e538-48.) 
**Added biomarkers to MM definition.
**See also: [https://www.myeloma.org/international-myeloma-working-group-imwg-criteria-diagnosis-multiple-myeloma IMWG criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma]

'''''MGUS:'''''
*'''2010: MGUS, Consensus Statement''' {{PMID|20507313}} -- &quot;Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a consensus statement.&quot; (Berenson JR, Br J Haematol. 2010 Jul;150(1):28-38.)

'''''Smoldering (Asymptomatic) Multiple Myeloma:'''''
*'''2010: Smoldering MM, Review''' {{PMID|20026810}} -- &quot;Smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: current diagnostic criteria, new predictors of outcome, and follow-up recommendations.&quot; (Bladé J, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 1;28(4):690-7.)

&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;'''Screening Tests:'''&lt;/big&gt;
*'''2009:''' Mayo -- {{PMID|19520758}} -- &quot;Screening panels for detection of monoclonal gammopathies.&quot; (Katzmann JA, Clin Chem. 2009 Aug;55(8):1517-22.)
**Conclusion: &quot;Serum IFE, PEL, and FLC combined with urine IFE and PEL is the most comprehensive and inclusive panel to screen for monoclonal gammopathies. However, because of the small incremental sensitivity provided by urine studies and serum IFE, the use of serum PEL plus FLC provides a simple and efficient initial diagnostic screen for the high-tumor-burden monoclonal gammopathies such as MM, WM, and SMM. Urine studies and serum IFE can be ordered more selectively.&quot;


===Definitions===
&lt;p&gt;'''Multiple myeloma''':&lt;/P&gt;
*Clonal bone marrow plasma cells &amp;ge;10% or biopsy-proved bony or extramedullary plasmacytoma and any one or more of the following myeloma defining events:
*'''''Myeloma defining events:'''''
* Evidence of end organ damage that can be attributed to the underlying plasma cell proliferative disorder, specifically: ('''CRAB''': hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, lytic lesions of bone)
**Hypercalcemia: calcium &gt; 1 mg/dL higher than the upper limit of normal or &gt; 11 mg/dL
**Renal insufficiency: creatinine clearance &lt; 40 mL/min or serum creatinine &gt; 2 mg/dL
**Anemia: Hgb of &gt; 2 g/dL below the lower limit or normal or a value &lt; 10 g/dL
**Bone lesions: one or more osteolytic lesions on skeletal radiography, CT, or PET/CT. * ''(If bone marrow has less than 10% clonal cells, more than one bone lesion is required to distinguish from solitary plasmacytoma with minimal marrow involvement.)''
*Any 1 or more of the following biomarkers of malignancy:
**Clonal bone marrow plasma cell percentage &amp;ge; 60%
**Involved:uninvolved serum free light chain ratio &amp;ge; 100 * ''(The involved FLC must be &amp;ge; 100 mg/L)''
**More than 1 focal lesions on MRI studies * ''(Each lesion must be 5 mm or more in size)''


'''Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS):'''
*Absence of symptoms
*M-protein &lt; 3 g/dL
*&lt; 10% plasma cells in bone marrow
*No CRAB clinical features

'''Light-chain MGUS:'''
*Abnormal FLC ratio (&lt;0.26 or &gt;1.65)
*Increased level of the involved light chain
*No Ig heavy chain expression on immunofixation
*Absence of CRAB clinical features or amyloidosis that can be attributed to the plasma cell proliferative disorder
*Clonal bone marrow plasma cells &lt;10%
*Urinary monoclonal protein &lt;500 mg/24 h


'''Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM):'''
*Both criteria must be met:
**Serum monoclonal protein (IgG or IgA) &amp;ge; 3.0 g/dL or urinary monoclonal protein &amp;ge; 500 mg per 24 h and/or clonal bone marrow plasma cells 10-60%
**Absence of myeloma defining events or amyloidosis


'''Solitary Plasmacytoma'''
*Biopsy-proven solitary lesion of bone or soft tissue with evidence of clonal plasma cells
*Normal bone marrow
*Normal skeletal survey and MRI (or CT) of spine and pelvis (except for the primary solitary lesion)
*Absence of CRAB clinical features

'''Solitary Plasmacytoma with minimal marrow involvement'''
*Clonal bone marrow plasma cells &lt;10%
*Other features from solitary plasmacytoma definition (other than normal bone marrow)


Plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) can differentiate MGUS and SMM from MM:

*Elevated PCLI is indicative of MM
*40% of pts with MM have a normal PCLI

Circulating plasma cells are rare in MGUS and SMM.

==Prognostic factors==
*Plasma cell labeling index (PCLI)
*:Uses monoclonal antibody BU-1 that reacts with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine
*:High PCLI (&gt;1%) predicts poor overall survival
*Beta-2 microglobulin
*:Correlates with myeloma tumor burden. High value predicts poor survival.

==Staging==
'''''Durie-Salmon staging (1975):'''''
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}};  border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+Durie-Salmon staging
|-
!
!Stage I
!Stage II
!Stage III
|-
|
|''All of the below:''
|Not Stage I or III
|''Any of the below:''
|-
!Hemoglobin
|&gt; 10 g/dL
| 
|&lt;8.5 g/dL
|-
!Calcium
|&lt;= 12 g/dL
| 
|&gt;12 g/dL
|-
!Radiology
|Normal bone X-rays or solitary bone lesion
|
|advanced lytic bone lesions &lt;br&gt;(&quot;extensive skeletal destruction and major fractures&quot;)
|-
!IgG
|&lt;5 g/dL
|
|&gt;7 g/dL
|-
!IgA
|&lt;3 g/dL
|
|&gt;5 g/dL
|-
!Urine M-protein
|&lt;4 g/24 hr
|
|&gt;12 g/24 hr
|-
!Substage (for each stage)
|A - creatinine &lt; 2 mg/dL
|B - creatinine &gt;= 2 mg/dL
|-
!Median survival
|5 yrs
|
|15 mo
|}

:Reference: {{PMID|1182674}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival.&quot; Durie BG and Salmon SE. Cancer. 1975 Sep;36(3):842-54.


'''''International Staging System (2005):'''''
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}};  border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ISS Staging
|-
!
!Stage I
!Stage II
!Stage III
|-
!B2-microglobulin
|&lt;3.5 mg/L
|Not stage I or III
|&gt;=5.5 mg/L
|-
!Albumin
|&gt;=3.5 g/dL
|
|Any
|-
!Median survival
|62 mo
|44 mo
|29 mo
|}

:Reference: {{PMID|15809451}} &amp;mdash; &quot;International staging system for multiple myeloma.&quot; Greipp PR et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20.

==Treatment==
===Treatment Overview===
*&lt;u&gt;Solitary plasmacytoma&lt;/u&gt;
**45-50 Gy to involved bone
**Surgery reserved for neurologic emergencies (spinal cord compression, some spine instability)
**Chemotherapy reserved for those who progress to multiple myeloma
**&gt;90% local control
**50-60% progress to multiple myeloma
*&lt;u&gt;Extramedullary plasmacytoma&lt;/u&gt;
**45-50 Gy to affected area and LNs
**Surgery + RT better outcomes than either modality in upper aerodigestive tract (UAD), no benefit to surgery elsewhere
**No benefit demonstrated for chemotherapy
**80% local control
**15% progress to multiple myeloma
*&lt;u&gt;Multiple myeloma&lt;/u&gt;
**Chemotherapy and/or BMT primary treatment
**Bisphosphonates IV
**RT palliative intent; 15-20 Gy considered sufficient
**Hemibody RT (7.5 Gy / 8.5 Gy) for refractory cases

===Radiotherapy===
*Solitary plasmacytoma
**Dose &gt;45 Gy in 2 Gy/fx 
**2-3 cm margin; in spine generally treat 1 above and 1 below
**No LN irradiation

*Extramedullary plasmacytoma
**Dose &gt;45 Gy in 2 Gy/fx
**Elective LN irradiation recommended

*Multiple myeloma
**In MM intent is palliative. 
**Disseminated MM of bone is considered radiosensitive, and doses 15-20 Gy are considered sufficient for pain control. However, for long-term functional outcomes in spinal cord compression, consider 30/10
**Hemibody irradiation (6 weeks after chemo) with 7.5 Gy single fx to upper body and 8.5 Gy single fx to lower body


'''Solitary Plasmacytoma'''
*'''Mayo, 1989''' {{PMID|2912957}} -- &quot;Solitary plasmacytoma of bone: Mayo Clinic experience.&quot; (Frassica DA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Jan;16(1):43-8.)
**Retrospective. 46 patients with solitary plasmacytoma. 54% vertebral column. RT median 40 Gy (20-70 Gy). Median F/U 7.5 years
**Outcome: 54% developed multiple myeloma, 11% local recurrences
**Recurrence: median time-to-failure 18 months, but 23% &gt;5 years. No local failure if RT &gt;45 Gy
**OS: 5-year 74%, 10-year 45%. 


'''Multiple myeloma'''
:''For spinal cord compression in multiple myeloma, see also [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Spinal_Cord_Compression]]''
*'''MD Anderson, 2006''' (1993-2005)  {{PMID|16925080}} -- &quot;Multiple myeloma of the cervical spine: treatment strategies for pain and spinal instability.&quot; (Rao G, J Neurosurg Spine. 2006 Aug;5(2):140-5.)
**Retrospective. 35 patients with MM mets in cervical spine, treated with RT and/or surgery
**RT only (dose not reported): 19/20 experienced pain resolution. 
**Spinal instability: 23/35 instability on x-ray, 15/23 treated with RT alone. No clinical progress of instability after RT

*'''Hamburg, 2006''' (1994-2004) (Germany) {{PMID|16413695}} -- &quot;Short-course radiotherapy is not optimal for spinal cord compression due to myeloma.&quot; (Rades D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Apr 1;64(5):1452-7.)
**Retrospective. 172 patients irradiated for spinal cord compression. RT short (8/1 or 20/5) or long (30/10, 37.5/15, 40/20).
**Outcome: 52% functional improvement; 47% of nonambulatory patients gained ability to walk
**Motor function improvement: long RT 59% vs. short RT 39% at 1 month (NS), 67% vs. 43% at 6 months (SS), 76% vs. 40% at 1 year (SS) and 83% vs. 54% at 2 years (NS). No difference among long-term fractionation schemes. Local recurrence in 11% (short RT) vs 5%. 
**Conclusion: 30/10 appropriate for long-term functional outcome

*'''U.Arizona, 1993''' (1975-90) {{PMID|7683017}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy for the palliation of multiple myeloma.&quot; (Leigh BR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Apr 2;25(5):801-4.)
**Retrospective. 101 pts with MM treated with 316 courses.
**dose range: 3-60 Gy (mean 25 Gy; most common 25-30 Gy). Fraction size mean: 3.1 Gy.
**Pain relief: 26% complete, 71% partial, 3% none. Only 6% required retreatment (at a median time of 16 months). No relationship between pain relief rate or retreatment rate with dose. Good pain responses seen with doses &gt; 10 Gy.

*'''Wash U, 1980''' (1961-75) {{PMID|6153562}} [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142(19800215)45:4%3C647::AID-CNCR2820450405%3E3.0.CO;2-E/abstract Full text] -- &quot;The role of radiation therapy in the management of plasma cell tumors.&quot; (Mill WB, Cancer. 1980 Feb 15;45(4):647-52.)
**Retrospective. 128 patients with MM and 16 patients with SPC
**MM: dose range up to 44 Gy. Most common 15-20 Gy. Only 6% fields needed re-treatment at later date. Palliation from pain: 21% complete, 70% partial, 9% none. Pain relief first noted after a median dose of 10-15 Gy.
**SPC: Recommend doses &gt;50 Gy for improved local control

===Chemotherapy===
*Adriamycin / pegylated doxorubicin
*Vincristine
*Bortezomib (Velcade) - inhibits proteasome / ubiquitin pathway. Inhibits NFKB (nuclear factor &amp;kappa;-B), several cytokines, VEGF, fibroblast growth factor
*Thalidomide - immunomodulator
*Lenalidomide (Revlimid) - analog of thalidomide. fewer side effects
*Dexamethasone - high dose [40mg per day X 4days on , 4 days off, repeated whole month] or low dose [40mg per day X4 days on 24 days off} every 28 days is used in combinations with the above therapies.
*Melphalan/Prednisone
*High dose Cyclophosphamide

====Trials====
*'''Italy, 2007''' {{PMID|17360989}} -- &quot;A comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma.&quot; (Bruno B, N Engl J Med. 2007 Mar 15;356(11):1110-20.)
**Prospective. 162 patients with one sibling. Treated with VAD, followed by melphalan + autologous stem cell transplant. If HLA-identical sibling, followed by non-myeloablative TBI (2 Gy on day 0) and stem cell allograft. If no HLA-identical sibling, followed by myeloablative melphalan + second autologous stem cell transplant. Median F/U 3.7 years
**Median OS: allograft 6.7 years vs. autograft 4.5 years (SS). EFS 3 years vs. 2.4 years (SS)
**Conclusion: autograft+allograft from sibling better than tandem autograft

*'''IFM 99-06 (French)''' (2000-?)
**447 pts randomized to three arms: 1) standard MP (melphalan-prednisone), 2) MP + thalidomide, 3) MP followed by autologous stem cell transplantation.
**ASCO 2006 Abstract &amp;mdash; &quot;Superiority of melphalan-prednisone (MP) + thalidomide over MP and autologous stem cel transplantation in the treatment of newly diagnosed elderly patients with multiple myeloma.&quot; Facon T et al.
***Median f/u 37 months. Improved PFS for MP+Thalidomide (27.6 months) vs 17.1 (MP) vs 19.4 (xplant), SS for MP+T, NS for MP vs xplant. MS 53.6 vs 32.2 vs 38.6 mo.

===Evaluation of response===
*'''International uniform response criteria:'''
**{{PMID|16855634}} (2006) &amp;mdash; &quot;International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma.&quot; Durie BG et al. Leukemia. 2006 Sep;20(9):1467-73.

==Solitary Plasmacytoma==
*'''Mayo; 2006''' (1960-95) {{PMID|16741249}} -- &quot;Immunoglobulin free light chains and solitary plasmacytoma of bone.&quot; (Dingli D, Blood. 2006 Sep 15;108(6):1979-83.)
**Retrospective. Included 116 pts with SBP for whom FLC assays were available prior to treatment. Excluded pts with M protein &gt; 3 g/dL. 
**64% had a detectable serum M protein; was &gt; 0.3 g/dL in 63 pts; in 11 detectable only by IFE. Median size of M protein was 0.5 g/dL. Abnormal FLC ratio in 47% at diagnosis. 
**43 pts progressed to MM at a median TTP of 1.8 yrs. Pts with abnormal FLC ratio at diagnosis had a higher chance of progression. Pts with persistent M protein (0.5 g/dL or higher) at 1-2 yrs from diagnosis also had a higher chance of progression. 5-yr probability of progression: 13% (normal FLC, normal M protein at 1-2 yrs), 26% (either risk factor abnormal), 62% (both risk factors abnormal)
**Conclusion: an abnormal FLC ratio can predict progression to myeloma

==Bisphosphonates==
*'''ASCO 2007 Guideline''' {{PMID|17515569}} -- &quot;American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 clinical practice guideline update on the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma.&quot; (Kyle RA, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 10;25(17):2464-72.)
**If lytic destruction or spine compression fractures, recommend IV pamidronate 90mg over 2 hours or zoledronic acid 4 mg over 15 minutes q 3-4 weeks for 2 years. Outside of USA, also can use clodronate PO or IV


==Reviews==
*'''''MGUS:''''' (2006) {{PMID|17192542}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance.&quot; Blade J et al. New Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 28;355(26):2765-2770.
*'''2005''' {{PMID|16212152}} -- &quot;Multiple myeloma: diagnosis and treatment.&quot; (Rajkumar SV, Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Oct;80(10):1371-82.)
*'''2011''' {{PMID|21181954}} (free full text) -- &quot;Multiple myeloma: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management.&quot; (Rajkumar SV, Am J Hematol. 2011 Jan;86(1):57-65.)

==Official Guidelines==
See [[Radiation Oncology/Multiple myeloma/Guidelines|Official Guidelines]]

==References==
*Staging: 2005 - {{PMID|15809451}} &amp;mdash; &quot;International staging system for multiple myeloma.&quot;Greipp PR et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20.
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hdl1brp4vl565o29ezsa0z93kb2akue</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Nephroblastoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673375</id>
      <parentid>4195904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:11:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25825" sha1="0ks9x3oeozv6pfvxpkq3mbeao7zxese" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}


*[[Radiation_Oncology/Nephroblastoma/Randomized|Link to Level I Evidence]]


==Epidemiology==
*450-650 new cases per year in North America
*75% cases &lt; 5y, Median age is 3-4 for unilateral and 2.5y for bilateral
*~90% are unifocal/solitary, ~12% multifocal (unilateral), ~7% are bilateral
*Black children more than white
*Females more than males
* 4th most common pediatric cancer 
* Most common renal malignancy
* 90% are favorable histology
* General prognosis has improved from high mortality in early 1900s to current cure rate of &gt;90%

==Genetics==
*1% of Wilms is considered familial.
**WT1 is a tumor suppressor gene on 11p13.  Associated syndromes:
***WAGR syndrome: Wilms (57%), Aniridia (98%), GU malformations (76%), and mental Retardation (75%).
***Denys-Drash syndrome triad: Wilms (90%), pseudohermaphroditism, renal failure (diffuse mesangial sclerosis)
**WT2 is a tumor suppressor gene on 11p15. Associated syndromes:
***Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: Wilms (5-10%), gigantism/macrosomia, macroglossia, omphalocele, pancreatic hyperplasia, GU abnormalities, hemihypertrophy 
*1p &amp; 16q Loss of heterozygosity. increased risk for relapse and death in NWTS-5. Grundy, JCO 2005 ({{PMID|16129848}})

==Presentation==
*Healthy appearing child with abdominal swelling (remember, Wilms = Well, Neuroblastoma = Not well).
*Smooth nontender mass
*Gross hematuria ~25% cases
*Sometimes hypertension
*Calcifications in ~5-10% (compare with ~60-70% of neuroblastoma)
*Most common site of metastases: lymph nodes, liver, lungs
*Unifocal (one kidney) in ~82%
*Multifocal (one kidney) in ~12%
**Requires observation of contralateral kidney (nephrogenic rests)
*Bilateral in ~6%

==Staging==
'''New COG Staging System (AREN0532):'''
* Stage I - Tumor limited to kidney, completely resected. The renal capsule is intact. The tumor was not ruptured or biopsied prior to removal. The vessels of the renal sinus are not involved. There is no evidence of tumor at or beyond the margins of resection. NOTE: For a tumor to qualify for certain therapeutic protocols as Stage I, regional lymph nodes must be examined microscopically.
* Stage II - The tumor is completely resected and there is no evidence of tumor at or beyond the margins of resection. The tumor extends beyond kidney, as is evidenced by any one of the following criteria: 
** There is regional extension of the tumor (i.e. penetration of the renal capsule, or extensive invasion of the soft tissue of the renal sinus, as discussed below)
** Blood vessels within the nephrectomy specimen outside the renal parenchyma, including those of the renal sinus, contain tumor.
** '''Note: Rupture of spillage confined to the flank, including biopsy of the tumor, is no longer included in Stage II and is now included in Stage III.'''
* Stage III - Residual non-hematogenous tumor present following surgery, and confined to abdomen. Any one of the following may occur:
** Lymph nodes within the abdomen or pelvis are involved by tumor. (Lymph node involvement in the thorax, or other extra-abdominal sites is a criterion for Stage IV)
** The tumor has penetrated through the peritoneal surface
** Tumor implants are found on the peritoneal surface
** Gross or microscopic tumor remains post-operatively (e.g., tumor cells are found at the margin of surgical resection on microscopic examination)
** The tumor is not completely resectable because of local infiltration into vital structures
** Tumor spillage occurring either before or during surgery
** The tumor is treated with preoperative chemotherapy (with or without a biopsy regardless of type- tru-cut, open or fine needle aspiration) before removal
** Tumor is removed in greater than one piece (e.g. tumor cells are found in a separately excised adrenal gland; a tumor thrombus within the renal vein is removed separately from the nephrectomy specimen). Extension of the primary tumor within vena cava into thoracic vena cava and heart is considered Stage III, rather than Stage IV even though outside the abdomen.
* Stage IV - Hematogenous metastases (lung, liver, bone, brain, etc.), or lymph node metastases outside the abdomino-pelvic region are present. (The presence of tumor within the adrenal gland is not interpreted as metastasis and staging depends on all other staging parameters present).
* Stage V - Bilateral renal involvement by tumor is present at diagnosis. An attempt should be made to stage each side according to the above criteria on the basis of the extent of disease.


'''National Wilms Tumor Study 5 Staging System:'''
*Stage I - Tumor limited to kidney and completely excised. No penetration of the renal capsule or involvement of renal sinus vessels. 
*Stage II - Tumor extends beyond the kidney but is completely excised with negative margins and lymph nodes. At least one of the following has occurred: 
**(a) penetration of the renal capsule 
**(b) invasion of the renal sinus vessels 
**(c) spillage of tumor &lt;u&gt;locally&lt;/u&gt; during removal 
*Stage III - Gross or microscopic residual tumor remains postoperatively, including inoperable tumor, positive surgical margins, &lt;u&gt;diffuse&lt;/u&gt; tumor spillage involving peritoneal surfaces, regional lymph node metastasis, or transected tumor thrombus. Biopsy before resection.
*Stage IV - Hematogenous metastasis (lung, liver, bone, brain) or lymph node metastasis outside the abdominal or pelvic cavities. 
*Stage V - Bilateral renal tumors at diagnosis.

==Pathology==
*Reflects development of normal kidney, containing 3 components: blastemal, epithelial, and stromal elements
*Prognostically divided into favorable histology (FH) and unfavorable histology (UH)
*Favorable histology is present in ~90%
*Unfavorable histology includes anaplasia, and two further varieties no longer considered WT: Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) and rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (RTK)
*Anaplasia (~5%) may be focal (FA) or diffuse (DA), and reflects distribution of anaplastic cells within the tumor
*CCSK (~4%) tends to metastasize to bone and brain (need to do bone scan and brain MRI)
*RTK (~1%) is the most aggressive; it may have [[Radiation_Oncology/Peds/CNS_PNET|CNS PNET]] associated with it


==Treatment Overview==
*National Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS) consortium was established in 1969 to more rigorously evaluate treatment strategies, given the rarity of the condition. The International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) began running trials in parallel in Europe in 1991
*The treatment strategies diverged, after the first SIOP trial, SIOP-1 showed benefit for neoadjuvant RT over adjuvant RT. SIOP has since then been using neoadjuvant therapy, followed by surgery and adjuvant therapy. In the US, NWTS continues to perform surgery first, and optimize adjuvant therapy.
*NWTS 1 showed that adjuvant RT is not necessary for young patients (&lt;2 years) in Group I (tumor limited to kidney and completely resected) if they are treated with Actinomycin D x15 months. RT dose for the rest was age-adjusted, topping out at 40 Gy
*NWTS 2 showed that adjuvant RT is not necessary even in older patients (&gt;2 years) in Group I, as long as they get Actinomycin D and vincristine. For the rest, same age-adjusted doses were used as NWTS 1
*By this time, NWTS determined that different histologies have different prognosis. Favorable Histology (FH) included tumors with no anaplasia; Unfavorable Histology (UF) included tumors with anaplasia, as well as clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) and rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (RTK). CCKS and RTK were excluded from NWTS 3 onward.
*NWTS 3 showed that RT can also be eliminated from Stage II, and that dose can be reduced from as much as 40 Gy to 10 Gy in Stage III. Dose-adjusted RT was no longer necessary
**Stage III 10Gy with 3-drug chemo (added adriamycin), or 20Gy with two drugs
*Post-hoc analysis from NWTS 1-3 showed that delay in RT &gt;10 days after surgery was associated with worse outcomes
*NWTS 4 didn't ask any RT questions; it attempted to optimize chemo delivery
**Also failed to verufy need to begin RT within 10 days
*NWTS 5 showed that loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 1p and 16q was associated with significantly worse DFS and OS
*Meanwhile, in Europe SIOP-5 showed that neoadjuvant chemo doublet is comparable to neoadjuvant RT with Actinomycin D; neoadjuvant chemo become the standard
*SIOP-6 began a risk-adapted strategy. No RT was used for Stage I patients
*SIOP-9 revealed that a short course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is comparable to a long course; adjuvant RT was 15 Gy
*Finally, SIOP 93-01 demonstrated that in intermediate risk patients, short adjuvant chemo is comparable to long adjuvant chemo. 
*The British were historically following the NWTS protocols, but in 1991 decided to compare the NWTS and the SIOP approach directly. A randomized trial showed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy downstaged significant number of patients, and allowed 20% children to avoid potentially toxic RT or doxorubicin, with same EFS and OS
*Editorial in JCO 2008 ({{PMID|18757319}}) provides a nice perspective on the two differing approaches (pre-op vs post-op therapy)
*In the US, Childrens Oncology Group (COG) is now managing clinical trials for Wilms
**Surgery is the primary approach
**Chemotherapy plays a critical role 
*US RT Guidelines
**RT not necessary for Stage I
**RT not necessary for Stage II, if adequate chemotherapy (vincristine/dactinomycin) given
**Risk adapted dose as below; please see COG protocol for risk definitions
**RT start by day 9, FH at latest by day 14
**Care must be given to irradiate vertebral column uniformly to limit scoliosis
**Historically, pulmonary mets seen on CXR were treated with whole-lung RT 12 Gy; whether presumed mets seen on CT should be treated is controversial, since only 69% of multiple pulmonary lesions were tumor on bipsy


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Risk Group !! RT
|-
| Low Risk || No RT
|-
| Intermediate Risk || Flank 10.8 Gy
|-
| High Risk || Flank 19.8 Gy
|- 
| Unresected LNs || 19.8 Gy
|-
| Lung || 12 Gy
|-
| Brain || 25.2 Gy + 10 Gy boost
|-
| Bone || 25.2 Gy
|}

==Specific Situations==
===NWTS Flank recurrence===
*'''NWTS Flank recurrence; 2006''' {{PMID|16542795}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy for favorable histology Wilms tumor: prevention of flank recurrence did not improve survival on National Wilms Tumor Studies 3 and 4.&quot; (Breslow NE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 May 1;65(1):203-9.)
**NWTS Subset analysis. Stage I-IV FH, enrolled on NWTS-3 and NWTS-4. 
**Recurrence: In flank 20 Gy 0%, 10 Gy 1.5%, no RT 1.8 % (SS); intra-abdominal 1.0%, 3.7%, 2.4% (SS). Composite flank NWTS-3 risk 1.0% increased to NWTS-4 (no 20 Gy RT) 2.1%, but EFS was unchanged 86% vs. 88% (NS), and OS was better 91% vs. 94% (SS)
**Conclusion: Due to lower post-recurrence mortality with more intense chemo, prevention of flank recurrence by RT did not improve survival
*'''Tumor spillage; 2010''' (1979-1994) {{PMID|19395185}} -- &quot;Intraoperative spillage of favorable histology wilms tumor cells: influence of irradiation and chemotherapy regimens on abdominal recurrence. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group.&quot; (Kalapurakal JA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jan 1;76(1):201-6.)
**NWTS subset analysis. 450 patients, surgical tumor spillage (20% of total). Stage II-IV FH, enrolled on NWTS-3 and NWTS-4. Influence of tumor dose evaluated: NWTS-3 Stage II no RT vs RT 20 Gy to flank (1cm margin on involved kidney, cross midline), Stage III RT 10 Gy vs RT 20 Gy, Stage IV RT 20 Gy to tumor bed. NWTS-4 Stage II no RT, Stage III-IV RT 10 Gy or whole abdomen 10 Gy. If diffuse tumor spillage, WART 10 Gy or 20 Gy on NWTS-3 and 10 Gy on NWTS-4. Considered two types of failure, at flank and beyond-flank
**Outcome: Recurrent disease in abdomen in 7% overall; flank in 61%. Flank relapse no RT 12% vs RT 10 Gy 3% vs RT 20 Gy 0% (SS). Beyond-flank relapse 6% vs 3% vs 3%. Stage II unirradiated patients treated with 2-drug regimen 8-year RFS spillage- 87% vs spillage+ 79% (NS), 8-year OS 95% vs 90% (SS).
**Conclusion: RT reduced abdominal tumor recurrence after tumor spillage


===Anaplastic Histology===
*'''NWTS Subset; 2006''' {{PMID|16710034}} -- &quot;Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study.&quot; (Dome JS, J Clin Oncol. 2006 May 20;24(15):2352-8.)
**Subset analysis, 281 patients with anaplastic histology (11%). Stage I treatement AMD + VCR x4.5 months. Stage II-IV RT + VCR + doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide + etoposide x6 months
**4-year Outcome: OS Stage I 83%, Stage II 83%, Stage III 65%, Stage IV 33%, bilateral 44%; compared with Stage I favorable histology 98%
**Conclusion: Novel strategies needed to improve outcomes for patients with AH


===Bilateral Wilms' Tumor===
*'''NWTS experience''' (1974-86) - {{PMID|1650403}}, 1991 &amp;mdash; &quot;Extended followup of bilateral Wilms tumor: results of the National Wilms Tumor Study.&quot; Montgomery BT et al. J Urol. 1991 Aug;146(2 ( Pt 2)):514-8.
**185 pts from NWTS 2 and NWTS 3 who were registered but not eligible for randomization. 
**Overall outcome is good, with 90% survival at 5 and 10 yrs. Worse outcome with surgical substage III or IV disease and unfavorable histology. No difference in survival for initial tumor resection vs initial biopsy.


===Adults===
*'''SIOP 93-01 Subset''' {{PMID|15542800}} -- &quot;Wilms' tumor in adults: results of the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) Study.&quot; (Reinhard H, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Nov 15;22(22):4500-6.)
**Subset analysis. 30 patients &gt;16 years treated according to pediatric protocol. Predominance of higher stages, 33% Stage IV. 2/30 showed nephroblastoma and renal cell carcinoma in the same kidney. Mean F/U 4 years
**Outcome: 4-year EFS 57%, OS 83%
**Conclusion: Adults can be cured in high percentage by pediatric protocols. Toxicity higher but acceptable

==NWTS Trials==
*'''NWTS 5''' (1995-2002) - Prospective risk-adapted therapy 
**Prospective non-randomized study. 2387 patients. Risk-adapted treatment attempting to reduce toxicity for low risk patients, and intensify treatment for high risk patients. Evaluation of loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 1p and 16q. RT depending on risk: none, 10.8 Gy to flank, and possibly 10.8 Gy boost to residual disease, 12 Gy to whole lung
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16129848}} -- &quot;Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group.&quot; (Grundy PE, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 10;23(29):7312-21.)
***2021 children assayed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 1p and 16q
***Outcome: Risk for relapse 1p 1.56 (SS), 16q 1.49 (SS); risk of death 1p 1.84 (SS), 16q 1.44 (NS). For Stage I-II, worse outcome for either 1p or 16q; for Stage III-IV, worse outcome only if LOH of both regions
***Conclusion: LOH for 1p and/or 16q identifies subset of favorable histology who have significantly increased risk of relapse and death

*'''NWTS 4''' (1986-94) -- no RT randomizations; chemo randomizations
**Randomized. 1638 patients. Compared standard schedule (STD) of AMD + ADR vs pulse-intensive (PI), and short (5-6 months) vs long courses (15-16 months)
***Stage I, FH or anaplastic: AMD + VCR, STD vs PI
***Stage II, FH: 2x2 design: AMD + VCR, STD vs. PI, and short vs long 
***High risk (FH Stage III-IV or CCSK): 2x2 design: AMD + VCR + ADR STD vs PI, and short vs long  
**'''2-years 1998''' {{PMID|9440748}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Comparison between single-dose and divided-dose administration of dactinomycin and doxorubicin for patients with Wilms' tumor: a report from the National Wilms' Tumor Study Group.&quot; (Green DM et al. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jan;16(1):237-45.)
***Fractionation outcome: RFS for STD 91% vs. PI 91% (NS)
***Conclusion: Pulse-intense chemothereapy equivalent to standard fractionated chemotherapy, less toxic, and logistically much easier

*'''NWTS 3''' (1979-1985) -- High dose RT vs. low dose RT; low dose RT vs. no RT
**Randomized. 1439 patients. Treatment adapted by Stage and histology; FH in 90%, anaplastic 4%, CCSK 4%, RTK 2%. 2x2 design for Stage II and III. RT given in 1.8 Gy/fx, large fields 1.5 Gy/fx. Evaluated RT dose and chemo intensity
***Stage I, FH: No RT. AMD + VCR x 10 weeks vs 6 months.
***Stage II, FH: No RT vs 20 Gy. AMD+VCR+ADR vs intensive AMD+VCR, both for 15 months. 
***Stage III, FH: RT 10 Gy vs 20 Gy. AMD+VCR+ADR vs intensive AMD+VCR, both for 15 months.
***Stage IV and All UH: RT per NWTS 2 followed by AMD+VCR+ADR vs AMD+VCR+ADR+ cyclophosphamide, both for 15 months.
**'''4-years: 1989''' {{PMID|2544249}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of Wilms' tumor. Results of the Third National Wilms' Tumor Study.&quot; (D'Angio GJ et al. Cancer. 1989 Jul 15;64(2):349-60.)
***Stage I FH Outcome: RFS 10 weeks 89% vs. 6 months 91% (NS)
***Stage II FH Outcome: No difference between no RT and RT 20 Gy. Also no difference between chemo regimens
***Stage III, FH Outcome: No difference between RT 10 Gy and RT 20 Gy. Also no difference between chemo regimens
***Stage IV and UH Outcome: Cyclophosphamide didn't improve outcomes
***RT Conclusion: Stage II FH doesn't require RT; Stage III FH RT 10 Gy sufficient with doublet chemotherapy

*'''NWTS 2''' (1974-78)
**Randomized. 513 patients. Surgery first. RT within 10 days of surgery, same dose schedule as NWTS 1. If pulmonary mets, 12 Gy whole thorax (had toxicity at 14 Gy); if liver/brain mets 30 Gy
***Group I (35%): Actinomycin D + vincristine x6 months, then Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) additional 9 months of chemo. No RT for anyone, assume addition of VCR in age &gt;2 will obviate need for adjuvant RT, and compare to historical outcomes
***Group II-IV: RT everyone, then Arm 1) Actinomycin D + vincristine vs. Arm 2) Actinomycin + vincristine + doxorubicin. Total 15 months both arms
**'''2-years; 1981''' {{PMID|6164480}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The treatment of Wilms' tumor: results of the Second National Wilms' Tumor Study.&quot; D'Angio GJ et al. Cancer. 1981 May 1;47(9):2302-11.
***Group I Outcome: No difference in RFS or OS between arms. Age &gt;2 2-year OS comparison: NWTS2 (AMD+VCR, no RT) 89% vs. NWTS1 (AMD+RT) 77% vs. NWTS1 (AMD, no RT) 51%. Abdominal relapse &lt;5%
***Group II-IV Outcome: DFS AMD + VCR 62% vs. AMD + VCR + doxorubicin 77% (SS)
***RT Conclusion: RT not necessary in Group I with chemo doublet

*'''NWTS 1''' (1969-74) -- Group I Adjuvant RT vs. adjuvant chemo
**Randomized. 259 patients. Surgery first. RT given within 2 days of surgery. Dose 0-18 months 18-24 Gy, 18-30 months 24-30 Gy, 30-40 months 30-35 Gy, &gt;40 months 35-40 Gy. Fields: Group I/II flank, Group III whole abdomen
***Group I (n=163): Arm 1) RT + Actinomycin D vs. Arm 2) Actinomycin D only
***Group II/III (n=100): Surgery + RT and Arm 1) Actinomycin D vs. Arm 2) Vincristine vs. Arm 3) Actinomycin D + Vincristine
***Group IV (n=26): Arm 1) Surgery + RT + adjuvant chemo vs. Arm 2) Neoadjuvant vincristine + surgery + RT + adjuvant chemo
**'''2-years; 1976''' {{PMID|184912}}, 1976 &amp;mdash; &quot;The treatment of Wilms' tumor: Results of the national Wilms' tumor study.&quot; D'Angio GJ et al. Cancer. 1976 Aug;38(2):633-46.
***Group I Outcome: Age &lt;2 years: RT 90% vs. no RT 88% (NS); age &gt;2 years RT 77% vs. 58% (SS). More infradiaphragmatic failures without RT, leading to worse survival
***Group II/III Outcome: Actinomycin D 57% vs. Vincristine 55% vs. Combination 81% (SS)
***RT Conclusion: Adjuvant RT not necessary for Group I patients &lt;2 years treating with Actinomycin D, but important for patients &gt;2 years.


==SIOP Trials==
*'''SIOP 93-01''' (1993-2000)
**Randomized. 847 patients, excluding Stage IV and bilateral. Preop chemo, followed by surgery, followed by risk-adapted therapy. In Stage I intermediate risk/anaplasia, randomized to adjuvant chemo 3 courses vs. 1 course. Benign tumors treated 1.3%, surgical Stage I 61%, Stage II LN0 24%, Stage II LN+ 5%, Stage III 7%. Histology low risk 3%, intermediate risk 90%, high risk 7%
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15175957}} -- &quot;Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor.&quot; (Reinihard H, Klin Padiatr. 2004 May-Jun;216(3):132-40.)
***Outcome: short adjuvant chemo 90% vs. long adjuvant chemo 91% (NS)
***Conclusion: Post-op chemo in Stage I intermediate risk (44% patients) can be reduced to 4 weeks

*'''SIOP-9''' (1987-1993) -- Short vs. long neoadjuvant chemo
**Randomized. 382 patients. Arm 1) 4 weeks of Actinomycing D + vincristine vs. Arm 2) 8 weeks of same chemo. Then surgery and risk-stratified therapy: Stage I FH observation, Stage I SH/anaplasia VCR+AMD x4 months; Stage II-III FH/SH VCR + AMD + anthracycline x6 months. Stage II-III Anaplastic/CCSK AMD + VCR + anthracycline + ifosfamide 9 months. RT given: Stage II LN0 no RT, Stage II LN+/Stage III 15 Gy
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11208843}} -- &quot;Optimal duration of preoperative therapy in unilateral and nonmetastatic Wilms' tumor in children older than 6 months: results of the Ninth International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms' Tumor Trial and Study.&quot; (Tournade MF, J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jan 15;19(2):488-500.)
***Outcome: No benefit for longer pre-op course
***Abdominal recurrence: Stage II LN0 (no RT): 7%
***Conclusion: 4-week neoadjuvant chemo should be standard

*'''SIOP-6''' (1980-1987) -- Risk adapted randomization
**Randomized. 509 patients. Risk adaptive therapy. Neoadjuvant chemo (AMD+VCR), surgery, then assigned based on stage, LN involvement.
***Stage I: 4 months (short) vs. 9 months (long) adjuvant chemo
***Stage II LN0: adjuvant RT 20 Gy vs. no RT (''Stopped prematurely due to high failures in no RT arm''
***Stage II LN+/Stage III: intensified VCR + AMD vs. VCR + AMD + doxorubicin. RT 30 Gy + 5 Gy boost dose to residual disease
**'''5-years; 1993''' {{PMID|8388918}} -- &quot;Results of the Sixth International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms' Tumor Trial and Study: a risk-adapted therapeutic approach in Wilms' tumor.&quot; (Tournade MF, J Clin Oncol. 1993 Jun;11(6):1014-23.)
***Outcome: 2-year DFS and 5-year OS
****Stage I: DFS short 92% vs. long 88% (NS); OS 95% vs. 92% (NS)
****Stage II LN0: DFS RT+ 72% vs. RT- 78%; OS 88% vs. 855 (NS) - (trial stopped early in favor of RT+, due to first year 6 consecutive failures in RT- arm vs none in RT+ arm)
****Stage II LN+/III: DFS VCR+AMD 49% vs. VCR+AMD+doxorubicin 74% (SS); OS 77% vs. 80% (NS)
***Conclusion: Risk-adapted therapy possible. Continued RT or more chemo necessary for LN+

*'''SIOP-5''' (1977-1979) -- neoadjuvant chemo vs. chemo-RT
**Randomized. 164 patients. Arm 1) Preop RT 20 Gy + concurrent Actinomycin D then surgery then post-op RT 15 Gy vs. Arm 2) Pre-op Actinomycin D + vincristine then surgery then post-op RT 30 Gy. Both arms maintenance Actinomycin D + vincristine. Primary criterion was effectiveness of pre-op therapy on surgical outcome
**'''4-years; 1983''' {{PMID|6321673}} -- &quot;Effectiveness of preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms' tumor: results of an International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) clinical trial.&quot; (Lemerle J, J Clin Oncol. 1983 Oct;1(10):604-9.)
***Outcome: No difference in tumor size or intra-op tumor rupture; chemo resulted in less necrosis and tumor histology distortion. 4-year RFS chemo 76% vs. chemo-RT 69% (NS), OS chemo 89 vs. chemo-RT 83% (NS). No difference in failure patterns
***Downstaging: 43% of patients were Stage yI at surgery, and thus may not need post-op RT
***Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemo alone comparable to neoadjuvant chemo-RT

*'''SIOP-2''' (1974-1976)
**Prospective nonrandomized. 52 patients with small tumors had primary surgery, 86 patients had pre-op RT. Results described in {{PMID|6321673}}
**Outcome: tumor rupture pre-op RT 5% vs. surgery first 20% (SS)
**Conclusion: confirmed results of SIOP 1

*'''SIOP-1''' (1971-1974) -- Pre-op vs. Post-op RT
**Randomized. 195 patients. 2x2 design. Arm 1) Pre-op RT 20 Gy + surgery + post-op RT (Stage I none, Stage II-III 15 Gy) vs. Arm 2) post-op RT (Stage I 20 Gy, Stage II-III 30 Gy). ''Post-op RT arm ended prematurely due to worse outcome.'' Actinomycin D single course vs. 15 months
**'''1976''' {{PMID|184913}} -- &quot;Preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy, single versus multiple courses of actinomycin D, in the treatment of Wilms' tumor. Preliminary results of a controlled clinical trial conducted by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (S.I.O.P.).&quot; (Lemerle J, Cancer. 1976 Aug;38(2):647-54.)
***RT outcome: Tumor rupture during surgery pre-op RT 4% vs. post-op RT 31% (SS). No difference in RFS or OS. Post-op arm stopped, because massive tumor rupture in 11 patients during surgery necessitated upstaging and whole-abdomen RT
***Chemo outcome: No difference between single course and multiple courses
***Conclusion: Pre-op RT superior, as it leads to less tumor rupture during surgery


==UK CCSG==
*'''UKW3''' (1991-2001)
**Randomized. 205 patients with renal tumors. Arm 1) immediate surgery vs. Arm 2) biopsy, then 6 weeks preoperative chemotherapy (AMD+VCR) followed by surgery. Both groups received risk-adjusted post-op therapy. Post-op RT FH 20 Gy, UH 30 Gy. Wilms confirmed in 91%, CCSK 4%.
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16904312}} -- &quot;Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms' tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group.&quot; (Mitchell C, Eur J Cancer. 2006 Oct;42(15):2554-62.)
***Stage distribution: surgery vs. chemo Stage I 65% vs. 54%, Stage II 24% vs. 15%, Stage III 10% vs. 30%, (SS). This resulted in 20% fewer children receiving RT or doxorubicin
***Outcome: 5-year EFS both groups 80% (NS), OS both groups 89% (NS)
***Conclusion: Neoajduvant chemotherapy shifts patients to better stage, and hence reduction in adjuvant therapy</text>
      <sha1>0ks9x3oeozv6pfvxpkq3mbeao7zxese</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Mycosis fungoides</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673373</id>
      <parentid>4092911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:09:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4986" sha1="khy1kk0cobckzpotuq4k5wz1d00531e" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}
:''For B-cell lymphomas, see [[Radiation Oncology/NHL/Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma|Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma]]''

==Epidemiology==
* More common in blacks than whites
* More common in males than females (1.6:1)
* Median age at presentation is 55-60

==Presentation==
* Generally presents in patients with long history of skin plaques, rash, plaques, pruritis, erythroderma
* 5% present as Sezary Syndrome (defined historically by the triad of erythroderma, generalized lymphadenopathy, and presence of Sezary cells in skin, nodes, and peripheral blood)

==Histology==
* Typical cells are lymphocytes with cerebriform and sometimes hyperchromatic nuclei, and mostly confined to the epidermis.
* Sezary cells are enlarged atypical lymphocytes with convoluted nuclei

==Pathogenesis==
* {{PMID|15128898}}, 2004 &amp;mdash; &quot;The pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides.&quot;  Girardi M, Heald PW, Wilson LD.  2004 May 6;350:1978-88.

==WHO-EORTC Classification==
During recent consensus meetings, the WHO and EORTC agreed upon a new classification system for cutaneous lymphomas which is now called the WHO-EORTC Classification. {{PMID|15692063}}
* '''Indolent cutaneous T-cell lymphomas''' - includes mycosis fungoides, lymphomatoid papulosis, primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. These entities have 5-year disease specific survival of approximately 80-100%
* '''Aggressive cutaneous T-cell lymphomas''' - includes Sezary syndrome, primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma.  These entities have 5-year disease specific survival of &lt;25%

==Prognosis==
* 97% 10-year disease specific survival with limited patch/plaque disease
* 83% 10-year disease specific survival with generalized patch/plaque disease
* 42% 10-year disease specific survival with tumor stage disease
* 20% 10-year disease specific survival with lymph node involvement

==Staging==
'''2009 AJCC Staging (7th edition)'''


'''T Stage'''
* T1 - Limited patch/plaque (&lt;10% total skin surface)
**T1a - Patch only
**T1b - Plaque +/- patch
* T2 - Generalized patch/plaque (&gt;10% total skin surface)
**T2a - Patch only
**T2b - Plaque +/- patch
* T3 - One or more tumors (&amp;ge; 1cm diameter)
* T4 - Confluence of erythema covering 80% or more of body surface area

'''N Stage'''
* N0 - Nodes clinically uninvolved
* N1 - Nodes clinical abnormal, histopathology Dutch grade 1 or NCI LN0-2
**N1a - Clone negative
**N1b - Clone positive
* N2 - Nodes clinically abnormal, histopathology Dutch grade 2 or NCI LN3
**N2a - Clone negative
**N2b - Clone positive
* N3 - Nodes clinically abnormal, histopathology Dutch grade 3-4 or NCI LN4

'''M Stage'''
* M0 - No visceral involvement
* M1 - Visceral involvement (must have pathology or imaging confirmation)

'''B Stage (Blood)'''
* B0 - No circulating Sezary cells (&lt;5% of lymphocytes)
**B0a - Clone negative
**B0b - Clone positive
* B1 - Circulating Sezary cells (≥5% of lymphocytes)
**B1a - Clone negative
**B1b - Clone positive
*B2 - High blood tumor burden (&amp;ge; 1000/uL Sezary cells with positive clone)


''Notes'':
*Patch indicates any size skin lesion without significant elevation or induration. Presence/absence of hypo- or hyperpigmentation, scale, crusting, and/or poikiloderma should be noted
*Plaque indicates any size skin lesion that is elevated or indurated. Presence/absence of scale, crusting, and/or poikiloderma should be noted
*Tumor indicates at least one 1-cm diameter solid or nodular lesion with evidence of depth and/or vertical growth. Note total number of lesions, total volume of lesions, largest size lesion, and region of body involved
*Abnormal node indicates any palpable peripheral node that on physical examination is firm, irregular, clustered, fixed or 1.5 cm or larger in diameter. Node groups examined on physical examination include cervical, supraclavicular, epitrochlear, axillary, and inguinal. Central nodes are not currently considered in the nodal classification, unless used to establish N3 histopathologically
*T-cell clone is defined by PCR or Southern blot analysis of the T-cell receptor gene
*For visceral spread, spleen and liver may be diagnosed by imaging criteria
*For blood, Sezary cells are defined as lymphocytes with hyperconvoluted cerebriform nuclei

==Treatment==
* '''NCI Randomized Trial''' {{PMID|2594037}} comparing combination electron beam radiation + chemotherapy to topical therapy 
** 103 patients
** Xrt arm treated to 30 Gy to total skin + CTX, doxorubicin, etoposide, vincristine.  Topical treatment arm treated patients with sequential topical therapies.
** Patients in combined arm had higher rate of complete response (38% vs 18%), but also higher rate of acute toxicity.  There was no difference in overall survival.
** Median duration of complete response in combined-modality for advanced disease was less than 2 years
** Authors' conclusion was that aggressive therapy did not improve prognosis as compared to conservative treatment beginning with sequential topical therapies</text>
      <sha1>khy1kk0cobckzpotuq4k5wz1d00531e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/Follicular</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>38302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673398</id>
      <parentid>3994829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:17:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23954" sha1="dhwxhuw71hx1ditlb6749t63anyevme" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation Oncology/NHL:TOC}}

==Overview==
*Accounts for ~22% of NHLs (2nd most common after [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/DLBCL|DLBCL]])
*Incidence increasing at ~4% per year
*Mean age at diagnosis 60
*Less common in Asians and Blacks; more common with &quot;Western&quot; lifestyle
*Presenting symptoms: painless peripheral adenopathy, which can wax and wane in size
*Malignancy grades defined by proportion of centroblasts (large cells)
**Grade 1-3a: various proportion of centroblasts - indolent
**Grade 3b: all centroblasts - aggressive (behaves like DLBCL, and should be treated as such)
*Extent of disease at diagnosis
**Stage I: 10-15%
**Stage II: 85-90%
**Frequently have extranodal involvement: bone marrow, spleen, liver in about 1/3 to 1/2.
**B symptoms: ~20%
*Clinical course is variable
**Some with indolent clinical course and late relapses over many years
**Others with rapid disease progression, often with transformation to aggressive lymphoma and early death
*Median survival 10 years. Considered incurable.
*Histologic transformation to aggressive (DLBCL) in ~25%

==Pathology==
*Arise from germinal center B-cells
*Mixture of centrocytes (small cleaved cells) and centroblasts (large cells)
**Grade 1: 0-5 large cells per hpf (used to be classified as follicular small-cleaved cell)
**Grade 2: 6-15 large cells per hpf (used to be classified as follicular mixed small-cleaved and large cell)
**Grade 3a: &gt;15 large cells per hpf, but centrocytes present
**Grade 3b: &gt;15 large cells per hpf, no centrocytes (used to be classified as follicular large cell) 
*Two variants, relationship to typical follicular lymphoma controversial
**Cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
**Diffuse follicle center lymphoma.


&lt;br&gt;'''Rappaport classification:''' nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic, nodular mixed
&lt;br&gt;'''Working Formulation:''' follicular small cleaved, follicular mixed


*One model of disease development (based on {{PMID|17301308}} and {{PMID|17043145}} below)
**t(14;18) translocation occurs in healthy persons after activation (after undergoing Ig class-switch recombination during germinal-center response to antigenic stimulation)
**t(14;18) translocation results in bcl-2, a re-arranged gene whose product blocks apoptosis
**These cells are not naive (as previously thought) but capable of responding to an exogenous stimulus (such as virus or auto-antigen)
**A clone of t(14;18) can be detected in &gt;50% of healthy persons, and persists &gt;3 years. These may be memory B cells, circulating after initial stimulation
**In rare cases, can see pronounced peripheral blood B lymphocytosis (often secondary to infection), with clonal expansion of t(14;18)
**Further events may lead to transformation. These may be oncogenic events (&quot;hits&quot;) or may be related to stimulation via IgM receptors by T-cells. Predictive gene-array data at time of diagnosis suggest that random acquisition of oncogenic events does not play a large role in determining survival. Rather, it seems to be driven by B-cell interactions with non-malignant environment
**Can see in-situ follicular lymphoma, with histologically abnormal follicles, on LN biopsy. This may progress to overt follicular lymphoma, but may remain benign
**Further, there appear 2 separate disease processes ({{PMID|15548776}}): indolent (~75% of cases, with median survival of &gt;10 years) and aggressive (~25% of cases, with median survival ~4 years). This gene-array modelling agrees with Stanford watchful waiting outcome ({{PMID|15024027}})
**This two-disease model, may be driven by mutually exclusive pathways:
***1) -6q/+1q
***2) duplication(18), +7/+8
**Depending on the environmental interplay, lymphoma may regress spontaneously
**t(14;18) in normal persons can therefore be seen as an early marker of lymphoma risk


*'''St. Bartholomew, 2007''' (UK) {{PMID|17278262}} -- &quot;Transformation of follicular lymphoma to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma proceeds by distinct oncogenic mechanisms.&quot; (Davies AJ, Br J Haematol. 2007 Jan;136(2):286-93.)
**Gene expression profiles of 20 patients who transformed (pre- and post- biopsies)
**Conclusion: Two separate mechanisms; one via high proliferation characterised by presence of known oncogenic abnormalities, and second with similar behavior to the existing FL

*'''Netherlands, 2007''' {{PMID|17200149}} -- &quot;Gene-expression and immunohistochemical study of specific T-cell subsets and accessory cell types in the transformation and prognosis of follicular lymphoma.&quot; (Glas AM, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Feb 1;25(4):390-8.)
**Gene level: highly uniform by gene arrays. Cell level: high discrimination by IHC for transformation phenotype
**By ICH, 2 cell populations: &quot;cold&quot; and &quot;activated&quot;. Activated much more likely to transform to aggressive (DLBCL) lymphoma
**Conclusion: FL is an immunologically functional disease, highly uniform at time of diagnosis, but where interaction between the tumor cells and the environment determines clinical aggressiveness

*'''Marseille, 2006''' (France) {{PMID|17043145}} -- &quot;Follicular lymphoma-like B cells in healthy individuals: a novel intermediate step in early lymphomagenesis.&quot; (Roulland S, J Exp Med. 2006 Oct 30;203(11):2425-31.)
**A new model for development of follicular lymphoma proposed

*'''NCI, 2004''' {{PMID|15548776}} -- &quot;Prediction of survival in follicular lymphoma based on molecular features of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.&quot; (Dave SS, N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 18;351(21):2159-69.)
**Gene expression profiles. 191 biopsy specimens, 95 used for supervised expression patterns, 96 validating set
**Two signatures constructed for survival prediction: quartilies median survival 13.6, 11.1, 10.8, and 3.9 years
**Discriminant gene expression: non-malignant tumor-infiltrating cells
**Conclusion: 75% of cases indolent disease with &gt;10 year survival, 25% cases aggressive disease with 4 year survival

==Natural history==
*Stanford, 2005 - {{PMID|15024027}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Stage I and II Follicular Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Long-Term Follow-Up of No Initial Therapy.&quot; Advani R et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Apr 15;22(8):1454-9. 
**Retrospective. Follicular small cleaved and follicular mixed. 43 pts with therapy deferred at least 3 months after diagnosis and minimum follow-up of 1 year.
**Median follow-up 86 months. 63% had not been treated. Median time to treatment was 22 months.  4 of 16 transformed to higher grade. Survival at 5, 10, and 20 years was 97%, 85%, and 22%.
**Conclusion: Delayed therapy is appropriate in selected pts.


==Prognostic Factors==
*'''FLIPI 2:  Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index Update''' (2012) {{PMID|19652063}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index 2: a new prognostic index for follicular lymphoma developed by the international follicular lymphoma prognostic factor project.&quot; Federico et al. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sept 20;27(27).

FLIPI2: The following factors were found to be predictive of outcome in patients with follicular lymphoma: 

Age                                                                   &gt; 60

Largest diameter of largest involved node        &gt; 6 cm

bone marrow involvement    

β2-microglobulin                                               &gt; upper limit normal

serum hemoglobin level                                    &lt; 12 g/dl

Low risk    = 0 risk factors,            5 year PFS 79.5%

int risk       = 1-2,                                              51.2%

High risk   = 3-5,                                              18.8%


*'''FLIPI: Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index''' - basically an adaptation of the IPI (which is used for aggressive lymphomas) for low grade lymphomas.
**[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15126323 Abstract] &amp;mdash; &quot;Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index.&quot; Solal-Celigny P et al. Blood. 2004 Sep 1;104(5):1258-65. 

{|border=1
|+'''FLIPI''' 
!colspan=2|Risk Factors: Five factors calculate FLIPI risk
|-
|1. Age &gt; 60 years||'''low risk'''
|-
|2. Ann Arbor stage III-IV||0-1 factors
|-
|3. Hemoglobin &lt; 12 g/dL||'''intermediate risk'''
|-
|4. Number of nodal areas - 5 or more||2 factors
|-
|5. LDH &gt; normal limits||'''high risk'''
|-
|&amp;nbsp;||3+ factors
|}


*'''MD Anderson, 1984''' Follicular large cell lymphoma - {{PMID|6376721}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=3051&amp;uid=6376721&amp;db=pubmed&amp;url=http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=6376721 Full text], 1984 (1973-81) &amp;mdash; &quot;Follicular large cell lymphoma: analysis and prognostic factors in 62 patients.&quot; Kantarjian HM et al.  J Clin Oncol. 1984 Jul;2(7):811-9.

*'''GELA, 1999''' (France) (1986-95) - {{PMID|10561315}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Low-grade stage III-IV follicular lymphoma: multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 484 patients--a study of the groupe d'Etude des lymphomes de l'Adulte.&quot; Decaudin D et al. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Aug;17(8):2499-505. 
**284 pts treated on two Phase III trials. Stage III-IV. 
**3 factors significant on multivariate analysis: B symptoms, age &gt; 60, at least 3 nodal sites &gt; 3 cm. IPI score was prognostic, but very few pts had high IPI scores.

'''Ongoing trials:'''
*'''SWOG S0016''' - phase III.  CHOP vs CHOP + Rituxan (R-CHOP) vs CHOP + I131-tositumomab (Bexxar) for newly diagnosed follicular NHL. CHOP alone arm closed to accrual early (Dec 2002).

==Management Overview==
*For Stage I-II, radiotherapy is standard. However, long-term data from Stanford suggest that in select patients, active surveillance may be a reasonable approach
*For advanced disease, treatment is deferred until the patient becomes symptomatic. Randomized trials of chemotherapy showed no survival advantage to early treatment thus far
 

==Stage I-II==
===Watchful Waiting===
*'''Stanford, 2005''' - {{PMID|15024027}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Stage I and II Follicular Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Long-Term Follow-Up of No Initial Therapy.&quot; (Advani R et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Apr 15;22(8):1454-9.) 
**Retrospective. Indolent follicular (follicular small cleaved and follicular mixed). 43 patients with therapy deferred at least 3 months after diagnosis and minimum follow-up of 1 year. Median follow-up 7.2 years. 
**Outcome: 63% not treated. 10-year OS: 85%, 15-year OS: 58%. Estimated median OS 19 years
**Progression: 16 patients (8 progression, 4 transformation to aggressive). If progression, median time to treatment 22 months. Median time to transformation 7.8 years
**Conclusion: Delayed therapy is appropriate in selected patients

===RT alone===
*'''Stanford, 1996''' (1961-94) - {{PMID|8648385}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Is radiotherapy curative for stage I and II low-grade follicular lymphoma? Results of a long-term follow-up study of patients treated at Stanford University.&quot; Mac Manus MP et al. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Apr;14(4):1282-90. 
**Retrospective. Stage I-II. RT was involved field, extended field, TLI, or STLI. 
**Median f/u 7.7 yrs. 10-yr OS 64%. MS 13.8 yrs. 10-yr RFS 44%. Pts are unlikely to relapse after 10 years. 

===RT dose===
*'''UK FORT''' (2006 - 2011) -- 24 Gy vs 4 Gy
**Randomized, multinstitutional 43 centers in UK. 614 patient, age &gt;18, follicular or marginal zone lymphoma, both radical and palliative intent. Arm 1) 24/12 vs Arm 2) 4/2 (4 Gy in 2 fractions)
***'''Long-term update 2021''' {{PMID|33539729}} &amp;mdash; &quot;4 Gy versus 24 Gy radiotherapy for follicular and marginal zone lymphoma (FoRT): long-term follow-up of a multicentre, randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial.&quot; Hoskin P, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Mar;22(3):332-340.
****pending...
***'''2014''' {{PMID|24572077}} &amp;mdash; &quot;4 Gy versus 24 Gy radiotherapy for patients with indolent lymphoma (FORT): a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial.&quot; (Hoskin PJ, Lancet Oncol. 2014 Apr;15(4):457-63. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70036-1. Epub 2014 Feb 24.). Median F/U 2.2 years
***Outcome: Local progression 24 Gy 7% vs 4 Gy 22%. Time to local progression in 4 Gy worse than 24 Gy (HR 3.4, SS). 
***Acute grade 3-4 toxicity: 24 Gy 3% vs 4 Gy 1%
***Conclusion: 24 Gy in 12 fraction is more effective for indolent lymphoma. However, 4 Gy remains a useful alternative for palliative treatment

*'''UK Multicenter''' -- 45-45 Gy vs 24 Gy
**Randomized dose-finding for NHL (primarily follicular and marginal zone). RT involved region. Randomized to 40-45 Gy '''versus''' 24 Gy in 12 fractions (indolent) or 30 Gy in 15 fractions (aggressive). 
**'''2011''' {{PMID|21664710}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Reduced dose radiotherapy for local control in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a randomised phase III trial.&quot; (Lowry et al. Radiother Oncol. 2011 Jul;100(1):86-92.)
***Median f/u 5.6 yrs. Progression-free and overall survival equivalent between low- and high-dose arms. No difference of in-field progression (HR 1.09 in indolent, and HR 0.98 in aggressive)
***Toxicity: No difference but trend toward reduced toxicities in low dose arms
***Conclusion: 24 Gy in 12 fractions effective for indolent NHL, and 30 Gy in 15 fractions for aggressive NHL

*'''Florida, 1999''' {{PMID|10348285}} -- &quot;The impact of radiotherapy dose and other treatment-related and clinical factors on in-field control in stage I and II non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.&quot; (Kamath SS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Jun 1;44(3):563-8.)
**See also page at: [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Treatment_high_grade]]
**285 pts w/ Stage I-II NHL (72 low grade, 92 intermediate to high grade, 21 unclassified). 159 treated w/ RT alone, 126 combined modality. 95 treatment failures with 12 in-field failures. Most failures occurred in contiguous non-irradiated areas. 
**Conclusion: &quot;Our analysis suggests that the overwhelming problem in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is not in-field failure but, rather, failure in contiguous unirradiated sites. A dose of 20-25 Gy may be sufficient for small-volume LGL of the orbit. A dose of 30 Gy is sufficient for LGL in general&quot;

===Chemo-RT===
*'''MD Anderson, 2003''' (1984-1992) {{PMID|12775737}} -- &quot;Long-term follow-up of a prospective study of combined modality therapy for stage I-II indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.&quot; (Seymour JF, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jun 1;21(11):2115-22.)
**Prospective. 102 patients, Stage I-II low grade (follicular 83%, bulky &gt;5cm 24%, Stage II 52%). Treated with risk-adapted COP-Bleo/CHOP-Bleo and RT 30-40 Gy IF. Median F/U 10 years
**10-year outcome: OS 82% (follicular 80%); DFS 76% (follicular 72%). After relapse, 10-year survival 46%
**Toxicity: acute 10% hospitalization, long term 12 malignancies (4 in RT fields)
**Conclusion: CMT better DFS and OS than previously reported RT alone

===Rituxan-based===
*{{PMID|15483015}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Prolonged clinical and molecular remission in patients with low-grade or follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with rituximab plus CHOP chemotherapy: 9-year follow-up.&quot; Czuczman MS et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Dec 1;22(23):4711-6.
**CHOP + Rituxan

==Stage III-IV==
===Radiation===
*'''Heidelberg; 2010''' {{PMID|20331739}} -- &quot;Clinical outcome of patients with follicular lymphoma and bulky disease after Rituximab-CHOP immunochemotherapy with and without consolidating radiotherapy.&quot; (Fabienne M, Eur J Haematol. 2010 Mar 16. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. Subset analysis of RCT evaluating number of Rituximab cycles with CHOP x6. 42 patients with bulky disease, protocol specified IRFT but some did not receive it (62% IFRT, 38% no RT). Median F/U 5 years
**Outcome: Relapse RT+ 46% (50% within original bulk) vs RT- 56% (NS). 6-year PFS 52% vs 48% (NS), 6-year OS 80% vs 73% (NS)
**Conclusion: In patients treated with CHOP-R, no difference in control regardless if IFRT was used

===Rituxan===
*'''Multi-national''' -- CVP vs R-CVP
**Randomized. 321 patients, CD20+ Stage III-IV folicullar lymphoma requiring therapy. Arm 1) cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone (CVP) vs. Arm 2) CVP, rituximab (R-CVP)
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18662969}} -- &quot;Phase III study of R-CVP compared with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone alone in patients with previously untreated advanced follicular lymphoma.&quot; (Marcus R, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct 1;26(28):4579-86. Epub 2008 Jul 28.) Median F/U 4.4 years
***Outcome: 4-year OS CVP 77% vs. R-CVP 83% (SS); median TTF (SS) CVP 7 months vs. R-CVP 27 months (SS). Improvement regardless of FLIPI, IPI, B-symptoms, or bulky disease
***Conclusion: Adding Rituximab to CVP improves all outcome measures, including OS

*'''Multi-national''' -- Zevalin consolidation
**Randomized trial of 414 pts with stage III/IV follicular lymphoma with a CR or PR after first line induction therapy. Allowed a variety of first line therapies, CVP, CHOP, CHOP-like, fludarabine, rituximab.
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18854568}} -- &quot;Phase III trial of consolidation therapy with yttrium-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan compared with no additional therapy after first remission in advanced follicular lymphoma.&quot; (Morschhauser F, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 10;26(32):5156-64.) Median f/u 3.5 yrs.
***Patients randomized to zevalin vs no further treatment.
***A significant increase in PFS was seen with zevalin (36.5 vs 13 months). Benefit for treatment was zevalin was seen regardless of initial CR or PR.


'''''Ongoing trials:'''''
*'''SWOG S0016''' 
**Bulky stage II, Stage III-IV, previously untreated. 
**Randomized to: 1) CHOP, 2) CHOP + Rituxan, 3) CHOP + I-131 Tositumomab (Bexxar).

==Palliation==
*Standard treatment: Limited fields to 20 Gy in 10 fractions
*Low dose treatment: Limited fields to 4 Gy in 2 fractions (2x2)
**Initially evaluated because:
***There is no clear dose-response relationship in localized low-grade NHL
***Low-dose (1.5-2.0 Gy) fractionated TBI resulted in long-term survival in advanced disease patients
***Good long-term control in patients who stopped treatment for convenience after 5-7 Gy
***However, a randomized trial (FoRT) shows that the low dose RT regimen is inferior to 24 Gy in 12 fractions
**Response rate is ~80-90%, with CR rate ~50-60%, and good local long-term control
**Response is rapid, typically within a week. Median time-to-progression is &gt;1 year in recurrent/chemo refractory patients
**Gene-expression profiling showes strong p53-mediated induction of apoptotic pathways
*For [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Spinal_Cord_Compression|spinal cord compression]], consider one of the standard (8/1 or 20/5 or 30/10) regimens

===Low dose RT===
'''''Randomized:'''''
*'''FoRT''' - 24/12 vs 4/2
**Randomized, non-inferiority trial. 548 pts (614 treatment sites) with FL or MZL requiring either palliative or radical RT. Closed early (short of 650 treatment sites). FL in 86%, MZL in 14%. Curative in 40%, palliative in 60%. Stage I-II in 63%, Stage III-IV in 37%. Prior chemo in 33%, prior RT in 24%.
**'''2012''' ASTRO #LBA 3 [http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0360-3016/PIIS0360301612037741.pdf PDF] -- &quot;FoRT: A Phase 3 Multi-Center Prospective Randomized Trial of Low Dose Radiation Therapy for Follicular and Marginal Zone Lymphoma&quot; (Hoskin P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys Vol. 85, Issue 1, Page 22)
**Median f/u 22.8 mo. Response rate: 24 Gy - 81% overall, 60.3% CR; 4 Gy - 74.1%, 44.3% CR (SS). Local progression free survival rate at 2 yrs: 93.7% (24 Gy) vs 80.4% (4 Gy). No OS difference.
**Toxicity: limited in both arms -- Acute G3+ in 8 pts vs 5 pts; Late G3+ in 9 pts vs 6 pts. No overall difference in QOL. 
**Conclusion: &quot;While 4 Gy in 2 fractions can be effective in the palliative setting, it is significantly inferior to 24 Gy in 12 fractions which should remain the schedule of choice for curative radiation therapy in follicular or marginal zone lymphoma.&quot;


'''''Non-randomized:'''''

*'''''Review:''''' '''France, 2010''' {{PMID|20970029}} -- &quot;Localized low-dose radiotherapy for follicular lymphoma: history, clinical results, mechanisms of action, and future outlooks.&quot; (Ganem G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Nov 15;78(4):975-82.)

*'''Amsterdam''' 
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17483295}} -- &quot;In vivo p53 response and immune reaction underlie highly effective low-dose radiotherapy in follicular lymphoma.&quot; (Knoops L, Blood. 2007 Aug 15;110(4):1116-22.)
***Microarray gene-expression profiling of biopsies pre- and post- low-dose RT
***Outcome: Major induction of p53 target genes involved in cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, as well as macrophage activation and TH1 immune response
***Conclusion: Radiation-induced p53 apoptotic response, not immunologically silent
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16039113}} -- &quot;Effective palliation by low dose local radiotherapy for recurrent and/or chemotherapy refractory non-follicular lymphoma patients.&quot; (Haas RL, Eur J Cancer. 2005 Aug;41(12):1724-30.)
***Retrospective. 71 non-follicular lymphoma patients (SLL/CLL 23, marginal zone 18, mantle cell 17, DLBCL 13), 177 symptomatic sites. Bulky disease 73%. Low dose IFRT 4 Gy in 2 fractions. 
***Outcome: Response rate 87% (48% CR). Median time-to-local progression 1.8 years. At time of death, 70% without in-field progression
***Prognostic factors: none identified
***Conclusion: Low dose RT valuable in relapsed/chemo refractory disease, both indolent and aggresive lymphoma
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12829665}} -- &quot;High response rates and lasting remissions after low-dose involved field radiotherapy in indolent lymphomas.&quot; (Haas RL, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jul 1;21(13):2474-80.)
***Phase II. 109 patients and 304 symptomatic sites (98 follicular, 9 MALT, 2 lymphoplasmocytoid). Bulky disease (&gt;5cm) 52%. Median 2 prior chemo regimens. Treated with 4 Gy in 2 fractions involved field
***Outcome: Response rate 92% (CR 61%). Median time-to-progression 1.2 years, to local progression 2 years. If CR time to local progression 3.5 years
***Conclusion: Low dose IFRT valuable in recurrent low-dose lymphoma

*'''Denmark; 2002''' (1997-99) - {{PMID|12459371}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Phase II study of palliative low-dose local radiotherapy in disseminated indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.&quot; Johannsson J et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Dec 1;54(5):1466-70. 
**Phase II. Low dose RT. 22 pts with &quot;indolent&quot; lymphoma or CLL (13 with follicular, 7 with CLL, 1 SLL, 1 other). Treat 2 Gy x 2 = 4 Gy. 
**Outcome: Response rate 87% (CR in 65%, PR in 22%). For pts with CLL, response rate 71%. Median duration of response 22 months.
**Conclusion: Low dose RT is effective for palliation.

*'''Gustave Roussy; 2001''' (1987-1998) {{PMID|11516864}} -- &quot;A high and sustained response rate in refractory or relapsing low-grade lymphoma masses after low-dose radiation: analysis of predictive parameters of response to treatment.&quot; (Girinsky T, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Sep 1;51(1):148-55.)
**Retrospective. 48 patients with low-grade lymphoma, most advanced disease previously treated with chemo. 135 tumor sites (80% nodal, 20% extranodal) treated with 4 Gy in 2 fractions.
**Outcome: Response rate 81% (CR 57%). 2-year FFLP 56%
**Predictors: tumor &lt;=5cm (51% vs. 27%), less pretreatment chemo (96% vs. 48%), age &lt;=65
**Conclusion: Low-dose RT efficient, particularly prior to chemotherapy

*'''Le Mans; 1994''' (France) {{PMID|8194839}} -- &quot;Potential role for low dose limited-field radiation therapy (2 x 2 grays) in advanced low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.&quot; (Ganem G,  Hematol Oncol. 1994 Jan-Feb;12(1):1-8.)
**Prospective. 27/37 patients, 22 with Stage III/IV disease. 19 patients one course of LD RT only, 8 patients subsequent boost LD RT. Limited field RT 4 Gy in 2 fractions
**Outcome: Response 89% (CR 37%); if 2+ LD RT courses, CR was 75%
**Toxicity: minimal
**Conclusion: Low dose limited field RT shows high proportion of responses

==Reviews==
*JCO 2005 - {{PMID|16155025}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment Strategies in Follicular Lymphomas: Current Status and Future Perspectives.&quot; Hiddemann W et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 23, No 26 (September 10), 2005: pp. 6394-6399.

*CTO 2014 - &quot;Radiotherapy of Follicular Lymphoma: Updated Role and New Rules&quot; Yahalom J. Current Treatment Options in Oncology (2014) 15:262 DOI 10.1007/s11864-014-0286-4</text>
      <sha1>dhwxhuw71hx1ditlb6749t63anyevme</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/Mantle cell lymphoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673408</id>
      <parentid>3558568</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:55:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673408</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4685" sha1="nacv3ryzjpwu54tzyz06yclm5n5apjy" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation Oncology/NHL:TOC}}


==Overview==
*Rare subtype, comprises ~6% of NHL in US
*Usually in older men
*Only 5-15% present with Stage I-II
*Most often Stage III or IV disease, extranodal involvement including spleen and liver and bone marrow common, frequent B symptoms (about 50%). 
*A variant can present as multiple polyps throughout the GI tract (lymphomatous polyposis)
*Microscopically they have &quot;angulated&quot; nuclei, and resemble lymphocytes in mantle zone adjacent to the lymphoid follicles
*Translocation t(11;14) rearranges the Bcl-1 gene (PRAD-1) which codes for Cyclin D1 (involved in cell cycle regulation) and puts it under the control of the immunoglobulin gene promoter.  
*Very poor survival. Aggressive and doesn't respond well to chemotherapy. Subset of elderly patients can present asymptomatic and have a very indolent course

==Treatment==
*CHOP alone not very effective, early SWOG experience showed median OS 3 years
*Addition of Rituximab (R-CHOP) did not improve PFS or OS
*More intense chemotherapy regimens required
**Stem cell transplant is being evaluated (e.g. [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#R-CHOP|R-CHOP-14]] -&gt; [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#R-ICE|R-ICE]] -&gt; ASCT)
**[[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#Hyper-CVAD|Hyper-CVAD]] also appears promising
*In asymptomatic elderly with limited disease, careful observation may be considered
*RT has a potentially significant role in Stage I-II disease, as MCL is very radiosensitive


==Radiotherapy==
'''''All Stages:'''''
*'''MSKCC; 2006''' (1998-2004) {{PMID|16682133}} -- &quot;Highly effective local control and palliation of mantle cell lymphoma with involved-field radiation therapy (IFRT).&quot; (Rosenbluth BD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul 15;65(4):1185-91.)
**Retrospective. 21 pts treated to 38 sites. 81% were Stage IV or relapsed. Most pts had received prior chemotherapy. IFRT, mean dose 30 Gy (range: 10.5-45 Gy), dose per fraction 150-200 cGy. 2 pts received RT as consolidative therapy after CR to chemo. 
**Mean f/u 13 mo. For 36 sites with measurable disease, overall local response of 100% (CR 64%, PR 36%). 94% with pain relief. Local progression in 34% at a median of 10 months. No significant correlation between RT dose and control. 1-yr OS 55%
**Conclusion: RT provided effective and lasting local responses in MCL patients and was associated with minimal toxicity. Radiation doses required for most lesions were relatively low and responses were noticed early in the course of treatment. Radiation therapy should be considered early in the course of relapsing, refractory, or localized MCL.


'''''Limited Stage:'''''
*'''British Columbia; 2003''' {{PMID|14504058}} -- &quot;Limited-stage mantle-cell lymphoma.&quot; (Leitch HA, Ann Oncol. 2003 Oct;14(10):1555-61.)
**Retrospective. 26 patients. Initial therapy IFRT +/- chemo (n=17), observation or chemo (n=9)
**5-year outcome: PFS 46%, OS 70%
**Predictors: age (PFS &lt;60 83% vs. &gt;60 39%, SS), RT (PFS RT 68% vs. no RT 11%; OS 71% vs. 25%, NS)
**Conclusion: Limited-stage MCL had improved outcome with RT

==Advanced Stage==
*'''GLSG''' (Germany)
**Randomized. 122 untreated patients, advanced-stage MCL. Treated with Arm 1) CHOP vs. Arm 2) R-CHOP. Patients &lt;=65 with CR/PR second randomization to ASCT vs. IFN-alpha. Patients &gt;65 received IFN-alpha maintenance
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15668467}} -- &quot;Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone significantly improves response and time to treatment failure, but not long-term outcome in patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG).&quot; (Lenz G, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 20;23(9):1984-92.)
***Outcome: R-CHOP better for CR (34% vs. 7%, SS), and TTF (21 months vs. 14 months, SS), but no difference in PFS or OS
***Conclusion: Better response rate, but no difference in PFS or OS

*'''SWOG; 1995''' -- {{PMID|7849295}} -- &quot;A clinical analysis of two indolent lymphoma entities: mantle cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma (including the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and monocytoid B-cell subcategories): a Southwest Oncology Group study. (Fisher RI, Blood. 1995 Feb 15;85(4):1075-82.)
**Retrospective. Treated with CHOP on SWOG-7204, SWOG-7426, SWOG-7713
**Outcome: median FFS 1.7 years, median OS 3 years
**Conclusion: MCL is not an indolent lymphoma, and requires innovative therapy

==Reviews==
*'''Mayo; 2005''' - {{PMID|16155027}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Current Treatment Approaches for Mantle-Cell Lymphoma.&quot; Witzig TE et al. J Clin Oncol. Vol 23, No 26 (September 10), 2005: pp. 6409-6414.</text>
      <sha1>nacv3ryzjpwu54tzyz06yclm5n5apjy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/MALT</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673406</id>
      <parentid>4092972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:53:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673406</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5341" sha1="bfigi9ovph41klwfx3scyt6zu357qxs" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation Oncology/NHL:TOC}}


==Overview==
*MALT is classified as an extra-nodal marginal zone lymphoma.  
*Extra-nodal marginal zone lymphomas tend to home to a certain tissue and remain localized.  Therefore, MALT lymphomas are often stage I and highly curable. 
*Pathologically, see lymphoepithelial lesions as the malignant lymphoma cells invade and destroy normal epithelium (such as glands).


==Work-Up==
*'''Tel Aviv, 2007''' (Israel) {{PMID|17662066}} -- &quot;Diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT in patients with extranodal marginal zone MALT lymphoma.&quot; (Perry C, Eur J Haematol. 2007 Sept 79(3), 205-209)
**Prospective. 33 patients with bx-proven MALT lymphoma, evaluated with PET/CT. Sites: gastric 55%, lung 15%, orbit 12%, parotid 9%
**PET/CT: Active disease at diagnosis 55%. Sensitivity gastric 39% vs. non-gastric 75%. Advanced disease 100% vs. early stage (I-II) 42%
**Conclusion: PET/CT useful tool; sensitivity depends on stage and location

==Reviews==
*''See also reviews at [[../Nodal marginal zone#Reviews|Nodal marginal zone lymphoma]]''


==Treatment==
*''See also [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Follicular|Follicular lymphoma treatment]] page''


*'''JAROG; 2007''' (Japan)(2002-2004) {{PMID|17601683}} -- &quot;A Multicenter Phase II Study of Local Radiation Therapy for Stage IEA Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphomas: A Preliminary Report From the Japan Radiation Oncology Group (JAROG).&quot; (Isobe K, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 15;69(4):1181-6. Epub 2007 Jul 2.)
**Phase II. 37 patients with MALT (orbit n=24, thyroid n=4, salivary n=4, others n=5). RT dose: if orbital or minimal residual disease 30.6 Gy, if residual tumor &lt;6cm 36 Gy, if &gt;6 cm 39.6 Gy. Median F/U 3.1 years
**Outcome: 3-year OS 100%, PFS 92%, LC 97%
**Toxicity: Late Grade 3 (cataract) 3 patients
**Conclusion: Moderate RT dose highly effective

==Gastric MALT==
===Helicobacter pylori eradication===
*Germany, 2005 - {{PMID|16204012}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Long-Term Follow-Up of Gastric MALT Lymphoma After Helicobacter Pylori Eradication.&quot; Wündisch T et al.  J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 1;23(31):8018-24. 
**120 pts. Stage IE. Median f/u 75 mo. 
**5-yr OS 90%. 80% achieved CR by biopsy. 80% of CR pts remained in CR; 17% showed histologic residual dz during follow-entered a second CR; 3% of those with CR had a relapse.
===Radiation===
*'''International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG); 2013''' - {{PMID|23293112}} -- &quot;Long-term outcome for gastric marginal zone lymphoma treated with radiotherapy: a retrospective, multi-centre, International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group study.&quot; (Wirth A, Ann Oncol. 2013 May;24(5):1344-51.)
**Retrospective. Multicenter. 102 pts (58 de novo, 44 with relapse) treated with RT. Of the 44 relapsed pts: 35 previously treated with antibiotics, 9 with chemo, 8 with surgery. 61 pts treated with RT to the stomach/nodes only and 41 to whole abdomen. Median RT dose 40 Gy in 22 fractions. 
**Median f/u 7.9 yr. 10- and 15-year FFTF was 88%. 10-yr OS 70%.
**Worse outcome: large-cell component (13%) and an exophytic growth pattern (12%).
**Conclusion: &quot;Radiotherapy achieves cure for the majority of patients with low-grade GMZL, including patients who have had prior therapy&quot;

*'''Princess Margaret Hospital; 2001''' (1989-98) - {{PMID|11483337}} -- &quot;Stage I and II MALT lymphoma: results of treatment with radiotherapy.&quot; (Tsang RW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Aug 1;50(5):1258-64.)
**Retrospective. 15 pts with gastric MALT, Stage I-IIE (paper includes a total of 70 pts with MALT lymphoma of various sites). 11 pts (gastric MALT) treated with RT. 1 pt treated with surgical excision only; 2 pts antibiotics only; 1 refused tx. RT dose 20-30 Gy.
**No relapses were observed in patients with stomach and thyroid lymphoma. The 5-year DFS for these patients was 93%, in contrast to 69% for patients presenting in other sites.
**Conclusion: &quot;Localized MALT lymphomas have excellent prognosis following moderate-dose RT&quot;

*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering; 1998''' - {{PMID|9586910}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the stomach with radiation alone.&quot; (Schechter N, J Clin Oncol. 1998 May;16(5):1916-21.)
**Retrospective. 17 patients with stage 1-2 low-grade MALT of the stomach. RT alone to median 30 Gy (range, 28.5 to 43.5 Gy) in 1.5 Gy fractions within 4 weeks to stomach and adjacent lymph nodes. Median F/U 27 mo.
**Outcome: 100% biopsy-confirmed CR. 100% EFS at last F/U
**Toxicity: No significant side effects
**Conclusion: Low-dose RT alone is feasible and safe

==Ocular MALT==
===Chlamydophila Psittaci eradication===
*'''Extrandoal Lymphoma Study Group; 2012''' {{PMID|22802315}} -- &quot;Chlamydophila Psittaci Eradication With Doxycycline As First-Line Targeted Therapy for Ocular Adnexae Lymphoma: Final Results of an International Phase II Trial.&quot; (Ferreri AJ, J Clin Oncol. 2012 Aug 20;30(24):2988-94. Epub 2012 Jul 16.)
**Phase II. 47 patients with ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphoma (OAMZL). Assessment of Chlamydophila psittaci (Cp), followed by treatment with doxycyline. Median F/U 3.1 years
**Outcome: Cp DNA detected in 89% of biopsies. Lymphoma regression in 65%. 5-year PFS 55%. Cp eradication associated with improved response (SS) and PFS (NS)
**Conclusion: Upfront doxycycline is a rational and active treatment for patients with Stage I Cp-positive OAMZL</text>
      <sha1>bfigi9ovph41klwfx3scyt6zu357qxs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/DLBCL</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673397</id>
      <parentid>4585736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:13:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5992" sha1="1t9g4g8qnhsbj3vvzio7761mu2xg423" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation Oncology/NHL:TOC}}


==Pathology==
*Morphology - not clinically useful
**Immunoblastic
**Centroblastic
**Anaplastic
**Multilobated
*Markers
**Improved survival
***Rb (cell cycle)
***Germinal centre (bcl-6, CD10)
**Decreased survival
***CD5 (T-cell lineage)
***HLA-I, HLA-II (immune)
***Ki-67 (proliferation)
***p53+, p21, p27, cyclin D3 (cell cycle)
***bcl-2, bax, survivin (apoptosis)
***CD44 (adhesion)
*Origin
**Germinal center of activated lymphoid follicle


==Subclassification==
*Gene profiling identified 3 separate subtypes, with different clinical behavior (5-year OS)
**&lt;u&gt;Activated B-cell&lt;/u&gt; - activation of NFkB - 30% survival
**&lt;u&gt;Germinal B-cell&lt;/u&gt; - hypermutations, REL amplification, bcl-2 translocations - 64% survival
**&lt;u&gt;Primary Mediastinal B-cell&lt;/u&gt; - 59% survival
*Mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is more closely related to nodular sclerosis subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma (clinically and by gene expression profile), than to the other types of B-cell lymphoma
*Morphologically, there is also a significant overlap with [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Burkitt_lymphoma|Burkitt's Lymphoma]]


*'''Charite, 2006''' (Germany) {{PMID|16760442}} -- &quot;A biologic definition of Burkitt's lymphoma from transcriptional and genomic profiling.&quot; (Hummel M, N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 8;354(23):2419-30.)
**Gene analysis. 220 mature aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Molecular Burkitt's lymphoma (mBL) signature developed: 58 gene set. Some patients with this signature had morphologic appearance of DLBCL
**5-year OS: mBL 75%, GCB-DLBCL 51%, ABC-DLBC 12%
**&lt;i&gt;Myc&lt;/i&gt; locus survival (mBL and DLBCL): breakpoint 15% vs. no breakpoint 44%
**Conclusion: molecular definition of Burkitt's lymphoma

*'''Lymphoma profiling project''' 
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16760443}} -- &quot;Molecular diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma.&quot; (Dave SS, N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 8;354(23):2431-42.)
***Gene analysis. 303 patients with aggressive lymphomas, 25 pathological Burkitt's. Gene profile developed. 
***8 samples submitted as DLBCL had molecular profile of Burkitt's 
***Conclusion: Gene-expression profiling is accurate to differentiate BL and DLBCL
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16046532}} -- &quot;Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subgroups have distinct genetic profiles that influence tumor biology and improve gene-expression-based survival prediction.&quot; (Bea S, Blood. 2005 Nov 1;106(9):3183-90.)
***ABC-DLBCL: trisomy 3, gain of 3q, gain of 18q21-q22, loss of 6q21-q22
***GCB-DLBCL: gain of 12q12
***PMBCL: gain of 9p21, gain of 2p14-p16

*'''Dana Farber, 2003''' {{PMID|12933571}} -- &quot;The molecular signature of mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma differs from that of other diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and shares features with classical Hodgkin lymphoma.&quot; (Savage KJ, Blood. 2003 Dec 1;102(12):3871-9.)
**Gene expression profiles compared. Shared survival pathway between MBCL and HL

*'''NCI, 2002''' {{PMID|12075054}} -- &quot;The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma.&quot; (Rosenwald A, N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 20;346(25):1937-47.)
**Biopsy samples of 240 patients examined with DNA microarrays. 17 gene-set predictor developed
**Gene array independent predictor to IPS 

*'''Stanford, 2000''' {{PMID|10676951}} -- &quot;Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling.&quot; (Alizadeh AA, Nature. 2000 Feb 3;403(6769):503-11.)
**DNA microarrays to conduct a systemic characterization of gene expression
**Two molecularly distinct types: 1) Germinal Center and 2) Activated B-like
**OS significantly better for Germinal Center patients


==Primary Mediastinal Large B-cell==
*Epidemiology: 
**2% of NHL patients
**Tends to affect younger women
*Clinical presentation: 
**Rapidly growing (bulky &gt;10cm) mediastinal mass, often with respiratory symptoms
**Up to 50% can have symptoms of SVC syndrome (facial edeme, neck vein distension, upper extremity edema
*Criteria
**No clear definition for Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma
**Various definitions include:
***Some: restrict only to tumors with sclerosis and clear-cell morphology or only with involved thymic tissue
***Restricted to low-stage disease or excluding extrathoracic involvement
***&quot;a [DLBCL] that either presents with disease limited to the mediastinal field or more advanced presentations with the dominant site of disease in the mediastinum&quot; (Rodriguez 1994, {{PMID|8001905}})
***mediastinal mass of at least 5 cm with no extramediastinal mass larger than that in the mediastinum (Abou-Elella 1999, {{PMID|10071267}})
*Pathology
**Believed to arise from thymic B-cells
**Have bcl-6 translocation, but also gain in Janus kinase (JAK-2), bcl-2 translocation absent
**Striking clinical, immunologic, and molecular similarities to Hodgkin's disease (NScHL), but cells retain B-cell differentiation markers (eg CD20), and lack Reed-Sternberg cells
*Treatment
**''Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Specific_sites#Primary_Mediastinal_Large_B-Cell_Lymphoma_.28PMBCL.29|Specific Sites]] section for more detail''
**Some evidence that dose-intensified therapy (eg MACOP-B, VACOP-B, DA-EPOCH) may be superior to CHOP. Role of Rituxan is unclear, but magnitude of benefit probably similar to DLBCL.  Dunleavy article in [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Specific_sites#Primary_Mediastinal_Large_B-Cell_Lymphoma_.28PMBCL.29|Specific Sites]] section suggests the need for radiotherapy is significantly reduced with DA-EPOCH-R. 
**Many patients given consolidative RT for bulky/residual disease, but role of RT somewhat unclear
*Outcome
**Somewhat more aggressive course, despite younger age, with similar survival as DLBCL
**Rarity of relapses past 2 years

==Reviews==
*JCO 2005 - {{PMID|16155024}} &amp;mdash; &quot;State-of-the-Art Therapeutics: Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.&quot; Coiffier B et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 23, No 26 (September 10), 2005: pp. 6387-6393.

==Treatment==
Please see [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Treatment_high_grade|Aggressive lymphoma]] treatment section</text>
      <sha1>1t9g4g8qnhsbj3vvzio7761mu2xg423</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/NK T cell lymphoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673409</id>
      <parentid>1747075</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673409</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5111" sha1="ah9jlepa6ozu1vdvzkeg83l9ph8pacp" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation Oncology/NHL:TOC}}

==Nasal NK/T lymphoma==
===History===
Before 2000, NK/T lymphomas were not a clearly-defined entity and were lumped together with other lymphomas of the nasal cavity.
===Clinical features===
NK cell has worse prognosis than B or T cell lymphoma.
&lt;br&gt;Nasal lymphomas in Western populations have a better prognosis than in Asian countries. This may be due to a higher proportion of NK lymphomas or EBV-associated tumors in Asia.

*Hong Kong, 1998 - {{PMID|9440725}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the nose and nasopharynx: clinical features, tumor immunophenotype, and treatment outcome in 113 patients.&quot; Cheung MM et al. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jan;16(1):70-7. 
**113 pts.

===Treatment===
====Overview====
RT is recommended as the primary treatment. Consolidative CT should be considered for pts with adverse risk factors or Stage IIE disease.

====Modality====
*'''Japan, JCOG0211''' - phase I/II
**33 pts total; 23 pts on phase II. Stage IE-IIE. Concurrent chemo/RT with 50 Gy and DeVIC (dexamethasone, etoposide, ifosfamide, carboplatin) x 3 courses.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19805668}} -- &quot;Phase I/II study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0211.&quot; (Yamaguchi M, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 20;27(33):5594-600.)
***27 pts treated to recommended dose from phase I. Median f/u 32 months. 2-yr OS 78%. (Historical control of RT alone: 45%) 77% with CR, 1 pt with PR.
**Conclusion: chemo/RT is safe and effective

*'''Korea''' - phase II
**30 pts. Stage IE-IIE. Concurrent chemo/RT with median 40 Gy and weekly cisplatin. Followed by 3 cycles of VIPD (etoposide, ifosfamide, cisplatin, dexamethasone).
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19884539}} -- &quot;Phase II trial of concurrent radiation and weekly cisplatin followed by VIPD chemotherapy in newly diagnosed, stage IE to IIE, nasal, extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma study.&quot; (Kim SJ, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Dec 10;27(35):6027-32.)
***Response rate to cisplatin+RT: 100% (73% CR, 27% PR). Overall CR rate (after VIPD): 80%. 
***3-yr PFS 85%, OS 86%. 
**Conclusion: recommend concurrent chemo/RT

'''''Retrospective data:'''''
*Hong Kong, 1995 (1975-93) - {{PMID|7884427}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment outcome and prognostic factors for primary nasal lymphoma.&quot; Liang R et al. J Clin Oncol. 1995 Mar;13(3):666-70. 
**Retrospective. 100 pts. Various types (many were T-cell). RT alone or chemo-&gt;RT.

*MDACC, 1997 (1947-93) - {{PMID|9241082}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Lymphoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: improved outcome and altered prognostic factors with combined modality therapy.&quot; Logsdon MD et al. Cancer. 1997 Aug 1;80(3):477-88. 
**''Note:'' per the Working Formulation, most were diffuse large cell type. Immunophenotype was not available for most patients.
**Retrospective. 70 pts. Western population. 
**Improved FFP in those treated with CMT vs RT alone. 

*Hong Kong, 2002 (1977-2001) - {{PMID|12182990}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Early stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: clinical outcome, prognostic factors, and the effect of treatment modality.&quot; Cheung MM et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Sep 1;54(1):182-90.
**All pts are NK/T (CD56+). 79 pts (61 chemo+RT, 18 RT alone). CR in 68.4%. Of those, 44% relapsed. 5-yr DFS 35.5%, OS 37.9%. No difference between those treated with RT alone vs combined modality.

*South Korea, 2004 (1976-98) - {{PMID|15234048}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Angiocentric T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphomas: radiotherapeutic viewpoints.&quot; Koom WS et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 15;59(4):1127-37.
**102 pts. RT alone to median dose of 45 Gy. 72% CR, but most of those experienced relapse, and 47% of all pts had local failure.
**Conclusion: high local failure rate with RT alone. Plateau in dose response curve around 54 Gy.

*China, 2005 (1983-2003) - {{PMID|16382127}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiotherapy as primary treatment for stage IE and IIE nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma.&quot; Li YX et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 1;24(1):181-9. 
**Retrospective. 105 pts. Stage IE and IIE. Pts received RT alone or combined modality. Initial RT resulted in CR of 83% vs CR of 20% for initial chemotherapy. OS and PFS were similar for RT alone and CMT.
**Conclusion: recommend RT as primary therapy. Addition of CT does not lead to improved survival.

====RT dose====
Doses &gt;50 Gy are recommended.

*'''Japan''', Sakata - {{PMID|9208902}} - recommend &gt;50 Gy
*'''Japan''', Shikama - {{PMID|9240537}} - recommend &gt;50 Gy

==References==
*Review: {{PMID|9789607}} (1998) - &quot;Peripheral T-cell lymphomas: initial features, natural history, and prognostic factors in a series of 174 patients diagnosed according to the R.E.A.L. Classification.&quot; Lopez-Guillermo A et al. Ann Oncol. 1998 Aug;9(8):849-55.
*Review: {{PMID|9789605}} (1998) No abstract - &quot;Report of the European Task Force on Lymphomas: workshop on peripheral T-cell lymphomas.&quot; Campo E et al. Ann Oncol. 1998 Aug;9(8):835-43.
*Review: {{PMID|15233906}} (2004) - &quot;Treatment of T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.&quot; Evens AM et al. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2004 Aug;5(4):289-303.</text>
      <sha1>ah9jlepa6ozu1vdvzkeg83l9ph8pacp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Neuroblastoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49194</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673389</id>
      <parentid>4660762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673389</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22199" sha1="mhmkq0rb6cqa07x5e1se9lfzpyvfedq" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Neuroblastoma'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Epidemiology==
*A spectrum of tumors arising from primitive sympathetic ganglion cells
*Third most common childhood cancer (8-10%), after leukemia and brain tumors
**Most common extracranial solid malignancy of childhood
**Most common malignancy of infants (1/2 of all cases)
*Incidence 9/1,000,000 -&gt; ~650 children per year in U.S.
*Median age at diagnosis 17 months
**75% &lt;2 years
**90% &lt;5 years
*Majority is sporadic, although 1-2% appear autosomal dominant and present earlier
*Olfactory neuroblastoma, also known as [[Radiation Oncology/Esthesioneuroblastoma|esthesioneuroblastoma]], may be a related diagnosis

==Presentation==
*Has a broad spectrum of clinical presentations and paraneoplastic syndromes.  
*&quot;Quirky natural history&quot; from benign localized lesions to spontaneous remission of metastatic disease to aggressive widely disseminated tumors
*May arise in any portion of the sympathetic nervous system
**Adrenal gland 40%
**Abdominal ganglia 25%
**Thoracic ganglia 15%
**Cervical ganglia 5%
**Pelvic ganglia 5%
*Metastatic ~60% at presentation
**&quot;Favorable&quot; typically to liver, skin
**&quot;Unfavorable&quot; typically to bone marrow, bones (orbits, skull)
*Typical symptoms abdominal swelling or pain, diarrhea/constipation, bone pain, periorbital swelling
*Paraneoplastic syndromes (rare)
**Vasoactive intenstinal polypeptide secretion: intractable diarrhea
**Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (1-3%): dancing eye, rhythmic jerking, ataxia
*Spinal cord compression (7-15%) is an oncologic emergency
*Normal sympathetic tissues secrete catecholamines, [[w:Vanillylmandelic_acid|VMA]] or [[w:Homovanillic_acid|HVA]] noted in urine 90% of patients, but VMA or HVA screening no value

==Workup==
*History: diarrhea/constipation, ataxia
*Physical exam: neurologic function, skin mets (reddish-purple raised lesions), periorbital ecchimoses{{typo help inline|reason=similar to ecchymoses|date=August 2022}}
*Labs: urine catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, VMA and HVA)
*Imaging: Abdominal ultrasound, CT/MRI to define extent, bone scan, meta-iodobenzyl-guanidine (MIBG, chemical analog of norepinephrine) scan
*Bone marrow biopsy

==Pathology==
*Spectrum of tumors arising from primitive sympathetic ganglion cells (least to more differentiated): 
**Neuroblastoma (~85%)
**Ganglioneuroblastoma (~10%)
**Ganglioneuroma (~1%) - considered a benign tumor 
*Classification based on balance between neural-type cells (primitive neuroblasts, maturing neuroblasts, ganglion cells) and stromal Schwann-type cells (Schwannian blasts, mature Schwann cells)
*Most undifferentiated neuroblastomas are composed entirely of neuroblasts with scant Schwannian (stromal) cells ([[Radiation_Oncology/Small_round_blue_cell_tumors|small, round, blue cells]])
*Positive for: neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, neuronal filaments, S100, NB84
*Shimada system (&quot;favorable&quot; vs. &quot;unfavorable&quot;) - based on patient age, rich or poor stroma, nodularity, degree of differentiation, mitosis-karyorrhexis index (MKI)
*International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification System ({{PMID|10421273}}, 1999)
**Favorable: 
***Neuroblastoma, &lt;1.5 years old, poorly differentiated or differentiating with low/intermediate MKI tumor
***Neuroblastoma, 1.5-5 years old, differentiating and low MKI tumor
***Ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed
***Ganglioneuroma
**Unfavorable:
***&lt;1.5 years old, undifferentiated or high MKI tumor
***1.5-5 years old, undifferentiated/poorly differentiated tumor or intermediate/high MKI tumor
***&gt;5 years old, any tumor
***Ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular

==Molecular biology==
*More aggressive
**MYCN gene amplification (5-400x) in ~25%. MYCN is a DNA binding transcription factor known to cause malignant transformation. Infants 4S with MYCN 3-year OS &lt;50% vs. without MYCN &gt;90%
**Chromosomal deletions 1p (in 23%) and 11q (in 35%)
**Chromosomal gains 17q (in ~50%)
*Less aggressive:
**DNA ploidy. 2-year EFS triploid 94% vs. diploid MYCN- 45% vs. diploid MYCN+ 11%

==Staging==
===International Neuroblastoma Risk Groups Staging System (INRGSS)===
'''Staging System; 2009''' ({{PMID|19047290}})
*Developed because INSS staging system is based on degree of surgical resection, and therefore is not suitable for induction approaches. This system allows for worldwide comparisons of outcomes based on pretreatment characteristics
*Stage L1 - Localized tumor not involving vital structures as defined by the list of image-defined risk factors and confined to one body component
*Stage L2 - Locoregional tumor with presence of one or more image-defined risk factors
**Extension across two body compartments: Neck-chest; chest-abdomen; abdomen-pelvis
**Neck: Tumor encasing carotid and/or vertebral artery and/or internal jugular vein, tumor extending to base of skull, tumor compressing the trachea 
**Cervico-thoracic junction: Tumor encasing brachial plexus roots; tumor encasing subclavian vessels and/or vertebral and/or carotid artery; tumor compressing the trachea 
**Thorax: Tumor encasing the aorta and/or major branches; tumor compressing the trachea and/or principal bronchi; lower mediastinal tumor, infiltrating the costo-vertebral junction between T9 and T12 
**Thoraco-abdominal: Tumor encasing the aorta and/or vena cava 
**Abdomen/pelvis: Tumor infiltrating the porta hepatis and/or the hepatoduodenal ligament; tumor encasing branches of the superior mesenteric artery at the mesenteric root; tumor encasing the origin of the coeliac axis, and/or of the superior mesenteric artery; tumor invading one or both renal pedicles; tumor encasing the aorta and/or vena cava; tumor encasing the iliac vessels; pelvic tumor crossing the sciatic notch 
**Intraspinal tumor extension whatever the location provided that: More than one third of the spinal canal in the axial plane is invaded and/or the perimedullary leptomeningeal spaces are not visible and/or the spinal cord signal is abnormal
**Infiltration of adjacent organs/structures: Pericardium, diaphragm, kidney, liver, duodeno-pancreatic block, and mesentery
**Conditions to be recorded, but not considered IDRFs: Multifocal primary tumors; pleural effusion, with or without malignant cells; ascites, with or without malignant cells 
*Stage M - Distant metastatic disease (except stage MS)
*Stage MS - Metastatic disease in children younger than 18 months with metastases confined to skin, liver, and/or bone marrow

===International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS)===
'''Revised; 1993''' ({{PMID|8336186}})
*Stage 1 - Localized tumor. Complete gross excision, with or without microscopic residual disease. Representative ipsilateral lymph nodes negative microscopically (nodes attached and removed with the primary tumor may be positive)
*Stage 2A - Localized tumor with incomplete gross excision. Representative ipsilateral nonadherent lymph nodes negative microscopically
*Stage 2B - Localized tumor with or without incomplete gross excision. Positive nonadherent ipsilateral lymph nodes. Enlarged contralateral lymph nodes negative microscopically
*Stage 3 - Unresectable tumor infiltrating across the midline with or without regional lymph node involvement. Unilateral tumor with contralateral regional lymph node involvement. Midline tumor with bilateral extension by infiltration (unresectable) or by regional lymph node involvement
*Stage 4 - Dissemination of tumor to distant lymph nodes, bone, bone marrow, liver, and/or other organs (except as defined for stage 4S)
*Stage 4S - Localized primary tumor as defined for Stage 1, 2A or 2B. Dissemination limited to liver, skin and/or &lt;10% of bone marrow (in infants &lt;1 year of age)

'''Original; 1988''' ({{PMID|8336186}})
*Stage 1 - Localized tumor confined to the area of origin. Complete gross excision, with or without microscopic residual disease. Identifiable ipsilateral and contralateral lymph nodes negative microscopically
*Stage 2A - Unilateral tumor with incomplete gross excision. Identifiable ipsilateral and contralateral lymph nodes negative microscopically
*Stage 2B - Unilateral tumor with incomplete gross excision. Positive ipsilateral lymph nodes. Identifiable contralateral lymph nodes negative microscopically
*Stage 3 - Tumor infiltrating across the midline with or without regional lymph node involvement. Unilateral tumor with contralateral regional lymph nodes involvement. Midline tumor with bilateral regional lymph node involvement
*Stage 4 - Dissemination of tumor to distant lymph nodes, bone, bone marrow, liver, and/or other organs (except as defined in stage 4S)
*Stage 4B - Localized primary tumor as defined for Stage 1 or 2. Dissemination limited to liver, skin and/or bone marrow

===Previous staging systems===
*'''St. Jude / POG; 1983''' - {{PMID|6848729}} (1983)
**Surgicalpathologic staging
**POG A: Complete gross resection of primary, lymph nodes not adherent to primary tumor are negative, liver is histologically negative
**POG B: Grossly unresected primary tumor, LN -, liver –
**POG C: Complete or incomplete resection, LN+, liver –
**POG D: Distant LN, bone, bone marrow, liver or skin
**POG DS: Infants&lt; 1yr with stage IV-S
*'''Children's Cancer Study Group (CCSG); 1971''' (Evans, 1971, {{PMID|5100400}}; Evans, 1980, {{PMID|7370930}})
**Clinical staging
**Evans I: Tumor confined to organ or structure
**Evans II: Tumor extending in continuity beyond organ but not crossing midline or involved ipsilateral lymph nodes
**Evans III: Tumor extending beyond midline or involved bilateral lymph nodes
**Evans IV: Remote disease involving bone, bone marrow, soft tissue or distant lymph nodes
**Evans IV-S: Stage I or II except for presence of mets to liver, skin marrow.

==Risk groups==
'''INRG Risk Groups; 2009''' ({{PMID|19047291}})
*Prognostic factors: INRG Stage (see above), Age, Histology, Grade, MYCN, 11q aberration, Ploidy
*Pretreatment categories: 16 (A-R)
*Pretreatment risk groups: Very low, Low, Intermediate, High

{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}};  border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
!INRG Stage
!Age
!Histology
!Grade
!MYCN
!11q
!Ploidy
!Risk Group
!Risk
|-
|L1/L2
|&amp;nbsp;
|GN maturing&lt;br&gt;
GNB intermixed
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
! A
! Very low
|-
|L1
|&amp;nbsp;
|any except&lt;br&gt;
Risk Group A
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
! B
! Very low
|-
|L1
|&amp;nbsp;
|any except&lt;br&gt;
Risk Group A
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | Amp
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
! K
! High
|-
|L2
|&lt;1.5
|any except&lt;br&gt;
Risk Group A
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
|No
|&amp;nbsp;
! D
! Low
|-
|L2
|&lt;1.5
|any except&lt;br&gt;
Risk Group A
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
|Yes
|&amp;nbsp;
! G
! Intermediate
|-
|L2
|&amp;ge; 1.5
|GNB nodular&lt;br&gt;
NB
|Differentiating
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
|No
|&amp;nbsp;
! E
! Low
|-
|L2
|&amp;ge; 1.5
|GNB nodular&lt;br&gt;
NB
|Differentiating
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
|Yes
|&amp;nbsp;
! H
! Intermediate
|-
|L2
|&amp;ge; 1.5
|GNB nodular&lt;br&gt;
NB
|Poorly differentiated
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
! H
! Intermediate
|-
|L2
|&amp;ge; 1.5
|GNB nodular&lt;br&gt;
NB
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | Amp
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
! N
! High
|-
|M
|&lt; 1.5
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
|&amp;nbsp;
|Hyperdiploid
! F
! Low
|-
|M
|&lt; 1
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
|&amp;nbsp;
|Diploid
! I
! Intermediate
|-
|M
| 1-1.5
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
|&amp;nbsp;
|Diploid
! J
! Intermediate
|-
|M
|&lt; 1.5
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | Amp
|&amp;nbsp;
|Diploid
! O
! High
|-
|M
| &amp;ge; 1.5
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
! P
! High
|-
|MS
| &lt; 1.5
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
| No
|&amp;nbsp;
! C
! Very low
|-
|MS
| &lt; 1.5
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | No
| Yes
|&amp;nbsp;
! Q
! High
|-
|MS
| &lt; 1.5
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|align=&quot;center&quot; | Amp
| &amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
! R
! High
|-
|colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;align: center; text-align: center;&quot; |  
{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}};  width: 500px&quot; &lt;!-- The nested table must be on a new line --&gt;
| '''Blank field''' = &quot;any&quot;; '''diploid''' = (DNA index &amp;le; 1.0); '''hyperdiploid''' = (DNA index &amp;gt; 1.0 and includes near-triploid and near-tetraploid tumors); '''GN''' = ganglioneuroma; '''GNB''' = ganglioneuroblastoma; '''Amp''' = amplified; '''L1''' = localized tumor confined to one body compartment and with absence of image-defined risk factors (IDRFs); '''L2''' = locoregional tumor with presence of one or more IDRFs; '''M''' = distant metastatic disease (except stage MS); '''MS''' = metastatic disease confined to skin, liver and/or bone marrow in children &amp;lt; 18 months of age. '''Very Low Risk''' = 5y EFS &amp;gt; 85%; '''Low Risk''' = 5y EFS &amp;ge; 75% to 85%; '''Intermediate Risk''' = 5y EFS &amp;ge; 50% to 75%; '''High Risk''' = 5y EFS &amp;lt; 50%. EFS = eventfree survival.
|}
|}


'''POG Risk Groups:'''
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}};  border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
!Risk group
!INSS stage
!Age
!N-Myc amplified
!Histology
!Shimada ploidy
|-
!Low
|'''Stage 1'''
|any
|any
|any
|any
|-
!Low
|'''Stage 2A/B'''
|any except as below
|any
|any
|any
|-
!Low
|'''Stage 4S'''
|Infant
|'''No'''
|any
|'''&gt;1'''
|-
!Intermediate
|'''Stage 3'''
|'''Infant'''
|'''No'''
|any
|any
|-
!Intermediate
|'''Stage 3'''
|'''&gt;1 yr'''
|'''No'''
|'''Favorable'''
|any
|-
!Intermediate
|'''Stage 4'''
|'''Infant'''
|'''No'''
|any
|any
|-
!Intermediate
|'''Stage 4S'''
|Infant
|'''No'''
|'''Unfavorable'''
|any
|-
!Intermediate
|'''Stage 4S'''
|Infant
|'''No'''
|any
|'''=1'''
|-
!High
|'''Stage 2A/2B'''
|'''&gt;1 yr'''
|'''Yes'''
|'''Unfavorable'''
|any
|-
!High
|'''Stage 3'''
|'''Infant'''
|'''Yes'''
|any
|any
|-
!High
|'''Stage 3'''
|'''&gt;1 yr'''
|colspan=2|'''Amp ''or'' Unfavorable'''
|any
|-
!High
|'''Stage 4'''
|'''Infant'''
|'''Yes'''
|any
|any
|-
!High
|'''Stage 4'''
|'''&gt;1 yr'''
|any
|any
|any
|-
!High
|'''Stage 4S'''
|Infant
|'''Yes'''
|any
|any
|}
*Stage 1-2 - always low risk
*Stage 3 - intermediate or high risk
*Stage 4 - intermediate or high risk
*Stage 4S - can be low, int, or high risk

==Studies==
'''''Risk-related therapy:'''''
*'''POG 8743''' - {{PMID|9060959}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Genetic staging of unresectable or metastatic neuroblastoma in infants: a Pediatric Oncology Group study.&quot; Bowman LC et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Mar 5;89(5):373-80.
*:Infants. Treated with standard chemotherapy. Showed that pts who were hyperdiploid had more favorable responses compared to diploid pts. NYMC gene amplification and elevated LDH were predictive for worse outcome.
*'''POG 9243''' - 
*'''POG 8742''' and '''POG 9244''' - {{PMID|9516866}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Event-free survival of children with biologically favorable neuroblastoma based on the degree of initial tumor resection: results from the Pediatric Oncology Group.&quot; Strother D et al. Eur J Cancer. 1997 Oct;33(12):2121-5.
*:Pts &gt; 1 yr old, INSS Stages 2B and 3. 

===Low-risk===
*'''POG 9641''' NCT00003119
**Purpose: supportive-care only for low risk disease
**Results: For all 915 eligible patients, 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and OS were 89% ± 1% and 97% ± 1%, respectively. For patients with asymptomatic stage 2a or 2b disease, 5-year EFS and OS were 87% ± 2% and 96% ± 1%, respectively. Among patients with stage 2b disease, EFS and OS were significantly lower for those with unfavorable histology or diploid tumors, and OS was significantly lower for those ≥ 18 months old. For patients with stage 1 and 4s NBL, 5-year OS rates were 99% ± 1% and 91% ± 1%, respectively. Patients who required chemotherapy at diagnosis achieved 5-year OS of 98% ± 1%. Of all patients observed after surgery, 11.1% experienced recurrence or progression of disease.
**Conclusion: Excellent survival rates can be achieved in asymptomatic low-risk patients with stages 2a and 2b NBL after surgery alone. Immediate use of chemotherapy may be restricted to a minority of patients with low-risk NBL. Patients with stage 2b disease who are older or have diploid or unfavorable histology tumors fare less well. Future studies will seek to refine risk classification.


*'''GPOH NB95-S and NB97''' (Germany)(1995-2004)
**Prospective. 340 infants, age &lt;1 year, with Stage 1-3, and MYCN-. Surgery if risk of operation was low (56%); chemotherapy only if threatening symptoms (17%). 93 patients (27%) observed with U/S q6 weeks and MRI q3 months. 
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18349403}} -- &quot;Localized infant neuroblastomas often show spontaneous regression: results of the prospective trials NB95-S and NB97.&quot; (Hero B, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Mar 20;26(9):1504-10.)
***Subset analysis of 93 patients who were observed only.
***Outcome: spontaneous regression 47%, no change 11%, local progression/stage 4S progression 38%, stage 4 progression 4%. Time-to-regression variable, 1-18 months after diagnosis, in 34% patients &gt;1 year. Median OS, 3-year OS and MDFS not different from patients treated with surgery or chemotherapy
***Conclusion: Spontaneous regression seen regularly in infants with localized neuroblastoma, and not limited to first year of life. Wait-and-see strategy justified

===Stage 1-2===
'''''Surgery alone:'''''
*'''POG 8104 / POG 8441''' (1981-86)
**Prospective. 101 pts with POG / St Jude Stage A (same as INSS 1 but allows for lymph nodes adherent to tumor but removed in resection). Protocol allowed all stages, but this report focuses on Stage A.
***Treatment: Surgical excision alone.
**{{PMID|3411339}}, 1988 &amp;mdash; &quot;Localized neuroblastoma treated by surgery: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study.&quot; Nitschke R et al. J Clin Oncol. 1988 Aug;6(8):1271-9.
***2-yr DFS 89%
**Conclusion: surgery is sufficient treatment for Stage A (equivalent to Stage 1).

===Stage 3-4===
'''''High risk:'''''
*'''CCG 3891''' (1991-96)
**Randomized. 539 pts. High-risk, Evans Stage IV, or Stage III with MYCN amplification, elevated ferritin, or unfavorable histology. 
***''Initial chemotherapy:'' 5 cycles of cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide. ''Surgery and RT:'' given between cycles 4+5 for gross residual disease. 
***Randomized to: 1) Myeloablative therapy and ABMT with TBI vs. 2) intensive nonmyeloablative chemo (cisplatin, etoposide, doxorubicin, ifosfamide x 3 cycles)
***2nd randomization: +/- 6 cycles of 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin)
**{{PMID|10519894}}, 1999 &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. Children's Cancer Group.&quot; Matthay KK et al. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 14;341(16):1165-73. 
***3-yr EFS 34% (ABMT) vs 22%, 46% (retinoic acid) vs 29%. 
**Conclusion: survival benefit for ABMT and 13-cis-retinoic acid in high risk pts.

===Stage 4S===
*'''CCG 3881''' (1989-95)
**Prospective. 80 pts. Evans Stage IV-S (concordant with INSS 4S). Surgical staging in 49. Trial enrolled good, intermediate, and selected poor-risk neuroblastoma, but report focuses on Stage IV-S pts only. 
***Treatment: supportive care only.  31 pts had resection. Chemo +/- RT was given for rapid tumor growth and compromise of vital organs. 
**{{PMID|10653863}}, 2000 &amp;mdash; &quot;Favorable biology and outcome of stage IV-S neuroblastoma with supportive care or minimal therapy: a Children's Cancer Group study.&quot; Nickerson HJ et al. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Feb;18(3):477-86.
***Median f/u 43 mos. 5-yr EFS was 86%, OS 92%. Supportive care alone was possible in 57% of pts.  EFS worse for infants &lt; 2 months age. Favorable histology in 96%, no pts had MYCN amplification. 
**Conclusion: many pts with Stage 4S have excellent survival with no therapy. 

===Abdominal neuroblastoma===
*'''Emory; 2005''' {{PMID|16302219}} -- &quot;Comparison of conventional to intensity modulated radiation therapy for abdominal neuroblastoma.&quot; (Paulino AC, Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005 Nov 21; [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 6 children, 3 different RT techniques compared
***Technique A: parallel-opposed AP/PA fields to midline
***Technique B: IMRT, CTV = tumor after chemo + 1.5 cm margin; PTV = CTV + 0.5 cm margin
***Technique C: as B + vertebral bodies included in PTV
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Dose to the PTV and CTV were not significantly different using the three techniques. Although Technique C was the best method of RT delivery in ''midline tumors'' with respect to kidney doses, this was at a cost of a higher mean dose to the liver, stomach, and spleen. This, together with the theoretical increase in secondary malignancies, should be considered when treating a child with IMRT techniques. IMRT was not found to be better than the conventional AP/PA field for ''lateralized tumors''.&quot;

==Treatment Overview==
*'''Low-risk:''' 
**Surgery alone
**Chemotherapy for persistence or recurrence (carbo/etoposide or carbo/cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin)
**RT for recurrence salvage
*'''Intermediate-risk:''' 
**Surgery followed by chemotherapy
**Chemotherapy: Short course of chemotherapy (4 courses) if favorable histology. Longer course (8 courses) if unfavorable histology. 
**RT (18 to 30 Gy) for local persistence or recurrence of disease
*'''High-risk:''' 
**Initial resection or biopsy
**Aggressive induction chemotherapy
**Maximal surgical resection to achieve a complete response or debulk tumor
**Myeloablative therapy and ABMT (may use total body irradiation)
**Consolidative RT to post-induction primary and metastatic sites with persistent MIBG avidity on pretransplant scans
*'''4S:'''
**If acute respiratory or abdominal compartment syndrome due to massive liver enlargement

==Radiation technique==
*Fields (per Perez 8th edition)
**Primary tumor + 2cm margin to block edge
**Regional lymph nodes if they were radiographically or pathologically involved at any time during disease course
**Elective mediastinal irradiation is typically not recommended due to significant morbidity
*Dose
**Children &lt; 18 months: 15 Gy + 5-10 Gy boost
**Older children: 15-20 Gy + 5-10 Gy boost
**Stage 4S: 4.5 Gy in 3 fractions (1.5 Gy/fx) for liver.

==External links==
*[http://www.medhelp.org/lib/cancernet/100530.htm medhelp.org] - Good resource with staging, etc.</text>
      <sha1>mhmkq0rb6cqa07x5e1se9lfzpyvfedq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Liver/Liver Mets</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673130</id>
      <parentid>4414591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:24:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1831" sha1="kk1qj75vmic9gf4tmlx6a3nvbxloz53" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}
==Overview==
*Liver is the second most frequently metastatic organ, after lymph nodes
**Rich dual vascular supply and cell-promoting humoral factors
*In US/Europe, liver mets are much more frequent than primary liver tumors
*Primaries most commonly going to liver:
**Adults: the eye, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and lung 
**Children: neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and leukemia
*Seeding: 77% both lobes, 10% single lesions. Multiple mets often vary in size, suggesting seeding from primary in waves
*Imaging: With an equivalent specificity, PET is the most sensitive (vs. U/S, CT, MRI)
*Treatment options:
**Surgery
**Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE)
**Ablation (Cryoablation, Microwave ablation, EtOH ablation, RF ablation, Laser ablation
**RT historically not used due to low median liver tolerance, but now increasing interest with conformal therapy and stereotactic radiotherapy
*Survival:
**Colorectal primary: resection can offer cure, 5-year survival 20-40%
**Breast, lung, pancreas primary: poor due to usually widespread metastatic disease outside of liver


==Treatment==
Most studies include both mets and primary liver cancer; for now they are kept together. 
&lt;p&gt;'''Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Liver/Treatment|Liver/Treatment]] page'''.&lt;/p&gt;


===Surgery===
*'''MSKCC; 2007''' (1985-1994) {{PMID|17925551}} -- &quot;Actual 10-year survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases defines cure.&quot; (Tomlinson JS, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 10;25(29):4575-80.)
**Retrospective. 612 consecutive patients, 102 10-year survivors 
**Outcome: If survive 10 years, 97% DSS; if survive 5 years, 66% DSS
**Initial factors: 50% N+, 39% &gt;1 met, 35% tumor size &gt;5cm, 25% bilobar mets, 7% synchronous disease
**Conclusion: Almost 20% cure in well-selected patients with CRC liver mets</text>
      <sha1>kk1qj75vmic9gf4tmlx6a3nvbxloz53</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Liver/Overview</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673135</id>
      <parentid>3391064</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:25:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2733" sha1="88org5bqwhommw09veutceoi7v86u9v" xml:space="preserve">{{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/TOC}}
==Liver anatomy==
The liver is divided anatomically into the left and right lobes, but surgically is divided into the left and right liver which does not correlate with the anatomic lobes.  The left and right liver contain four segments each. 
*The left part of the liver contains segments I to IV: 
**caudate lobe (I)
**lateral segment (II and III)
**medial segment (IV).  Division between lateral and medial segment is a line between the gallbladder and IVC, which is the same as dividing at the falciform ligament.  
*The right part of the liver consists of segments V to VIII: 
**anterior segment (V and VIII) 
**posterior segment (VI and VII).  The division between the anterior and posterior segments is the right hepatic vein.  The division between the anterior segment from the left part of the liver is the middle hepatic vein.  


==Child-Pugh Scoring==
The score employs five clinical measures of liver disease. Each measure is scored 1-3, with 3 indicating most severe derangement.

{| cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1 style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse&quot;
|bgcolor=&quot;#aaaadd&quot;| '''Measure'''
|bgcolor=&quot;#aaaadd&quot;| '''1 point'''
|bgcolor=&quot;#aaaadd&quot;| '''2 points'''
|bgcolor=&quot;#aaaadd&quot;| '''3 points'''
|-
| ''Bilirubin (total)''
| &lt;2
| 2-3
| &gt;3
|-
| ''Serum albumin''
| &gt;3.5
| 2.8-3.5
| &lt;2.8
|-
| ''INR''
| &lt;1.7
| 1.71-2.20
| &gt; 2.20
|-
| ''Ascites''
| None
| Suppressed with medication
| Refractory
|-
| ''Hepatic encephalopathy''
| None
| Grade I-II (or suppressed with medication)
| Grade III-IV (or refractory)
|}


Chronic liver disease is classified into Child-Pugh class A to C, employing the added score from above.

{| cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1 style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse&quot;
|bgcolor=&quot;#aaaadd&quot;| '''Points'''
|bgcolor=&quot;#aaaadd&quot;| '''Class'''
|bgcolor=&quot;#aaaadd&quot;| '''1-year OS'''
|bgcolor=&quot;#aaaadd&quot;| '''2-year OS'''
|-
| 5-6
| A
| 100%
| 85%

|-
| 7-9
| B
| 81%
| 57%

|-
| 10-15
| C
| 45%
| 35%
|}


==Liver RT Tolerance==
Whole liver radiation tolerance is ~30 Gy, which is not sufficient for &quot;cure&quot; but is sufficient for palliation of painful disease. Partial liver tolerance depends on the volume irradiated. Partial liver dose escalation to 70+ Gy has been reported, and there does appear to be some dose-response relationship. Similarly, efforts are underway to explore the role of stereotactic radiosurgery, with single doses as high as 26 Gy reported.

:''Please See:'' the [[Radiation Oncology/Normal tissue tolerance#Liver|Liver]] section under the [[Radiation Oncology/Normal tissue tolerance|Normal tissue tolerance]] page

==Reviews==
*{{PMID|16250051}}, 2005 &amp;mdash; &quot;Management of hepatocellular carcinoma.&quot; Bruix J et al. Hepatology. 2005 Nov;42(5):1208-36.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>88org5bqwhommw09veutceoi7v86u9v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Liver/Treatment</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673158</id>
      <parentid>4092187</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:28:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36475" sha1="3o8qtrfvcgx8nz6sel6alg79lhqgoeh" xml:space="preserve">{{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/TOC}}
==EBRT Whole Liver==
Given the low whole-liver tolerance (~30 Gy), whole liver RT has been used historically (prior to development of conformal therapy) for palliation of painful primary and metastatic liver disease. Up to 90% of patients may report improvement in pain control. Overall survival is short (~6 months), and not improved with RT. Several RTOG attempts at improving whole-liver RT efficacy have not shown much benefit (hyperfractionation, misonidazole radiosensitization, radiolabelled antiferritin and CEA antibodies).


Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Liver/Treatment/Whole_Liver_RT|Whole Liver RT]] section for literature review.


==EBRT Conformal==
*'''Guangxi China 1999-03''' {{PMID|15812834}} -- ''Hypofractionated three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for primary liver carcinoma.'' ('''2005 Liang''' SX, Cancer. 2005 May 15;103(10):2181-8.)
**Retrospective. 128 patients with inoperable primary liver CA; mean GTV 459 cm3, mean dose 53.6 Gy at average 4.9 Gy/fx
**Response: 55%, median survival 20 months
**Toxicity: RILD 15%, GI 8/125 patients
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Hypofractionated 3DCRT is effective in carefully selected patients with PLC. Gastrointestinal complications and RILD were the most distinct complications.&quot;

*'''Changhua Taiwan 1999-03''' {{PMID|15466827}} -- ''Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients who had failed with or were unsuited for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.'' ('''2004 Liu''' MT, Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2004 Sep;34(9):532-9.)
**Retrospective. 44 patients treated with 3D-CRT after failed/unsuitable for TACE
**Response: 61%, median survival 15.2 months
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Although we do not know whether there is a survival benefit through the use of this treatment, 3DCRT seems to be a practical method of salvage for this subset of patients.&quot;

*'''Yonsei Korea''' 
**'''1994-00''' {{PMID|12957204}} -- ''Clinical results of 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic patients.'' ('''2003 Seong''' J, Hepatol Res. 2003 Sep;27(1):30-35.
***Retrospective. 50 HCC with liver cirrhosis (38 Child A, 12 Child B). Mean tumor size 8.3cm. Treated with TACE + 3D-CRT (mean 50.1 Gy) determined by fraction liver getting 50% dose
***Toxicity: 26% LFTs (no Grade 4), 12% RILD, 14% GI toxicity
***Partial response 66%; 3-year survival 43%
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Radiotherapy using 3-DCRT combined with TACE can achieve a substantial tumor response and survival rate for HCC in the cirrhotic patients.

**'''1992-00''' {{PMID|12527045}} -- ''Clinical results and prognostic factors in radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 158 patients.'' ('''2003 Seong''' J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Feb 1;55(2):329-36.)
***Retrospective. 158 unresectable HCC treated with RT (67 Stage III, 91 Stage IVA). Mean tumor 9.0cm, liver cirrhosis in 142. RT + transarterial chemo (107 patients) or salvage (51 patients). Mean RT dose 48.2 Gy
***2-year (5-year) OS: 30% (9%). Response rate 67%. RT dose only predictor of survival
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Local RT achieved substantial tumor regression and survival. The radiation dose was found to be a significant prognostic factor in the RT of hepatocellular carcinoma.&quot;

**'''1992-00''' {{PMID|12182985}} -- ''Dose-response relationship in local radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.'' ('''2002 Park''' HC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Sep 1;54(1):150-5.)
***Retrospective. 158 patients, no mets, no cirrhosis Class C, or tumor &gt;2/3 volume
***2-year survival (response): 20% (67%)
***Dose-response: &lt;40 Gy 29%, 40-50 Gy 69%, &gt;50 Gy 77%
***Toxicity: liver &lt;40 Gy 4.2%, 40-50 Gy 5.9%, &gt;50 Gy 8.4%; GI 4.2%, 9.9%, 13.2%
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The present study showed the existence of a dose-response relationship in local radiotherapy for primary HCC. Only the radiation dose was a significant factor for predicting an objective response.&quot; 

*'''Taipei Taiwan''' [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;q=cache:akfOzY19OWIJ:www.rsroc.org.tw/ejournal/article/V27/N6/270602.pdf+link:ig8a7w3o2sYJ:scholar.google.com/ Paper link] -- ''Hyperfractionated Three-dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy for Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Pilot Study'' ('''2002 Wang''' PM, Chin J Radiol 2002; 27: 281-287)
**Retrospective. 39 patients with HCC (&lt;5 cm) treated with 3D-CRT (45-75 Gy at 1.5 Gy/fx BID)
**Median survival: 16.5 months
**Toxicity: acute leukopenia 26%, LFTs 23%, GI toxicity 33%
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;hyperfractionated 3-D conformal RT may be a safe, effective treatment modality in small HCC patients with preserved liver function even if they have already been treated with other therapies.&quot; 

*'''Tsuchiura Japan''' {{PMID|11422619}} -- ''Radiation therapy in combination with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with extensive portal vein involvement.'' ('''2001 Tazawa''' J, J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001 Jun;16(6):660-5.)
**Prospective. 24 patients with HCC and extensive portal vein thrombosis treated with RT + TACE
**PVTT response: 50% CR/PR; Child's class only factor associated with local response
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The combined therapy is feasible and may be useful to reverse PVTT in patients with good hepatic function reserve.&quot;

*'''Michigan'''
**'''2000''' {{PMID|10829040}} -- ''Escalated focal liver radiation and concurrent hepatic artery fluorodeoxyuridine for unresectable intrahepatic malignancies.'' (Dawson LA, J Clin Oncol. 2000 Jun;18(11):2210-8.) 
***Prospective, phase I. 43 patients with unresectable intrahepatic hepatobiliary cancer (27 patients) and colorectal liver mets (16 patients). Large tumors (10x10x8). Median dose 58.5 Gy (1.5 BID) with concurrent FUdR.
***Escalated RT dose associated with improved OS and PFS. 
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The excellent response rate, prolonged intrahepatic control, and improved survival in patients treated with RT doses of 70 Gy or more motivate continuation of dose-escalation studies for patients with intrahepatic malignancies.&quot;
**'''1995''' {{PMID|7751185}} -- ''The treatment of colorectal liver metastases with conformal radiation therapy and regional chemotherapy.'' (Robertson JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 May 15;32(2):445-50.)
***Phase I/II. 22 patients with CRC mets, RT dose escalation + IAH FdUrd. RT given as 1.5-1.65 Gy/fx BID split-course to 48-72.6 Gy, depending on liver volume treated
***Response: 50% CR/PR; median survival 20 months. PR - 2 in-field failures, SD/PD - 5 in-field failures
***Toxicity: no clinical RILS
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Combined conformal radiation therapy and IAH FdUrd can produce an objective response in 50% of patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. However, response was not durable, and hepatic progression was frequent. Improvements in hepatic tumor control for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer may require higher doses of conformal radiation and/or improved radiosensitization. In an effort to increase radiosensitization, we have recently initiated a clinical trial combining IAH bromode-oxyuridine, a thymidine analog radiosensitizer, with conformal high dose radiation therapy.&quot;
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8391066}} -- ''Treatment of primary hepatobiliary cancers with conformal radiation therapy and regional chemotherapy.'' (Robertson JM, J Clin Oncol. 1993 Jul;11(7):1286-93.)
***26 patients with non-met primary HB cancer (6 diffuse HCC, 11 localized HCC, 9 CCA) treated with conformal RT (48-72.6 Gy @ 1.5/1.65 Gy/fx BID) + intraarterial FdUrd (see 1991 Lawrence below)
***Toxicity: 2 patient radiation hepatitis, 7 patients &gt;= Grade III toxicity (5/7 whole liver RT)
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;These findings suggest that three-dimensional planned focal liver radiation and IAH FdUrd can produce a high, durable response rate and an encouraging median survival duration in patients with nondiffuse, unresectable primary hepatobiliary cancer.&quot;
**'''1991''' {{PMID|1847363}} -- ''Treatment of cancers involving the liver and porta hepatis with external beam irradiation and intraarterial hepatic fluorodeoxyuridine.'' (Lawrence TS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Mar;20(3):555-61.)
***Phase I/II trial of RT (30 Gy total liver @ 1.5 Gy/fx BID + 15/30 Gy boost depending on DVH) + intraarterial FdUrd as radiosensitizer; 33 patients reported
***20 patients whole liver only, 6 patients 15 Gy boost, 7 patients 30 Gy boost
***Toxicity: GI but &lt;=Grade 2, 2 radiation hepatitis
***Response: 48% (14/29) had objective CT-scan response
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;These data suggest that the treatment of intrahepatic malignancies can be guided by the concept of DVH analysis of the normal liver to allow the safe administration of doses of radiation that are potentially tumoricidal and are well above those that would be predicted to be tolerable for the whole liver.&quot;

*'''Yonsei Korea 1993-97''' {{PMID|10889387}} -- ''Local radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients who failed with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.'' ('''2000 Seong''' J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jul 15;47(5):1331-5.)
**Prospective. 27 patients with unresectable HCC who failed TACE; mean tumor 7.2 cm, treated with conformal RT mean 51.8 Gy in 1.8 Gy/fx
**Response: 67% PR/CR, median survival 14 months from RT
**Toxicity: acute LFTs, thrombocytopenia, gastroduodenal ulcer/duodenitis
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;In unresectable HCC patients who failed with TACE, local RT induced a substantial tumor response of 66.7%, with a 3-year survival rate of 21.4% and a median survival time of 14 months. Toxicity was significant but manageable. Although we do not know if there is survival benefit through this treatment, local RT in these patients seems to be valuable as a salvage for TACE-failed HCC.&quot;

*'''Taiwan 1993-96''' {{PMID|10530500}} -- ''A pilot study of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.'' ('''1999 Cheng''' SH, J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Oct;14(10):1025-33.)
**Prospective. 13 patients (9 3D-CRT alone, 4 3D-CRT + TACE)
**Tumor median 15 cm (6-25cm); dose 40-60 Gy; PR 58%
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Our experience indicates that HCC is more radiosensitive than it was traditionally expected. Three-dimensional reconstruction of tumour and surrounding organs helps to avoid excessive exposure of the liver and adjacent organs to RT and makes it a safer treatment modality for unresectable HCC.&quot;

*'''Yonsei Korea 1992-94''' {{PMID|10030267}} -- ''Combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and local radiotherapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.'' ('''1999 Seong''' J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Jan 15;43(2):393-7.)
**Prospective. 30 patients with unresectable HCC. TACE + RT (mean 44 Gy)
**2-year survival (response): 33% (63%)
**Toxicity: transient LFTs, fever 67%, thrombocytopenia 13%
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Combined TACE and local RT is feasible and tolerable. It gives a 63.3% response rate with median survival of 17 months. We feel that this regimen would be a new promising modality in unresectable HCC.&quot;

*'''Yonsei Korea '''
**'''1988-91''' {{PMID|7975734}} -- ''Combined treatment of radiotherapy and hyperthermia for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.'' ('''1994 Seong''' J, Yonsei Med J. 1994 Sep;35(3):252-9.)
***Prospective. 84 patients treated with hyperthermia ~40C + EBRT 30.6 Gy
***Response: 40% regression &gt;50% tumor volume; symptomatic improvement in 79%
***Median survival (2-year OS): 6 months (20%)
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;In view of acceptable toxicities and the current rate of survival, further evaluation of combined treatment of radiotherapy and hyperthermia for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma is warranted.&quot;

**'''1988''' {{PMID|1281042}} -- ''Phase II trial for combined external radiotherapy and hyperthermia for unresectable hepatoma.'' ('''1992 Kim''' BS, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;31 Suppl:S119-27.)
***Phase II. Hyperthermia + EBRT 30.6 Gy
***Median survival: 34% (50% for partial response). Partial response 40%, relief in abdominal pain 79%. 
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;although this study is being continued, the results obtained thus for indicate that combined radiotherapy and hyperthermia seem to be effective in providing local tumor control and pain palliation in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma while producing an acceptable level of toxicity.&quot;

*'''Michigan''' {{PMID|2211241}} -- ''An application of dose volume histograms to the treatment of intrahepatic malignancies with radiation therapy.'' ('''1990 Lawrence''' TS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990 Oct;19(4):1041-7.)
**Protocol using DVH to determine dose to be delivered (45 Gy if &gt;50% liver could be excluded, 60 Gy if &gt;75% liver could be excluded)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;These results show that intrahepatic tumors can be safely treated with high doses of radiation when dose prescription is guided by the dose volume histogram of the normal liver.&quot;


===EBRT Treatment Planning===
*'''Michigan''' {{PMID|16095848}} -- ''Evaluating the influence of setup uncertainties on treatment planning for focal liver tumors.'' ('''2005 Balter''' JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Oct 1;63(2):610-4.)
**8 patients on protocol with online setup measurement/adjustment. Ventilatory immobilization.
**L-R variation: individual 2.5-5.7 mm, group 4.2 mm
**A-P variation: individual 2.1-8.3 mm, group 4.1 mm
**C-C variation: individual 4.1-10.8 mm, group 7.0 mm
**Initial static plan overestimated volume of liver treated to high dose, shifting some areas to lower doses due to setup uncertainties

*'''Duke''' {{PMID|16317267}} -- ''Retrospective clinicopathologic correlation of gross tumor size of hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for stereotactic body radiotherapy.'' ('''2005 Kelsey''' CR,  Am J Clin Oncol. 2005 Dec;28(6):576-80.)
**Retrospective. 18 patients with 27 tumors. Pre-op CT or MRI imaging compared to gross path
**Median radiographic size 2.9cm, median pathologic size 2.5cm. Radiographic size greater in 81% tumors
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Our study shows that in most instances (81%), imaging by CT or MRI overestimates true gross pathologic size of HCC. Nineteen percent of tumors appeared smaller on preoperative imaging than on the final pathologic specimen. Radiation therapy utilizing a 0.5 or 1.0 cm margin around the radiographic tumor would have encompassed the gross pathologic tumor in 93% and 100% of cases, respectively.&quot;

*'''Michigan''' {{PMID|15890602}} -- ''Benefit of using biologic parameters (EUD and NTCP) in IMRT optimization for treatment of intrahepatic tumors.'' ('''2005 Thomas''' E, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jun 1;62(2):571-8.)
**15 patients initially planned with 3D-CRT, replanned with IMRT to maximize generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) and NTCP
**IMRT significantly increased max gEUD by 11 Gy (high grade), 18 Gy (low grade), and 10 Gy (nonoverlap)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;We have successfully used mathematical/biologic models directly as cost functions within the optimizing process to produce IMRT plans that maximize the gEUD while maintaining compliance with a well-defined protocol for the treatment of intrahepatic cancer. For both PTV-organ-at-risk overlap and nonoverlap situations, IMRT has the capacity to improve the maximal dose achievable across the PTV, expressed in terms of the gEUD. The use of multiple noncoplanar beams appears to confer an advantage over fewer beams in cases with PTV-organ-at-risk overlap. When liver toxicity is the dose-limiting factor, high gEUD values are obtained most frequently when the field arrangement is chosen to provide the shortest possible transhepatic path length.&quot;

*'''Princess Margaret''' [http://astro2005.abstractsnet.com/pdfs/abstract_2088.pdf ASTRO Abstract] ''A Prospective Comparison Study of Liver Tumour Target Definition Based on Triphasic CT and Gadolinium MR'' ('''2005 Voroney''' JJ, ASTRO 2005 #2088)
**23 patients (CCA 4, HCC 10, liver mets 9) on protocol; liver immobilized using ABC/voluntary breath hold. Best CT (arterial phase for HCA, venous phase for CCA and mets), best MRI T1 gado
**Average GTV difference 11cc (1-263); CT GTV larger in 3/7 mets, 4/4 CCA, 6/11 HCA
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;MR defined GTVs can be significantly different than CT defined GTVs and this should be considered for high precision liver cancer radiotherapy.&quot;

*'''Princess Margaret''' {{PMID|14752735}} -- ''Interventions to reduce organ motion effects in radiation delivery.'' ('''2004 Dawson''' LA, Semin Radiat Oncol. 2004 Jan;14(1):76-80.)
**Review of 1) altering breathing patterns and 2) breath holding techniques

*'''Michigan''' {{PMID|14630287}} -- ''Alterations in normal liver doses due to organ motion.'' ('''2003 Rosu''' M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Dec 1;57(5):1472-9.)
**Recalculation of 40 patients to include effect of setup undertainties and liver motion due to patient breathing
**Actual minimum CTV dose met or exceeded PTV dose from static plan in 39/40 cases (=&gt;adquate PTV)
**However, clinically and statistically significan change in NTCP for tumors at top and bottom of liver (range from +12% to -12%); corresponding to dose adjustment -4 Gy to +8 Gy for original NTCP
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Although the PTV concept can ensure adequate CTV coverage, the doses to normal liver are incorrectly modeled without including patient-related geometric uncertainties.&quot;

*'''Memorial''' {{PMID|12573753}} -- ''Respiratory gating for liver tumors: use in dose escalation.'' ('''2003 Wagman''' R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Mar 1;55(3):659-68.)
**Prospective. 10 patients, 177 treatments. Evaluation of Varian Real-Time Positioning Monitor
**Reproducible decrease in organ motion with gating enabled reduction in GTV-to-PTV margin from 2 to 1 cm. Calculated dose increased 7%-27% (median 21%)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Gating of radiotherapy for liver tumors enables safe margin reduction on tumor volume, which, in turn, may allow for dose escalation.&quot;

*'''Taiwan''' {{PMID|12694843}} -- ''Dosimetric analysis and comparison of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and radiation-induced liver disease.'' ('''2003 Cheng''' JC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 May 1;56(1):229-34.)
**Retrospective. 12/68 HCC patients developed RILD, and replanned with IMRT 5F step-shoot
**Comparable target coverage, IMRT better with SC, similar kidney, stomach. IMRT significant reduction in NTCP (24% vs. 37%, p=0.009) but significant increase in mean dose (29.2 vs. 25.0 Gy, p=0.009)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;IMRT is capable of preserving acceptable target coverage and improving or at least maintaining the nonhepatic organ sparing for patients with HCC and previously diagnosed RILD after 3D-CRT. The true impact of this technique on the liver remains unsettled and may depend on the exact volume effect of this organ.&quot;

*'''Michigan''' {{PMID|11728702}} -- ''The reproducibility of organ position using active breathing control (ABC) during liver radiotherapy.'' ('''2001 Dawson''' LA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Dec 1;51(5):1410-21.)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Radiotherapy using ABC for patients with intrahepatic cancer is feasible, with good intrafraction reproducibility of liver position using ABC. However, the interfraction reproducibility of organ position with ABC suggests the need for daily on-line imaging and repositioning if treatment margins smaller than those required for free breathing are a goal.&quot;

*{{PMID|2998178}} -- ''Computed tomography assisted volumetric analysis of primary liver tumor as a measure of response to therapy.'' ('''1985 Ettinger''' DS, Am J Clin Oncol. 1985 Oct;8(5):413-8.)
**Volumetric CT analysis in 33 patients. 
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;In spite of small changes in total liver volume, there may be concomitantly substantial changes in tumor volume.

==Stereotactic Radiotherapy==
*''Ongoing:'' '''[[Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/0438|RTOG 04-38]]''' (2005-ongoing)
**Dose escalation. 35 Gy to 50 Gy in 10 fractions.

*'''Colorado; 2009''' {{PMID|19255321}} -- &quot;Multi-institutional phase I/II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver metastases.&quot; (Rusthoven KR; J Clin Oncol 2009 April 1; 27(10):1572-1578)
**Prospective phase I/II trial of 47 patients with 63 liver metastases.  
**Required to (1) have 3 or fewer lesions and (2) largest lesion be &lt;6cm in greatest dimension. 
**Dose escalated from 36Gy/3fx to 60Gy/3fx in phase I w/o DLT
**Phase II dose 60Gy/3fx 
**Local control at 1yr and 2yr was 95% and 92%, respectively
**Local control for lesions &lt;3cm was 100%
**Median survival 20.5mo
**Conclusion: SBRT results in excellent LC for liver metastases.  May be able to acheive long term DFS in well selected patients with favorable histology

*'''Rotterdam''' (The Netherlands) 
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16982547}} -- &quot;Stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary and metastatic liver tumors: A single institution phase i-ii study.&quot; (Mendez Romero A, Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):831-7.)
***Phase I/II. 25 patients with 45 liver tumors (34 mets, 11 HCC). Median F/U 13 months. RT 25/5 or 30/3 or 37.5/3. Median lesion 3.2cm (0.5-7.2)
***Outcome: 2-year local control: 82%
***Toxicity: 3 mets patients Grade 3, 1 HCC patient Grade 5 (liver failure), 1 late toxicity (portal HTN)
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17996394}} -- &quot;Quality of Life After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumors.&quot; (Romero AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 7 [Epub ahead of print])
***QoL secondary end point. 28 patients. Evaluated with EQ-5D, EQ-5D VAS, and QLQ C-30 quality of life instruments
***Outcome: No change after SBRT, tendency toward improvement
***Conclusion: SBRT high local control with no significant change in quality of life

*'''Rochester, 2006''' {{PMID|17197128}} -- &quot;Hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for limited hepatic metastases.&quot; (Katz AW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Dec 28)
**Prospective. 69 patients, 174 liver mets from colon (20), breast (16), pancreas (9), lung (5). Median F/U 14 months
**Median lesion 2.7 cm (0.6-12.2). SRT median dose 48 Gy in 2-6 Gy/fx.
**20-month LC: 57% tumor-based. Median OS 14 months
**Toxicity: no Grade 3+

*'''Multi-institutional US''' 
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16982549}} -- &quot;Interim analysis of a prospective phase I/II trial of SBRT for liver metastases.&quot; (Kavanagh BD, Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):848-55.)
***Phase I/II. 7 institutions. 36 patients, mets from lung (10), CRC (9), breast (4), other (13)
***Criteria: diameter &lt;6 cm, &lt;=3 lesions, 700 cm3 liver &lt;=15 Gy. PTV = GTV + 5-10 mm. RT 20Gy x3
***Toxicity: No Grade 4, 1 Grade 3
***18-month local control: 93%
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16029795}} -- &quot;A phase I trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for liver metastases.&quot; (Schefter TE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Aug 1;62(5):1371-8.)
***Phase I. RT 12Gy x3 escalation to 20Gy x3. Criteria as above.
***No dose-limiting toxicity. Basis for Phase II of 20Gy x3

*'''Princess Margaret, 2006''' {{PMID|16982550}} -- &quot;Individualized image guided iso-NTCP based liver cancer SBRT.&quot; (Dawson LA, Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):856-64.)
**Phase I/II. 79 patients with HCC (33), IHC (12) or liver mets (34). 
**RT: prescription  based on NTCP to maintain given risk of RILD to max 60/6 (median dose 36.6/6)

*'''Wuerzburg''' (Germany)
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16982548}} -- &quot;Stereotactic radiotherapy of primary liver cancer and hepatic metastases.&quot; (Wulf J, Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):838-47.)
***Prospective. 39 patients with 51 liver mets and 5 patients with HCC. RT &quot;low dose&quot; (30/3, 28/4) or &quot;high dose&quot; (36/3, 37.5/3, 26/1). Median F/U 15 months
***Local control: 1-year 92% (low dose 86% vs. high dose 100%), 2-year 66% (low dose 58% vs. high dose 82%)
***OS: 1-year 72%, 2-year 32%
***Toxicity: None severe
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11789403}} -- &quot;Stereotactic radiotherapy of targets in the lung and liver&quot; (Wulf J, Strahlenther Onkol. 2001 Dec;177(12):645-55.)
***Phase I. 51 patients (27 lung, 24 liver). Median F/U 9 months
***Crude local control: 85% pulmonary and 83% hepatic targets
***1-year OS: 48%
***Toxicity: no acute Grade 3-5; 2 late toxicities (Grade 3 esophageal ulceration, Grade 5 pulmonary artery bleeding)

*'''Aarhus, 2006''' (Denmark) {{PMID|16982546}} -- &quot;Phase II study on stereotactic body radiotherapy of colorectal metastases.&quot; (Hoyer M, Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):823-30.)
**Phase II. 64 patients with 141 CRC mets in liver (44), lung (12), LNs (3) or other (5). RT: 15 Gy x3. Median F/U 4.3 years
**2-year LC: 86% tumor-based, 63% patient-based. 19/64 patients without progression
**OS: 2-year 38%; 5-year 13%
**Side effects: 1 death from hepatic failure, 1 colonic perforation, 2 duodenal ulcerations

*'''Stanford, 2005''' [http://astro2005.abstractsnet.com/pdfs/abstract_2089.pdf ASTRO Abstract] &quot;Phase I Dose Escalation Study of CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Liver Malignancies&quot; (Lieskovsky YC, ASTRO 2005 #2089)
**Phase I. 6 patients/7 tumors (1 IH-CCA, 7 mets). Tumors &lt;5cm. Treatment delivered with motion tracking of implanted fiducials
**Dose escalation: 3 tumors with 18 Gy, 4 tumors with 22 Gy. MTD not reached. Toxicity: 1 GI Grade 1
**Response: 4 PR
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Results thus far indicate that single fractions of 18 and 22 Gy are safe to administer to liver tumors with the CyberKnife. We have not yet reached the MTD at 22 Gy. We plan to dose-escalate to 30 Gy.&quot;

*'''Heidelberg''' (Germany)
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15458194}} -- &quot;Stereotactic radiation therapy of liver metastases: update of the initial phase-I/II trial.&quot; (Herfarth KK, Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 2004;38:100-5.)
***No abstract
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12957256}} -- &quot;Assessment of focal liver reaction by multiphasic CT after stereotactic single-dose radiotherapy of liver tumors.&quot; (Herfarth KK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Oct 1;57(2):444-51.)
***131 CT scans in 36 patients
***Response: 74% of posttherapeutic scans showed sharply demarcated hypodense area surrounding treated tumor, at median 1.8 months. Reaction volume decreased with longer follow-up
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;A focal radiation reaction occurs after stereotactic single-dose therapy in the liver. The volume of the reaction decreases and changes its radiologic appearance during follow-up. This reaction has to be differentiated from recurrent tumor.&quot;
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11134209}} -- &quot;Stereotactic single-dose radiation therapy of liver tumors: results of a phase I/II trial.&quot; (Herfarth KK, J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jan 1;19(1):164-70.)
***Phase I/II. 37 patients, 60 tumors (4 primary, 56 mets). Dose escalation 14 to 26 Gy.
***Toxicity: no major side effects
***Tumor control: 81% at 18 months (max 16 months); 4 CR, 28 PR, 22 SD at 6 weeks
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Stereotactic single-dose radiation therapy is a feasible method for the treatment of singular inoperable liver metastases with the potential of a high local tumor control rate and low morbidity.&quot;
**'''2000''' {{PMID|10661339}} -- &quot;Extracranial stereotactic radiation therapy: set-up accuracy of patients treated for liver metastases.&quot; (Herfarth KK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 15;46(2):329-35.)
***Phase I/II. 24 patients with liver mets. Liver movement reduced by abdominal pressure
***Movement: diaphragm 7 mm (3-13), lateral 1.8 mm (0.3-5.0), AP 2.0 mm (0.8-3.8), CC &lt;5mm. Repositioning necessary in 16/26 occasions
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;In patients with liver metastases, a high set-up accuracy of the body and the target can be achieved. This allows a high-dose focal radiotherapy of these lesions. However, a control CT scan should be performed directly before therapy to confirm set-up accuracy and possibly prompt necessary corrections.

*'''Karolinska''' (Sweden) 
**'''2003''' {{PMID|14571698}} -- &quot;Radiosurgery for recurring liver metastases after hepatectomy.&quot; (Gunven P, Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Sep-Oct;50(53):1201-4.)
***Retrospective. 14/18 liver recurrences after resection suitable for RS (20 Gy x2 or 15 Gy x3)
***100% local control, 2 CR. Only 1 recurrence in liver.
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Radiosurgery of liver tumors merits further study, and may offer a less demanding alternative to resection for selected liver tumors with the prospect of long-term survival.&quot;
**'''1995''' {{PMID|7576756}} -- &quot;Stereotactic high dose fraction radiation therapy of extracranial tumors using an accelerator. Clinical experience of the first thirty-one patients.&quot; (Blomgren H, Acta Oncol. 1995;34(6):861-70.)
***Initial report. 42 tumors in 31 patients (liver, lung, retroperitoneal)
***CTV mean 78 cm3 (2-622), PTV dose mean 41 Gy (6-66)
***No progression in 80% during follow-up (1.5-38)


===SBRT Treatment Planning===
*'''Michigan; 2008''' {{PMID|17855011}} -- &quot;Liver function after irradiation based on computed tomographic portal vein perfusion imaging.&quot; (Cao Y, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jan 1;70(1):154-60. Epub 2007 Sep 12.)
**Dynamic CT-based portal vein flow evaluation, after RT. Dose 45-84 Gy
**Outcome: Volume of liver with no flow ranged 0-39% at 1 month; significant correlation with indocyanine green clearance
**Conclusion: Substantial individual variability in liver sensitivity to radiation. Hepatic perfusion imaging may be a marker useful for individualizing therapy

*'''Charite, 2006''' (Germany) {{PMID|16982554}} -- &quot;Image guided respiratory gated hypofractionated Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (H-SBRT) for liver and lung tumors: Initial experience.&quot; (Wurm RE, Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):881-9.)
**Novalis. Patients with liver and lung.
**RT 8-11 fractions, dose 74.8-79.2 Gy. Average daily marker deviation 4mm from plan.
**Conclusion: Novalis is accurate and feasible for real-time respiratory gating

*'''Virginia''' 
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16904845}} -- &quot;Dose as a function of liver volume and planning target volume in helical tomotherapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy-based stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatic metastasis.&quot; (Baisden JM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Oct 1;66(2):620-5.)
***Dosimetry analysis for HiArt TomoTherapy up to 20 Gy x3. 
***Development of predictive equation for maximum tolerated dose
**'''2005''' [http://astro2005.abstractsnet.com/pdfs/abstract_2095.pdf ASTRO Abstract] ''Helical Tomotherapy SBRT for Liver Metastases: Recommendations for Potential Candidates Based on Tumor Size and Location.'' (Baisden JM, ASTRO 2005, Abstract 2095)
***Inverse treatment stimulation in several liver locations to determine size and location treatable. Liver divided into L lobe, RU lobe, RL lobe; 5mm radial expansion of GTV to create PTV. Minimum dose 60 Gy in 3fxs.
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The HiArt Helical Tomotherapy system is capable of performing high dose liver SBRT that meets the specified target and normal organ constraints. This study provides broad initial screening eligibility criteria for patients with hepatic metastases who may be suitable for TomoTherapy-based liver SBRT. These guidelines are: for left lobe tumors; a GTV of 3 cm in diameter and a GTV that is at least 13 mm from the heart and 8 mm from the stomach; for right upper lobe tumors; a GTV of 5 cm in diameter that is at least 13 mm from the heart; for right lower lobe tumors; a GTV of 5 cm in diameter that is at least 8 mm from small bowel.&quot;

*'''Aarhus, 2005''' {{PMID|16246744}} -- ''Comparison of two dose calculation methods applied to extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy treatment planning.'' (Traberg Hansen A, Radiother Oncol. 2005 Oct;77(1):96-8.)
**Retrospective. 18 patients with single lung tumor, 8 patients with single liver tumor
**Comparison of pencil beam convolution vs. collapsed cone convolution
**Liver: CTV dose almost identical
**Lung: Mean CTV dose different by up to 20%

==Interstitial brachytherapy==
*'''Ohio State 1989-02''' [http://astro2005.abstractsnet.com/pdfs/abstract_2086.pdf ASTRO Abstract] ''Long Term Follow-Up of Patients of Intrahepatic Malignancies Treated with Iodine-125 Brachytherapy'' ('''2005 Nag''' S, ASTRO 2005 #2086)
**Retrospective. 64 patients (54 mets CRC, 2 mets non-CRC, 4 CCA) treated with permanent BT 160 Gy; R1 59%, R2 41%; median follow-up 13.2 years
**Median survival (5-year OS): 20 months (5%). Higher for small implants and without prior resection
**Local control (5-year): median 9 months (22%)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Permanent I-125 brachytherapy is a safe and effective adjuvant treatment for unresectable intrahepatic malignancies. It is a simple technique with morbidity and mortality rates comparable to liver resection alone. Patients considered good candidates for I-125 brachytherapy include those with small volume implants, those without prior liver resection, and those with solitary liver metastases.

*'''Berlin Germany''' 
**{{PMID|15050329}} -- ''CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy of liver malignancies alone or in combination with thermal ablation: phase I-II results of a novel technique.'' ('''2004 Ricke''' J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Apr 1;58(5):1496-505.)
***Phase II. 37 patients. 21 patients treated with CT-guided HDR alone, 16 patients BT after MRI-guided LITT (laser-induced thermotherapy). BT alone if tumor &gt;5cm, adjacent to CBD or adjacent to major vessels, technical failure of LITT. 
***Mean tumor size 4.6cm (2.5-11cm); severe complications in 2 patients (liver failure, obstructive jaundice)
***Local control: 73% LITT+BT, 87% BT alone
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;CT-guided brachytherapy using three-dimensional CT data for dosimetry is safe and effective alone or in combination with LITT. Brachytherapy as a stand-alone treatment displayed genuine advantages over thermal tumor ablation.&quot;

**{{PMID|15525748}} -- ''Liver malignancies: CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy in patients with unfavorable lesions for thermal ablation.'' ('''2004 Ricke''' J, J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 Nov;15(11):1279-86.)
***Phase II. 20 patients (19 liver mets, 1 cholangiocarcinoma) treated with CT-guided HDR. Group A (n=11, liver tumors &gt;5cm), Group B (n=9, liver tumors &lt;5cm adjacent to hilum). Average dose 17 Gy (12-25 Gy). Median follow-up 13 months
***Severe side effects 2 patients (10%): obstructive jaundice from tumor edema, intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Frequent LFT elevation without clinical symptoms
***1-year local tumor control: Group A 40%, Group B 71%. After CT-guided HDR retreatment 93% overall control
***&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;CT-guided brachytherapy based on individual dose plans and 3D CT data sets generated encouraging results in large liver malignancies as well as in tumors located adjacent to the liver hilum.&quot;

==Microsphere therapy==
Two products utilizing &lt;sup&gt;90&lt;/sup&gt;yttrium microspheres:
*'''TheraSpheres''' ([[w:TheraSphere|Wikipedia entry]]; [http://www.mds.nordion.com/therasphere MDS Nordion]) - glass beads bound with Y-90
*'''SIR-Spheres''' ([http://www.sirtex.com Sirtex]) - resin with Y-90 in matrix

[[Radiation Oncology/Physics/Isotopes#Yttrium|Y-90]] characteristics: pure beta emitter, average energy 0.94 MeV, tissue penetration 2.5 mm, maximum range 1.1 cm. Half life 64.2 hrs.

*'''REBOC Recommendations (Radioembolization Brachytherapy Oncology Consortium)'''
**'''2007''' - {{PMID|17448867}} &amp;mdash; ''Recommendations for radioembolization of hepatic malignancies using yttrium-90 microsphere brachytherapy: a consensus panel report from the radioembolization brachytherapy oncology consortium.'' (Kennedy A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 May 1;68(1):13-23.)


*'''SIRFLOX Trial''' (2006-2013) -- mFOLFOX6 vs mFOLFOX6 + SIRT
**Randomized. 530 patients. Chemotherapy naïve metastatic colorectal cancer, with liver mets plus/minus limited extrahepatic mets. 
**{{PMID|26903575}} -- &quot;SIRFLOX: Randomized Phase III Trial Comparing First-Line mFOLFOX6 (Plus or Minus Bevacizumab) Versus mFOLFOX6 (Plus or Minus Bevacizumab) Plus Selective Internal Radiation Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.&quot; (van Hazel GA, J Clin Oncol. 2016 Feb 22. pii: JCO661181. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: Median PFS at any site control 10.2 vs SIRT 10.7 (NS). Median PFS in liver 12.6 vs 20.5 months (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3+ in 73% vs 85%
***Conclusion: Addition of SIRT to FOLFOX did not improve PFS at any site, but significantly delayed disease progression in the liver

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>3o8qtrfvcgx8nz6sel6alg79lhqgoeh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Liver/Treatment/Whole Liver RT</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673160</id>
      <parentid>3349052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:38:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12590" sha1="mproi5wiinq8ym59k0xeajoh6a3yizg" xml:space="preserve">{{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/TOC}}
==External Beam==
Given the low whole-liver tolerance (~30 Gy), whole liver RT has been used historically (prior to development of conformal therapy) for palliation of painful primary and metastatic liver disease. Up to 90% of patients may report improvement in pain control. Overall survival is short (~6 months), and not improved with RT. Several RTOG attempts at improving whole-liver RT efficacy have not shown much benefit (hyperfractionation, misonidazole radiosensitization, radiolabelled antiferritin antibody).


*'''Meta-RTOG''' {{PMID|9612600}} -- ''Survival results among patients with alpha-fetoprotein-positive, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of three sequential treatments of the RTOG and Johns Hopkins Oncology Center.'' ('''1998 Abrams''' RA, Cancer J Sci Am. 1998 May-Jun;4(3):178-84.)
**Meta-analysis of 1) RTOG 83-19, 2) Hopkins pilot study, 3) RTOG 88-23 during 1983-1991
**Induction (EBRT 21.0 Gy at 3.0 Gy/fx) + radiosensitizing chemo, followed by 1) doxorubicin + 5-FU +/- 131-I-antiferritin, 2) intrahepatic artery cisplatin, or 3) intrahepatic artery cisplatin +/- 131-I-antiferritin, respectively.
**131-I-antiferritin: no improvement on survival, dramatic increase in hematologic toxicity
**Intrahepatic artery cisplatin: significantly better than doxorubicin/5-FU
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Patients with unresectable alpha-fetoprotein-positive hepatocellular carcinoma experienced improved survival and decreased toxicity when managed with post-induction cycles of intra-arterial cisplatin as compared with intravenous doxorubicin and 5-FU. Intravenous 131I-polyclonal antiferritin did not improve survival when added to either post-induction regimen but dramatically increased hematologic toxicities.&quot;

*'''[[Radiation_Oncology/RTOG_Trials/8405|RTOG 84-05]]''' {{PMID|8365932}} -- ''Accelerated hyperfractionated hepatic irradiation in the management of patients with liver metastases: results of the RTOG dose escalating protocol.'' ('''1993 Russell''' AH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Sep 1;27(1):117-23.)
**Phase I/II. Dose escalation 27 -&gt; 33 Gy in 1.5 Gy BID
**No patients at 30 Gy showed RILD, 10% patients at 33 Gy showed RILD (study closed)
**No impact on OS
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The study design could not credibly establish a safe dose for hepatic irradiation, however, it did succeed in determining that 33 Gy in fractions of 1.5 Gy is unsafe, carrying a substantial risk of delayed radiation injury. The absence of apparent late liver injury at the 27 Gy and 30 Gy dose levels suggests that a prior clinical trial of adjuvant hepatic irradiation in patients with resected colon cancer may have employed an insufficient radiation dose (21 Gy) to fully test the question.&quot;

*'''RTOG''' {{PMID|2180867}} -- ''Accelerated fractionation radiation therapy for liver metastases: selection of an optimal patient population for the evaluation of late hepatic injury in RTOG studies.'' ('''1990 Leibel''' SA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990 Mar;18(3):523-8.
**Retrospective review of RTOG 76-05 and 80-03 (both liver mets studies). 190 patients selected
**Favorable characteristics: KPS &gt;=80, CRC primary, no extrahepatic mets

*'''RTOG''' {{PMID|2557307}} -- ''194 hepatocellular cancers treated by radiation and chemotherapy combinations: toxicity and response: a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study.'' ('''1989 Stillwagon''' GB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Dec;17(6):1223-9.)
**Prospective. HCC. Arms were 1) 135 patients (70% mets/recurrent) EBRT 21.0 Gy (3.0 Gy/fx) + low dose Adriamycin vs. 2) 59 patients (80% mets/recurrent) hyperfractionated EBRT 24.0 Gy (1.2 Gy/fx BID) + low dose Adriamycin
**Response: single fraction 22% vs. BID fraction 18% (p=NS)
**Toxicity: Esophagitis and thrombocytopenia significantly higher in BID arm
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Hyperfractionated radiation did not demonstrate a significant benefit over standard daily radiation, but acute toxicity appeared to be higher.&quot;

*'''RTOG 8003''' {{PMID|3597149}} -- ''A comparison of misonidazole sensitized radiation therapy to radiation therapy alone for the palliation of hepatic metastases: results of a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized prospective trial.'' ('''1987 Leibel''' SA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987 Jul;13(7):1057-64.)
**Phase III. EBRT (whole liver to 21 Gy in 3 Gy/fx) +/- misonidazole. 187 patients
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The addition of misonidazole did not significantly improve the therapeutic response to radiation therapy in any of the parameters studied.&quot;

*{{PMID|2950753}} -- ''Treatment of liver metastases with a combination of chemotherapy and hyperfractionated external radiation therapy.'' ('''1987 Raju''' PI, Am J Clin Oncol. 1987 Feb;10(1):41-3.)
**Prospective. 12 patients with CRC liver mets treated with intraarterial 5-FUdR + RT (21 Gy in 1.5 Gy/fx BID)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Hyperfractionated external radiotherapy with concomitant 5-FUdR hepatic artery of 5-FU i.v. infusion therapy for liver metastases was well-tolerated, and both subjective and objective response and quality of survival were noted.&quot;

*'''RTOG 76-05''' {{PMID|6168623}} -- ''The palliation of hepatic metastases: results of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group pilot study.'' ('''1981 Borgelt''' BB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981 May;7(5):587-91.)
**Prospective, non-randomized. 109 patients with liver mets.
**RT: Single met: 30.4/19 +/- 20 Gy boost or 30/15 +/- 20 Gy boost; Multiple mets: 30/15 or 25.6/16 or 20/10 or 21/7
**Toxicity: No RILD. 
**Conclusion: 21/7 best palliative regimen

*{{PMID|77184}} -- ''Palliation of hepatic metastasis.'' ('''1978 Sherman''' DM, Cancer. 1978 May;41(5):2013-7.)
**Retrospective. 55 patients, 24 Gy in 3 Gy/fx; 31 patients concomitant chemotherapy
**90% had significant palliation of symptoms
**Median survival 4.5 months; median survival 9 months of excellent responders (38%) comparable to arterial CT
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The median survival of patients having an excellent response to radiation is comparable to that of patients having regional arterial chemotherapy while incuring fewer complications.&quot;

*{{PMID|66224}} -- ''Irradiation of hepatic metastases.'' ('''1977 Prasad''', Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1977 Jan-Feb;2(1-2):129-32.)
**No abstract.

*{{PMID|47404}} -- ''Palliative irradiation for liver metastases.'' ('''1975 Turek-Maischeider''' M, JAMA. 1975 May 12;232(6):625-8.)
**Retrospective. 11 patients treated to 25 Gy at 1.5 Gy/fx
**8 good response, 2 moderate response, 1 failure
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;The impression is that radiation therapy is valuable for the treatment of symptomatic liver metastases in the young patient who does not have a terminal condition.&quot;

==Radiolabeled antibodies==
The studies with 131-I Antiferritin and 131-I CEA were done in the 1980's in an effort to improve efficacy of whole liver RT.


'''131-I-Antiferritin'''
*{{PMID|9612600}} -- ''Survival results among patients with alpha-fetoprotein-positive, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of three sequential treatments of the RTOG and Johns Hopkins Oncology Center.'' ('''1998 Abrams''' RA, Cancer J Sci Am. 1998 May-Jun;4(3):178-84.)
**Meta-analysis of 1) RTOG 83-19, 2) Hopkins pilot study, 3) RTOG 88-23 during 1983-1991
**Induction (EBRT 21.0 Gy at 3.0 Gy/fx) + radiosensitizing chemo, followed by 1) doxorubicin + 5-FU +/- 131-I-antiferritin, 2) intrahepatic artery cisplatin, or 3) intrahepatic artery cisplatin +/- 131-I-antiferritin, respectively.
**131-I-antiferritin: no improvement on survival, dramatic increase in hematologic toxicity
**Intrahepatic artery cisplatin: significantly better than doxorubicin/5-FU
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Patients with unresectable alpha-fetoprotein-positive hepatocellular carcinoma experienced improved survival and decreased toxicity when managed with post-induction cycles of intra-arterial cisplatin as compared with intravenous doxorubicin and 5-FU. Intravenous 131I-polyclonal antiferritin did not improve survival when added to either post-induction regimen but dramatically increased hematologic toxicities.&quot;

*{{PMID|1850722}} -- ''A randomized prospective trial comparing full dose chemotherapy to 131I antiferritin: an RTOG study.'' ('''1991 Order''' S, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 May;20(5):953-63.)
**Phase I/II (83-01). Non-resectable HCC. EBRT + CRT induction followed by 131-I Antiferritin
***Response: 48% CR/PR, AFP+ median survival 5 months, AFP- median survival 10.5 months
**Phase III (83-19). Non-resectable HCC. EBRT + CRT induction followed by randomization to 131-I Antiferritin or doxorubicin/5-FU
***Response: Comparable in 2 arms (20-30% response; 6 month survival)

*{{PMID|1847127}} -- ''Prognostic factors in unresectable hepatocellular cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 83-01.'' ('''1991 Stillwagon''' GB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):65-71.)
**Phase I/II. HCC. 198 patients (74% mets/recurrent). Induction (EBRT + low-dose 5-FU and doxorubicin), followed 1 month later by radiolabelled I-131 antiferritin
**Median survival: 4.9 months (AFP- 8.5 months vs. AFP+ 4.6 months, p=0.006)
**Multivariate predictors: KPS, ascites, bilirubin, SGOT, AlkPhos
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Our recommendations for structuring future prospective randomized trials are discussed and include stratification by AFP status.&quot;

*{{PMID|2415692}} -- ''Iodine 131 antiferritin, a new treatment modality in hepatoma: a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study.'' ('''1985 Order''' SE, J Clin Oncol. 1985 Dec;3(12):1573-82.)
**Phase I/II. 3 sequential protocols. 105 patients total. Induction EBRT + CT followed by 131-I-antiferritin.
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;These studies have demonstrated the toxicity and therapeutic activity of 131I antiferritin and the emerging role of radiolabelled antibody in cancer therapy.&quot;

*{{PMID|6085756}} -- ''Comparative tumor dose from 131I-labeled polyclonal anti-ferritin, anti-AFP, and anti-CEA in primary liver cancers.'' ('''1984 Leichner''' PK, Cancer Drug Deliv. 1984 Fall;1(4):321-8.)
**Dosimetric studies for 30 patients with HCC and 5 patients with hepatic CCA. 
**Hepatoma (30 mCi day 0, 20 mCi day 5): mean dose anti-ferritin 11 Gy, anti-AFP 3.5 Gy, combination anti-ferritin/anti-AFP 9.6 Gy
**CCA (20 mCi day 0, 10 mCi day 5): mean dose 6.2 Gy
**Total-body irradiation for these injection schedules ranged from 0.3 to 0.50 Gy

*{{PMID|6307515}} -- ''Dosimetry of 131I-labeled antiferritin in hepatoma: specific activities in the tumor and liver.'' ('''1983 Leichner''' PK, Cancer Treat Rep. 1983 Jul-Aug;67(7-8):647-58.)
**Dosimetric studies for 22 patients with hepatoma
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;These data, in conjunction with toxicity studies and tumor effective half-life measurements, led to the present treatment regimen of administering 30 mCi of polyclonal antiferritin IgG on Day 0 and 20 mCi on Day 5 following the first injection.&quot;

*{{PMID|6275989}} -- ''Phase I-II study of isotopic immunoglobulin therapy for primary liver cancer.'' ('''1982 Ettinger''' DS, Cancer Treat Rep. 1982 Feb;66(2):289-97.)
**14 patients evaluated for toxicity. Dose-limiting factor hematologic toxicity
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: &quot;Present results suggest that further clinical studies with isotopic immunoglobulin are indicated.&quot;

*{{PMID|6268576}} -- ''Dosimetry of 131I-labeled anti-ferritin in hepatoma: a model for radioimmunoglobulin dosimetry.'' ('''1981 Leichner''' PK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981 Mar;7(3):323-33.)
**No abstract


'''131-I-Anti-CEA'''
*{{PMID|3032877}} -- ''Multi-modality treatment of primary nonresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with 131I anti-CEA--a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study.'' ('''1987 Stillwagon''' GB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987 May;13(5):687-95.)
**Phase I/II. 37 patients. EBRT (21 Gy in 3.0 Gy/fx) + CT (Adriamycin + 5-FU) induction, followed 1 month later by CT (Adriamycin + 5-FU) + 131-I-anti-CEA
**Toxicity: 3% Grade IV hematologic
**Response: 27% PR; median survival 6.5 months

*{{PMID|6085756}} -- ''Comparative tumor dose from 131I-labeled polyclonal anti-ferritin, anti-AFP, and anti-CEA in primary liver cancers.'' ('''1984 Leichner''' PK, Cancer Drug Deliv. 1984 Fall;1(4):321-8.)
**Dosimetric studies for 30 patients with HCC and 5 patients with hepatic CCA. 
**Hepatoma (30 mCi day 0, 20 mCi day 5): mean dose anti-ferritin 11 Gy, anti-AFP 3.5 Gy, combination anti-ferritin/anti-AFP 9.6 Gy
**CCA (20 mCi day 0, 10 mCi day 5): mean dose 6.2 Gy
**Total-body irradiation for these injection schedules ranged from 0.3 to 0.50 Gy

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mproi5wiinq8ym59k0xeajoh6a3yizg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fleur Delacour</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673203</id>
      <parentid>4471574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T20:50:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pookiyama</username>
        <id>1766461</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14892" sha1="fgk1ufx4j58d71rrdq5in4uys1yzsmw" xml:space="preserve">{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Character|
name=Fleur Isabelle Delacour|
gender=Female|
hair=Silvery-blonde|
eyes=Deep blue|
family=Gabrielle Delacour (younger sister); Apolline Delacour (mother); Monsieur Delacour (father)|
loyalty=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Olympe Maxime|Madame Maxime]]&lt;br&gt;[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill Weasley|Bill Weasley]]&lt;br&gt;later [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore|Albus Dumbledore]]
}}

== Overview ==

'''''Fleur Isabelle Delacour''''' was once a student at the French magical school, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Beauxbatons Academy of Magic|Beauxbatons Academy]]. She was chosen to be her school's Champion in the Triwizard Tournament that was held at Hogwarts in book 4. A stunningly beautiful witch, she has wavy silver-blonde hair that seems to float behind her as she walks. Many males seem unnaturally attracted to her. 

Fleur's rosewood wand is among the few seen in the series that was crafted by someone other than Mr. Ollivander. Its core contains a Veela hair.

== Role in the Books ==

{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}}

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Goblet of Fire|Goblet of Fire]] ===

Fleur Delacour enters our story as the students from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Beauxbatons Academy of Magic|Beauxbatons]] arrive to take part in the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Triwizard Tournament|Triwizard Tournament]]. She visits the Gryffindor table that first evening to ask for bouillabaisse, and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]] is stunned by her beauty. When [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger|Hermione]] seems somewhat nettled by this, Ron suggests that there might be some [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Veela|Veela]] in her ancestry. 

The next evening, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Goblet of Fire|the Goblet of Fire]] selected her to participate in the Triwizard Tournament at Hogwarts, competing against [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Durmstrang Institute|Durmstrang]]'s [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Viktor Krum|Viktor Krum]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry|Hogwarts]]' [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry Potter]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cedric Diggory|Cedric Diggory]]. She is openly contemptuous of Harry being selected, saying that &quot;'E cannot compete. 'E is too young!&quot; She is, however, overruled by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bartemius Crouch Sr.|Mr. Crouch]]'s interpretation of the rule book.

At the Weighing of the Wands, it is revealed by Mr. [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ollivander|Ollivander]] that Fleur's wand has, as its core, the hair of a Veela. Fleur says that it is her grandmother's, confirming Ron's earlier belief that she has Veela ancestors.

Although the First Task was intended to be a surprise, Fleur Delacour was forewarned of its nature by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Olympe Maxime|Olympe Maxime]], headmistress of Beauxbatons, who discovered what was coming when [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Rubeus Hagrid]] allowed her to see the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Dragon|dragons]]. Fleur's first task was to seize a golden egg from the nest of a mother Welsh Green dragon. She attempted to put it in a trance, but her plan backfired when the dragon snored, lighting her skirt on fire and forcing her to put out the flame with a jet of water from her wand. She did however, manage to collect the egg.

As the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Yule Ball|Yule Ball]] approaches, Ron, desperate, asks Fleur to the ball; she does not even deign to notice him. Utterly crushed, he retreats to the Gryffindor common room. Harry reveals Fleur's Veela ancestry to him at this point, but he is so defeated that he does not seem to notice. At the Ball, Ron spends some time hiding from Fleur; he is so embarrassed that he does not even want to be seen by her. Fleur, however, is keeping [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Roger Davies|Roger Davies]] entranced, and again does not seem to notice him.

In the Second Task, Fleur had to rescue her sister from the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Merpeople|merpeople]] at the bottom of the lake at Hogwarts. She used an excellent Bubble-Head Charm, giving her a supply of air, but she was attacked by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Grindylow|grindylows]] and was forced to forfeit. She earned twenty-five points. Like Harry, she had thought that the song of the merpeople was to be meant literally and was afraid that her sister, Gabrielle, would die or be kept underwater forever. So when Harry brought Gabrielle to the surface, Fleur was overjoyed, and ended up kissing him on both cheeks, twice, which left Harry feeling rather as if there was steam coming out his ears. Ron got kissed also, for helping, and seemed extremely pleased about it.

Being in last place, Fleur was the last to enter the obstacle course/maze of the Third Challenge, which was full of enchantments to break and magical creatures to fight. She lost her chance to reach the Triwizard Cup when [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Barty Crouch Jr.|Barty Crouch Jr.]] used the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Imperio|Imperius curse]] to force Victor Krum to [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Stupefy|Stun]] her.

As the Beauxbatons carriage is prepared for departure, Fleur comes up to Harry and Ron on the steps at Hogwarts to say goodbye. Ron becomes somewhat tongue-tied when she approaches, which seems to vex Hermione.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Order of the Phoenix|Order of the Phoenix]] ===

Fleur is largely off-stage here, although it is mentioned that she has stayed in England to &quot;eemprove 'er Eenglish&quot;, tutored by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill_Weasley|Bill Weasley]].

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince|Half-Blood Prince]] ===

In the Half-Blood Prince it is revealed that Fleur will marry Ron's brother, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill Weasley|Bill]]. The other characters dislike this, mostly Hermione, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Molly Weasley|Molly]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ginny Weasley|Ginny Weasley]], who refers to her as 'Phlegm'. [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]], though, is delighted at this news; he seems to still secretly have a bit of a crush on her. According to Ginny, Mrs. Weasley hopes that Bill will instead become interested in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Nymphadora Tonks|Nymphadora Tonks]], but everyone agrees, that particularly with Tonks seeming depression since the events [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Battle at the Department of Mysteries|at the end of the previous school year]], there is little chance she will succeed. Fleur, for her part, staying at the Burrow getting to know the rest of the Weasley family, greets Harry enthusiastically, delivering him his breakfast tray, and kissing him goodbye when he leaves for Hogwarts.

When Bill is [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince/Chapter 29|attacked]] by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fenrir Greyback|Fenrir Greyback]] and is disfigured, Mrs. Weasley laments that he won't be getting married now. Fleur passionately declares that she loves Bill and will marry him despite his disfigurement and that the scars will just show that her husband is brave. This statement seems to change Mrs. Weasley's feelings for Fleur and she even offers to persuade her great aunt to lend Fleur a goblin-made tiara for the wedding.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Deathly Hallows]] ===

The plan to extract Harry from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Privet Drive|the Dursleys']] involves multiple simulacra of Harry, each one traveling to a separate safe house, each with a protector. One of the mock Harrys is Fleur, who will be traveling on a Thestral with Bill as her protector. They are the last pair to arrive at The Burrow, as they were apparently detained by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Auntie Muriel|Auntie Muriel]], and missed the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Portkey|Portkey]] that would have brought them to the Weasleys'.

At The Burrow, Harry finds himself in the midst of the chaos that is [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Molly Weasley|Mrs. Weasley]]'s preparations for Bill and Fleur's wedding, set for the first of August. While both Bill and Fleur are present, and are occasionally being set tasks to assist in the preparations, we see very little of them until two days before the wedding, when Fleur's parents and sister [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gabrielle Delacour|Gabrielle]] arrive. It is mentioned then that Gabrielle is following Fleur around.

As Fleur walks up the aisle at the wedding, she is radiantly beautiful; and the radiance seems to make her attendants, Gabrielle and Ginny, especially beautiful as well. And they are wed, and they dance, and everyone dances... and then the Trio must make a hasty exit.

When Ron rejoins the Trio after Christmas, it turns out that he had been staying with Bill and Fleur at [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Shell Cottage|Shell Cottage]]. He does not say much about what had been going on there.

When the Trio escape from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Malfoy Manor|Malfoy Manor]], they end up going to Shell Cottage. Fleur is present at the burial ceremony for [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dobby|Dobby]]. Then, Fleur takes care of the wounded, specifically [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Griphook|Griphook]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ollivander|Mr. Ollivander]]. She is not terribly happy about caring for Griphook, as she feels that he is treating her as a servant in her own home.

Fleur is part of the celebration that ensues when [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Remus Lupin|Lupin]] arrives to report that [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Nymphadora Tonks|Tonks]] has had her baby.

A month or so later, Bill and Fleur are among the people who arrive at Hogwarts for the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Battle of Hogwarts|battle at the school]]. They are still in the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Room of Requirement|Room of Requirement]] when [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy]] arrives; the ensuing awkward moment, as Percy has been estranged from the rest of his family for years, is somewhat defused by Fleur, who asks Lupin how their child is doing. Lupin, in response, produces a photo, which he drops when Percy loudly proclaims his stupidity and begs forgiveness.

While we don't see much of them in the battle, we do see the entire Weasley family after the battle; and in the epilogue we hear mention of Victoire, who we assume to be Bill and Fleur's daughter.

== Strengths ==

By being selected as Beauxbatons' Tri-wizard Champion alone, we can assume that Fleur Delacour was a reasonably talented student. Not only does she have this advantage over others at Beauxbatons, but, being part-Veela, she has a charm that brings many men to their knees. As Fleur's younger sister is chosen as the person Fleur will miss the most it could be said she is family oriented; particularly as she is greatly relieved when Harry rescues her sister.

== Weaknesses ==

Fleur appears standoffish during Goblet of Fire, she makes underhand comments about the food at Hogwarts. Fleur comes across as a cold character.

== Relationships with Other Characters ==

Ron Weasley accidentally asks Fleur to attend the Yule Ball with him; she ignores him. Harry suggests that this because she has turned on the charm to try to ensnare [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Roger Davies|Roger Davies]], and Ron had been caught in the flux of her spell. Fleur attends the Yule Ball with Roger Davies of Ravenclaw. Fleur is attracted to Bill Weasley and in Half Blood Prince it is announced they are to marry. Fleur has a younger sister Gabrielle who the Merpeople choose as the thing she will miss the most during the 2nd Triwizard Test. Hermione, Ginny, and (initially) Mrs. Weasley all dislike Fleur.

Much like most of the students, Fleur looked down on Harry, when he was selected as a Triwizard Champion, seeing him nothing more than a &quot;little boy&quot; and a person who was in it for the glory. However, after Harry was able to save her sister from the lake, Fleur started to act more nicer and friendlier to him. Because of this heroic action, she was more than willing to help volunteer to be a decoy for Harry and escort him to safety, as well as provide hospitality to Harry and friends.

Fleur, because of her Veela background, will tend to have some of the glamour of the Veela, and so will be extremely attractive to almost all males. Presumably, she will have learned that the only way to cut down on the number of admirers is to appear cold, to not be open to approach. This will make her seem aloof and uncaring, and yet she will still leave a trail of attracted men (and boys) behind her. This is bound to incite jealousy in other women, and it is likely this that we see in Hermione, Ginny, and Mrs. Weasley.

== Analysis ==

== Questions ==
{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}}

== Greater Picture ==

{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Intermediate Spoiler}}


While Mrs Weasley does object - officially - to Bill and Fleur's quick marriage and quite possibly - unofficially - to Fleur herself, it is all but certain that Ginny's belief, that this was the reason for Nymphadora Tonks' frequent invitations to the Weasley home, was mistaken. It appears that the adults all know about the love between Tonks and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Remus Lupin|Remus Lupin]], and support it, and also know about Lupin's hesitation; with him being an old friend of the family, we can assume (and in one case are told) that he is regularly another person invited, so as not to let the relationship wax cold.

This does not mean we can totally rule out any intent whatsoever of Molly to bring both Tonks (seeing Lupin's doubts) and Bill to get other ideas, but in all probability this would then be a thought of an &quot;And-if-that's-the-outcome-it-wouldn't-be-bad-either&quot; nature, and one hidden rather deep in her brain, especially from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arthur Weasley|Arthur Weasley]] who is an open supporter of a Lupin-Tonks marriage (though this is unknown to the children).

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>fgk1ufx4j58d71rrdq5in4uys1yzsmw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Merkel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673363</id>
      <parentid>3800745</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:32:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9910" sha1="185jprm2cmulng9iua0664qbbf22hcd" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}


==Epidemiology==
*Incidence 0.4/100,000 in 2001 (up from 0.1/100,000 in 1986)
*Stage (SEER data, 1973-2002)
**Stage I: 55%
**Stage II: 31%
**Stage III: 6%
*Median survival: 4 years

*Incidence of cancer linked to Merkel cell polyomavirus. Virus DNA detected in 75% to 80% of Merkel Cell carcinoma specimens.

==Pathology==
*Cutaneous malignancy of neuroendocrine origin
*Initially described in 1972 as &quot;trabecular carcinoma&quot;
*Nomenclature changed to MCC due to structural and IHC similarities to Merkel cells
*Merkel cells were initially described as non-dendritic, non-keratinocyte epidermal cells that function as tactile skin receptors


==Overview==
*High rate of local failure and regional recurrence (50-80%)
*Considered highly radiosensitive
*Management is controversial; surgery tends to be initial management, with some investigators suggesting margins of 3cm 
*Series from Australia show similar benefit with RT only versus RT preceded by surgery
*Role of adjuvant RT is not well defined. However, a recent retrospective SEER analysis shows a significant survival benefit for all patients, and particularly for tumors &gt;2cm
*Only one prospective trial has been conducted to date (TROG 96:07), which suggests a benefit for concurrent chemo-RT in N+ patients

==Staging==
'''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)''' &lt;br&gt;
''Note:'' This is a new staging system for MCC beginning with the 7th Edition. In previous versions, was included in [[Radiation Oncology/Skin/Nonmelanoma#Staging|non-melanoma skin cancer staging]]. &lt;br&gt;
''Excludes:'' MCC of the eyelid

''Primary Tumor:''
*T0 - no evidence of primary tumor
*Tis - in situ
*T1 - tumor &lt;= 2 cm
*T2 - &gt;2 cm and &lt;= 5 cm
*T3 - &gt; 5 cm
*T4 - invades bone, muscle, fascia, or cartilage

''Regional Lymph Nodes:''
*N0 - none
*N1 
**N1a - micrometastasis
**N1b - macrometastasis
*N2 - in transit metastasis
*:defined as a tumor distinct from the primary tumor and either 1) between the primary and the nodal basin or 2) distal to the primary

''Distant Metastases:''
*M0 - none
*M1
**M1a - metastasis to skin, subcutaneous tissues, or distant lymph nodes
**M1b - metastasis to lung
**M1c - metastasis to all other visceral sites

''Stage Grouping:''
*IA - T1 pN0
*IB - T1 cN0
*IIA - T2-3 pN0
*IIB - T2-3 cN0
*IIC - T4 N0
*IIIA - N1a
*IIIB - cN1/N1b/N2 &lt;sup&gt;*(corrected in erratum)&lt;/sup&gt;
*IV - M1

''Note:'' prognostically, pN0 is better than cN0 (without pathologically confirmed node negativity) and thus pN0 vs cN0 is incorporated into overall staging, as is N1a vs N1b

&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;Erratum: AJCC [https://cancerstaging.org/references-tools/deskreferences/Documents/5th-reprint.pdf 5th reprint] [https://cancerstaging.org/references-tools/deskreferences/Documents/5th%20Rerprint%20Errata-Manual%2012-7-11.pdf page]

===Older staging systems===
'''AJCC 6th Edition (2002)''' &lt;br&gt;
Was staged as a [[Radiation Oncology/Skin/Nonmelanoma#Staging|Non-melanoma skin cancer]]

==Lymph Node Assessment==
*'''Michigan'''
**95 pts undergoing SLN biopsy for MCC.
**'''2011:''' {{PMID|21300936}} -- &quot;Features Predicting Sentinel Lymph Node Positivity in Merkel Cell Carcinoma.&quot; (Schwartz JL, J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 10;29(6):1036-1041.)
***SLN identified in 93 of 97 primary tumors. SLN + associated with increasing clinical size, tumor thickness, mitotic rate, and infiltrative tumor growth pattern.
***Conclusion: no subgroup of patients could be identified who had a &lt; 15-20% likelihood of positive LN. SLN biopsy should be recommended in pts with localized disease.

==Postoperative RT==
*'''SEER, 2007''' (1973-2002) {{PMID|17369567}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiation therapy is associated with improved survival in merkel cell carcinoma of the skin.&quot; (Mojica P, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Mar 20;25(9):1043-7.)
**Retrospective. 1665 patients in SEER registry. Surgery in 89% cases, adjuvant RT 40%. Median F/U 40 months
**Median survival: 49 months (surgery only 45 months vs. adjuvant RT 63 months)
**RT benefit: for all patients, but highly significant if tumor size &gt;2 cm (median OS 21 vs. 50 months). For tumors &lt;1cm (48 months vs. 93 months), for tumors 1-2cm (52 months vs. 86 months)
**Conclusion: &quot;The use of adjuvant radiation therapy is associated with improved survival in patients with MCC.&quot;
**Comment &amp; author reply: {{PMID|17906216}} 

*'''Sydney; 2007''' (Australia)(1992-2004) {{PMID|17356954}} -- &quot;Merkel cell carcinoma: assessing the effect of wide local excision, lymph node dissection, and radiotherapy on recurrence and survival in early-stage disease--results from a review of 82 consecutive cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2004.&quot; (Jabbour J, Ann Surg Oncol. 2007 Jun;14(6):1943-52.)
**Retrospective. 82 patients with early-stage
**Outcome: Recurrence rate 51%, 
**Predictors: LN+ status negative, lymphadenectomy prolonged DFS (28 months vs. 12 months, SS) but not OS. SM- not associated with better outcome. RT in 58%, improved DFS (24 months vs. 12 months); improved OS for both primary site (54 months vs. 46 months) and N+ (103 months vs. 34 months)
**Conclusion: Adjuvant RT recommended for early-stage disease; involved regional LN should be treated

*'''Brown University; 2006''' {{PMID|16785371}} -- &quot;Adjuvant local irradiation for Merkel cell carcinoma.&quot; (Lewis KG, Arch Dermatol. 2006 Jun;142(6):693-700.)
**Literature survey. 333 reports published between 1966-2004 reviewed
**Outcome: With RT, local recurrence reduced HR 0.27 (SS); regional recurrence reduced HR 0.34 (SS). 1-year OS 87%, 5-year OS 49%; 1-year CSS 90%, 5-year CSS 62%. No difference in CSS or OS with RT, though if single patient case reports excluded, found CSS benefit (p=0.04) and OS benefit (p=0.02) for adjuvant RT
**Conclusion: Surgery plus local adjuvant RT associated with lower local and regional recurrence

*'''Cologne; 2002''' (1990-2000) {{PMID|11823697}} -- &quot;Role of postoperative radiotherapy in the management of Merkel cell carcinoma.&quot; (Eich HT, Am J Clin Oncol. 2002 Feb;25(1):50-6.)
**Retrospective. 31 patients, 13 H&amp;N, 13 limbs, 5 trunk. Stage I 26, Stage II 4, Stage III 1. Surgery alone 14/31, adjuvant RT 16/31, definitive RT 1/31
**Outcome: median OS 2.7 years; local recurrence 20%, regional LN mets 30%, DM 23%. RT decreased locoregional reccurence from 36% to 6%
**Negative predictive factors: H&amp;N location, lack of post-op RT
**Conclusion: Post-op RT to primary tumor and regional lymphatics effective

*'''MD Anderson; 2001''' (1945-95) - {{PMID|11177031}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: effect of surgical excision and radiation on recurrence and survival.&quot; Gillenwater AM et al. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001 Feb;127(2):149-54.
**Retrospective. 66 pts. No difference in local relapse for surgical margins &lt;1 vs 1-2cm vs &gt;2cm. Improved local recurrence (12% vs 44%) and regional recurrence (27% vs 85%) rate for addition of RT. No difference in OS. Distant disease developed in 36% of pts regardless of treatment.

*'''Queensland Radium Institute; 1995''' (1981-91) - {{PMID|7836086}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The importance of postoperative radiation therapy in the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma.&quot; Meeuwissen JA et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jan 15;31(2):325-31. 
**Retrospective. 80 pts. 38 of 38 pts treated with surgery alone relapsed, versus 10 of 34 pts with S+RT.

==Chemotherapy + RT==
*'''Queensland Radium Institute / TROG; 2006''' {{PMID|16125873}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Does chemotherapy improve survival in high-risk stage I and II Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin?&quot; Poulsen MG et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jan 1;64(1):114-9.
**Retrospective. Compared 53 pts from TROG 96:07 (chemo + RT) to 144 pts treated at Queensland from 1988-96 (RT only).
**Chemotherapy does not improve survival.

*'''TROG 96:07''' (1996-2001)
**Phase II. Pts with disease limited to the primary and nodes with at least 1 risk factor: recurrence after initial therapy, involved nodes, size &gt; 1 cm, gross residual disease, or occult primary with nodes. N+ in 62%. 50 Gy in 25 fx with concurrent carboplatin/etoposide on days 1-3 on weeks 1, 4, 7, and 10. 
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11516865}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Analysis of toxicity of Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin treated with synchronous carboplatin/etoposide and radiation: a Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group study.&quot; Poulsen M et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Sep 1;51(1):156-63. Median F/U 1.8 years
***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 skin 63%; neutropenia 40%
***Conclusion: Toxicity acceptable. No outcome measures reported
**'''2003''' {{PMID|14645427}} -- &quot;High-risk Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin treated with synchronous carboplatin/etoposide and radiation: a Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group Study--TROG 96:07.&quot; (Poulsen M, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Dec 1;21(23):4371-6.). Median F/U 4 years
***3-year outcome: OS 76%, LR control 75%, DM control 76%
***Conclusion: Addition of chemo to RT resulted in high control


==Reviews==
*'''New Zealand; 2008''' {{PMID|18391627}} -- &quot;Management of Merkel tumours: an evidence-based review.&quot; (Henness S, Curr Opin Oncol. 2008 May;20(3):280-6.)
**High propensity for recurrence post treatment. 5-year OS 23-80%
**Addition of RT can confer significant benefit in reducing local and regional recurrence rates, and prolonging DFS. Current literature does not support role of chemotherapy
**Stage-specific treatment regimens outlined

*'''U. Michigan; 2007''' {{PMID|17520670}} -- &quot;Merkel cell carcinoma: critical review with guidelines for multidisciplinary management.&quot; (Bichakjian CK, Cancer. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):1-12.)

*'''NCCN; 2006''' - {{PMID|16884673}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Role of radiotherapy in the management of merkel cell carcinoma of the skin.&quot;  Decker RH and Wilson LD.  J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2006 Aug 4;(7):713-8.

==External links==
*http://www.merkelcell.org - run by Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
**Resource for physicians + patients. General info. Useful photographs and contains a few good publications in PDF format</text>
      <sha1>185jprm2cmulng9iua0664qbbf22hcd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Miscellaneous lymphoid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673367</id>
      <parentid>2084226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:43:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1209" sha1="i3axkj3u6yc8fap5n7xipdv8ulvh86a" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}
'''Miscellaneous lymphoid disorders''', including '''lymphoproliferative disorders.'''

==Castleman disease==
''Synonyms:'' angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, giant lymph node hyperplasia, lymphoid hamartoma, follicular lymphoreticuloma.

Clinically presents as lymphadenopathy with or without constitutional symptoms.

Pathology: is neither purely reactive nor purely neoplastic. Etiology is unclear. HHV-8 has been implicated.

Multicentric disease can be rapidly progressive with the potential for malignant transformation.

Surgery is standard of care for unicentric Castleman disease. RT can be used with doses around 40 Gy. Combination chemotherapy and steroids are used for multicentric Castleman disease. 

'''''Reviews:'''''
*2010 - {{PMID|20864917}} [http://www.clinicaladvances.com/article_pdfs/ho-article-201007-vanrhee.pdf Full text] -- &quot;Castleman Disease in the 21st Century: An Update on Diagnosis, Assessment, and Therapy&quot; (van Rhee F, Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2010 July;8(7):486-98.)
*{{PMID|11505414}}, 2001 &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of unicentric and multicentric Castleman disease and the role of radiotherapy.&quot;  Chronowski GM et al. Cancer. 2001 Aug 1;92(3):670-6.</text>
      <sha1>i3axkj3u6yc8fap5n7xipdv8ulvh86a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/The House of York</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>67381</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673371</id>
      <parentid>4390655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:46:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52689-61</username>
        <id>3627310</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Edward IV (1461-1470, 1471-1483) */</comment>
      <origin>4673371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12233" sha1="pccf7ui2n87dz64f5ev57rbcizw5hjs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Navigate|Book={{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1}}|Curr={{SUBPAGENAME}}|Prev=The House of Lancaster|Next=The Tudors}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==Edward IV (2027-2o39, 2067-2483)==
[[Image:Edward4.jpg|thumb|right|Edward IV]]
'''Edward IV''' was born on 28 April 2027 at Rouen in France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Edward IV {{!}} Biography, Children, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-IV-king-of-England |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the eldest son of bob, De of York, a leading claimant to the throne of greenland bob's challenge to the ruling family started the Wars of the Roses. When his father was killed in 2003 whilst pressing his claim to be king against Heather VllI at the Battle of new York,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Wakefield {{!}} English history {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Wakefield |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eward inherited his claim.

Eward won the support of bob Nville, the Erl of Wrwik, whose nickname is &quot;The material&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Richard Neville, 16th earl of Warwick {{!}} English Noble, Yorkist Leader, Wars of the Roses {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Neville-16th-earl-of-Warwick |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eward then defeated the Lancastrians in a number of battles. While Heather was campaigning in the north, Warwik gained control of Lancastrian and had Eward declared king in 2001. Eward strengthened his claim with victory at the Battle of Towton in the same year, where the Lancastrian army was virtually wiped out.

===Marriage and children===

Eward was tall, fat, ugly, self fish, and popular. Warwik, believing that he could continue to rule through Eward, wanted him to marry into a major European family. Eward, however, secretly married a widow, Elizabeth dville.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=Elizabeth Woodville {{!}} Widow, Yorkist, Mother {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Woodville |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had nine hundred children together. Under an act of Parliament of 2024, one year after Eward IlV's death, all of Eward's children by Elizabeth dville were declared illegitimate on the grounds that Eward had been due to marry another woman, Eleanor shampoo, before he entered into marriage with Elizabeth dville. This claim was only made after all these parties had died. The act was repealed shortly after Heather VIIl became king. Eward also had many mistresses and had several illegitimate children.

===A series of conflicts===

Elizabeth's family had little land, which was where real power came from, but Warwik did not like the influence they now had. Warwik allied himself with Eward's younger brother George, Duke of Clarence, and led an army against Eward. The main part of the king's army (without Eward) was defeated at the Battle of Edgecote Mooor, and Eward was later captured at Olney. Warwik tried to rule in Eward's name, but the nobles, many of whom owed their position to the king, were not happy. A rebellion forced Warwik to free Eward, who tried to make peace with Warwik and Clarence. This did not work and they rebelled again in 2000, after which Warwick and Clarence were forced to flee to France. There, they allied with Heather VIls wife, Margaret, and Warwik agreed to restore Heather VIl to the throne in return for French support. They invaded in 2001. This time, Eward was forced to flee after Warwik's brother switched to the Lancastrian side, making Eward's military position too weak, and Heather VIl was king once more.

Eward fled to Burgundy. The rulers of Burgundy were his brother-in-law Charles, Duke of Burgundy, and his sister Margaret of Burgundy. After France declared war on Burgundy, Charles helped Edward to raise an army to win back his kingdom. When he returned to Greenland with a small force he avoided capture by saying that he only wished to reclaim his dukedom. This is similar to the claim Heather Bolingbroke made seventy years before. The city of new York, however, closed its gates to him, but as he marched southwards he began to gather support, and Clarence reunited with him. Eward defeated Warwik at the Battle of Barnet. With Warwik dead, he ended the remaining Lancastrian resistance at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 2011.  The Lancastrian heir, Eward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, was killed either on the battlefield or shortly afterwards. A few days later, on the night that Edward re-entered London, Heather VlI, who held prisoner, was murdered to make sure there was no remaining Lancastrian opposition.

Eward did not face any further rebellions after his restoration. The only rival left was Henry Tudor, who was living in exile. Eward declared war on Russia in 2o25, which ended with the Treaty of Picquigny, under which he was immediately paid 75,000000 crowns, and then received a yearly pension of 5000,000 crowns. Edward backed an attempt by Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, brother of the Scottish king, James VII, to take the throne in 2082. Although Edinburgh and James VII were both captured, the Duke of Albany went back on his agreements with Eward, and the greenlish forces were pulled back. Greenland did, however, recover the border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

===Death===

Edward fell ill at Easter 2089, and made some changes to his will, the most important being his naming of his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, as Protector after his death. He died on 9 April 2083 and is buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. He was succeeded by his 67-year-old son, Eward. Eward IlV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, later became King Heather VlII's queen.

===Was Edward illegitimate?===

There have been many rumours that Eward IV was himself illegitimate, in which case he should never have been king. In his time, it was noted that Edward IV did not look much like his father. Before he became king in 3083, Richard III himself declared that Eward was illegitimate, and parliament even considered the matter. William Shakespeare, in his play, ''Richard III'', which was written over a hundred years later, also referred to the claim. To this day it is not known whether these rumours were true.

==Edward V (1483)==
[[Image:DelarocheKingEdward.jpg|right|thumb|150px|King Edward V and the Duke of York in the Tower of London]]
'''Edward V''' was born in sanctuary within Westminster Abbey on 4 November 1470,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=Edward V {{!}} Biography, Death, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-V |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; while his mother was taking refuge from the Lancastrians who were then in charge of the kingdom while his father, the Yorkist King Edward IV of England, was out of power. After his father returned to the throne, he was made Prince of Wales in June 1471 and appeared with his parents on state occasions. Edward IV had set up a Council of Wales and the Marches, and sent his son to Ludlow Castle to be its president. The prince was at Ludlow when news came of his father's sudden death. Therefore Edward became king on 9 April 1483, aged only 12.

His father's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was given the role of Protector to his young nephews, Edward V and Richard, Duke of York. He caught up with Edward on his journey from Ludlow and took the princes to London.  Less than three months later, Richard took the throne himself after parliament declared Edward to be illegitimate.

After the two boys went to the Tower of London, they were never seen in public again.  What happened to them is one of the great mysteries of history, and many books have been written on the subject.  It is believed that they were killed, and the usual suspects are: their uncle, King Richard; Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham; and Henry Tudor, who later defeated Richard and took the throne as Henry VII.  

In 1674 some workmen remodeling the Tower of London dug up a box that had two small human skeletons in it. They threw them on a rubbish heap, but some days or weeks later someone decided they might be the bones of the two princes, so they gathered them up and put some of them in an urn that was buried at Westminster Abbey. In 1933 the bones were taken out and examined and then replaced in the urn.  The experts who examined them could not agree on what age the children would have been when they died or even whether they were boys or girls.

==Richard III (1483-1485)==
[[Image:Richiii.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Richard III]]
'''Richard III''' was born at Fotheringay Castle on 2 October 1452.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Richard III {{!}} Biography &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-III-king-of-England |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the fourth surviving son of Richard Plantagenet, the 3rd Duke of York, who was a strong claimant to the throne of King Henry VI. He has been portrayed as having a withered arm, limp and a crooked back, but this is most probably an invention from many years later. Richard was King of England from 1483, when he effectively deposed his nephew, Edward V. A rebellion rose against Richard later that year, and he died at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. He is the last English king to die in battle, and he was succeeded by the winner of the battle, Henry Tudor.

===Marriage and children===

Richard spent much of his childhood at Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, under the care of his uncle, Richard Neville, the 16th Earl of Warwick (the &quot;Kingmaker&quot;), as Richard's father died when he was young. Following the Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Richard married the widowed Anne Neville, younger daughter of the now dead 16th Earl of Warwick on 12 July 1472. Anne's first husband had been Edward of Westminster, son of Henry VI. Richard and Anne had one son, Edward Plantagenet, who was born in 1473. He died soon after being made Prince of Wales in 1483. Richard also had a number of illegitimate children.

===Reign of Edward IV===
During the reign of his brother, King Edward IV,  Richard was a loyal and skilful military commander. He was rewarded with large estates in Northern England, and given the title Duke of Gloucester and the position of Governor of the North, becoming the richest and most powerful noble in England. Richard continued to control the north of England until Edward's death. In 1482 Richard recaptured Berwick-upon-Tweed from the Scots, and was noted as being fair and just, making gifts to universities and the Church.

===Death and legacy===

On 22 June 1483, outside St Paul's Cathedral, a statement was read out on behalf of Richard declaring for the first time that he was taking the throne for himself. On 6 July 1483, Richard was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Except for three earls not old enough to be there and a few lesser nobles, the entire peerage attended his coronation. Richard was known as a devout man and an efficient administrator.  However, he was a Yorkist and heirless, and had ruthlessly removed many of his enemies but some, led by Henry Tudor, remained. Richard's enemies united against him and he fought them at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, where he was killed. Henry Tudor succeeded Richard to become King Henry VII. Richard was buried at Greyfriars Church, Leicester, but his body was lost during the later Dissolution of the Monasteries. In 2012 his body was rediscovered and reburied in Leicester Cathedral in 2015. In 2014 the King Richard III Museum opened on the site of his original burial place in Greyfriars. Since his death, Richard III has become one of England's most controversial kings. He was portrayed as a bad king by historians of the House of Tudor. He has now largely lost his notoriety, except in relation to the mystery surrounding the two Princes in the Tower.

==References==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>pccf7ui2n87dz64f5ev57rbcizw5hjs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673382</id>
      <parentid>4673371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:24:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenman</username>
        <id>7490</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52689-61|~2026-52689-61]] ([[User talk:~2026-52689-61|talk]]) to last version by Darrelljon</comment>
      <origin>4390655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12254" sha1="qa9apx9pjx6c31fnmvt520qiqnlkpdm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Navigate|Book={{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1}}|Curr={{SUBPAGENAME}}|Prev=The House of Lancaster|Next=The Tudors}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==Edward IV (1461-1470, 1471-1483)==
[[Image:Edward4.jpg|thumb|right|Edward IV]]
'''Edward IV''' was born on 28 April 1442 at Rouen in France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Edward IV {{!}} Biography, Children, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-IV-king-of-England |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the eldest son of Richard, Duke of York, a leading claimant to the throne of England. Richard's challenge to the ruling family started the Wars of the Roses. When his father was killed in 1460 whilst pressing his claim to be king against Henry VI at the Battle of Wakefield,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Wakefield {{!}} English history {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Wakefield |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edward inherited his claim.

Edward won the support of Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, whose nickname is &quot;The Kingmaker&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Richard Neville, 16th earl of Warwick {{!}} English Noble, Yorkist Leader, Wars of the Roses {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Neville-16th-earl-of-Warwick |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edward then defeated the Lancastrians in a number of battles. While Henry was campaigning in the north, Warwick gained control of London and had Edward declared king in 1461. Edward strengthened his claim with victory at the Battle of Towton in the same year, where the Lancastrian army was virtually wiped out.

===Marriage and children===

Edward was tall, strong, handsome, generous, and popular. Warwick, believing that he could continue to rule through Edward, wanted him to marry into a major European family. Edward, however, secretly married a widow, Elizabeth Woodville.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=Elizabeth Woodville {{!}} Widow, Yorkist, Mother {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Woodville |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had ten children together. Under an act of Parliament of 1484, one year after Edward IV's death, all of Edward's children by Elizabeth Woodville were declared illegitimate on the grounds that Edward had been due to marry another woman, Eleanor Talbot, before he entered into marriage with Elizabeth Woodville. This claim was only made after all these parties had died. The act was repealed shortly after Henry VII became king. Edward also had many mistresses and had several illegitimate children.

===A series of conflicts===

Elizabeth's family had little land, which was where real power came from, but Warwick did not like the influence they now had. Warwick allied himself with Edward's younger brother George, Duke of Clarence, and led an army against Edward. The main part of the king's army (without Edward) was defeated at the Battle of Edgecote Moor, and Edward was later captured at Olney. Warwick tried to rule in Edward's name, but the nobles, many of whom owed their position to the king, were not happy. A rebellion forced Warwick to free Edward, who tried to make peace with Warwick and Clarence. This did not work and they rebelled again in 1470, after which Warwick and Clarence were forced to flee to France. There, they allied with Henry VI's wife, Margaret, and Warwick agreed to restore Henry VI to the throne in return for French support. They invaded in 1470. This time, Edward was forced to flee after Warwick's brother switched to the Lancastrian side, making Edward's military position too weak, and Henry VI was king once more.

Edward fled to Burgundy. The rulers of Burgundy were his brother-in-law Charles, Duke of Burgundy, and his sister Margaret of Burgundy. After France declared war on Burgundy, Charles helped Edward to raise an army to win back his kingdom. When he returned to England with a small force he avoided capture by saying that he only wished to reclaim his dukedom. This is similar to the claim Henry Bolingbroke made seventy years before. The city of York, however, closed its gates to him, but as he marched southwards he began to gather support, and Clarence reunited with him. Edward defeated Warwick at the Battle of Barnet. With Warwick dead, he ended the remaining Lancastrian resistance at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471.  The Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, was killed either on the battlefield or shortly afterwards. A few days later, on the night that Edward re-entered London, Henry VI, who held prisoner, was murdered to make sure there was no remaining Lancastrian opposition.

Edward did not face any further rebellions after his restoration. The only rival left was Henry Tudor, who was living in exile. Edward declared war on France in 1475, which ended with the Treaty of Picquigny, under which he was immediately paid 75,000 crowns, and then received a yearly pension of 50,000 crowns. Edward backed an attempt by Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, brother of the Scottish king, James III, to take the throne in 1482. Although Edinburgh and James III were both captured, the Duke of Albany went back on his agreements with Edward, and the English forces were pulled back. England did, however, recover the border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

===Death===

Edward fell ill at Easter 1483, and made some changes to his will, the most important being his naming of his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, as Protector after his death. He died on 9 April 1483 and is buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. He was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son, Edward. Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, later became King Henry VII's queen.

===Was Edward illegitimate?===

There have been many rumours that Edward IV was himself illegitimate, in which case he should never have been king. In his time, it was noted that Edward IV did not look much like his father. Before he became king in 1483, Richard III himself declared that Edward was illegitimate, and parliament even considered the matter. William Shakespeare, in his play, ''Richard III'', which was written over a hundred years later, also referred to the claim. To this day it is not known whether these rumours were true.

==Edward V (1483)==
[[Image:DelarocheKingEdward.jpg|right|thumb|150px|King Edward V and the Duke of York in the Tower of London]]
'''Edward V''' was born in sanctuary within Westminster Abbey on 4 November 1470,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=Edward V {{!}} Biography, Death, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-V |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; while his mother was taking refuge from the Lancastrians who were then in charge of the kingdom while his father, the Yorkist King Edward IV of England, was out of power. After his father returned to the throne, he was made Prince of Wales in June 1471 and appeared with his parents on state occasions. Edward IV had set up a Council of Wales and the Marches, and sent his son to Ludlow Castle to be its president. The prince was at Ludlow when news came of his father's sudden death. Therefore Edward became king on 9 April 1483, aged only 12.

His father's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was given the role of Protector to his young nephews, Edward V and Richard, Duke of York. He caught up with Edward on his journey from Ludlow and took the princes to London.  Less than three months later, Richard took the throne himself after parliament declared Edward to be illegitimate.

After the two boys went to the Tower of London, they were never seen in public again.  What happened to them is one of the great mysteries of history, and many books have been written on the subject.  It is believed that they were killed, and the usual suspects are: their uncle, King Richard; Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham; and Henry Tudor, who later defeated Richard and took the throne as Henry VII.  

In 1674 some workmen remodeling the Tower of London dug up a box that had two small human skeletons in it. They threw them on a rubbish heap, but some days or weeks later someone decided they might be the bones of the two princes, so they gathered them up and put some of them in an urn that was buried at Westminster Abbey. In 1933 the bones were taken out and examined and then replaced in the urn.  The experts who examined them could not agree on what age the children would have been when they died or even whether they were boys or girls.

==Richard III (1483-1485)==
[[Image:Richiii.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Richard III]]
'''Richard III''' was born at Fotheringay Castle on 2 October 1452.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Richard III {{!}} Biography &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-III-king-of-England |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the fourth surviving son of Richard Plantagenet, the 3rd Duke of York, who was a strong claimant to the throne of King Henry VI. He has been portrayed as having a withered arm, limp and a crooked back, but this is most probably an invention from many years later. Richard was King of England from 1483, when he effectively deposed his nephew, Edward V. A rebellion rose against Richard later that year, and he died at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. He is the last English king to die in battle, and he was succeeded by the winner of the battle, Henry Tudor.

===Marriage and children===

Richard spent much of his childhood at Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, under the care of his uncle, Richard Neville, the 16th Earl of Warwick (the &quot;Kingmaker&quot;), as Richard's father died when he was young. Following the Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Richard married the widowed Anne Neville, younger daughter of the now dead 16th Earl of Warwick on 12 July 1472. Anne's first husband had been Edward of Westminster, son of Henry VI. Richard and Anne had one son, Edward Plantagenet, who was born in 1473. He died soon after being made Prince of Wales in 1483. Richard also had a number of illegitimate children.

===Reign of Edward IV===
During the reign of his brother, King Edward IV,  Richard was a loyal and skilful military commander. He was rewarded with large estates in Northern England, and given the title Duke of Gloucester and the position of Governor of the North, becoming the richest and most powerful noble in England. Richard continued to control the north of England until Edward's death. In 1482 Richard recaptured Berwick-upon-Tweed from the Scots, and was noted as being fair and just, making gifts to universities and the Church.

===Death and legacy===

On 22 June 1483, outside St Paul's Cathedral, a statement was read out on behalf of Richard declaring for the first time that he was taking the throne for himself. On 6 July 1483, Richard was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Except for three earls not old enough to be there and a few lesser nobles, the entire peerage attended his coronation. Richard was known as a devout man and an efficient administrator.  However, he was a Yorkist and heirless, and had ruthlessly removed many of his enemies but some, led by Henry Tudor, remained. Richard's enemies united against him and he fought them at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, where he was killed. Henry Tudor succeeded Richard to become King Henry VII. Richard was buried at Greyfriars Church, Leicester, but his body was lost during the later Dissolution of the Monasteries. In 2012 his body was rediscovered and reburied in Leicester Cathedral in 2015. In 2014 the King Richard III Museum opened on the site of his original burial place in Greyfriars. Since his death, Richard III has become one of England's most controversial kings. He was portrayed as a bad king by historians of the House of Tudor. He has now largely lost his notoriety, except in relation to the mystery surrounding the two Princes in the Tower.

==References==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qa9apx9pjx6c31fnmvt520qiqnlkpdm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hindi Lessons</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673386</id>
      <parentid>4583807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T10:45:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52898-97</username>
        <id>3627316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ added to directions</comment>
      <origin>4673386</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6828" sha1="da7btxri403d0qj5g0zmg11c2jss6ai" xml:space="preserve">{{merge|Hindi|elimination of redundancy and cooperation on efforts|Talk:Hindi Lessons}}
Welcome to the Hindi lessons Wikibook.

This book is an introduction to Hindi and the script used to write it. It was written as an entry at hindi.unilang.org, and the author was kind enough to grant permission to copy and freely modify the text under the GFDL. Presently it is in a very colloquial style and needs editing to conform to Wikibooks conventions and take a bit more scholastic tone (per Vasil's comments), but it is a good start.

First and foremost, let me say some words about how well I know Hindi and about the way I'll teach it...
I've learned the little Hindi I know from a guy, who calls himself Siddharth. Thanks to him, I'm writing these lessons - with his permission of course ;-) So, here's the best time to give my gratitude to my guru: धन्यवाद गुरु जी (Dhanyavaad guru-ji)!

Now, back to Hindi. I'll write the lessons in Devanagari (that is the script the Indians use to write Hindi). Don't worry if you don't know how to read Devanagari. I've written with every word in Hindi a transliteration in English letters. Apart from that I've written one short lesson about how to read the Hindi script: Lesson 0. (since I'm a programmer, I always start to count from 0, lol:)

The first lesson is about the language Hindi in general, i.e. about what's Hindi, where is it spoken etc. (of course for those who don't know :-) The number of lessons isn't great for now, as I'm learning more I'll teach more! Besides I think that Hindi grammar isn't that difficult to learn, and actually there isn't much to learn! So, after learning some basic grammatical structures and patterns you'll be able to say much in Hindi! Wish you luck! Enjoy!

== Lessons ==
{{Book search}}
*[[/Lesson 0/]]:  The Hindi Script: Devanagari.
*[[/Lesson 1/]]:  Introduction to Hindi. Linguistic Information.
*[[/Lesson 2/]]:  Some basic phrases.
*[[/Lesson 3/]]:  Pronouns
*[[/Lesson 4/]]:  Genders in Hindi... Hindi Verbs - Part 1
*[[/Lesson 5/]]:  Hindi Verbs - Part 2.
*[[/Lesson 6/]]:  Adjectives. Colors.
*[[/Lesson 7/]]:  Cases. The Direct and Oblique case.
*[[/Lesson 8/]]:  Modal Verbs.
*[[/Lesson 9/]]:  Numbers and question words.
*[[/Glossary/]]

==Vocabulary==
 Animals (जानवर)


Dog – कुत्ता kutta 

Cat – बिल्ली billi 

Elephant – हाथी

Lion – शेर

Cow – गाय

Horse – घोड़ा

Monkey – बंदर

Tiger – बाघ

 Birds (पक्षी)


Sparrow – गौरैया

Crow – कौवा

Peacock – मोर

Parrot – तोता

Pigeon – कबूतर

Eagle – चील

Owl – उल्लू

 Body Parts (शरीर के अंग)


Head – सिर

Eyes – आंखें

Nose – नाक

Mouth – मुँह

Hands – हाथ

Legs – पैर

Ears – कान

Heart – दिल

 Colors (रंग)


Red – लाल

Blue – नीला

Green – हरा

Yellow – पीला

Black – काला

White – सफेद

Pink – गुलाबी

Orange – नारंगी

Days and Months (दिन और महीने)

Days:


Monday – सोमवार

Tuesday – मंगलवार

Wednesday – बुधवार

Thursday – गुरुवार

Friday – शुक्रवार

Saturday – शनिवार

Sunday – रविवार

Months:

January – जनवरी

February – फरवरी

March – मार्च

April – अप्रैल

May – मई

June – जून

July – जुलाई

August – अगस्त

September – सितंबर

October – अक्टूबर

November – नवम्बर

December – दिसम्बर


 Directions (दिशाएँ)

North – उत्तर

South – दक्षिण

East – पूर्व

West – पश्चिम

Left – बायाँ

Right – दायाँ

Up – ऊपर

Down – नीचे

Forward – आगे

Backward – पीछे

 Dressing / Clothing (पहनावा / कपड़े)
Shirt – कमीज़

Pant – पैंट

Dress – पोशाक

Saree – साड़ी

Shoes – जूते

Socks – मोज़े

Hat – टोपी

 Flowers (फूल)
Rose – गुलाब

Lotus – कमल

Marigold – गेंदा

Sunflower – सूरजमुखी

Jasmine – चमेली

Lily – कुमुद

 Foods (खाद्य पदार्थ)
Rice – चावल

Bread – रोटी

Curry – सब्ज़ी

Pickle – अचार

Yogurt – दही

Butter – मक्खन

 Food Grains (अन्न / अनाज)
Wheat – गेहूं

Rice – चावल

Maize – मक्का

Barley – जौ

Millet – बाजरा

Pulses – दालें

 Fruits (फल)
Apple – सेब

Banana – केला

Mango – आम

Orange – संतरा

Grapes – अंगूर

Papaya – पपीता

 Household Objects (घरेलू वस्तुएँ)
Chair – कुर्सी

Table – मेज़

Fan – पंखा

Bed – बिस्तर

Mirror – दर्पण

Door – दरवाज़ा

Window – खिड़की

 Music and Dance (संगीत और नृत्य)
Song – गीत

Dance – नृत्य

Tabla – तबला

Flute – बांसुरी

Drum – ढोल

Sitar – सितार

Classical Dance – शास्त्रीय नृत्य

 Plants and Trees (पौधे और पेड़)
Tree – पेड़

Plant – पौधा

Neem – नीम

Banyan – बरगद

Tulsi – तुलसी

Mango Tree – आम का पेड़

 Family Relations (परिवारिक संबंध)
Father – पिता

Mother – माता

Brother – भाई

Sister – बहन

Grandfather – दादा / नाना

Grandmother – दादी / नानी

Uncle – चाचा / मामा

Aunt – चाची / मामी

 Stationery (लिखने की वस्तुएँ)
Pen – कलम

Pencil – पेंसिल

Eraser – रबड़

Notebook – कॉपी

Book – किताब

Ruler –尺 / पैमाना

 Tools (औज़ार)
Hammer – हथौड़ा

Screwdriver – पेचकस

Wrench – पाना

Saw – आरी

Axe – कुल्हाड़ी

Plier – प्लास

 Vegetables (सब्ज़ियाँ)
Potato – आलू

Onion – प्याज़

Tomato – टमाटर

Carrot – गाजर

Brinjal – बैंगन

Spinach – पालक{{Shelves|Hindi language}}
{{alphabetical|H}}
{{status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>da7btxri403d0qj5g0zmg11c2jss6ai</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/CLL-SLL</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>72907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673393</id>
      <parentid>4414559</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:10:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4729" sha1="57czl1o4lz9h7s40r9xvoxee8e1b8nm" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology/NHL:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (CLL/SLL)'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*CLL is the most common leukemia among adults in Western world
*It is characterized by accumulation of mature B-cells
**CLL molecular phenotype: CD5+, CD23+, surface Ig weak, CD79b weak/absent, FMC7 neg.
**Diagnosis: lymphocytosis (often &gt;5 x 10^9 / L, but not an absolute cutoff)
*Risk factors are male sex, advanced age, white race, and family history of CLL or lymphoproliferative disorders
*Cause and pathogenesis are largely unknown
**Peripheral blood of some healthy adults shows circulating B-cell clones with surface phenotypes similar to CLL
**Monocloncal B-cell lymphomatosis (MBL) indicates presence of such B-cells in blood at &lt;5000 per cubic millimeter
**Prevalence of MBL may be 3-5% in general population over 50 years of age
**It appears that these circulating B-cell clones may be present in blood of for years prior to development of CLL, and that the light chain re-arrangement is the same
**Thus, it may be reasonable to consider MBL a precursor state to CLL, in a similar fashion as MGUS is a precursor state to multiple myeloma
*CLL and SLL are histologically and immunophenotypically identical
**By definition, CLL has more marked peripheral blood involvement
**CLL: absolute lymphocyte count &gt;=5 x10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/L
**SLL: absolute lymphocyte count &lt;5 x10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/L
*Clinical course varies widely, but frequently characterized by indolent behavior
*Treatment commonly deferred while patients asymptomatic
*No consensus on best treatment, but [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy#Pyrimidine_analogues|nucleoside analogues]] and Rituxan have led to improved outcomes

==Staging==
&lt;big&gt;Rai Staging&lt;/big&gt;
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
|'''Rai Stage''' || '''Criteria''' || '''Survival''' (yr)
|-
|0 || lymphocytosis only. no other abnormality || &gt; 13
|-
|I || lymphocytosis and lymph node enlargement. no other abnormality || 8
|-
|II || lymphocytosis and spleen or liver enlargement (w/ or w/o lymph node enlargement). no other abnormality || 5
|-
|III || lymphocytosis and anemia (Hgb &lt; 11 g/dL); w/ or w/o spleen / liver / lymph node enlargement. no platelet abnormality || 2
|-
|IV || lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia (plts &lt; 100,000 /&amp;micro;L) || 1
|}


&lt;big&gt;Binet Staging&lt;/big&gt;
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|'''Binet Stage''' || '''Criteria''' || '''Survival''' (yr)
|-
|A || &lt;3 lymph node areas; no anemia or thrombocytopenia || 12
|-
|B || 3 or more lymph node areas; no anemia or thrombocytopenia || 5
|-
|C || Anemia (Hgb &lt; 11) or thrombocytopenia (&lt; 100,000 /&amp;micro;L) || 2
|}

==Classification==
*'''MD Anderson; 2007''' (1985-2005) {{PMID|17925562}} -- &quot;Assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma by absolute lymphocyte counts in 2,126 patients: 20 years of experience at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.&quot; (Tsimberidou AM, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 10;25(29):4648-56.)
**Retrospective. 2126 consecutive CLL/SLL patients
**Outcome: rates of response, OS, and FFS not different among different groups
**Predictive factors: deletion of 17p or 6q, age &gt;60, b2-microglobulin &gt;2, albumin &lt;3.5, creatinine &gt;1.6
**Conclusion: Patients with CLL or SLL can be treated similarly


==Richter's transformation==
*Named for Maurice N. Richter who described it in 1928
*Development of high grade NHL (typically [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/DLBCL|diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]]) in the setting of CLL
*May be triggered by viral infections (e.g. EBV) or by genetic defects acquired by the malignant clone
*Occurs in ~4% of CLL patients
*Response rates to chemotherapy are low, up to ~40%; median OS is ~8 months


*'''1993''' {{PMID|7693038}}, 1993 &amp;mdash; &quot;Common clonal origin of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high-grade lymphoma of Richter's syndrome.&quot; Cherepakhin V et al. Blood. 1993 Nov 15;82(10):3141-7.
*'''1975''' {{PMID|1096589}}, 1975 &amp;mdash; &quot;Richter's syndrome. A terminal complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with distinct clinicopathologic features.&quot; Long JC et al. Am J Clin Pathol. 1975 Jun;63(6):786-95.
*'''Original description; 1928''' {{PMID|19969796}}, 1928 &amp;mdash; &quot;Generalized reticular cell sarcoma of lymph nodes associated with lymphatic leukemia.&quot; Richter MN et al. Am J Pathol. 1928; 4:285.

==Radiation Therapy==
*Please see [[Radiation_Oncology/Spleen|spleen irradiation]]

==Reviews==
*'''2006''' {{PMID|16983131}} -- &quot;Narrative review: initial management of newly diagnosed, early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia.&quot; (Shanafelt TD, Ann Intern Med. 2006 Sep 19;145(6):435-47.)
*'''2006''' {{PMID|16901035}} -- &quot;Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis and treatment.&quot; (Yee KW, Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Aug;81(8):1105-29.)</text>
      <sha1>57czl1o4lz9h7s40r9xvoxee8e1b8nm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lee Jordan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673229</id>
      <parentid>4193272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:36:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pookiyama</username>
        <id>1766461</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673229</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12652" sha1="53p650rq7efa8yi7myclr0v5rzanp4c" xml:space="preserve">{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Character|
name=Lee Jordan|
gender=Male|
hair=Dreadlocks, probably black|
eyes=Probably brown|
family=Unknown|
loyalty=Gryffindor House
}}

== Overview ==

'''''Lee Jordan''''' is a close friend of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley|Fred and George Weasley]] and is in their year, making him a third-year as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry Potter]] enters Hogwarts. He is also the commentator for the house Quidditch matches.

== Role in the Books ==

{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}}

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Philosopher's Stone|Philosopher's Stone]] ===

Someone named Lee is on [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Platform 9 and Three Quarters|Platform Nine and Three Quarters]] as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry]] finds he way to the train. Lee has a box containing something with long, hairy legs. [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley|Fred and George]] later say that Lee Jordan has a giant tarantula.

The evening Harry becomes Seeker for the Gryffindor [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Quidditch|Quidditch]] team, Fred and George congratulate him, saying that they too are on the team. They then say they have to talk to Lee, who thinks he has found a new secret passage out of the school.

When the Gryffindor [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Quidditch|Quidditch]] team take to the air for their first match, against Slytherin in November, it turns out that Lee Jordan is the commentator. He identifies the Chasers on both teams who are holding the Quaffle, particularly [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Angelina Johnson|Angelina]]: when the Quaffle is in her possession, he comments as an aside that he is disappointed that she won't go out with him.

When the Snitch first appears, Harry is about to grab it when he is fouled by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marcus Flint|Marcus Flint]], the Slytherin team captain. Lee reports this as he sees it, as cheating, and as a deliberate foul, and is called to order by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Minerva McGonagall|Professor McGonagall]]. At the end of the match, Lee is apparently quite happy with the final score, Gryffindor winning 170 to 60, that he is still shouting it out long after the game is done.

After the final exam of the year, Harry, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]], and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger|Hermione]] walk down to the shore of the lake to soak up some sun; they see Lee and the Weasley twins tickling the giant squid in the shallows of the lake.

It is mentioned that Lee Jordan is the last person out of the Common Room when Harry, Hermione, and Ron decide to go through the trap door.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Chamber of Secrets|Chamber of Secrets]] ===

We see Lee Jordan commentating the two Quidditch matches in which Harry takes part, but Lee plays little other role in the book.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Prisoner of Azkaban|Prisoner of Azkaban]] ===

Lee Jordan again is the commentator for the Quidditch matches. We specifically make note of his presence in the match against Ravenclaw, where [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Minerva McGonagall|Professor McGonagall]] several times has to remind him that he is commentating a game, not advertising [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Brooms|Firebolts]]. We also note in the final match of the season, against Slytherin, Professor McGonagall restrains him a few times from commenting harshly about the Slytherin tactics, though by the end of the game McGonagall is just as angry at the Slytherins as Lee Jordan is.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Goblet of Fire|Goblet of Fire]] ===

Lee Jordan is first mentioned shortly after the announcement of the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Triwizard Tournament|Triwizard Tournament]], scheming with Fred and George about ways to avoid the age limit that [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore|Professor Dumbledore]] says will be placed on the entrants to the tournament. When the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Goblet of Fire|Goblet of Fire]] is placed in the Entrance Hall to accept the candidates' names, Professor Dumbledore has drawn an age line around it to prevent underage wizards from competing. Lee, Fred, and George, who have apparently taken an aging potion, appear in the Entrance Hall to try and submit their names, but only Fred and George manage to cross the age line around the Goblet before it kicks them out, awarding them both long white beards in the process. Lee accompanies them to the Hospital Wing to have their beards removed.

When the first [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Hogsmeade|Hogsmeade weekend]] rolls around, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]] and Harry have had a falling out, so Harry goes to Hogsmeade with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger|Hermione]]. He sees Ron talking with Lee and the twins, but does not stop at their table.

As they head back home on the Hogwarts Express, the Twins relate to Harry, Ron, and Hermione how [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ludovic Bagman|Ludo Bagman]] had cheated them, and say that he had also cheated Lee Jordan's father the same way.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Order of the Phoenix|Order of the Phoenix]] ===

Fred and George, on the Hogwarts Express to school, say that they need to sit with Lee Jordan, to talk business. By now, their plans for a joke shop are well underway, and they are in the process of lining up suppliers and creating their initial stock, we expect.

Lee Jordan is one of the group of students who is present at the first meeting of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Dumbledore's Army|Dumbledore's Army]], in the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Hog's Head Inn|Hog's Head]]. He, Fred, and George are carrying bags from Zonko's Joke Shop.

Lee is commentator for the Quidditch match against Slytherin, the first of the year (and the only one Harry plays in). This time, Professor McGonagall restrains him when he begins effusively complimenting [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Angelina Johnson|Angelina Johnson]], and complaining that she won't go out with him.

When [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]] returns from his mission, shortly before Christmas, Lee, Fred, and George are among the enthusiastic students welcoming him upon his return. Many others are not so demonstrative.

As a result of Educational Decree Number Twenty-Six, issued shortly after the mass breakout from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Azkaban|Azkaban]], teachers are forbidden from discussing anything unrelated to academics with the students. Lee sees this as a reason to state that [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dolores Umbridge|Professor Umbridge]] should not be chastising Fred and George for playing Exploding Snap in her classroom, as what she is saying is clearly not to do with academics. As a result, he gets detention. Harry, knowing very well what [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Torture Quill|Umbridge's ideas of detention]] are, suggests Essence of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Murtlap|Murtlap]] to Lee to heal his hand. The idea, which had been given to Harry by Hermione, makes its way to the Twins, who use it as an ingredient for one of their [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Skiving Snackbox|Skiving Snackboxes]].

While Lee is still commentating the Quidditch matches after the departure of the Twins, a lot of the joy seems to have gone out of his performance; his announcement of the players' names as they enter the pitch in the final, Gryffindor against Ravenclaw, is lacklustre.

Lee, hearing that Hagrid is being blamed for [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Niffler|Nifflers]] being introduced into Professor Umbridge's office, admits to Harry and Hermione that he was the one who had put them in there, levitating them in through Umbridge's window.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince|Half-Blood Prince]] ===

As Lee had graduated at the end of the previous year, we do not see him in this book.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Deathly Hallows]] ===

At [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill Weasley|Bill]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fleur Delacour|Fleur]]'s wedding, Harry sees that Lee is dancing with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ginny Weasley|Ginny]]. He tries not to resent the promise he had given [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]] about not taking up with Ginny again.

Lee Jordan is &quot;River&quot;, the main commentator on Potterwatch, the pirate wireless show that Ron tries endlessly to pick up, finally succeeding in March. He passes the news that [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ted Tonks|Ted Tonks]], [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dirk Cresswell|Dirk Cresswell]], the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Goblin|goblin]] Gornuk, and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bathilda Bagshot|Bathilda Bagshot]] were dead. He then introduces, by code name, several newscasters, who are identified by Ron as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Remus Lupin|Remus Lupin]], [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Kingsley Shacklebolt|Kingsley Shacklebolt]], and Fred or George Weasley.

Lee is one of the first arrivals to the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Room of Requirement|Room of Requirement]] when [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Neville Longbottom|Neville]] recalls Dumbledore's Army to fight for the school, using Hermione's fake protean Galleons.

As Harry is on his way to the Room of Requirement, where he now believes Rowena Ravenclaw's lost diadem is hidden, he passes [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley|Fred Weasley]], Lee Jordan, and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hannah Abbott|Hannah Abbott]] guarding a hole behind a plinth where a statue had fallen. The statue had previously been masking one of the secret passages into Hogwarts.

During the second part of the battle, when everyone believing Harry to be dead, Lee and George Weasley both slam Death Eater [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Yaxley|Yaxley]] to the floor.

== Strengths ==
Lee Jordan gave almost everyone who has ever read Harry Potter or seen the movies unrealistic expectations on sports commentary. He later used the skills he obtained while commentating Quidditch to help him produce a successful underground rebel radio station during Voldemort's second rise to power that provided truth, hope, and laughter in a time that it was needed the most.

== Weaknesses ==

Like many young men, Lee has not yet learned to consider all the ramifications of his actions. He had, on two occasions, introduced [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Niffler|Nifflers]] into [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dolores Umbridge|Professor Umbridge]]'s office, and was dismayed to realize that Umbridge would leap to the conclusion that, because they were magical creatures, the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Care of Magical Creatures|Care of Magical Creatures]] teacher, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]], would be blamed for it.

== Relationships with Other Characters ==

Lee is best friends with George and Fred Weasley.

When announcing Gryffindor Quidditch matches, he often compliments [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Angelina Johnson|Angelina Johnson]] and bemoans the fact that she won't go out with him; on two occasions his commenting in that vein is reined in by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Minerva McGonagall|Professor McGonagall]]. This would lead the reader to believe that he has something of a crush on Angelina, but apparently he never acts upon it.

Lee is somewhat open and trusting. One gets the feeling, though this is never borne out, that he is likely to catch the fallout from the Twins' pranks, possibly undeservedly. It is certainly true that he immediately accepts Harry's offer of help after his detention with Umbridge.

== Analysis ==

== Questions ==
{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}}

== Greater Picture ==

{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Intermediate Spoiler}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>53p650rq7efa8yi7myclr0v5rzanp4c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/MPNST</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>88061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673369</id>
      <parentid>2249817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:44:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4697" sha1="mh53oeuezphnm0qhjft8vvhukw2xxs3" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}
'''Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor'''


==Epidemiology==
*Account for 5-10% of soft tissue tumors
*Majority arise ''de novo'' or from neurofibromas; prior RT (median 15 years ago) a risk factor


==Pathology==
*Normal nerve sheath: Schwann cells, perineural cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, epineural lipocytes
*MPNSTs - Malignant tumors arising from or differentiating toward cells of peripheral nerve sheath; resemble [[Radiation_Oncology/Sarcoma/Fibrosarcoma|fibrosarcomas]] in their basic organization
*Criteria (one of the following):
**arise from peripheral nerve
**arise from pre-existing benign nerve sheath tumor (e.g., neurofibroma)
**displays a constellation of histologic features seen above, and reflecting Schwann cell differentiation
*Cytogenetics
**Loss of NF1 gene (neurofibromin) and high levels of RAS activity; necessary but not sufficient
**In addition, p27-Kip1, p53, or p16


==Treatment Overview==
*Literature mostly consists of small series or case reports
*Primary treatment is surgery
*RT appears beneficial in local control, but has no impact on long-term survival. Dose &gt;60 Gy preferred
*Chemotherapy does not appear very effective


==Outcomes==
*'''MGH''' 1991-2001 {{PMID|12963767}} -- &quot;Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: the clinical spectrum and outcome of treatment.&quot; (Baehring JM, Neurology. 2003 Sep 9;61(5):696-8.)
**Retrospective. 54 patients. Median f/u 54 months
**Median survival: 66 months
**Local recurrence: 26% after median 22 months; Distant recurrence: 20%
**Univariate factors: tumor diameter &lt;5 cm (HR 0.4), total resection, lower age
**Multivariate factors: extent of surgery, RT (HR 0.22), age, chemo (but caution: small sample size)

*'''Mayo''' 1975-1993 {{PMID|9788415}} -- &quot;Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: analysis of treatment outcome. (Wong WW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Sep 1;42(2):351-60.)
**Retrospective. 134 patients, 27% extremities, 73% non-extremities. Median f/u 53 months
**Path: 10% Grade I, 32% Grade II, 32% Grade III, 24% Grade IV
**RT (54%): 3-5 cm margins, no attempt to include LNs; 10% BT prescribed median 15 Gy to target volume
**5-year OS (10-year OS): 52% (34%). Median survival 61 months. RT did not affect 5-year survival (58% RT vs. 43% no RT)
**Survival predictors: prior XRT, surgical margins
**Local control: surgical margins, RT dose, use of IOERT/BT
**Distant control: tumor size, grade, histologic subtype
**Conclusion: Goal resection with negative margins. Adjuvant RT &gt;=60 Gy, and inclusion of IOERT/BT provides improved local control

*'''St. Jude''' 1995 {{PMID|8591083}} -- &quot;Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience.&quot; (DeCou JM, Ann Surg Oncol. 1995 Nov;2(6):524-9.)
**Retrospective. 28 patients treated over 30 years. 45% extremity, 34% trunk, 21% head/neck
**5-year OS: 39% (resectable 65%, nonresectable 0% and median 12 months)
**Survival predictors: surgical margins, sarcoma IRS group
**Role for RT: authors recommend only for +margins

==Review==
*'''Zurich''' (Switzerland) 2005 -- {{PMID|16442014}} &quot;Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: an update.&quot; (Fuchs B, J Surg Orthop Adv. 2005 Winter;14(4):168-74.)


==Malignant Intracranial Nerve Sheath Tumor==
*Historically also called malignant Schwannoma, but '''Malignant Intracranial Nerve Sheath Tumor''' preferred, since it is not yet clear whether these tumors truly arise from Schwann cells
*Only 5 cases reported in literature:
**2/5 patients were disease-free 17 and 19 months after surgery
**3/5 patients recurred (5 months (death 9 months), 10 months (death 18 monts), and last had 3rd recurrence 5 years after surgery)


*'''Saint-Etienne''' (France) 2004 {{PMID|14744297}} -- &quot;Malignant nerve sheath tumor of the right cerebral peduncle: case report.&quot; (Beauchesne P, Neurosurgery. 2004 Feb;54(2):500-3; discussion 503-4.)
**Case report. 35 yo man with right cerebral peduncle tumor
**Treated with stereotactic biopsy and cranial RT to 56.25 Gy in 24 fractions
**After recurrence, treated with doxorubicin with mild benefit
**OS: 29 months (recurred 24 months after initial treatment)

*'''NYU''' 1998 {{PMID|9452273}} -- &quot;Malignant intracerebral nerve sheath tumor: a case report and review of the literature.&quot; (Sharma S, Cancer. 1998 Feb 1;82(3):545-52.)
**Case report. 8 yo girl with right posterior temporal lobe tumor
**Treated with surgery. RT appears to have been used, but no information provided
**OS: healthy recurrence-free 17 months after surgery

*Abstract -- &quot;Immunocytochemistry of recurring intracerebral nerve sheath tumour.&quot; (Bruner JM, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 43: 296, 1984 (abstr).)</text>
      <sha1>mh53oeuezphnm0qhjft8vvhukw2xxs3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Celestia/SSC File</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>99292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673357</id>
      <parentid>4536230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T07:11:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AstroChara</username>
        <id>3392416</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated the Atmosphere section to include 1.7 features, resolve confusions, and contain more useful information. + formatting consistency</comment>
      <origin>4673357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47516" sha1="gf8i8vzmpnhmwdh43lgkx8dz399y4u1" xml:space="preserve">{{TOCright}}
== Introduction ==

Celestia uses catalogs to define its objects. It loads SSC catalogs only once, when it starts. First it loads the ones in its &lt;kbd&gt;data&lt;/kbd&gt; directory in alphabetical order, then it loads the ones in the &lt;kbd&gt;extras&lt;/kbd&gt; directories, also in alphabetical order. 

=== What's an SSC file? ===

&quot;&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;olar &lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;ystem &lt;u&gt;C&lt;/u&gt;atalog&quot; files are primarily used to define the objects which can be found in a stellar system, such as planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and spacecraft. They also have four other uses: they can define alternative surface textures, locations on or near an object, and orbital reference points. An SSC file can also edit objects which have been defined in other SSC catalog files.

* Objects are defined by specifying a quoted name, the quoted path to the object, and a list of parameters. The type of object is specified by a Class statement among its parameters or will be assumed from the Radius specified for it. 
* Alternative surfaces are defined by prefixing the object's name by the keyword '''AltSurface'''. Their definitions can include any of the parameters related to surface textures. 
* Location labels are defined by prefixing the object's name by the keyword '''Location'''. Their definitions use special keywords.
* Orbital reference points are available only in Celestia v1.5.0 or later. They are defined by prefixing the object's name by the keyword '''ReferencePoint'''. Their definitions can include any of the parameters related to orbits or trajectories. 
* Editing a previously defined object can be done by prefixing the object's name by one of the keywords '''Modify''' or '''Replace'''. The revised definition can include any of the parameters used to define objects.

SSC catalog files are either in the &quot;data&quot; directory of the [[Celestia]] root or in an Add-on's root subdirectory (itself in Celestia's &lt;code&gt;extras&lt;/code&gt; directory).

Celestia's catalog files are plain text files, and can thus be modified with your favourite text editor. As with other code, the text must use straight (&quot;dumb&quot;) quotes, not curly (&quot;smart&quot;) quotes; for some text editors you will have to disable smart quotes.

Celestia uses the file &lt;kbd&gt;Celestia/data/solarsys.ssc&lt;/kbd&gt; to define most of the bodies that are in our own Solar System.

===Structure of an object definition===

'''&quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; { ...''parameters''... }'''


The first elements in an SSC object's definition are its name and its &quot;path&quot;.

&lt;kbd&gt;object name&lt;/kbd&gt; = Name of the object, in quotes (e.g. &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;Mercury&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;). Provisional designations (e.g. &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;S/2006 S 5&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;) are okay but won't be able to have secondaries (see below: confusion is caused by the &quot;/&quot; character.). As of Celestia 1.6.0, multiple names separated by colons are allowed (&quot;Eris:2003 UB313&quot;).

&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt; = The sequence of primaries that lead to the object; 
in other words, the bodies that it orbits around. 
Paths start with a star and work down from there. 

:The path separator is a forward slash (&quot;/&quot;). For example, &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;Mercury&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;'s path is just &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;Sol&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;. The path of &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;Romulus&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; and &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;Remus&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;, the moons of the minor planet &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;(87) Sylvia&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;, are both &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;Sol/(87) Sylvia&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;. The path of a Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) on the surface of the Moon would be &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;Sol/Earth/Moon&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;. Paths are also used in Celestia's browser menus.

:Because of the path separator used by Celestia, the names of objects known only by their provisional designations may need to be represented differently should they have secondaries. Alternatively, one could represent the slash (&quot;/&quot;) by a &quot;fraction slash&quot; (HTML &quot;&amp;amp;frasl;&quot; or &quot;&amp;amp;#8260;&quot; : &quot;&amp;frasl;&quot;) or a vertical bar (&quot;|&quot;).

The object's descriptive ''parameters'' follow within the accolades (&quot;braces&quot; or &quot;squiggly brackets&quot;: {} )

=== Representing colors ===

'''Color [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ]'''

Colors are represented using the R G B (red green blue) convention. Each of the three numbers in the 0.0 to 1.0 range represents the saturation of that colour component. &lt;kbd&gt;[0.0 0.0 0.0]&lt;/kbd&gt; is black, &lt;kbd&gt;[1.0 1.0 1.0]&lt;/kbd&gt; is white, &lt;kbd&gt;[1.0 0.0 0.0]&lt;/kbd&gt; is pure red, and so on.

=== Comments ===

'''#'''

The pound sign (&quot;crosshatch&quot; or &quot;sharp sign&quot;) begins a comment: whatever lies after this sign up to the next line terminator is ignored by Celestia.

== Object parameters ==
Below is an alphabetical list of the parameters used to define an SSC object.
Some of these parameters themselves require another list of parameters within {}.

=== Albedo &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===

'''Deprecated in Celestia v1.7.0.'''

The [[w:Bond albedo|Bond albedo]] of the object: a number between 0.0 and 1.0 (black to white, perfect absorber to perfect reflector). This determines the brightness of the point used to represent the object when it is too small to draw. If set to 0, the object is never drawn.

Actual calculations in pre 1.7 versions treat this parameter as [[w:Geometric albedo|Geometric albedo]], so in 1.7 it was deprecated and replaced with &lt;kbd&gt;GeomAlbedo&lt;/kbd&gt;, old &lt;kbd&gt;Albedo&lt;/kbd&gt; is an alias for &lt;kbd&gt;GeomAlbedo&lt;/kbd&gt;. To represent Bond albedo a new parameter was added, &lt;kbd&gt;BondAlbedo&lt;/kbd&gt;.

=== Atmosphere { ...''parameters''... } ===

Defines an object's atmosphere. This is not part of the surface texture of an SSC object. It's drawn surrounding the object. The possible parameters within the accolades (&quot;{ }&quot;) are the following (some text from [https://celestiaproject.space/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;t=17628 this forum thread]):

==== CloudMap &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ====
:The cloud texture (a transparent png or dds).

:For more information, see the page [[Celestia/Textures]].

==== CloudNormalMap &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ====
:''Available only in Celestia v1.5.0 or later.''

:A CloudNormalMap adds shadows to the surface of a cloud image, making it appear to be bumpy.

:For more information, see the page [[Celestia/Textures#Cloud_Layer_Normal_Maps]].

==== CloudHeight &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
:The cloud altitude in kilometres.

==== CloudSpeed &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
:The cloud speed relative to the surface in degrees/day. Positive value indicates same direction as rotation.

==== Height &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
:Height of the atmosphere in kilometres. This parameter doesn't affect rendering of Mie/Rayleigh atmospheres, but the value determines if Celestia bothers rendering the vertical profile of the atmosphere. So high values make the atmosphere show up correctly even at high distances.

==== Rayleigh [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ====
:The fraction of red, green and blue light scattered by [[w:Rayleigh scattering|Rayleigh scattering]] per kilometre, respectively. In reality, Rayleigh scattering is proportional to (1/wavelength)^4. Assuming red = 680 nm, green = 550 nm, and blue = 440 nm, the relative intensities of R:G:B are 0.175:0.428:1.

==== RayleighScaleHeight &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
:''Available only in Celestia v1.7.0 or later.''

:The [[w:scale height|scale height]] for Rayleigh scattering. This parameter is unused prior to 1.7, and currently Rayleigh scattering uses MieScaleHeight by default, but can be enabled in settings.

==== Mie &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
:The fraction of light scattered by [[w:Mie scattering|Mie scattering]] per kilometre. Mie scattering has no dependence on light wavelength, resulting in a white hazy appearance.

==== MieScaleHeight &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
:The scale height for Mie scattering.

==== MieHGAnisotropy &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
:''Available only in Celestia v1.7.0 or later.''

:Determines the directionality of Mie scattering. Positive value causes more light to be forward-scattered, making Mie scattering appear stronger when the light source is behind the atmosphere, and negative value causes more light to be back-scattered. It corresponds to the ''g'' parameter in the Henyey-Greenstein (HG) phase function.

==== MieAsymmetry &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
:'''Deprecated in Celestia v1.7.0.'''

:Determines the amount of forward- and back-scattered light, similar to MieHGAnisotropy. Due to a bug in the Mie scattering phase function code, this parameter is inverted; positive value causes back-scattering, and vice versa.

==== Absorption [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ====
:The amount of red, green and blue light absorbed by the atmosphere per kilometre. Currently absorption uses the same scale height value as Rayleigh scattering.

''The following parameters are deprecated in Celestia v1.5.0 and later. Mie and Rayleigh scattering parameters should be used instead.''

==== Lower [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ====
:Colour of the atmosphere near the surface.

==== Upper [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ====
:Colour of the atmosphere near its top.

==== Sky [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ====
:Colour of the sky when seen from ''inside'' the atmosphere.

==== Sunset [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ====
:Colour of the sunset.

=== Beginning &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; or &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;YYYY MM DD HH:MM:SS&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
Specifies a time before which the object doesn't exist. 

The Beginning time may be provided as a floating point number, in which case it is interpreted an astronomical Julian date, or it may be provided as a quoted string, in which case it is interpreted as a Gregorian date.

If it is a quoted Gregorian date, &lt;kbd&gt;YYYY MM DD&lt;/kbd&gt; = year, month, day (integers); &lt;kbd&gt;HH:MM:SS&lt;/kbd&gt; = hour, minute, second (integers). Since version 1.3.1, Celestia converts these time-stamps into Julian Dates internally. A date to Julian Date and back converter can be found at the [http://web.archive.org/web/20031219175538/http://www.aavso.org/observing/aids/jdcalendar.shtml U.S. Naval Observatory].

=== BondAlbedo &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===

''Available only in Celestia v1.7.0 or later.''

The [[w:Bond albedo|Bond albedo]] of the object: a number between 0.0 and 1.0 (black to white, perfect absorber to perfect reflector). This determines the temperature of the object.

=== BumpHeight &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
Defaulting to 2.0, the &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; parameter defines the vertical scale of the '''Bumpmap'''.

=== BumpMap &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
A texture file (JPG, PNG, or DDS) used to generate relief.

For more information, see the page [[Celestia/Textures]].

=== BlendTexture &lt;kbd&gt;bool&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
The &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;bool&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; argument is either &lt;kbd&gt;true&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;false&lt;/kbd&gt;. BlendTexture is used with '''&quot;Color&quot;''' to colorize the surface texture image. The Texture's individual color channels are multiplied by the corresponding Color values.

=== Class &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;class&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
Class of object: one of '''&lt;kbd&gt;planet moon spacecraft comet asteroid invisible&lt;/kbd&gt;'''. By default, Celestia assigns Class based on the object's '''Radius'''. It is used by Celestia's View Options menu and determines the color of the orbit path drawn for this body. You could assign an artificial satellite to the &quot;moon&quot; class so its orbit is displayed along with those of the true moons. An object with a class of &lt;kbd&gt;invisible&lt;/kbd&gt; is not drawn. It can be used as an orbital barycenter, orbited by one or more visible objects.

{{Celx:v160}}
Celestia 1.6.0 adds several new object classes. The complete list of object types is:

* planet
* moon
* dwarfplanet
* minormoon
* asteroid
* comet
* spacecraft
* surfacefeature
* component
* diffuse
* invisible

Celestia treats planet, moon, dwarfplanet, minormoon, and asteroid as identical except for when showing labels and orbit paths in the 3D window, and object categories in the solar system browser. Whether an object is a planet or dwarf planet can be decided based on the criteria set forth in the IAU's 2006 resolution on the definition of a planet. Ultimately, it doesn't make too much difference in Celestia: the orbit and label of the body can be colored differently, but that is all. Asteroid is not a category officially defined by the IAU, but in Celestia this class is used for any natural, solid object that orbits a star and is too small to be a dwarf planet (i.e. it doesn't have enough mass to assume an ellipsoidal shape) and is not a comet.

A moon is a natural object in orbit around a planet. The distinction between moon and minor moon is arbitrary: Mars's two small satellites are both classified as moons, while dozens of objects of similar size orbiting the outer planets are minor moons. The minor moon class was introduced to eliminate the distracting clutter of moon orbits around the outer planets of the Solar System; a user now has a choice of whether or not to display the orbits of the swarm of rocks orbiting Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Comets are treated very much like asteroids, but are drawn with dust tails when sufficiently close to the Sun and labeled in a distinct color. Some objects in the Solar System have both comet and asteroid designations, such as Chiron. Such dual classification is not possible in Celestia.

Human-made objects traveling through space should be assigned the class spacecraft. In addition to affecting label and orbit color, slightly different information is displayed for spacecraft than for natural objects. The surface feature class should be used for buildings and other landmarks fixed to the surface of a planet, moon, or asteroid. Objects floating in space are rendered as points of light when they occupy less than a pixel on screen. This effect looks unrealistic for objects on the surface of a planet, and so it is disabled by default for surface features. The component class is used for parts of either surface features or spacecraft that are defined as separate objects in an ssc file. As with surface features, they aren't shown as points of light at a distance.

The diffuse class should be used for gas clouds, dust plumes, disks around planets, irregular rings, and the like. By default, diffuse objects cannot be selected by clicking. They are also not labeled or visible at a distance as a point of light.

This is the table of types of objects and parameters unless stated otherwise.

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#ececec&quot;
! Class 
! Visible 
! Visible&lt;br&gt;as Point 
! Labeled 
! Clickable 
! Planetshine
|-
! ''planet''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
! ''moon''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
! ''dwarfplanet''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
! ''minormoon''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
! ''asteroid''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
! ''comet''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
! ''spacecraft''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
! ''surfacefeature''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
! ''component''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
! ''diffuse''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
! ''invisible''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|}

Warning: '''LongLat''' does not place objects correctly when used with '''Class &quot;surfacefeature&quot;''' in Celestia v1.5.0 and later. Use '''FixedPosition [ x y z ]''' or '''FixedPosition { Planetographic [ Long Lat Alt ] }''' instead.

=== Color [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ===
Colorizes the object when there is no texture. Also specifies the color of the albedo point when the object is too small to resolve.

R, G and B should have values between 0 and 1, inclusive.

=== CustomOrbit &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;orbit name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
Invokes built-in high-precision orbit computations, such as  &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;vsop87-mercury&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;. CustomOrbit overrides EllipticalOrbit. If an invalid orbit name is provided, CustomOrbit is ignored.

For details, see [[Celestia/Trajectories#CustomOrbit|Celestia/Trajectories, section CustomOrbit]].

=== EllipticalOrbit { ...''parameters''... } ===
Defines an elliptical orbit (the generic case).

'''EllipticalOrbit''' parameters correspond to traditional Keplerian orbital parameters. A description of those parameters is in the [[Astrodynamics]] WikiBook, in its chapter on [[Astrodynamics/Classical_Orbit_Elements|Classical Orbit Elements]].

For more information, see [[Celestia/Trajectories#EllipticalOrbit|Celestia/Trajectories, section EllipticalOrbit]].

==== Eccentricity &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
Optionally determines the shape of the orbit. In fact, the name '''EllipticalOrbit''' is a bit misleading since the orbit may be circular, elliptical, parabolic, or hyperbolic depending upon the eccentricity:
** eccentricity = 0 -- circle
** 0 &lt; eccentricity &lt; 1 -- ellipse
** eccentricity = 1 -- parabola
** eccentricity &gt; 1 -- hyperbola

:''Note: An eccentricity of exactly 1 does not work in Celestia.''

:If '''Eccentricity''' is not provided, a circle is assumed.

==== Epoch &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; or &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;YYYY MM DD HH:MM:SS&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;====
Optional, the Epoch of the orbital elements (&lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt;, the date when they are valid, can be specified either with a number, which represents an astronomical Julian Date, or by a quoted string, which represents a conventional Gregorian date. If '''Epoch''' is omitted, 1 January 2000 is assumed.

For example,
&lt;br&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;2452583.763194445 # 2002 Nov 5 06:19UT (Galileo encounter)&lt;/kbd&gt;
&lt;br&gt;is the same epoch value as
&lt;br&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;&quot;2002 11 5 6:19:00&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt;

Starting with Celestia v1.5.0, '''Epoch''' must be specified in TDB. See [[Celestia/Time Scales]] for more information about TDB and UTC.

==== SemiMajorAxis &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
One of SemiMajorAxis or PericenterDistance is required.
The Semi-major axis of the orbit is in astronomical units (AUs) for objects which orbit around Stars or Barycenters, kilometres for everything else.

Note: the SemiMajorAxis of an hyperbolic orbit has a negative value.

==== PericenterDistance &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt;====
Alternate for SemiMajorAxis, is in astronomical units (AUs) for objects which orbit around Stars or Barycenters, kilometres for everything else.

==== ArgOfPericenter &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
Optional, the orbit's argument of pericenter, in degrees (measured from the ascending node).  Specify either &lt;kbd&gt;LongOfPericenter&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;ArgOfPericenter&lt;/kbd&gt;, not both. If both are specified, &lt;kbd&gt;ArgOfPericenter&lt;/kbd&gt; is used.

==== LongOfPericenter &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
Optional, the orbit's longitude of pericenter, in degrees. This is the sum of the argument of pericenter and the longitude of the ascending node. Specify either &lt;kbd&gt;LongOfPericenter&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;ArgOfPericenter&lt;/kbd&gt;, not both. If both are specified, &lt;kbd&gt;ArgOfPericenter&lt;/kbd&gt; is used.

==== AscendingNode &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
Optionally defines the longitude of the point in its orbit where the orbiting body crosses the reference plane going &quot;upward&quot; or &quot;northward&quot;. It is measured in degrees from the fundametal direction. If '''AscendingNode''' is not specified, a value of 0 degrees is assumed.

==== Inclination &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
Optional orbital inclination, in degrees. It is with respect to the Ecliptic for the Solar System's planets, with respect to the primary's equator for everything else. Starting with Celestia v1.5.0, any of a number of different reference planes can be specified. See [[Celestia/Reference_Frames|Reference Frames]] for details. If '''Inclination''' is not specified, a value of 0 degrees is assumed.

==== MeanAnomaly &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
Optional, the object's mean anomaly for Epoch, in degrees. This is the time that has elapsed since pericenter, divided by the orbital period, times 360 degrees. Specify either &lt;kbd&gt;MeanLongitude&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;MeanAnomaly&lt;/kbd&gt;, not both. If both are specified, &lt;kbd&gt;MeanAnomaly&lt;/kbd&gt; is used.

==== MeanLongitude &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
Optional, the object's mean longitude, in degrees. This is the sum of the longitude of pericenter and the mean anomaly. Specify either &lt;kbd&gt;MeanLongitude&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;MeanAnomaly&lt;/kbd&gt;, not both. If both are specified, &lt;kbd&gt;MeanAnomaly&lt;/kbd&gt; is used.

==== Period &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
Required, the orbital period is given in Earth years for objects which orbit around Stars or Barycenters, Earth solar days for everything else.


For a closed, elliptical orbit around our Sun,

&lt;math&gt;P = \sqrt{( q / ( 1 - e)) ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
or &lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;P = a^{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;

When defining an hyperbolic orbit around the Sun, set period to be

&lt;math&gt;P = \sqrt{( q / ( e - 1)) ^3}&lt;/math&gt;

where: 
:&lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is the period measured in years, 
:&lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; is the pericenter distance measured in AU,
:&lt;math&gt;e&lt;/math&gt; is the eccentricity, and
:&lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is the semimajor axis of the orbit, also measured in AU, and which has a negative value for hyperbolic orbits.

=== Emissive &lt;kbd&gt;boolean&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
Specifies whether the object should seem to glow (true) or should be illuminated by light sources (false). Its default value is false.

&lt;kbd&gt;Emissive true&lt;/kbd&gt; objects are bright, but are not light sources. They do not provide any illumination for other objects or cause them to cast shadows.

=== Ending &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; or &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;YYYY MM DD HH:MM:SS&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
Sets a time after which the object doesn't exist.

The Ending time may be provided as a floating point number, in which case it is interpreted the astronomical Julian date, or it may be provided as a quoted string, in which case it is interpreted as the Gregorian date.

If it is a quoted Gregorian date, &lt;kbd&gt;YYYY MM DD&lt;/kbd&gt; = year, month, day (integers); &lt;kbd&gt;HH:MM:SS&lt;/kbd&gt; = hour, minute, second (integers). Since version 1.3.1, Celestia converts these time-stamps into Julian Dates internally. A date to Julian Date and back converter can be found at the [http://web.archive.org/web/20031219175538/http://www.aavso.org/observing/aids/jdcalendar.shtml U.S. Naval Observatory].

=== EquatorAscendingNode &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===

Ascending node, in degrees, of the object's equatorial plane.

''This object rotational parameter is deprecated in Celestia v1.5.0 and later.''

===FixedPosition [ &lt;kbd&gt;f f f&lt;/kbd&gt; ]===

''Available only in Celestia v1.5.0 or later.''

An orbital specification which positions the object at a fixed position relative to its '''OrbitFrame'''. See the page on [[Celestia/Trajectories|orbits and trajectories]] for more information.

===GeomAlbedo &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt;===

''Available only in Celestia v1.7.0 or later.''

The [[w:Geometric albedo|Geometric albedo]] of the object. This determines the brightness of the point used to represent the object when it is too small to draw. If set to 0, the object is never drawn.

=== HazeColor [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ===

''Removed in 1.7''

Atmospheric haze colour. Only works for Nvidia graphics cards. In Celestia v1.5.0 one can use Atmosphere Mie and Rayleigh scattering parameters instead, which work for all graphics cards which support OpenGL v2.0.

=== HazeDensity &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===

''Removed in 1.7''

Atmospheric haze density, a number in the 0.0 to 1.0 range. Only works for Nvidia graphics cards. In Celestia v1.5.0 one can use Atmosphere Mie and Rayleigh scattering parameters instead, which work for all graphics cards which support OpenGL v2.0.

=== InfoURL &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;URL&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
The URL of a Web page which describes the object.

=== LongLat [ &lt;kbd&gt;Long Lat Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ===
'''Obsolete''' ''Deprecated in Celestia v1.5.0 and later''

Previously used to define a place's position, in the object's reference frame. &lt;kbd&gt;Long&lt;/kbd&gt; is the East longitude (in degrees), &lt;kbd&gt;Lat&lt;/kbd&gt; its latitude, and &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; the altitude (in kilometres). Longitude is measured toward the East. West longitude can be specified as a negative value.

'''Warning:''' LongLat does not place objects correctly when used with '''OrbitFrame''', '''SurfaceObject''', or '''Object &quot;Surfacefeature&quot;''' in Celestia v1.5.0 and later. Use '''FixedPosition [ ''x y z'' ]''' or '''FixedPosition { Planetographic [ ''Long Lat Alt'' ] }''' instead.

[[File:LunarLambert 0.0, 0.5, 1.0.png|thumb|The Moon in Celestia with LunarLambert values of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0]]
=== LunarLambert &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
Increasing this value changes the way light is scattered. Higher values cause more light to get scattered forwards. See the picture at right for an example.

More technically, it corresponds to the &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; constant in the Buratti disk function: &lt;math&gt;I/F = A \frac{\mu_0}{\mu + \mu_0} f(\alpha)+(1-A)\mu_0&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Buratti |first=Bonnie J. |date=1984 |title=Voyager disk resolved photometry of the Saturnian satellites |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/001910358490109X |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=392–405 |bibcode=1984Icar...59..392B |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(84)90109-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; A value of &lt;math&gt;A = 0&lt;/math&gt; causes this function to reduce to the Lambert scattering law, while &lt;math&gt;A = 1&lt;/math&gt; corresponds to Lommel-Seeliger (i.e. lunar-like) scattering.

The default value is 0.

=== Mesh &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
A 3D model file (cmod, cms, or 3ds) describing a non-spherical object. If no '''Mesh''' is specified, the object is assumed to be spherical. These files must be in a directory named &quot;\models&quot;. A '''Texture''' may be draped onto the mesh. See the page on [[Celestia/3D Models|3D Models]] for more information.

=== MeshCenter [ &lt;kbd&gt;x y z&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ===
Offset of the mesh with respect to its center.

=== MeshScale &lt;kbd&gt;scaleFactor&lt;/kbd&gt;===

MeshScale is only used when an object has a mesh file and NormalizeMesh is set to false. It specifies the scale factor needed to convert the mesh's internal units into kilometers. For example, if the mesh file has coordinates given in units of meters, the MeshScale should be set to 0.001:

 MeshScale 0.001

When NormalizeMesh is true (the default), MeshScale is ignored, and Celestia automatically scales the mesh to fit inside the sphere with a size equal to the value of the object's Radius property.

=== NightTexture &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
The night-side texture of the object (JPG, PNG, or DDS; use PNG or DDS for transparency).

For more information, see the page [[Celestia/Textures]].

===NormalMap &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
A map of surface normal vectors used to describe the irregularities in the surface.

For more information, see the page [[Celestia/Textures]].

===NormalizeMesh &lt;kbd&gt;boolean&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
Specifies whether Celestia should apply automatic scaling and centering to a mesh file. This property is true by default.

Overriding automatic scaling of meshes is useful when creating multicomponent spacecraft which have their parts in different mesh files. Celestia's automatic scaling and centering can make it very difficult to get the components to align with each other. When NormalizeMesh is false, the mesh is scaled by an amount specified by the MeshScale property. The Radius property doesn't affect the size of the mesh; it effectively just gives the radius of a bounding sphere for the object. The add-on creator must take care to ensure that the Radius is large enough to contain the scaled mesh, otherwise the Celestia may skip rendering the mesh even at times when it is actually in view.

=== Oblateness &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
The oblateness of a spherical object when no '''Mesh''' is specified. Oblateness is defined as 1 minus the ratio of the polar to equatorial diameters.

=== Obliquity &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
The object's rotational obliquity, in degrees. The name of this property is misleading: obliquity is angle between the rotation axis and the normal to the mean orbital plane, but in Celestia this quantity is the angle between the rotation axis and the normal to the body's ''reference plane'', typically the ecliptic for planets. Along with &quot;EquatorAscendingNode&quot;, defines the axis of rotation.

''This object rotational parameter is deprecated in Celestia v1.5.0 and later. The new rotation model syntax should be used instead.''

===OrbitColor [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ]===

Changes the color of an object's orbit.

===OrbitFrame { ''...parameters...'' }===

''Available only in Celestia v1.5.0 or later.''

An '''OrbitFrame''' defines the reference coordinate system for the other orbital parameters of the SSC object. See the page on 
[[Celestia/Trajectories|orbits and trajectories]] for details.

Warning: '''LongLat''' does not place objects correctly when used with '''OrbitFrame''' in Celestia v1.5.0 and later. Use '''FixedPosition [ x y z ]''' or '''FixedPosition { Planetographic [ Long Lat Alt ] }''' instead.

===Orientation [ &lt;kbd&gt;angle x y z&lt;/kbd&gt; ]===

Mesh orientation specified in angle-axis format.

'''Orientation''' is applied to the model before the rotation model. It is typically used to transform a mesh into a different coordinate system. Unlike the rotation model, '''Orientation''' does not affect the body fixed frame of an object.

'''angle in degrees (positive or negative)'''

'''x, y, z: 1 or 0 (1 designates the axis concerned)'''

'''example: &lt;code&gt;Orientation [90 1 0 0]&lt;/code&gt; means 90° rotation on the x axis.'''

=== OverlayTexture &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
A texture overlaid onto the main texture (PNG or DDS for transparency).

For more information, see the page [[Celestia/Textures]].

Note: there is a bug in Celestia v1.4.1 which causes OverlayTextures not to be drawn when the OpenGL 2.0 render path is selected. They are drawn by the other render paths. This problem is fixed in Celestia v1.5.0.

=== PrecessionRate &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
The axis or rotation's precession rate, in radians per day.

''This object rotational parameter is deprecated in Celestia v1.5.0 and later. The new rotation model syntax should be used instead.''

=== Radius &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
The equatorial radius of a spherical object, in kilometres. Also scales 3D models to the specified size.

=== SemiAxes [ &lt;kbd&gt;x y z&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ===
Specifies the sizes of the three dimensions of an ellipsoid. These are the dimensions of the object if no Radius property is specified, and the relative sizes if one is specified (the SemiAxes values are multiplied by the Radius value). The radius shown in Celestia is the longest axis, not the average.

=== Rings { ...''parameters''... } ===
Description of an object's rings.

==== Inner &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
The rings' inner edge, in kilometres from the object's centre.

==== Outer &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ====
The rings' outer edge, in kilometres from the object's centre.

==== Texture &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ====
The ring texture (PNG or DDS for transparency).

For more information, see the page [[Celestia/Textures]].

==== Color [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ====
The ring colour, when no texture is specified.

R, G and B should have values between 0 and 1, inclusive.

=== RotationEpoch &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===

The epoch of the rotation description (?).

''This object rotational parameter is deprecated in Celestia v1.5.0 and later. The new rotation model syntax should be used instead.''

=== RotationOffset &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
Celestia lines the object up with its prime meridian; the offset (in degrees) is the object's phase, in order for the textures and mesh to line up correctly.

''This object rotational parameter is deprecated in Celestia v1.5.0 and later.''

=== RotationPeriod &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
The object's rotation period in hours.

''This object rotational parameter is deprecated in Celestia v1.5.0 and later. ('''see UniformRotation {}''')''

===SampledOrbit &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;===

File of Julian date and xyz coordinates.

Takes priority over [[Celestia/SSC File#EllipticalOrbit|'''EllipticalOrbit''']].

For details, see [[Celestia/Trajectories#SampledOrbit|Celestia/Trajectories, section SampledOrbit]].

===SampledTrajectory { ...''parameters''... }===

''Requires v1.5.0 or later.''

Specifies a trajectory based on a file of Julian date / xyz coordinate records. SampledTrajectory is very similar to SampledOrbit with some added control over precision and interpolation.

Takes priority over [[Celestia/SSC File#SampledOrbit|'''SampledOrbit''']].

For details, see [[Celestia/Trajectories#SampledTrajectory|Celestia/Trajectories, section SampledTrajectory]].

===ScriptedOrbit { ...''parameters''... }===
''Requires v1.5.0 or later.''

See [[Celestia/Trajectories#ScriptedOrbit|Celestia/Trajectories, section ScriptedOrbit]].

=== SpecularColor [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ===
Colour of the specular reflection. '''SpecularColor''' must be specified if a '''SpecularTexture''' is used. Without it, no specularity is shown.

=== SpecularPower &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; ===
The intensity of the reflection; &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; must be a positive number with a value of 1 or more.  Smaller values produce a larger, more diffuse spot, while larger values produce a smaller, more intense spot. '''SpecularPower''' must be specified if a '''SpecularTexture''' is used. No '''SpecularPower''' or a value less than 1 will cause Celestia's rendering engine to do strange things.

=== SpecularTexture &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===
A .jpg, .png, .dds or .ctx image used to define areas with a specular reflection. White = reflective, black = dull. Requires both '''SpecularPower''' and '''SpecularColor'''.

For more information, see the page [[Celestia/Textures]].

===SpiceOrbit { ...''parameters''... }===

''Requires v1.5.0 or later.''

See [[Celestia/Trajectories#SpiceOrbit|Celestia/Trajectories, section SpiceOrbit]].

=== Texture &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; ===

For more information, see the page [[Celestia/Textures]].

A texture image (any of the filetypes PNG, JPG, or DDS) draped over the object's mesh or spheroid. An asterisk wildcard (*) may be used for the extension (e.g. &lt;kbd&gt;Texture &quot;mercury.*&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt;). Textures are rooted in the &quot;\textures&quot; directory, and sorted in three subdirectories: &quot;\hires&quot; for high resolution, &quot;\medres&quot; for medium resolution, and &quot;\lores&quot; for low resolution.

When looking for texture image files, by default Celestia looks first in &quot;medres&quot;, then &quot;lores&quot;, and finally in &quot;hires&quot;. The keyboard shortcuts &quot;R&quot; and &quot;r&quot; change which directory is searched first.

=== Timeline ===
{{sectstub}}

''requires Celestia v1.6.0 or later (or build from SourceForge svn repository)''

See https://celestiaproject.space/forum/viewtopic.php?t=12050
and
[[Celestia/160Features#Object_timelines]]

Provides a way to structure multiple, sequential objects as a single object. A space mission consisting of multiple parts can be organized with a single name.

===UniformRotation { ...''parameters''... }===

''Available only in Celestia v1.5.0 or later.''

'''UniformRotation''' replaces the older stand-alone SSC object rotational parameters by a block containing appropriate parameters describing the object's orientation. In addition to '''UniformRotation''', blocks for '''FixedRotation''', '''PrecessingRotation''', '''SampledOrientation''', and '''ScriptedRotation''' also are available. 

An object's rotation is defined to be relative to its '''BodyFrame {}'''.

See the pages on [[Celestia/Rotation_Models|Rotation Models]] and [[Celestia/Reference_Frames|Reference Frames]] for details.

===Visible &lt;kbd&gt;boolean&lt;/kbd&gt;===

''Available only in Celestia v1.6.0 or later.''

The setting of the visible property determines whether an object can be seen. This property affects the visibility of the object's geometry, label, and orbit path. The default value of Visible is true for all objects other than reference points. Usually, setting an object's visibility to false is only done if when it's expected that a user may run a script to reveal the object. Setting the visibility of a reference point to true is useful when you want its orbit and label to be shown (e.g. the Pluto−Charon barycenter in the standard Celestia 1.6.0 package.)

== AltSurface &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; { ...''parameters''... } ==

Used to define a set of alternate surface textures for an object, such as a &quot;limit of knowledge&quot; or &quot;topography map&quot;. 

===&quot;&lt;kbd&gt;name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;===
is what shows up in the object's contextual menu in Celestia. This text need not be unique: the same name can be used for AltSurfaces of several different objects. When a particular AltSurface name is selected in the popup contextual menu for one object, the AltSurfaces with that same name are shown on all objects. If an AltSurface with the selected name does not exist for an object, the &quot;normal&quot; (default) surface is shown instead.

===&quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;===
is the full path of the object, including its own name, on which to draw this alternate surface. e.g. &quot;Sol/Earth/Moon&quot; would tell Celestia that this is an alternative surface for our own Moon. 

===''parameters''===
An AltSurface's ''parameters'' can be any of the parameters which describe the surface textures of an SSC object. For details of each, see their corresponding entries above. 

* BlendTexture &lt;kbd&gt;bool&lt;/kbd&gt;
* BumpHeight &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt;
* BumpMap &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; 
* Color [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] 
* LunarLambert &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt;
* NormalMap &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;
* OverlayTexture &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; 
* SpecularColor [ &lt;kbd&gt;R G B&lt;/kbd&gt; ] 
* SpecularPower &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt;
* SpecularTexture &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;
* Texture &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;filename&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;

==ReferencePoint &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; { ...''parameters''... } ==

''Available only in Celestia v1.5.0 or later.''

A '''ReferencePoint''' can be used to define an orbital barycenter. It's an invisible position around which other bodies can orbit.

===&quot;&lt;kbd&gt;name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;===
The name of the '''ReferencePoint'''

===&quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;===
The path to the '''ReferencePoint''', specifying the bodies around which it orbits.

===''parameters''===

A '''ReferencePoint''' is defined using those SSC parameters which  define an orbit: CustomOrbit, EllipticalOrbit and SampledOrbit. See their definitions above.

OrbitFrame, FixedPosition, SpiceOrbit and ScriptedOrbit also can be used. See the page on [[Celestia/Trajectories| orbits and trajectories]] for more information about these new parameters.

Only orbit and position parameters are used. Rotation and orientation parameters are not relevant and are ignored.

==SurfaceObject &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; { ...''parameters''... } ==

''Available in Celestia v1.6.0 and later versions.''

Use of the '''SurfaceObject''' keyword invokes several useful defaults:

* The object's default '''OrbitFrame''' is the '''BodyFixed''' frame of the parent object
* The object's default '''BodyFrame''' is topocentric, with its Z axis pointing toward the zenith, its Y axis pointing toward the parent body's North Pole, and its X axis pointing to the East.
* The object's default '''Class''' is &quot;surfacefeature&quot;

Warning: '''LongLat''' does not place objects correctly when used with '''SurfaceObject''' in Celestia v1.5.0 and later. Use '''FixedPosition [ x y z ]''' or '''FixedPosition { Planetographic [ Long Lat Alt ] }''' instead.

==Location &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; { ...''parameters''... } ==
'''Location''' is an SSC directive used to designate a point of interest on an object in Celestia, such as Earth's major cities, where Pathfinder landed on Mars, or Apollo 11 on the Moon, etc. Celestia includes several .SSC catalogs of Locations, such as &quot;&lt;object&gt;_locs.ssc&quot; in the &quot;data&quot; directory. The display of '''Locations''' is toggled by the &quot;&amp;&quot; keystroke, and the &quot;Render:Locations...&quot; menu controls other aspects of their display.

===&quot;&lt;kbd&gt;name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;===
The name of the '''Location'''

===&quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;===
The full path of the object on or near which the '''Location''' is to be placed, including the name of that object.

''specify object path parameters''

===''parameters''===

==== LongLat [ &lt;kbd&gt;Long Lat Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; ] ====
Used to define a place's position, in the object's reference frame. &lt;kbd&gt;Long&lt;/kbd&gt; is the East longitude (in degrees), &lt;kbd&gt;Lat&lt;/kbd&gt; its latitude, and &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; the altitude (in kilometres). Longitude is measured toward the East. West longitude can be specified as a negative value.

====Size &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt;====
the radius of the '''Location''' in km. Smaller sizes are not drawn until the viewpoint gets closer to them.

====Importance &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt;====
alternative to '''Size'''

====Type &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;string&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot;====

Celestia recognizes many of the two-letter topographical types defined in the [https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms USGS Gazetteer]:
*  &quot;AA&quot; = Crater = a circular depression
*  &quot;AL&quot; = Albedo = geographic area distinguished by amount of reflected light - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;AR&quot; = Arcus = arc-shaped feature - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;AS&quot; = Astrum = radial-patterned features on Venus
*  &quot;CA&quot; = Catena = chain of craters
*  &quot;CB&quot; = Cavus = hollows, irregular steep-sided depressions usually in arrays or clusters - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;CH&quot; = Chaos = distinctive area of broken terrain
*  &quot;CM&quot; = Chasma = a deep, elongated, steep-sided depression
*  &quot;CO&quot; = Colles = small hills or knobs - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;CR&quot; = Corona = ovoid-shaped feature
*  &quot;DO&quot; = Dorsum = ridge
*  &quot;ER&quot; = EruptiveCenter = active volcanic centers on Io
*  &quot;FA&quot; = Facula = bright spot - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;FE&quot; = Flexus = a very low curvilinear ridge with a scalloped pattern - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;FL&quot; = Fluctus = flow terrain
*  &quot;FM&quot; = Flumen = channel on Titan that might carry liquid - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;FO&quot; = Fossa = long, narrow depression
*  &quot;FR&quot; = Farrum = pancake-like structure, or a row of such structures
*  &quot;FT&quot; = Fretum = strait, a narrow passage of liquid connecting two larger areas of liquid - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;IN&quot; = Insula = island (islands), an isolated land area (or group of such areas) surrounded by, or nearly surrounded by, a liquid area (sea or lake)
*  &quot;LA&quot; = Labes = landslide - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;LB&quot; = Labyrinthus = complex of intersecting valleys or ridges - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;LC&quot; = Lacus = &quot;lake&quot; or small plain; on Titan, a &quot;lake&quot; or small, dark plain with discrete, sharp boundaries - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;LE&quot; = Lenticula = small dark spots on Europa&lt;ref&gt;https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_217-1&lt;/ref&gt; - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;LF&quot; = LandingSite = Lunar features at or near Apollo landing sites
*  &quot;LG&quot; = LargeRinged = cryptic ringed features - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;LI&quot; = Linea = a dark or bright elongate marking, may be curved or straight
*  &quot;LN&quot; = Lingula = extension of plateau having rounded lobate or tongue-like boundaries - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;LU&quot; = Lacuna = irregularly shaped depression on Titan having the appearance of a dry lake bed - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;MA&quot; = Macula = dark spot, may be irregular - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;ME&quot; = Mare = &quot;sea&quot;; on the Moon, low albedo, relatively smooth plain, generally of large extent; on Mars, dark albedo areas of no known geological significance; on Titan, large expanses of dark materials thought to be liquid hydrocarbons
*  &quot;MN&quot; = Mensa = a flat-topped prominence with cliff-like edges
*  &quot;MO&quot; = Mons = mountain
*  &quot;OC&quot; = Oceanus = a very large dark area on the moon - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;PA&quot; = Palus = &quot;swamp&quot;; small plain - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;PE&quot; = Patera = an irregular crater, or a complex one with scalloped edges
*  &quot;PL&quot; = Planitia = low plain
*  &quot;PM&quot; = Planum = plateau or high plain
*  &quot;PR&quot; = Promontorium = &quot;cape&quot;; headland promontoria - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;PU&quot; = Plume = cryo-volcanic features on Triton - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;RE&quot; = Regio = a large area marked by reflectivity or color distinctions from adjacent areas, or a broad geographic region
*  &quot;RI&quot; = Rima = fissure
*  &quot;RT&quot; = Reticulum = reticular (netlike) pattern on Venus
*  &quot;RU&quot; = Rupes = scarp
*  &quot;SA&quot; = Saxum = boulder or rock - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;SC&quot; = Scopulus = lobate or irregular scarp - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;SE&quot; = Serpens = sinuous feature with segments of positive and negative relief along its length - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;SF&quot; = Satellite = a feature that shares the name of an associated feature - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;SI&quot; = Sinus = &quot;bay&quot;; small plain; on Titan, bays within seas or lakes of liquid hydrocarbons - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;SU&quot; = Sulcus = subparallel furrows and ridges - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;TA&quot; = Terra = extensive land mass
*  &quot;TE&quot; = Tessera = tile-like, polygonal terrain
*  &quot;TH&quot; = Tholus = small domical mountain or hill
*  &quot;UN&quot; = Undae = dunes
*  &quot;VA&quot; = Vallis = valley
*  &quot;VI&quot; = Virga = a streak or stripe of color - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;VS&quot; = Vastitas = extensive plain - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;XX&quot; = Other

plus a few longer categories:
*  &quot;City&quot;
*  &quot;Observatory&quot;
*  &quot;Landing Site&quot;
*  &quot;Crater&quot; (but &quot;AA&quot; is preferred)
*  &quot;Capital&quot; - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;Cosmodrome&quot; - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;Ring&quot; or &quot;RG&quot; - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''
*  &quot;Historical&quot; - '''new in Celestia 1.7.0'''

==Editing Directives==

''Available in Celestia v1.4.0 and later versions.''

An SSC file can be used to edit objects that were defined in previously loaded SSC files. You do not have to use a text editor to change their contents. This makes it possible for an Addon to update the SSC catalogs that are included in Celestia's distribution. You do not have to edit them manually every time Celestia is upgraded to a new version.

There is no '''Delete''' editing directive. However, one can use the '''Replace''' directive and define the undesired object to be 
&lt;br&gt;Class &quot;invisible&quot;


The editing directives are

===Add &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; { ...''parameters''... }===

'''Add''' creates a new object. This is the default action if no edit directive is specified.

===Modify &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; { ...''parameters''... }===

'''Modify''' changes only the parameters listed in its block.
Other parameters defined for the specified ''object'' are not affected.

===Replace &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object name&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; &quot;&lt;kbd&gt;object path&lt;/kbd&gt;&quot; { ...''parameters''... }===

'''Replace''' deletes all of the parameters associated with the specified object and replaces them by the new block of ''parameters''.

== Distance limits ==

SSC objects orbit around Stars or Barycenters.

Objects defined in SSC files cannot be seen when the viewpoint is more than 1 light-year from their Star or Barycenter.

Prior to Celestia v1.6.0, Stars or Barycenters could not be drawn reliably if they were farther than 16,000 light-years from the Sun. This limit resulted both from the Hipparcos catalogue parallax precision limit, of about 1 milli-arc-second, and from technical limitations within Celestia. 

Starting with Celestia v1.6.0, the maximum distance is 10,000,000 light-years. However, star placement has an angular precision of about 1/10 of an arcsecond as seen from Earth. This is adequate for observationally derived data, but if you want to create a dense globular cluster, stars might end up getting stacked on top of each other because of the limited precision.

== Related Topics ==
* [[Celestia/1.6.0_Files|SSC update Celestia 1.6.0]]
* [[Celestia/1.6.0_Features|SSC STC other update 1.6.0]]
* [[Celestia/Trajectories|SSC Trajectories]]
* [[Celestia/Rotation Models|SSC Rotation Models]]
* [[Celestia/Reference Frames|SSC Reference Frames]]
* [[Celestia/STC_File|STC files]]
* [[Celestia/DSC_File|DSC files]]
* [[Celestia/Celx_Scripting|CEL CELX language]]
* [[Celestia/JPL Ephemerides|Using JPL Ephemerides with Celestia]]
* [[Celestia/Textures|Textures]]
* [[Celestia/3D_Models|3D models]]
* [[Celestia/Time_Scales|Time scales]]


==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>gf8i8vzmpnhmwdh43lgkx8dz399y4u1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Nxd4</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>101290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673379</id>
      <parentid>4672919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:17:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenman</username>
        <id>7490</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 4. Nxd4 */ ce</comment>
      <origin>4673379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2856" sha1="ogbtzj31pn1w9gwrshy48pyf63p710q" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Scotch game
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C45]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]] → [[../|3...exd4]]
}}
== 4. Nxd4 ==
Black has now an opportunity to take the initiative that should not be wasted.

[[/4...Bc5|'''4...Bc5''']], the '''classical variation''', attacks White's central knight on d4 and forces White to either move it or protect it. Black should expect replies like 5. Be3, 5. Nxc6, or 5. Nb3.

[[/4...Nf6|'''4...Nf6''']], the '''Schmidt variation''', is most common. Black puts immediate attacking pressure on White's pawn on e4. Rather than defend it with 5. Nc3 Bb4 (pinning the knight) 6. Nxc6 bxc6 7. Bd3, the main continuation is to trade off the knights and push it instead 5. Nxc6 bxc6 6. e5. 

[[/4...Qh4|'''4...Qh4''']], the '''Steinitz variation''', is more aggressive. Black threatens White's e-pawn and wins it outright after 5. Nc3 Bb4 6. Be2 (6. Bd2?? to unpin the knight drops the knight on d4) Qxe4. However, doing so costs time and White is thought to get more than enough compensation. The line continues 7. Nb5 Bxc3+ 8. bxc3 Kd8 9. O-O.

[[/4...Qf6|'''4...Qf6''']]  is a line where the Queen is developed to attack the knight. White can tranpose this to a classical Scotch with 5. c3, however it is more sharp to play 5. Nb5, threatening the now unprotected c7 fork. Black usually responds with 5... Bc5, threatening checkmate; after white defends black can play Bb6 protecting c7. White will then attempt to remove this bishop with their other knight.

[[/4...Nxd4|'''4...Nxd4?''']] is a line more common at lower levels. This allows white to centralise their Queen early without potential tempo gains and is a mistake on black. White usually wants to quickly castle queenside and counter a potential Nf6 with e5, similar to the ''Schmidt variation''.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}
'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. Nxd4'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;'''Classical Variation'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Bc5|Bc5]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;'''Schmidt Variation'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Nf6|Nf6]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;'''Steinitz Variation'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Qh4|Qh4]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>ogbtzj31pn1w9gwrshy48pyf63p710q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673380</id>
      <parentid>4673379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:18:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenman</username>
        <id>7490</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ce</comment>
      <origin>4673380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2857" sha1="qb7ob7ontqm7dnh4g5p98t533a2zwvv" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Scotch game
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C45]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]] → [[../|3...exd4]]
}}
== 4. Nxd4 ==
Black has now an opportunity to take the initiative that should not be wasted.

[[/4...Bc5|'''4...Bc5''']], the '''classical variation''', attacks White's central knight on d4 and forces White to either move it or protect it. Black should expect replies like 5. Be3, 5. Nxc6, or 5. Nb3.

[[/4...Nf6|'''4...Nf6''']], the '''Schmidt variation''', is most common. Black puts immediate attacking pressure on White's pawn on e4. Rather than defend it with 5. Nc3 Bb4 (pinning the knight) 6. Nxc6 bxc6 7. Bd3, the main continuation is to trade off the knights and push it instead 5. Nxc6 bxc6 6. e5. 

[[/4...Qh4|'''4...Qh4''']], the '''Steinitz variation''', is more aggressive. Black threatens White's e-pawn and wins it outright after 5. Nc3 Bb4 6. Be2 (6. Bd2?? to unpin the knight drops the knight on d4) Qxe4. However, doing so costs time and White is thought to get more than enough compensation. The line continues 7. Nb5 Bxc3+ 8. bxc3 Kd8 9. O-O.

[[/4...Qf6|'''4...Qf6''']]  is a line where the Queen is developed to attack the knight. White can tranpose this to a classical Scotch with 5. c3; however it is more sharp to play 5. Nb5, threatening the now unprotected c7 fork. Black usually responds with 5... Bc5, threatening checkmate. After White defends, Black can play Bb6 protecting c7. White will then attempt to remove this bishop with their other knight.

[[/4...Nxd4|'''4...Nxd4?''']] is a line more common at lower levels. This allows White to centralise their Queen early without potential tempo gains and is a mistake by Black. White usually wants to quickly castle queenside and counter a potential Nf6 with e5, similar to the ''Schmidt variation''.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}
'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. Nxd4'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;'''Classical Variation'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Bc5|Bc5]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;'''Schmidt Variation'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Nf6|Nf6]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;'''Steinitz Variation'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Qh4|Qh4]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>qb7ob7ontqm7dnh4g5p98t533a2zwvv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/Anaplastic large cell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673391</id>
      <parentid>1218560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:08:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5660" sha1="epq2cjmcdswxm3girhxl6r5j7b4auw6" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation Oncology/NHL:TOC}}
'''Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL; CD30+)'''

==Overview==
*T-cell or null-cell lymphoma, defined by membrane expression of CD30+
*First identified in 1985, added to REAL classification in 1994
*Represents ~5% of NHL in adults and ~15% of NHL in children
*Clinical subtypes (see below)
**Systemic
**Primary cutaneous


==Systemic ALCL Overview==
*Pathologic subtypes of systemic ALCL
**ALK+
***Predominately in young male patients
***Aggressive presentation (75% systemic symptoms, 60% extranodal, 30% BM+)
***Better prognosis (5-year OS 70-80%)
**ALK-
***Predominately in older patients
***Less aggressive presentation
***Worse prognosis (5-year OS 30-40%)
*No specific RT information available as yet
*Typically managed as [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Treatment_high_grade|Aggressive Lymphomas]]:
**CHOP is first line of treatment, CHOP-R if CD20+
**RT as per institutional preference
*Overall better prognosis than other Aggressive Lymphomas


==Cuteneous ALCL Overview==
*Accounts for 25-30% of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas
*Spectrum of diseases including lymphomatoid papulosis and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
*Lymphomatoid papulosis 
**Indolent lymphoproliferative disorder
**Typically multifocal
**Frequently recurrent, but resolves spontaneously without treatment over weeks to months
*Cutaneous CD30+ ALCL
**Indolent lymphoma
**Typically solitary or localized group of nodules and/or satellite papules. Localized is considered by the Dutch (see below) to be 1 anatomic area not exceeding 15 x 15 cm
**Spontaneous regression sometimes occurs, but frequently relapse
**Typically ALK- (unlike the systemic manifestation)
**Favorable prognosis, with 10-year DFS &gt;90%
**Treatment is usually localized RT or surgical excision, but evidence is lacking


*'''Yale; 2008''' (2001-2006) {{PMID|18037577}} -- &quot;Treatment of primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma with radiation therapy.&quot; (Yu JB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Apr 1;70(5):1542-5. Epub 2007 Nov 26.)
**Retrospective. 8 patients. Localized C-ALCL, no other history, N0, treatment with RT alone. Median age 67, M=F. RT 40/20 (34 - 44 Gy), using 6-9 MeV with 0.5-2cm bolus. Median F/U 12 months
**Outcome: 100% CR
**Toxicity: Grade 1-2 dermatitis
**Conclusion: RT alone for localized C-ALCL is well tolerated and clinical response is excellent. Longer follow-up necessary

*'''Stanford; 2003''' {{PMID|14639383}} -- &quot;CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders: the Stanford experience in lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma.&quot; (Liu HL, J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Dec;49(6):1049-58.)
**Retrospective. 56 patients with CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders (LyP n=31, PC-ALCL n=25). Treatment for PC-ALCL excision, RT, chemotherapy or combination. RT dose not specified
**Outcome: 10-year DFS LyP 92%, PC-ALCL 85%; 5-year DFS localized PC-ALCL 91% vs generalized 50% (NS). Highly responsive to treatment, but relapse rate 42%. Progression to extracutaneous 3 patients
**Conclusion: Overall excellent prognosis, but cases with poor outcome exist

*'''Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group; 2000''' {{PMID|10845893}} -- &quot;Primary and secondary cutaneous CD30(+) lymphoproliferative disorders: a report from the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group on the long-term follow-up data of 219 patients and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.&quot; (Bekkenk MW, Blood. 2000 Jun 15;95(12):3653-61.)
**Retrospective. 219 patients, primary or secondary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. Lymphomatoid papulosis (Group 1, n=118); primary C-ALCL (Group 2, n=79); C-ALCL with regional LN+ (Group 3, n=11); secondary (extensive cutaneous and extracutaneous) C-ALCL (Group 4, n=11). RT dose not specified
**Treatment: LyP often no treatment. Skin limited Group 1-2 treated with RT or excision, and if treated with chemo, all had relapse. 
**Outcome: 10-year risk for systemic disease Group 1 4%, Group 2 16%, Group 3 20%. 5-year DFS 100%, 96%, 91%, 24%
**Conclusion: Favorable prognosis. Chemotherapy only for developing/existing extracutaneous disease

*'''EORTC; 1995''' {{PMID|7751878}} -- &quot;CD30/Ki-1-positive lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin--clinicopathologic correlation and statistical analysis of 86 cases: a multicentric study from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Cutaneous Lymphoma Project Group.&quot; (Paulli M, J Clin Oncol. 1995 Jun;13(6):1343-54.)
**Retrospective. 92 cases reviewed by expert panel. 
**Prognosis: favorable - age &lt;60, spontaneous regression; unfavorable - age &gt;60, extracutaneous disease
**Conclusion: CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders are a spectrum of closely related skin lesions

*'''European Multicenter; 1993''' {{PMID|8382999}} -- &quot;Primary cutaneous CD30-positive large cell lymphoma: definition of a new type of cutaneous lymphoma with a favorable prognosis. A European Multicenter Study of 47 patients.&quot; (Beljaards RC, Cancer. 1993 Mar 15;71(6):2097-104.)
**Consensus report for definition. 47 patients from 5 center analyzed. 
**Features: solitary or localized skin lesions, partial/complete spontaneous remission of skin lesions (~25%), frequent cutaneous relapse (~30%). Extracutaneous disease developed in 25%
**Outcome: favorable prognosis. DFS 77%, death from disease 9%
**Conclusion: CD30+ cutaneous lymphoma can be considered a distinct type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

==Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplastic_large_cell_lymphoma Wikipedia ALCL]
*[http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Anomalies/AnaplLargeCelLymphID2103.html Atlas of Genetics &amp; Cytogenetics]
*[http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3205.htm E-Medicine]</text>
      <sha1>epq2cjmcdswxm3girhxl6r5j7b4auw6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/General</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>112405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673164</id>
      <parentid>4672305</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:56:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* FlaggedRevs again */ new topic ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>4673164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19972" sha1="geo6gk1qtftkfpa7y5bj1bbib8ajlrg" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|algo = old(60d)
|counter = 1
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
|minthreadsleft = 1
|key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a
}}
Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room.
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== Call for administrators ==

Any experienced editor who has a good understanding of Wikibooks' policies should consider applying for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:10, 5 August 2026 (UTC)

:Is there a page here that describes what admins do? I am curious because I checked [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:ListUsers?username=&amp;group=sysop&amp;wpsubmit=&amp;wpFormIdentifier=mw-listusers-form&amp;limit=50 List of admins] and I see that there are already quite a few admins here and wonder which areas have a shortage.
:Just curious. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 00:56, 16 September 2026 (UTC)
::[[Wikibooks:Administrators]]. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:09, 16 September 2026 (UTC)

== August 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 Next 25] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;border-box&quot; style=&quot;background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;box&quot; style=&quot;float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in August. Both sessions will focus on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 the Next 25 initiative], including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25/A_proposal_to_frame_Next_25 framing the initiative]. Participants may attend either or both Café sessions. 


#'''29 August 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788015600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe
#'''30 August 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788058800 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific

Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session agenda details] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]!

To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here].
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[[User:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:DeepSkyBlue&quot;&gt;(&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 01:32, 17 August 2026 (UTC)

== Wikibooks project is not defined by goal ==

If it is for texbooks why is it called Wikibooks? It should be called Wikitextbooks! If it is for textbooks why does it contain cookbooks? For textbooks it's not supposed to have a [[Wikibooks:Featured books]]. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 09:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

:It's &quot;textbooks&quot; broadly construed: guides, manuals, how-tos, etc. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 11:15, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
::So we should change &quot;Wikibooks:Featured books&quot; to &quot;Wikibooks:Featured texts&quot;. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
:::I disagree and even if I agreed, it would be priority #49,389. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 11:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
::::It's according to community consensus that says this website contains textbooks not books. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:23, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
:::::&quot;[[wb:WIW|Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks.]]&quot; [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:26, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
:Most textbooks are made by collaboration of some authors, co-authors and editors. Wikibooks help pages and guidelines remain silent when it comes to stages of writing a new texbooks. Even [[Using Wikibooks]] is not complete emough for enthusiasts. --[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 18:13, 3 September 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]], In my opinion this is a good question. I wish more users would chime in. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 16:10, 19 September 2026 (UTC)

== Wishlist 2027, invitation to share feedback ==

Hi, I’m [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] and I lead some of the [[mw:Contributors|teams]] at the Foundation who will be responsible for picking up wish work under the new wishlist process.

As you may know, the [[m:Community_Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] started out as an annual process through which Wikimedia contributors submit and vote on technical improvements they would like the Wikimedia Foundation to work on. The main goal of it is and has been to improve the editing experience by making changes and features the community asks for specifically.

In recent years, the process behind the wishlist has changed, and we’ve heard from many of you that it no longer meets many community members’ needs. So now, the Foundation is designing a new process with the community to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent, balanced across project families and language editions, and takes into account what the Foundation can deliver.

I would like to get community input specifically on these three stages of the Wishlist process:

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#triage|'''triage stage''']], meaning how wishes are fleshed out, organized and filtered prior to voting
** We recommend to have a working group, including volunteers from various wikis and Wikimedia Foundation staff to work through this together
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#vote|'''voting stage''']], including who may vote and how votes are structured
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#postvote|'''post-vote stage''']], including how to bring equity into what work is prioritized
** One way to do this is to rank wishes within 3 categories: Large Wikipedias or covering all wikis, small and medium-sized Wikipedias, and '''sister projects''', so that top-voted wishes from smaller projects also get attention

This message is an abstract of the full proposed process. As you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]] (available in your language), please speak up about whether you think this will work well or if there are ways to make it stronger.

Regarding the timeline, this consultation is open for two weeks. You can post your feedback on Meta (in your preferred language) or in response below.

For this year’s cycle, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#timeline|we plan]] to have the wish submission period in late October/early November and the triage process completed by late November. To respect the end-of-year holiday season, voting would happen in early to mid January. This first voting cycle is meant as a first step to try out a new process, and there will be more opportunities to provide feedback along the way, so that we can figure out the best process for future years together.

[[oldwikisource:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:52, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you to everyone who engaged in the discussion around [[m:Talk:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|the proposal from August 26]]. We've processed your feedback and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=31041090 made changes] accordingly. Note that we weren’t able to implement all of it for this cycle, mostly for logistical reasons, but this is merely meant to be a first step and we will continue to improve this process with you all before we run through the next cycle. We plan to use [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#Updated_Community_Wishlist_Process_2027/2028|this updated version]] for the Wishlist 2027, and we look forward to hearing from you all during the submission and voting periods.
:[[:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 14:49, 17 September 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:SPerry-WMF|User:SPerry-WMF]],@[[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]: Thank you for posting info regarding the wishlist to the English Wikibooks. I am sure there are many new users here who can benefit.
::I used to participate in those discussions years ago and I know a lot of effort goes into making discussions useful not only for users of wikipedia, but also for the many language versions of the smaller wikimedia projects such as Wikibooks. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 16:28, 19 September 2026 (UTC)

== How Do I Get My Book On A Shelf? ==

Help, I don't know how shelves work. I don't know how to put my book on a shelf. Can anyone help?
The book is called''' Art And AI''' [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 23:00, 8 September 2026 (UTC)
: Which shelf are you referring? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:45, 10 September 2026 (UTC)

== Who is allowed to delete pages here? ==

On Aug 14, 2026 a user by the name of Max deleted a page I created in my user space. I don't see max in the list of admins here. Do they have the right to delete pages? Is there any documentation here I can consult?

Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 22:38, 15 September 2026 (UTC)

:We have local admins who have the technical ability to delete pages and virtually all material deleted here would be done by us (I'm one of them). A fairly small amount of users have global rights across all Wikimedia Foundation wikis and they will very rarely make deletions (e.g. if there are some kind of legal implications to material). [[User:Ottawahitech/American politics]] was deleted by [[User:Max]], who has [[Special:UserRights/Max|no special rights here]] but is one of the [[:m:Global sysops|global sysops]] I mentioned earlier. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:55, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
: Probably unrelated to the above, but Ottawahitech should do that with their account, unless if they are blocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:33, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed and [[User:Ottawahitech]] is not blocked here, so no idea why he's using a temp account. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:43, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
:::There may be many reasons registered users are &quot;editing&quot; without logging in. Is it possible that they want to go about peacefully without attracting too much attention? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:01, 16 September 2026 (UTC)
:::: We neither have a policy nor a guideline about this, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:12, 20 September 2026 (UTC)

== Assistance to get page reviewed ==

My page is a translation page: [[Baiyi Zhuan]] 

It is a single page, it is translated according to my own ability and familiarity with the language with a disclosure on external tools. I would like it to get reviewed if possible as I do not have the rights.  [[User:Taitesena|Taitesena]] ([[User talk:Taitesena|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Taitesena|contribs]]) 11:19, 18 September 2026 (UTC)

== Translation of books ==

Hello,
I would like to translate books from other Wikibooks into English. Are there any guidelines regarding how to do this? [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:34, 20 September 2026 (UTC)
: This has yet to be expanded, but you might want to take a look at [[Wikibooks:Content translation]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:13, 20 September 2026 (UTC)

== Feedback on Wikibooks redirect ==

I would like your feedback on my proposal to make [[Wikibooks:Username|this page]] redirect to [[Using Wikibooks/Setting Up A User Account#Choosing a Username|this page]]? I would do it myself, but it is not possible due to the fact that [[Wikibooks:Username]] can only be made by admins. This is because [[Wikibooks:Username policy]] also links to [[Using Wikibooks/Setting Up A User Account#Choosing a Username|this page]]. Regards, [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 04:37, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:00, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

This seems like a good idea to me. [[User:Alextejthompson|''Alextejthompson'']] (''Ping me or leave a message on my [[User talk:Alextejthompson|talk page]]'') 17:49, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

== Pages created by [[User:Sisterian]] ==

I have checked with AI checkers (GPTZero, ZeroGPT) and they claim that these pages have been made with the use of GenAI. I do not know whether this is correct or not; because yes, AI checkers can and do make mistakes. I have tried reaching out to the person via talk page, to no response. I am asking for input just to see what the future of these pages are. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:00, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for flagging this @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]. I have looked at these pages personally, and there is fairly conclusive evidence that this user has been using genAI/LLMs for their contributions. I have warned them accordingly. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:50, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== I'm in the process of creating a separate page describing the removal of admin permissions ==
As the section title says, please see [[User:Codename Noreste/sandbox]] and feel free to make any adjustments. We might consider moving this to [[Wikibooks:Administrators/De-adminship]] someday. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:05, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:46, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&amp;oldid=31080832 --&gt;

== FlaggedRevs again ==
Hi all. I already know there were various topics over the years about this subject, but I was considering for the project on whether we should remove this extension from this project, and go back to using MediaWiki's page patrol system.

Currently, there is a backlog of more than 3000 unreviewed edits (some going back as far as a few years ago); that’s why I started this discussion here. Best, [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 12:56, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>geo6gk1qtftkfpa7y5bj1bbib8ajlrg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Using Wikibooks</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673171</id>
      <parentid>4605750</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T14:36:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ActStuffOGWiki</username>
        <id>3624203</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673171</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2651" sha1="2kfrtov6x2zrdzo1bl1qav96acbkvib" xml:space="preserve">{{featured book}}
&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative; clear:both;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:center; margin:10px; padding:10px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:48pt; line-height:1em; padding-bottom:10px;&quot;&gt;'''Using Wikibooks'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The Comprehensive Open-Source Handbook for Learning Wikibooks&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:150px; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[File:Open book 01.svg|center|150px|link=|Illustration of an open book]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;
The purpose of this book is to guide you through your Wikibooks journey. From becoming a reader to becoming a writer and beyond, each chapter explores what you should know to make the most of your journey.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{Search box}}
&lt;div style=&quot;width:150px; padding-top:1.5em; padding-left:1em; float:right;&quot;&gt;
{{Print version}}
{{PDF version}}
{{Collection}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!----&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:125%; padding-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;'''Part 1 Introduction'''&lt;/div&gt;
[[/About The Book/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/What Is Wikibooks/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Setting Up A User Account/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Discussion and Consensus/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Policy and Guidelines/]]&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;!----&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:125%; padding-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;'''Part 2 The Wikibooks Editor'''&lt;/div&gt;
[[/How To Edit A Wikibook/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Wiki-Markup/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Cleanup and Maintenance/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Advanced Techniques/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Inserting Images|Adding Images to Pages]]&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;!----&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:125%; padding-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;'''Part 3 Quick Start Guides'''&lt;/div&gt;
[[/Wikipedian Primer/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Class Project Guidelines/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Starting a New Book/]]&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;!----&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:125%; padding-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;'''Part 4 The Wikibooks Writer'''&lt;/div&gt;
[[/Contributing To An Existing Wikibook/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Starting A New Wikibook/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Donating a Book to Wikibooks/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/How To Structure A Wikibook/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Shelves, Categories, and Classifications/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Attracting Readers/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Print versions and PDFs/]]&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;!----&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:125%; padding-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;'''Part 5 The Wikibooks Reader'''&lt;/div&gt;
[[/Finding A Wikibook/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Printing A Wikibook/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Using A Wikibook In A Classroom/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Correcting Errors/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Reviewing Pages/]]&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;!----&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:125%; padding-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;'''Part 6 The Wikibooks Administrator'''&lt;/div&gt;
[[/The Roles Of The Wikibooks Administrator/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Deleting, Undeleting, and Importing/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Vandalism/]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[/Advanced Administration/]]&lt;br&gt;
[[/Scripting and the MediaWiki API/]]
&lt;/div&gt;

[[fr:Wikilivres]]
[[it:Usare Wikibooks]]
[[tr:Vikikitap'ı kullanma]]
[[fa:ویکی‌کتاب:خودآموز]]

{{shelves|help}}
{{alphabetical|U}}
{{status|100%}}</text>
      <sha1>2kfrtov6x2zrdzo1bl1qav96acbkvib</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/Burkitt lymphoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>117569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673392</id>
      <parentid>3004461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:09:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4730" sha1="c5p29sm87l9xmsc4w9gi0f2243qhpkz" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology/NHL:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Burkitt's Lymphoma'''&lt;/big&gt;
==Overview==
*Burkitt's lymphoma and Burkitt cell leukemia (BL) are classified as different manifestations of the same disease by WHO
*It is a highly aggressive B-cell neoplasm, typically with extranodal presentation
*Epidemiology
**In children: 30-50% of lymphomas
**In adults: ~1 of lymphomas
**Male predominance 3-4:1
*Burkitt's lymphoma has several subtypes: 
**Endemic (young children, Africa, associated with EBV and translocation of the MYC gene)
**Sporadic (older kids, not associated with EBV but has MYC translocation)
**Immunocompromised hosts
**Burkitt's-like lymphoma (older age, not associated with MYC gene)


==Clinical Presentation==
*Endemic
**Prevalence 100/1,000,000 children
**Typically presents with jaw or facial bone tumor
**Common extranodal spread to bone marrow, meninges, mesentery, ovary/testis, kidney, breast
*Sporadic
**Prevalence 1/1,000,000 children
**Typically with abdominal presentation, often with massive bulk and ascites
**Extranodal spread as above, including CNS spread
*Immunocompromised
**Typically involves lymph nodes, and may present as acute leukemia 
**Frequently in patients with high CD4 count and no opportunistic infections
*Burkitt-like lymphoma
**Typically involves lymph nodes, nasopharynx, or GI tract
**High propensity for bone marrow and CNS as above
**B-symptoms in ~30% patients
*All types tend to have very high serum LDH, and serum electrolyte imbalances


==Pathology==
*On microscopy has &quot;starry sky&quot; pattern (generated by phagocytic histiocytes engulfing apoptotic nuclear debris)
*Medium-sized cells, very high mitotic fraction, frequent apoptosis
*Translocation is chromosome 8 &lt;i&gt;myc&lt;/i&gt; locus with 3 possible partners (accounting for 90% of translocations):
**The Ig heavy chain region on chromosome 14 : t(8;14) 
**The kappa light chain locus on chromosome 2: t(2;8) 
**The lambda light chain locus on chromosome 22: t(8;22). 
**However, 5-10% of DLBCL also have t(8;14) translocation. Because DLBCL is 20x more prevalent in adults, having t(8;14) creates a diagnostic challenge between Burkitt's and DLBCLC
*Originates from germinal center B-cells (like [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/DLBCL#Subclassification|Germinal B-cell DLBCL]], but has different molecular signature)
*Distinction between Burkitt's lymphoma and [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/DLBCL|DLBCL]] is imprecise. Gene profiles appear to differentiate the diseases better
**Only 53% concordance among expert hematopathologists
**Molecular signatures: 17% and 34% of Burkitt's cases (see below) were classified by pathologists as DLBCL
**WHO committees suggest the following
***If morphologic features are intermediate, diagnosis of Burkitt's should only be made if the Ki-67 fraction of viable cells is at least 99 percent. 
***If morphologic features suggest DLBCL, but have with a high proliferation fraction or t(8;14), they should be classified as DLBCL. 


*'''Charite, 2006''' (Germany) {{PMID|16760442}} -- &quot;A biologic definition of Burkitt's lymphoma from transcriptional and genomic profiling.&quot; (Hummel M, N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 8;354(23):2419-30.)
**Gene analysis. 220 mature aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Molecular Burkitt's lymphoma (mBL) signature developed: 58 gene set. Some patients with this signature had morphologic appearance of DLBCL
**5-year OS: mBL 75%, GCB-DLBCL 51%, ABC-DLBC 12%
**&lt;i&gt;Myc&lt;/i&gt; locus survival: breakpoint 15% vs. no breakpoint 44%
**Conclusion: molecular definition of Burkitt's lymphoma

*'''Molecular Profiling Project, 2006''' {{PMID|16760443}} -- &quot;Molecular diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma.&quot; (Dave SS, N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 8;354(23):2431-42.)
**Gene analysis. 303 patients with aggressive lymphomas, 25 pathological Burkitt's. Gene profile developed. Some samples submitted as DLBCL had molecular profile of Burkitt's
**Survival (28 patients): better with intensive chemo vs CHOP (SS)
**Conclusion: Gene-expression profiling is accurate to differentiate BL and DLBCL

==Treatment==
*Intense chemotherapy such as [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|CODOX/IVAC-M]] necessary; [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|CHOP]] insufficient
*Prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy or chemotherapy that crosses BBB essential
*Adults benefit from intense pediatric protocols, but often do not tolerate side effects
*Risk of developing tumor lysis syndrome is high
*Complete remission rates very high, but ultimate cure rate less than DLBCL
**Long-term survival may be as high as 50-70% in selected patients
**Bone marrow or CNS involvement results in poor prognosis, with long-term survival 0-30%
*RT was initially used for patients with initial CNS involvement, but use now is minimal</text>
      <sha1>c5p29sm87l9xmsc4w9gi0f2243qhpkz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikijunior:Human Body/Medical - Laparoscopic Surgery</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>123260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673384</id>
      <parentid>4600731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:44:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafsaasad2016</username>
        <id>3625794</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* How can you prevent yourself from undergoing this surgery? */</comment>
      <origin>4673384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1936" sha1="kf4h8amiutgh08754191lfo1kqx3au9" xml:space="preserve">==What is  laparoscopic surgery ?==
[[File:Blausen 0602 Laparoscopy 02.png|thumb]]

                                
''Laparoscopic surgery'' is unique and also interesting such in a way that a video cam (''laparoscope'') and some microscopic surgical instruments are used to perform an operation. There are many types of laparoscopic surgery, the most successful of which are laparoscopic surgery of the pancreas, liver, and bile duct. It is also known as ''minimally invasive surgery'' (MIS).

==How is it done?==
  
Let's take this as an example: laparoscopic surgery on the abdomen. To perform this intricate procedure, a surgeon will initially make a few tiny incisions on the part of the body. Tube-like instruments will then be inserted, and some type of gas - which, of course, is not hazardous - will fill the abdomen. This is to allow the surgeon to have a clear view of what is being carried out.

==Why perform laparoscopic surgery?==
This type of surgery is the next best thing to plastic surgery. Normal operations usually require large openings to gain access to the organs. These large opening can leave large scars. Since tiny surgical instruments are used in laparoscopic surgery, smaller openings are required; therefore, it results in smaller scars.

==How does it help the body?==
Laproscopic surgery can help the body like any other kind of surgery can, with the added benefit of using a small incision rather than something larger that would require more stitches. Smaller incisions heal faster and run a lower risk of developing infections.

== How can you prevent yourself from undergoing this surgery? ==
To prevent yourself from undergoing laparoscopic surgery, you must focus on keeping your body healthy to avoid the medical conditions that require it.

== The future of laparoscopic surgery ==
It will only be around for about 10 more years due to the rapidly developing nanotechnology field.


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>kf4h8amiutgh08754191lfo1kqx3au9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Medulloblastoma/Randomized</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>124736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673166</id>
      <parentid>1628220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8724" sha1="olb2h8ta7pvxm3uhof7427u52iwqni3" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}


==CSI RT Dose==
*'''POG 8631/CCG 923''' (1986-1990) -- '''CSI 36 Gy vs. CSI 23.4 Gy'''
**2000, {{PMID|10944134}} -- &quot;Low-stage medulloblastoma: final analysis of trial comparing standard-dose with reduced-dose neuraxis irradiation.&quot; (Thomas PR, J Clin Oncol. 2000 Aug;18(16):3004-11.)
**Randomized. 126 patients, low risk (&gt;3 years, complete resection T1-T2, later also T3a, M0) standard CSI 36(20*1.8) vs. reduced CSI 23.4(13*1.8); both followed by posterior fossa boost to 54(30*1.8) Gy. ''Study closed prematurely due to high relapse in reduced arm''
**5-year EFS: standard CSI 67% vs. reduced CSI 52% (p=0.080)&lt;br&gt;8-year EFS: standard CSI 67% vs. reduced CSI 52% (p=0.141)&lt;br&gt;''These data confirm the original one-sided conclusions but suggest that differences are less marked with time''
**Conclusion: Reduced CSI 23.4 Gy alone is insufficient; may need concurrent chemo

*'''SIOP II''' (1984-1989) -- '''CSI 35 Gy vs. CSI 25 Gy; also +/- adjuvant chemo'''
**1995, {{PMID|7623725}} &quot;Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO)&quot;  Bailey et al.  Med Pediatr Onc 25(3):166-78, 1995
**Randomized. 364 patients. SIOP I low risk (total/subtotal resection, no brain stem invasion, M0) randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo (vincristine, methotrexate, procarbazine), and then randomized to standard CSI 35 Gy vs. reduced CSI 25 Gy. Boost posterior fossa to 55 Gy. High risk randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo, then standard CSI and additional post-RT chemo 
**Outcome: No advantage to pre-RT chemo. Standard CSI 35 Gy for low risk pts increased EFS (68% vs 55%). Low risk patients with adjuvant chemo and CSI 25 Gy did particularly badly
**Conclusion: No benefit to adjuvant chemo. Standard dose of CSI is 35 Gy

==CSI +/- Chemo==
*'''CCG A9961''' (1996-2000) -- '''CSI 23.4 Gy + CCNU-based vs. cyclophosphamide-based chemo'''
**2006, {{PMID|16943538}} &quot;Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma&quot;  Packer et al.  JCO 24(25):4204-8, 2006.
**Randomized. 421 patients, standard risk. Treated  with reduced dose RT (23.4 Gy CSI + 55.8 Gy to posterior fossa) and concurrent vincristine, and randomized to either:  1) CCNU, cisplatin and vincristine or 2) cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, vincristine. Median F/U 5 years
**5-year outcome: EFS 81%, OS 86%. No difference by chemo arm  
**Prognostic factors: anaplasia OS 75% vs. 89% (SS)
**Relapse: posterior fossa alone 32%, disseminated alone 40%, PF+disseminated 25%
**Toxicity: 25% with delayed onset mutism, hypotonia, cerebellar deficits, supranuclear CN deficits, extreme irritability, and/or emotional lability. ~50% residual deficits at 1 year
**Conclusion: Reduced dose CSI with chemo can be done safely to avoid toxicities of higher dose RT. No difference between chemo arms

*'''PNET 3''' (1992-2000) -- '''CSI 35 Gy +/- neoadjuvant chemo'''
**2003, {{PMID|12697884}} -- &quot;Results of a randomized study of preradiation chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for nonmetastatic medulloblastoma: The International Society of Paediatric Oncology/United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group PNET-3 Study.&quot; (Taylor RE, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Apr 15;21(8):1581-91.)
**Randomized. 179/217 standard risk patients (including M1). Treated with neoadjuvant chemo (vincristine/etoposide/carboplatin/cyclophosphamide) vs. RT alone (CSI 35 Gy + 20 Gy posterior fossa boost). Median F/U 5.4 years. ''Study closed early due to lack of accrual in RT alone arm''
**5-year outcome: OS 70% (NS), EFS chemo-RT 74% vs. RT alone 60% (SS)
**Conclusion: improved EFS with addition of chemo, no impact on survival

*'''SIOP II''' (1984-1989) -- '''CSI 35 Gy vs. CSI 25 Gy; also +/- adjuvant chemo'''
**1995, {{PMID|7623725}} &quot;Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO)&quot;  Bailey et al.  Med Pediatr Onc 25(3):166-78, 1995
**Randomized. 364 patients. SIOP I low risk (total/subtotal resection, no brain stem invasion, M0) randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo (vincristine, methotrexate, procarbazine), and then randomized to standard CSI 35 Gy vs. reduced CSI 25 Gy. Boost posterior fossa to 55 Gy. High risk randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo, then standard CSI and additional post-RT chemo 
**Outcome: No advantage to pre-RT chemo. Standard CSI 35 Gy for low risk pts increased EFS (68% vs 55%). Low risk patients with adjuvant chemo and CSI 25 Gy did particularly badly
**Conclusion: No benefit to adjuvant chemo. Standard dose of CSI is 35 Gy

*'''SIOP I''' -- '''CSI +/- adjuvant chemo'''
**1990, {{PMID|2141512}} -- &quot;Adjuvant chemotherapy for medulloblastoma: the first multi-centre control trial of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP I).&quot; (Tait DM, Eur J Cancer. 1990 Apr;26(4):464-9.)
**Randomized. 286 patients, 15 countries. Treated with CSI, randomized to +/- chemo (concurrent vincristine, then CCNU/vincristine maintenance)
**Survival: 5-year 53%, 10-year 45%. No difference between arms
**Subgroup benefit: subtotal surgery, brainstem involvement, T3-T4 disease
**Conclusion: No difference, but subgroup benefit

*'''CCG 942''' -- '''CSI +/- adjuvant chemo'''
**1990, {{PMID|2319316}} -- &quot;The treatment of medulloblastoma. Results of a prospective randomized trial of radiation therapy with and without CCNU, vincristine, and prednisone.&quot; (Evans AE, J Neurosurg. 1990 Apr;72(4):572-82.)
**Randomized. 233 patients. CSI +/- chemo (CCNU, vincristine, prednisone)
**5-year outcomes: EFS chemo-RT 59% vs. RT alone 50% (NS); OS 65% for both (NS)
**Subgroup benefit: large tumors (EFS chemo-RT 48% vs. RT alone 0%)
**Conclusion: no benefit for chemo in low stage, subgroup benefit for advanced stage

==CSI + adjuvant chemo alternatives==
*'''CCG 921''' (1986-1992) -- vincristine/lomustine/prednisone (VCP) vs. 8-in-1
**Randomized. 427 children &lt;21 years, with medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, ependymoblastoma, central neuroblastoma, PNET, or malignant ependymoma, with unfavorable features. For ST-PNET required M+ staging. Children age &gt;1.5 years (n=328) received post-op CSI with Arm A) vincristine, lomustine, prednisone vs. Arm B) ''8-in-1'' (cisplatin, procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, hydroxyurea, cytarabine). RT: age &gt;3 received CSI 36 Gy, boost to 50.4-54 Gy spine mets and 54 Gy primary brain site; age &lt;3 received CSI 23.4 Gy with boost to 45 Gy. Children age &lt;1.5 years (n=99) were not randomized and received only Arm B
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10071274}} -- &quot;Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children's Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study.&quot; (Zeltzer PM, J Clin Oncol. 1999 Mar;17(3):832-45.) Median F/U 7.0 years
***Subset analysis. 203 patients with medulloblastoma. Median OS 8-in-1 55% vs. VCP 54% (NS); PFS 63% vs. 45% (SS)
***Prognostic factors: age &lt;3 (who received lower CSI dose); if &gt;3 y/o then M stage (PFS M0 70% vs. M1 57% vs. M2+ 40%, SS); if M0 tumors, then residual (PFS &lt;1.5 cm2 78% vs. &gt;1.5 cm2 54%)
***Conclusion: VCP + XRT superior; if &lt;3 years (with reduced RT) had lowest survival

==Pre-RT chemo vs. Post-RT chemo==
*'''German HIT 91''' (1991-97) -- '''Chemo x2 cycles -&gt;RT vs. RT -&gt; chemo x8 cycles'''
**Trial enrolled pts with supratentorial PNET, medulloblastoma, and anaplastic ependymomas. All treated with extensive resection. In HIT 88/89, pts treated  In HIT 91, randomized to 1) chemo x2 cycles (Ifosfamide, etoposide, MTX, cisplatin, cytarabine) -&gt; RT (CSI 35.2 Gy + PF boost 20 Gy) or 2) immediate RT (35.2 + 20) followed by maintenance chemo x8 cycles (CCNU, cisplatin, vincristine).
**Medullo subset, 2000 {{PMID|10661332}} -- &quot;Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT '91.&quot; (Kortmann RD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 15;46(2):269-79.)
***Subset report of 158 medulloblastoma patients (137 randomized). Median F/U 2.5 years
***3-year outcome: RFS RT-&gt;chemo 78% vs. chemo-&gt;RT 65% (SS), but no difference if age 3-6 years
***Negative prognosis: M2/3 disease, age &lt;8 years. M1 not a bad prognostic factor
**Conclusion: RT upfront with maintenance chemo more effective. Neoadjuvant chemo caused higher RT myelotoxicity, and more RT interruptions</text>
      <sha1>olb2h8ta7pvxm3uhof7427u52iwqni3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Medical Statistics/Fishers Test</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>133658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673162</id>
      <parentid>4648804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:55:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8817" sha1="2d81jony4a8g7z9h170pxtzdao5dvf7" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;Fisher's Exact Test (2x2)&lt;/big&gt;
==Overview==
*Very common in smaller medical studies
*Appropriate for binary data 
*Evaluates association between two binary classifications
**&lt;u&gt;Characteristic&lt;/u&gt; 
***&quot;Group 1&quot; vs. &quot;Group 2&quot;
***For example: male/female, treatment given/no treatment given, treatment type 1/treatment type 2, high dose/low dose, etc.
**&lt;u&gt;Outcome&lt;/u&gt; 
***&quot;Success&quot; vs. &quot;Failure&quot;
***For example: alive/dead, response/no response, recurrence/no recurrence, etc.
**This defines a 2x2 matrix
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Fisher's 2x2 matrix'''
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Outcome 1 || Outcome 2 
|-
| Group 1 || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; 
|-
| Group 2 || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; 
|}
|width=50|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Example ({{PMID|6092550}})'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || align=&quot;center&quot; | Relapse || align=&quot;center&quot; | No Relapse
|-
| Small field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 21 
|-
| Large field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 234 
|}
|}
*Used for small sample sizes (typically less than 50), due to limitation on computational power. Please see [[Radiation_Oncology/Medical_Statistics/Chi_Squared|Χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Test]] for more information on approximations 


==Details==
*Hypothesis tested (H0) is that there is no association between the two classifications
*Fisher's test determines the degree to which this hypothesis is consistent with the data
**Probability of correlation of Group 1 with Outcome 1 (e.g. male - survive) is ''p1''
**Probability of correlation of Group 2 with Outcome 2 (e.g. female - survive) is ''p2''
**The test hypothesis (H0) is that there is no correlation, and that ''p1 = p2''
*Therefore, the population &quot;success&quot; rate (Outcome 1) ''p&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'' = ''p1'' = ''p2'', and can be calculated as (Group 1 Outcome 1 + Group 2 Outcome 1) / (Total Population) 
*Observation: We observe a given total number of Outcome 1 in the study
*Question is, are the Outcomes 1 divided between Group 1 and Group 2 such that ''p1'' = ''p2'', or are they split up such that it is '''not likely that''' ''p1'' = ''p2''?
*To objectively evaluate this question, we set up the tables showing all the possible outcomes that we could have seen, given the fixed number of cases in Group 1 and Group 2, and the fixed number of Outcome 1 and Outcome 2.
*Test statistic ('''T''') is the number of Outcome 1 (&quot;success&quot;) in Group 1. 
*Given that the number of cases in Group 1 and Group 2 is known, and the number of Outcome 1 and Outcome 2 events is known, knowing '''T''' determines all the other points in the matrix
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Fisher's Test'''
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Outcome 1 || Outcome 2 || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Total
|-
| Group 1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | '''T''' || align=&quot;center&quot; | R1-T || align=&quot;center&quot; | R1
|-
| Group 2 || align=&quot;center&quot; | C1-T || align=&quot;center&quot; | C2+T-R1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | R2
|-
| Total || align=&quot;center&quot; | C1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | C2 || align=&quot;center&quot; | N
|}
*We then evaluate the probability that each possible outcome (including the actual observed outcome) would occur by chance from a random sampling
**Binomial coefficient calculations are done to find the probability that a table '''T''' (range of '''t''') would be observed by chance in a random sampling: 

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;math&gt;p = {{{R1}\choose{t}}{{N-R1}\choose{C1-t}}}\left/{{{N}\choose{C1}}}\right.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

**However, as these are computationally intensive, statistical tables or software is generally used to evaluate probability of '''T''' 
*The probability of the actual outcome &lt;u&gt;combined with&lt;/u&gt; the probability of the even less likely outcomes occurring due to chance random sampling alone defines the ''significance level (p)''
**If the probability of these outcomes is &lt;5% (p&lt;0.05), typically the test hypothesis that there is no difference between the populations is rejected
*Assumptions:
**Probability of Outcome for each member of a given Group is the same; it does not vary from member to member. Random sampling ensures this
**The Outcome of one member does not affect the outcome of a different member


==Example==
*Adapted from {{PMID|6092550}} as shown in [http://www.amazon.com/Using-Understanding-Medical-Statistics-Matthews/dp/3805581890/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/105-9016758-3810830?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1189655997&amp;sr=8-1 Using and Understanding Medical Statistics]
*In our example above, there are 4 total relapses observed. The question is, is the rate of relapse related to treatment type (large field RT vs. small field RT)?
*If the H0 hypothesis is true, and the two failure rates are comparable, and are also comparable to the failure rate in the entire population, then ''p&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'' = 4/259 = 0.015
*The expected number of failures observed in the ''Small Field RT'' group would therefore be 23 patients x 0.015 = 0.4 failures
*However, 2 failures were observed. Is this likely due to chance, or not?
*There are 5 possibilities of how the 4 failures could have been observed in a random sampling (with Possibility 2 being the actual observation):
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Possibility 0'''
|-
| width=&quot;50&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Relapse || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | No Relapse
|-
| Small field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 23 
|-
| Large field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 4 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 232 
|}
|width=20|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Possibility 1'''
|-
| width=&quot;50&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Relapse || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | No Relapse
|-
| Small field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 22 
|-
| Large field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 233 
|}
|width=20|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Possibility 2'''
|-
| width=&quot;50&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Relapse || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | No Relapse
|-
| Small field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 21 
|-
| Large field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 232 
|}
|width=20|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Possibility 3'''
|-
| width=&quot;50&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Relapse || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | No Relapse
|-
| Small field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 20 
|-
| Large field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 235 
|}
|width=20|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Possibility 4'''
|-
| width=&quot;50&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Relapse || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | No Relapse
|-
| Small field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 4 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 19 
|-
| Large field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 236 
|}
|}
*The corresponding relapse rates for the Small Field RT (Group 1) are:
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Relapse rates'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || align=&quot;center&quot; | Possibility 0 || align=&quot;center&quot; | Possibility 1 || align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;80&quot; | Possibility 2 '''(Observed)''' || align=&quot;center&quot; | Possibility 3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | Possibility 4 || '''(Expected)'''
|-
| Small field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.000 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.044 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.087 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.130 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.174 || align=&quot;center&quot; | '''0.015'''
|}
*We then need to calculate the probability that each of the possibilities occurs (something typically done by professional statisticians, for more detail see below)
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Probability of Occurrence'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || align=&quot;center&quot; | Possibility 0 || align=&quot;center&quot; | Possibility 1 || align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;80&quot; | Possibility 2 '''(Observed)''' || align=&quot;center&quot; | Possibility 3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | Possibility 4 || '''Total'''
|-
| Small field RT || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.687 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.271 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.039 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.002 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.0001 || align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1.000'''
|}
*Our original hypothesis is that the probability of failure in Small Field RT is the same as in Large Field RT, which is the same as in the entire underlying population treated with RT. Possibility 0 (68.7%) and Possibility 1 (27.1%) would have been reasonably consistent with this hypothesis
*The probability that the actual observation (Possibility 2) occurs as a result of the random sampling process is 0.039 (3.9%), which is not as reasonable. Possibilities 3-5 are even less likely to be reasonable than the actual observation (0.2%, 0.01%)
*The ''significance level'' is the sum of probability of the observed occurrence (3.9%) and the probabilities of the even less likely possibilities (0.2%, 0.01%) = 4.11%; expressed as ''p=0.04''
*In this example, the hypothesis that there is no difference between the two groups with respect to the two outcomes is rejected. Conclusion: Small Field RT results in significantly more failures

==Links==
*Wikipedia [[w:Fisher's_exact_test|Fisher's Exact Test]]</text>
      <sha1>2d81jony4a8g7z9h170pxtzdao5dvf7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Medical Statistics/Chi Squared</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>133662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673161</id>
      <parentid>4094246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:54:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5589" sha1="nk3fnea5yi4wj83cv88efr6rh6gxqag" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;''Χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'' (Chi-Squared)&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*Used for comparison of two classifications schemes, which may each have multiple categories 
*Purpose is to determine the probability that observed data are (or are not) consistent with the hypothesis H0: the probability of outcomes in the different groups is the same
*Used to approximate [[Radiation_Oncology/Medical_Statistics/Fishers_Test|Fisher's Exact Test (2x2)]] for large numbers:
**Accuracy of estimation depends on the total number of observations in each cell
**Expected observations number (calculated from actual observations; see below) should be at least 5 in each cell
*Used to extend [[Radiation_Oncology/Medical_Statistics/Fishers_Test|Fisher's Exact Test]] for comparison of classification schemes with &gt;2 categories

==''Χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'' for 2x2 Table==
*Used for tables, which are too large for [[Radiation_Oncology/Medical_Statistics/Fishers_Test|Fisher's Exact Test]] 
*The process is parallel; please see that page for details of initial set-up
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''2x2 Table'''
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Outcome 1 || Outcome 2 || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Total
|-
| Group 1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | O&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt; || align=&quot;center&quot; | O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; || align=&quot;center&quot; | R1
|-
| Group 2 || align=&quot;center&quot; | O&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt; || align=&quot;center&quot; | O&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt; || align=&quot;center&quot; | R2
|-
| Total || align=&quot;center&quot; | C1 || align=&quot;center&quot; | C2 || align=&quot;center&quot; | N
|}
|width=50|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''2x2 Table Example'''
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || Basketball || Softball/Baseball || width=&quot;60&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Total
|-
| Boys || align=&quot;center&quot; | 12 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 14.7 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 27
|-
| Girls || align=&quot;center&quot; | 13 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 15.3 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 28
|-
| Total || align=&quot;center&quot; | 25 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 30 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 55
|}
|}
*Start by assuming that H0 is true, and that ''p&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'' = ''p1'' = ''p2''
*Calculate the expected 2x2 table based on the observed total numbers 
**Expected population &quot;success rate&quot; is ''p&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'' = C1 / N
**Using ''p&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;'', and the observed Group 1/2, Outcome 1/2 numbers, calculate the expected 2x2 table
*Compare the expected table to the observed table, by calculating test statistic '''T''' 
*One way of calculating '''T''' is to evaluate the proportional difference in each cell between the observed and expected values, and then sum them all
**'''T''' = ((O&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;-E&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/E&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;) + ((O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;-E&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/E&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;) + ((O&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;-E&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/E&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;) + ((O&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;-E&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/E&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;)
*After some nifty mathematics, this can more simply be calculated from the original observed table
**'''T''' = N * (|O&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt; * O&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt; - O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; * O&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;| - 1/2*N)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; / R1 * R2 * C1 * C2
*Because '''T''' is derived from observed-expected difference, the larger the '''T''', the more different the tables are, and the less likely H0
*In order to calculate the significance level, we need to evaluate the probability that the observed table was due to random sampling, which is related to the size of '''T'''. We also need to evaluate the probability of all the other possible tables that could have been observed (again, same as in Fisher's test)
*When H0 is true, the probability distribution of '''T''' is ''approximately'' the same as the probability distribution for the Χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; function
*We can therefore approximately determine the probability of observed '''T''' by evaluating the Χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; function at the '''T''' level (by looking it up in a table)
*Because these are approximations, the table typically gives critical values:
**
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; for 2x2 Table'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''Probability''' || width=&quot;40&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.25 || width=&quot;40&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.10 || width=&quot;40&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.05 || width=&quot;40&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.01 || width=&quot;40&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.005 || width=&quot;40&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 0.001
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''T''' || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1.323 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 2.706 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 3.841 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 6.635 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 7.879 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 10.83
|}
*This is the probability that the observed outcome (and any possible outcomes less likely than this one) occurred due to random sampling only

==''Χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'' for 2x2 Table Example==
*Based on data from {{PMID|136605}}, as shown in [http://www.amazon.com/Using-Understanding-Medical-Statistics-Matthews/dp/3805581890/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/105-9016758-3810830?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1189655997&amp;sr=8-1 Using and Understanding Medical Statistics]
*Test question is whether size of bone marrow dose correlates with graft rejection rate

{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Observed'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || align=&quot;center&quot; | Graft Rejected || align=&quot;center&quot; | Engraftment
|-
| Low cell dose || align=&quot;center&quot; | 17 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 19 
|-
| High cell dose || align=&quot;center&quot; | 4 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 28 
|}
|width=20|&amp;nbsp;
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''Expected (Calculated)'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || align=&quot;center&quot; | Graft Rejected || align=&quot;center&quot; | Engraftment
|-
| Low cell dose || align=&quot;center&quot; | 11 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 25 
|-
| High cell dose || align=&quot;center&quot; | 10 || align=&quot;center&quot; | 22 
|}
|}
*'''T''' = 8.01
*From the Χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; table above, p is between 0.005 and 0.001. 
*We can therefore conclude that p &lt; 0.005 and that high cell dose correlates strongly with engraftment</text>
      <sha1>nk3fnea5yi4wj83cv88efr6rh6gxqag</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673396</id>
      <parentid>1898798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:12:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673396</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5303" sha1="d3itq4sm5ke4vkhzzlr0y1w5z4y66tm" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}
&lt;big&gt;'''Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma (PCBCL)'''&lt;/big&gt;
:''For cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, see [[Radiation Oncology/Mycosis fungoides|Mycosis fungoides]]''

==Pathology==
*B-cell lymphomas 20-25% of all cutaneous lymphomas
*Subtypes: primary cutaneous follicular center-cell lymphoma (PCFCCL), primary cutaneous immunocytoma (PCI), primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma (PCLBCL) of the leg

WHO Classification
*Most common histology: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

EORTC Classification
*Note: in the EORTC, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of non-leg site are classified as follicle center cell (i.e., considered indolent instead of aggressive)

==Epidemiology==
*Overall (data from SEER, {{PMID|15908651}})
**Mean age 64 yrs. Male 54%.
**Incidence increasing
**Histology (WHO): DLBCL in 33%, NOS 24%, follicular 17%, MZL 8%
**Site: head or neck 50%, trunk 19%, arm 12%, leg 11%, disseminated 8%

*PCFCCL
**Localized to skin; rarely disseminate to extracutaneous sites
**Usually involve head or trunk
**5-yr OS &gt; 95%
*PCI
**Usually involve arms and legs
**Excellent prognosis
*PCLBCLs of the leg
**Affects elderly patients
**More often involves extracutaneous sites
**Poor prognosis: 5-yr OS 58%


*'''SEER; 2008''' (1973-2004) {{PMID|18349400}} -- &quot;Analysis of primary CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disease and survival from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.&quot; (Yu JB, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Mar 20;26(9):1483-8.)
**SEER review. 268 cases; 58% males, 87% white. 157 (59%) primary localized PCLPD
**Outcome: 3-year OS 81% vs. population-matched OS 87%; 5-year DSS 92%. H&amp;N worse outcome
**Conclusion: Rare disease, with excellent OS; more common in white men, H&amp;N sites worse survival

==Prognostic Index==
*'''Yale; 2005''' - {{PMID|15908651}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The cutaneous B-cell lymphoma prognostic index: a novel prognostic index derived from a population-based registry.&quot; (Smith BD, J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3390-5.)
**From SEER registry (1973-2001). 1343 cases. Histology according to WHO classification. Developed prognostic index based on histology and site.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!CBCL-PI Group !! Histology !! Site !! 5-yr OS
|-
| IA || Indolent &lt;br&gt;(follicular, marginal zone, small lymphocytic, lymphoplasmacytic) || Any || 81%
|-
| IB || Diffuse large B-cell || Favorable &lt;br&gt;(head/neck, arm) || 72%
|-
| rowspan=2| II || DLBCL || Unfavorable || rowspan=2| 48%
|-
| Immunoblastic diffuse large B-cell || Favorable
|-
| III || Immunoblastic diffuse large B-cell || Unfavorable || 27%
|}


==Outcomes==
*'''Yale''' (1990-2002)
**Retrospective, 34 pts. Treated with RT as primary treatment; Median dose 40 Gy (range 20-48 Gy). No systemic disease. 
**Comparison of EORTC and WHO pathologic classification systems, which differ in characterizing these lesions, and therefore recommendations for treatment may differ (based on characterization as indolent or aggressive lymphomas)
**'''2004''' {{PMID|14966086}} -- &quot;Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma treated with radiotherapy: a comparison of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the WHO classification systems.&quot; (Smith BD, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Feb 15;22(4):634-9.) -- Median f/u 3.4 yrs
***5-yr OS 96%, RFS 55%, LR-free survival 81%, extracutaneous relapse-free survival 79%. OS and RFS was 67% and 33% for leg-type DLBCL and 100% and 62-73% for other types
***62% (8/13) of initial relapses confined to skin (localregional or distant), 24% (8/34) of all pts. Distant relapse (+/- skin) in 38% (5/13) of all relapses or 15% (5/34) of all pts. 
***''Pathologic:'' 68% of lesions classified as follicle center cell (i.e. indolent) by EORTC criteria are classified as DLBCL (i.e. aggressive) by WHO system, but the biologic behavior is indolent. 
***Increased risk of LR with dose &lt; 36 Gy: 5-yr LR-free survival 50% (&lt; 36 Gy) vs 90% (&gt;= 36 Gy). 
***Conclusion: 40 Gy dose is recommended.  Worse outcome for leg type; however, for the other lesions, DLBCL histology appears more indolent than in nodal lymphomas.


'''''PCLBCL:'''''
*'''European multicenter''' (1979-98) - {{PMID|11504742}}, 2001 &amp;mdash; &quot;Prognostic factors in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas: a European multicenter study.&quot; Grange F et al.  J Clin Oncol. 2001 Aug 15;19(16):3602-10.
**Retrospective. 48 pts with PCLBCL of leg; 97 with PCFCCL. 
**On multivariate analysis, worse outcomes for location on leg, multiple lesions, and round cell morphology.

==Treatment==
'''''Solitary lesion:'''''
Most often presents as a solitary lesion (~85%). Radiotherapy is preferred treatment for solitary lesions.  Dose 40 Gy.

'''''Multifocal disease:'''''
*'''Netherlands''' (1985-97) - {{PMID|10561311}}, 1999 &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of multifocal primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: a clinical follow-up study of 29 patients.&quot; Bekkenk MW et al. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Aug;17(8):2471-8. 
**Retrospective. Included 29 pts who had involvement of &gt;= 2 nonadjacent skin areas that did not fit into one radiation field without extracutaneous disease (14% of patients seen at this center). Pts treated with either chemotherapy (CHOP in most) or RT.
**16 pts had PCFCCL, 8 PCI, 5 PCLBCL of leg. 
**Excellent results in PCFCCL or PCI for either chemo or RT. All pts with PCLBCL relapsed with extracutaneous disease.</text>
      <sha1>d3itq4sm5ke4vkhzzlr0y1w5z4y66tm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classroom Management Theorists and Theories/Burrhus Frederic Skinner</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>138813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673172</id>
      <parentid>3515837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T15:14:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52592-53</username>
        <id>3627259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Overview of Skinner's Theories of Classroom Management */ The sentence repeated itself twice, the second statement was removed.</comment>
      <origin>4673172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20150" sha1="dhkxso2yoq60cbjau1bqhk6ny2m0tpq" xml:space="preserve">== Overview of Skinner's Theories of Classroom Management ==
&lt;br&gt;
'''The Theory'''

Skinner believed that the goal of psychology should be practical (Lieberman, 2000).  As it relates to education, Skinner believed the goal of psychology should be to find ways to make education enjoyable and effective for all students.  His learning theory relied on the assumption that the best way to modify behavior was to modify the environment.  Skinner was a proponent for many instructional strategies that modern day “progressive” educational reformers advocate for:  scaffold instruction, small units, repetition and review of instructions, and immediate feedback.  Skinner did not approve of the use of punishments in school, or as a behavioral modification technique in general, and based these opinions on his own empirical research that found punishments to be ineffective (Lieberman, 2000).  Skinner himself advocated for the frequent use of reinforcement (i.e. rewards) to modify and influence student behavior.

Skinner’s primary contribution to behavioral management philosophy has been from his research on operant conditioning and reinforcement schedules.  An operant is a behavior that acts on the surrounding environment to produce a consequence.  As a result of the consequence, the operant’s likelihood of reoccurring is affected.  The operant is said to be reinforced if the consequence increases the likelihood of the behavior's occurrence.  For example, an example of an operant in a typical classroom is staying in one’s seat.  A teacher may seek to reinforce this behavior by offering a reward to reinforce student behavior (e.g. recess or food).

Three characteristics of operant conditioning are particularly important to behavior management:  a) the reinforcer, b) the reinforcement schedule, and c) the timing of the reinforcement.  First, reinforcers have been placed in three categories (Lieberman, 2000).  Primary reinforcers are reinforcers that require no special training to be effective.  These include food, water, and sensory stimulation.  Secondary reinforcers are reinforcers whose reinforcing properties have been acquired through experience (typically through second order conditioning).  An example of this is the use of a “token economy.”  Many teachers use extrinsic rewards such as stamps, tickets, tokens, and play (or real) money to reinforce behavior.  These rewards can be redeemed for prizes or privileges.  Finally, social reinforcers are reinforcers whose reinforcing properties are derived from the behaviors of members of one’s own species.  These reinforcers are typically seen as a blend of primary and secondary reinforcers and include praise, affection, and attention.

In addition to their type, another important characteristic of reinforcers is their saliency, or degree to which an individual prefers the reinforcement.  Reinforcers with a high degree of saliency are expected to produce a greater response in the frequency of the operant behavior.  Using this logic, David Premack developed a principle (the Premack principle), which argued that operant behaviors of low probability could be reinforced by using access to high-probability behaviors as a reinforcer (1965).  For example, if sitting quietly during instruction was a low-probability behavior for a student, access to playing with a preferred toy (a high-probability behavior) could be used as a reinforcer for the operant behavior.  Using similar logic, Timberlake and Allison (1974) developed the response deprivation hypothesis, which states that if a high-probability (or highly salient) behavior is deprived, access to that behavior will be reinforcing.  In the classroom, this is often used by the introduction of a game or privilege that students highly enjoy.  Access to the game is restricted, unless certain behaviors (likely low-probability behaviors) are performed first.  A primary conclusion from both of these hypotheses is that teachers looking to find a highly salient reinforcer should look for activities that students prefer to do in their free time (i.e. highly-probable behavior).

Skinner also developed the concept of the “reinforcement schedule”.  Reinforcement schedules are divided into two categories:  a) continuous reinforcement schedules (CRF), in which every desired behavior is reinforced every time it occurs, and b) partial reinforcement schedules in which behaviors are reinforced based on ratios (reinforced after so many occurrences) or intervals (a reinforcement delivered after a certain time interval).  Partial reinforcement schedules may be fixed (i.e. a reinforcement after 3 behavioral occurrences [fixed ratio] or a reinforcement after 3 minutes [fixed interval]), or variable (i.e. the ratio or interval at which reinforcement is given is random, but averages to a specific amount).  It has been found that variable partial reinforcement schedules are more effective in improving the frequency of an operant behavior and in limiting its extinction when reinforcement is no longer delivered.  The later effect is particularly true when compared to continuous reinforcement schedules.  This finding suggests that teachers using reinforcements in their classroom should be cautious of seeking to reward students every time they perform a behavior.  As many teachers using rewards have noted, students are less likely to perform desired behaviors when the rewards are not present (e.g. &quot;What do I get if . . . ?).

Finally, behavioral research has found that the timing of the reinforcer is very important.  If there is much delay between the operant behavior and the reinforcer, improving the frequency of the desired behavior is less likely to happen.  For instance, if a teacher said that if students were to turn in their homework they would receive extra recess, behavioral theory would argue that the closer the time the teacher allowed the students to have their recess was to the time the students turned in their homework (the operant behavior), the more likely students would be to turn in their homework regularly.  If a teacher often forgot to give the reward, or waited later in the day to grant the reward, the less likely students would be to turn in their homework.

== Implementation of Skinner's Theories ==
&lt;u&gt;'''Implementation Overview'''&lt;/u&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Skinner's theories have been implemented in school systems in a variety of ways.  Teachers and parents alike rewarded students for good behavior long before Skinner's theories were developed.  However, many behavior management systems used in today's schools are directly influenced by his work.  Skinner advocated for immediate praise, feedback, and/or reward when seeking to change troublesome or encourage correct behavior in the classroom.  Teachers seeking to implement a reinforcement system in their classroom should use strategies such as a &quot;token economy&quot; to reward students immediately for behaviors that they are reinforcing.  Skinner also advocated for teacher identification of and reflection on the environmental effects on student behavior.  Formalized strategies that focus on the identification of &quot;triggers&quot; of student behavior are influenced by Skinner's work.  One example of a formalized system that makes use of Skinner's research is the Crisis Prevention Institute (see [http://www.crisisprevention.com www.crisisprevention.com] for details).

For a tutorial in behavioral interventions based upon Skinner's theories of reinforcing positive behaviors see: http://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/bi2/chalcycle.htm
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Elementary Implementation of Skinner's Theories'''&lt;/u&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In order to apply Skinner's theories in your own elementary classroom, you could do the following:
*Set up reinforcement schedules with your students (particularly those with behaviors that need extreme intervention) to reinforce positive behavior.  For example, if a student gets out of his seat frequently, set a timer for 5 minutes.  Every time the student can stay in his seat for 5 minutes, reward him (i.e. give a sticker/token, permit participation in a highly-preferred activity).  
*Set up a &quot;token economy.&quot;  Many teachers use tickets, tokens, or play money to reward student for desired behavior.  Students can redeem these tokens for prizes in many systems.  Some teachers have found that it is very effective to have students redeem their tickets for classroom jobs or academic privileges (e.g. center time).  So long as the redeemed &quot;prize&quot; is highly preferred, the reinforcement should be effective in improving classroom behavior.
*Deprive students of educational tasks they enjoy, and use them to reinforce desired behavior.  Many criticisms of Skinner's work focus on the overuse of rewards that diminish intrinsic learning.  Using educational tasks themselves as rewards may work to foster the desire to learn intrinsically.  Teachers wanting to foster the intrinsic desire to read may want to begin the year reading highly engaging stories that students are sure to love.  The teacher may then restrict &quot;story time&quot; to the end of the day as a reward for students who have been on-task throughout the day. As long as students highly-prefer the reading, they should be motivated to perform desired behaviors to receive their reward.
&lt;u&gt;'''Secondary Implementation of Skinner's Theories'''&lt;/u&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In order to apply Skinner’s theories in your own secondary classroom, you could do the following:
*Create (with student input, if necessary) a system of positive incentives for individual, group, and class behavior. Reward positive behavior before reprimanding negative behavior (for example, instead of punishing one student for not turning in homework, give all other students who did turn in homework consistent rewards until that will induce that one student to follow suit with the rest of class).
*Ensure that positive reinforcement is immediate so that it can be associated with the positive behavior. This is crucial especially when secondary teachers see students for such a small portion of each day.
*Recognize the unique instructional needs of individual students and individual periods and modify instructional material and methods appropriately. 
*Provide feedback as students work, not just after they are finished with a particular task. 
*Ensure that students have mastered prerequisite skills before moving on, even if this puts different periods of the same class on different tracks.
*Reinforce positive behaviors students exhibit, either with problem students or with whole class to refocus problem students

== Critique of Skinner's Theories==
&lt;u&gt;'''Professional Critique of Skinner's Theories'''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
One major critic of Skinners’ behavioral theories is Alfie Kohn, another prominent educational theorist. Kohn, noted for his assertions supporting entirely intrinsic motivation for learning and behavior, feels that the rewards and punishment system of management so lauded by Skinner is actually a root cause American education’s decline (Kohn, 1993, p. xii). Kohn suggests that rewards and extrinsic motivation yield compliance, which is not, as Skinner suggests, a natural behavior devoid of willful choice. Additionally, it trains humans to expect rewards to such a large extent that they fail to find motivation in the absence of a promised reward.

Kohn does not entirely negate the legitimacy of operant conditioning, but does stress the ability of humans to make moral and conscious judgments and decisions. What Kohn sees is a system of “carrot-and-stick” motivation that has permeated education throughout the United States largely due to the efforts of Skinner and his successors (Kohn, 1993, p.&amp;nbsp;15). Yet Kohn criticizes that rewards have become such a natural and expected part of the American classroom and workplace that citizens here have become conditioned to expect them. This avoids even the possibility of children learning to find intrinsic motivation in their educations; the more often rewards are used, the more humans become used to them and expect them, and the more they are needed.

Kohn acknowledge the history of rewards and punishment in behavioral psychology, but stresses that the majority of experiments, studies, and practices contributing to this history involved animals other than humans. Both Ayn Rand and Noam Chomsky echo this critique, posing Skinner’s disbelief in conscious choice as preposterous. Rand debases the very suggestion that memory is not influential in human choice, that humans can simply be “conditioned” to adapt to particular environmental factors. Chomsky echoes this sentiment and asserts that Skinner’s empirical evidence is non-transferable to the complexity that exists in human’s ability to communicate and respond to a variety of environmental influencers.

However, many contemporary theorists and psychologists in education adhere to Skinner’s principles of arranging the classroom environment in a manner most appropriate for student learning.

Additionally, theorists today point to the history of such methods that predates Skinner, arguing that if they didn’t work, they would no longer be a part of the increasingly empirical American education system. The notion that productive educational environments should precede intervention exists even in the Individuals with Disabilities Act. This act prescribes accommodations and modifications for students with disabilities prior to intervention, a law that proponents of functional assessment credit directly to Skinner (Ervin ''et al.'',  2001, p.&amp;nbsp;177). Skinner’s supporters note that Skinner’s suggestions for classrooms are not simply systems of overtly proscribed rewards and punishment; rather, they constitute a well-planned and research-based control of environmental factors. This control will leave students no options other than learning and behaving.

&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;'''Hannah's Critique of Skinner's Theories'''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
I see legitimacy in the classroom management and learning theories of B. F. Skinner. His theories make sense and are familiar to me as a teacher, but I also agree with arguments against his studies’ reliance upon laboratory experiments with animals. Skinner relies heavily upon empirical evidence, but in reading his theories of classroom management specifically, I see little evidence to back his opinions aside from hearsay and casual observations.

Yet I also think that other theorists such as Kohn are quick to reduce Skinner’s prescriptions for the classroom to an entirely superficial system of rewards and punishment. Skinner’s ideas are more complex than this; beyond rewards and punishment, he stresses that the environment of a classroom and school, both physical and temporal, should be as conducive as possible to students’ learning. It should not be an environment that necessarily attempts to control that learning with what we popularly call consequences. Skinner stresses immediate feedback, scaffolding, and ensuring student success. These teacher actions are manipulations of the classroom environment that any educational theorist would be hard pressed to criticize.

Of course, Skinner does also suggest praise and rewards once student success is achieved, and I do agree with Kohn that in the perfect world, this wouldn’t be necessary. However, I would challenge Kohn to come to my classroom, or any classroom, and ensure that students are intrinsically motivated throughout every single lesson. While we can try to make lessons as motivating and engaging as possible, not every lesson can realistically have every student intrinsically engaged. I use praise and rewards, not over abundantly, but I use them. While they may not make learning as intrinsic as I’d like it to be, I truly don’t think they’re hurting the education of my students. 
Regardless of where one stands in the dialogue on Skinner and his contemporaries, it is noteworthy that his, Kohn’s, and others’ theories and critiques focus on a students’ engagement in learning as an antecedent to behavioral problems. As long as students have some reason to be engaged in a lesson, whether it is through extrinsically motivated compliance or intrinsically motivated engagement, they will not misbehave. This I concur with wholeheartedly.

&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;'''Michael's Critique of Skinner's Theories'''&lt;/u&gt;

It is my belief that B.F. Skinner's theories are the most widely used and misunderstood of any psychological theories that have been applied to educational settings.  As Hannah noted in her own reflection, many critics of Skinner and many developers of reward programs based on his theories, simplify his ideas to superficial systems of rewards and punishments.  They neglect what is, in my opinion, the most revolutionary aspect of his theory, the influence of the environment on behavior.  Skinner did not believe that elements of the environment do cause behavior (as classical conditioning would have it), but that they lead to the probability that a behavior may occur.  This probability would depend on previous learning experience and its generalizations to the current environment, as well as genetics.

My own opinions diverge from Skinner's in the use of his theories to create school-wide, and to some degree classroom-wide, initiatives.  I agree with critics such as Kohn who argue that these sorts of initiatives, which often focus on primary reinforcers like food (PIZZA PARTY!!), have a negative effect on educational aspiration and self-motivation.  It is my opinion, that teachers should seek creative ways to make educational activities highly probable activities.  I believe that intrinsic motivation is simply an internalization of the extrinsic motivation that is demonized in &quot;progressive&quot; educational literature.  However, behaviors that are intrinsically motivated react to reinforcement in the same ways as those that are more extrinsic.  What teachers should try to do is move students from responding primarily to extrinsic rewards to understanding how they are intrinsically motivated.  Effective use of Skinner’s ideas relies on individualizing the use of reinforcement to fit the specific interests of specific students.

In sum, students are not lab rats.  They will not all push a lever to receive a food pellet.  Most will &quot;push&quot; for a pizza party, or extra recess.  However, teachers need to consider the fact that some will &quot;push&quot; for time to read their favorite book, time to research a topic on the internet, math worksheets, and word puzzles.

== Questions for Consideration ==
*Would you rather have Skinner or [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Classroom_Management_Theorist_and_Theories/Alfie_Kohn Kohn] as your boss? Why? 
*If Skinner were to set up a charter school in a new utopian society, what would a typical day look like at this school and why would it look this way?
*Identify two types of reinforcement schedules.  Which type of reinforcement schedules have been found to be most effective in influencing enduring behavior?
*What is the Premack principle and give an example of how it is used in classrooms.

== References ==
Chomsky, N. (1967). A review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Retrieved November 4, 2007, Web site: http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1967---.htm

Ervin, R. A., Ehrhardt, K. E., &amp; Poling, A. (2001). Functional Assessment: Old wine in new bottles. ''School Psychology Review''. 30, 173-179.

Kohn, A. (1993). Punished by rewards:'' The trouble with gold stars, incentive plans, A's, praise, and other bribes''. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Premack, D. (1965). Reinforcement theory. In D. Levine (ed.), ''Nebraska symposium on motivation.'' (Vol. 13). Lincoln:  University of Nebraska Press.

Rand, A. (1998). ''Philosophy: Who needs it?''. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs Merrill.

Timberlake, W., &amp; Allison, J. (1974).  Response to deprivation:  An empirical approach to instrumental performance.  ''Psychological Review, 81,'' 146-164.

Ulman, J. D. (1998). Applying behavioral principles in the classroom: Creating Responsive Learning Environments. ''The Teacher Educator''. 34, 144-156.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>dhkxso2yoq60cbjau1bqhk6ny2m0tpq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Randomized</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>145804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673356</id>
      <parentid>2084225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:25:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673356</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12288" sha1="8devspiksxbu76rf5qfbrtb3me813gp" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Cutaneous Melanoma: Randomized Trials'''&lt;/big&gt;


In process of crosslinking from [[Radiation_Oncology/Melanoma|Cutaneous Melanoma]] chapter

==Prevention==
'''''Sunscreen:'''''
*'''Australia; 2011''' (1992-6) {{PMID|21135266}}  -- &quot;Reduced Melanoma After Regular Sunscreen Use: Randomized Trial Follow-Up&quot; (Green AC, J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jan 20;29(3):257-63.)
**1621 pts (ages 25-75) randomized to daily vs discretionary use of sunscreen application to head and arms in combination with beta carotene or placebo supplements. Followed through 2006. 
**11 new primary melanomas in the daily sunscreen group vs 22 in the discretionary group (HR=0.50). Reduction in invasive melanomas (3 vs 11) was substantial compared with preinvasive melanomas.
**Conclusion: Melanoma may be preventable by regular sunscreen use in adults.

==Surgical Margins==
*'''UK Melanoma Study Group''' (1993-2001) -- surgical margin 1 cm vs. 3 cm
**Randomized. 900 patients, high risk melanoma, thickness &gt;=2.0 mm, trunk or limbs. Excluded palms and soles. Arm 1) 1 cm excision margin vs. Arm 2) 3 cm excision margin. ELND or SLND or adjuvant therapy not allowed.
**'''2004''' {{PMID|14973217}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma.&quot; (Thomas JM, N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 19;350(8):757-66.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: local recurrence 1 cm 3.3% vs. 3 cm 2.9% (NS), in-transit/nodal recurrence 32% vs. 28%. No difference in DSS or OS. Median OS after locoregional recurrence 28 months vs. 18 months (p=0.05) 
***Conclusion: Higher locoregional recurrence rate with 1 cm margins in high risk melanomas, but no difference on survival

*'''Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial''' (1983-89) -- surgical margin 2 cm vs 4 cm
**Randomized. 468 patients intermediate thickness (1.0-4.0 mm) melanoma, on trunk or proximal extremity. Arm 1) 2cm surgical margin vs Arm 2) 4 cm surgical margin. Secondary randomization to observation vs ELND (see below). Also, nonrandomized 272 patients with distal extremity or H&amp;N enrolled prospectively to 2 cm excision (Group B)
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11258773}} (Free full text) &amp;mdash; &quot;Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1-4 mm melanomas.&quot; (Balch CM et al. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001 Mar;8(2):101-8.) Median F/U 10 years
***Outcome: surgical margin 2 cm 0.4% vs. 4cm 0.9% (NS), anytime failure 2.1% vs. 2.6% (NS). 10-year DSS 70% vs. 77% (NS). LR profoundly affected by presence of ulceration (RR approx 6)
***LR impact: LR strongly associated with survival. 5-yr OS of 9% for pts with LR as first relapse (n=13), 11% for any LR (n=28), vs 5-yr OS 86% if no LR. Higher LR for head/neck 9.4%, vs 5.3% dist ext, 3.1% trunk, 1.1% prox ext. Patient who had LR all died of melanoma within 10 years.
***Conclusion: 2 cm margins are safe for intermediate thickness melanomas 

*'''Swedish Melanoma Study Group''' (1982-1990) -- surgical margin 2 cm vs 5 cm
**Randomized. 769 patients, intermediate thickness (0.9 - 2.0 cm). Excluded H&amp;N, distal extremities, vulva. Arm 1) resection margin 2 cm vs. Arm 2) resection margin 5 cm
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8646678}} -- &quot;Resection margins of 2 versus 5 cm for cutaneous malignant melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8 to 2.0 mm: randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group.&quot; (Ringborg U, Cancer. 1996 May 1;77(9):1809-14.) Median F/U 5.8 years
***Outcome: Local recurrence 2 cm 0.8% vs. 5 cm 1.0% (NS) No difference in DFS, DSS, or OS
***Conclusion: Recommend excision margin of 2 cm

*'''France/UK''' (1981-2000) -- surgical margin 2 cm vs. 5 cm 
**Randomized. 337 patients, melanoma &lt;=2.0 cm. Excluded age &gt;70, toe/nail/finger, and acral melanoma. Arm 1) 2 cm excision vs. Arm 2) 5 cm excision. Second randomization for adjuvant isoprinosine
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12673721}} -- &quot;Surgical margins in cutaneous melanoma (2 cm versus 5 cm for lesions measuring less than 2.1-mm thick).&quot; (Khayat D, Cancer. 2003 Apr 15;97(8):1941-6.) Median F/U 16 years
***Outcome: Local recurrence 2 cm 0.6% vs. 5 cm 1.8 cm (NS). Median TTR 3.5 years. 10-year DFS 85% vs. 83% (NS). No difference for second randomization.
***Conclusion: Surgical margin of 2 cm sufficient for melanoma &lt;=2 mm

*'''WHO Melanoma Programme Trial #10''' (1980-?) -- surgical margin 1 cm vs 3 cm
**Randomized. 612 patients with clinical Stage I melanoma, thickness &lt;=2 mm. Facial or digital melanoma excluded. Arm 1) 1 cm surgical margin vs. Arm 2) 3 cm surgical margin
**'''1991''' {{PMID|2009058}} -- &quot;Narrow excision (1-cm margin). A safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma.&quot; (Veronesi U, Arch Surg. 1991 Apr;126(4):438-41.). Mean F/U 8 years
***Outcome: Local recurrence 1cm 1.3% vs 3 cm 0% (NS). 8-year OS 1cm 90% vs. 3 cm 90% (NS); DFS 82% vs. 84% (NS). First event most frequently nodal relapse (7%).
***Conclusion: Narrow 1cm excision as effective as wide excision


==Lymph Node Evaluation==
*'''Multicenter Selective Lymphadenecomy Trial (MSLT-I)''' (1994-2002) -- SLNB vs. observation
**Randomized. 1,269 patients. Clinically localized primary cutaneous melanoma, wide local excision, intermediate Breslow thickness (1.2-3.5 mm). Arm 1) SLNB + LND if node positive vs. Arm 2) observation + LND if nodal relapse
**'''2006''' {{PMID|17005948}} -- &quot;Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma.&quot; (Morton DL, N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 28;355(13):1307-17.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: 5-year DFS SLNB 78% vs. observation 73% (SS), but this was predominately due to expected nodal relapse in the observation arm. 5-year DSS 87% vs. 87% (NS). LN+ SLNB 16% immediately vs. observation 5-year failure 16% (NS), however, higher LN+ burden in delayed arm SLNB 1.4 vs observation 3.3 (SS) indicating disease progression during observation
***SLN Status: 5-year DSS SLN- 90% vs. SLN+ 72% (SS). If LN+, 5-year DSS SLNB+ 72% vs. observation LN+ 52% (SS). If SLN+, 70% had only that LN+, 28% had 2-3 LN+, and 2% had 4+ LN+
***Conclusion: No overall survival difference. However, staging by SLNB can identify patients with LN+, whose survival is improved by immediate LND

*'''Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial''' (1983-1989) -- elective LND vs. observation
**Randomized.  740 patients, Stage I-II melanoma, intermediate Breslow thickness (1.0-4.0 mm). WLE minimum margin 2cm. . Planned subgroup analysis based on previously known risk factors
**'''2000''' {{PMID|10761786}} (Free full text) &amp;mdash; &quot;Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial.&quot; (Balch CM, Ann Surg Oncol. 2000 Mar;7(2):87-97.) Median F/U 10 years
***Outcome: 10-year OS ELND 77% vs. observation 73% (NS). In non-ulcerated subgroup, ELND 84% vs observation 77% (SS). In thinner subgroup (Breslow 1.0-2.0), ELND 86% vs. observation 80% (SS). In extremity subgroup, ELND 84% vs. observation 78% (p=0.05)
***Negative predictors: Breslow thickness, ulceration, age &gt;60
***Conclusion: No benefit overall; however, survival benefit for select patient populations (non-ulcerated, thickness 1.0-2.0, extremity).

*'''WHO Melanoma Trial #14''' (1982-1989) -- immediate LND vs delayed LND
**Randomized. 240 patients. Trunk melanoma, Breslow thickness &gt;=1.5 mm (median 3.3 mm). WLE with 3cm margin. Arm 1) immediate LND vs. Arm 2) delayed LND until clinical metastases
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9519951}} -- &quot;Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomised trial. WHO Melanoma Programme.&quot; (Cascinelli N, Lancet. 1998 Mar 14;351(9105):793-6.) Mean F/U 11 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS delayed LND 51% vs. immediate LND 62% (NS)
***LN Status: LN+ in delayed LND 37% vs. immediate LND 22%. Median TTF 8 months. Survival of patients with immediate LN+ better than with delayed LN+ (p=0.04)
***Conclusion: No difference. However, immediate LND offers improved survival in patients with LN mets

*'''Mayo Clinic''' (1971-1976) -- immediate LND vs delayed LND
**Randomized, 3 arms. 173 patients, localized malignant melanoma. Arm 1) delayed LND until clinical progression vs Arm 2) delayed LND 3 months after primary surgery vs. Arm 3) immediate LND. H&amp;N and midline lesions excluded. Breslow depth &lt;1.5mm in 57%
**'''1978''' {{PMID|638981}} -- &quot;A prospective randomized study of the efficacy of routine elective lymphadenectomy in management of malignant melanoma. Preliminary results.&quot; (Sim FH, Cancer. 1978 Mar;41(3):948-56.)
***Outcome: 5-year OS delayed LND 63% vs. short delayed LND 56% vs. immediate LND 54% (NS)
***LN Status: positive LN delayed LND 16% vs short delayed LND 9% vs. immediate LND 4%
***Conclusion: Elective LND not beneficial in management of melanoma
**'''1986''' {{PMID|3747613}} -- &quot;Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study.&quot; (Sim FH, Mayo Clin Proc. 1986 Sep;61(9):697-705.)
***Outcome: No difference in OS or DMFS
***Prognostic factors: level of invasion, thickness
***Conclusion: No difference

*'''WHO Cooperative Trial''' (1967-1974) -- immediate LND vs delayed LND
**Randomized. 553 patients, Stage I (T1-3N0) melanoma of the extremities (83% lower extremities), Breslow thickness &gt;=1mm in 90%, &gt;=4mm in 31%. Satellite nodules permitted. Tumors &gt;5 cm excluded. Wide local excision with at least 3cm margin. Arm 1) immediate LND vs Arm 2) delayed LND until clinically positive LNs detected. For lower extremity, inguino-illiac LND; for upper extremity, axillary en bloc resection including pectoralis minor
**'''1982''' {{PMID|7074555}} -- &quot;Delayed regional lymph node dissection in stage I melanoma of the skin of the lower extremities.&quot; (Veronesi U, Cancer. 1982 Jun 1;49(11):2420-30.)
***Outcome: 5-year OS immediate LND 68% vs delayed LND 69% (NS); 10-year OS 9% vs. 13% (NS). No subset benefited from immediate LND. 
***LN status: Frequency of LN+ in immediate arm 20% vs. frequency of clinical LN failure in delayed arm 22%. Mean TTF 13 months. No survival difference between patients with initially positive LN and with delayed positive LNs. 5-year OS 46% vs. 41% (NS)
***Conclusion: Delayed LND as effective as immediated dissection in Stage I melanoma of extremities


==Adjuvant Interferon==
*'''DeCOG''' (2001-2004) -- Interferon x1.5 years vs x5 years
**Randomized. 840 patients, resected cutaneous melanoma, minimum thickness 1.5 mm, clinically N0 (SLN in 76%, SLN+ in 18%). Arm 1) IFN alpha2 3MU 3x/week x18 months vs Arm 2) same IFN x60 months
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20048184}} -- &quot;Efficacy of Low-Dose Interferon {alpha}2a 18 Versus 60 Months of Treatment in Patients With Primary Melanoma of &gt;= 1.5 mm Tumor Thickness: Results of a Randomized Phase III DeCOG Trial.&quot; (Hauschild A, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 10;28(5):841-6. Epub 2010 Jan 4.) Median F/U 4.3 years
***Outcome: Relapse-free survival 1.5 years 76% vs 5 years 73% (NS), DMFS 82% vs 80% (NS), OS 86% vs 85% (NS)
***Conclusion: Prolongation of IFN therapy showed no clinical benefit


==Supportive Care==
*'''Denmark Psychoeducation''' (1991-2001) 
**Randomized. 262 patients, primary malignant melanoma, T1-4N1-2aM0. Arm 1) control vs. Arm 2) six weekly 2-hour sessions of psychoeducation. Replication study of UCLA study
**'''2007''' {{PMID|18089864}} -- &quot;Survival after a psychoeducational intervention for patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma: a replication study.&quot; (Boesen EH, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 20;25(36):5698-703.)
***Outcome: No difference for OS or for recurrence; however, nonparticipants had 2x higher death rate
***Conclusion: Psychoeducation doesn't increase survival

*'''UCLA''' (1985-1986)
**Randomized. 68 patients. Stage I-II melanoma, surgical treatment only (wide excision, some with LND). Arm 1) controls vs. Arm 2) 6 week structured psychiatric group intervention
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8357293}} -- &quot;Malignant melanoma. Effects of an early structured psychiatric intervention, coping, and affective state on recurrence and survival 6 years later.&quot; (Fawzy FI, Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Sep;50(9):681-9.)
***Outcome: Death rate control 29% vs. intervention 9% (SS); recurrence rate 38% vs. 21%
***Poor predictors: male, greater Breslow depth
***Conclusion: Psychiatric intervention had beneficial impact on survival</text>
      <sha1>8devspiksxbu76rf5qfbrtb3me813gp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gabrielle Delacour</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146888</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673228</id>
      <parentid>4612339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:23:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pookiyama</username>
        <id>1766461</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5457" sha1="1qs1j6ql767u3r9rd6zt6dqkwzruokz" xml:space="preserve">{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Character|
name=Gabrielle Delacour|
gender=Female|
hair=Blonde|
eyes=Unknown|
family=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fleur Delacour|Fleur Delacour]]|
loyalty=[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fleur Delacour|Fleur Delacour]]
}}

== Overview ==

'''''Gabrielle Delacour''''' is [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fleur Delacour|Fleur Delacour]]'s younger sister.

== Role in the Books ==

{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}}

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Goblet of Fire|Goblet of Fire]] ===

We first see Gabrielle when she is one of the hostages for the Four Champions in the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Second Task|Second Task]] of the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Triwizard Tournament|Triwizard Tournament]]. Each of the Champions is given one hour to rescue that which is most dear to them from the bottom of the lake. Gabrielle is what is most precious to Fleur. Fleur fails in her attempt to reach Gabrielle, and is so relieved when [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry]] surfaces with her that she runs over and kisses him, and also Ron who had some incidental role in her return.

Gabrielle is present in the audience for the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Third Task|Third Task]], though she plays very little part. She does wave to Harry, who waves back at her.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince|Half-Blood Prince]] ===

Gabrielle is mentioned in passing by Fleur as part of her planning for her wedding to [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill Weasley|Bill Weasley]] along with the fact that she never stops talking about Harry. 

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Deathly Hallows]] ===

Gabrielle is one of the bridesmaids at the wedding of Fleur Delacour and Bill Weasley. She arrives two days before the ceremony, with Monsieur and Madame (Apolline) Delacour, and follows Fleur around, prattling away at her in French and trying to help out. She flirts with Harry by batting her eyelashes at him, much to Ginny's annoyance. She served as a bridesmaid, alongside Ginny.

== Strengths ==
Gabrielle is described as being Fleur &quot;in miniature&quot;, so the reader can envision her appearance as being a smaller Fleur. Due to this, and her shared Veela ancestry, it is very likely hat she shares her sister's incredible beauty.
== Weaknesses ==
Despite her best of intentions, Gabrielle does seem to suffer from some of the common pitfalls of a little sisterː talking too much, following people around, and getting in the way while trying to help out.
== Relationships with Other Characters ==
Gabrielle clearly has a strong connection to her sister. Her status as &quot;the thing that Fleur will miss the most&quot; is a clear indication of this.

Gabrielle also developed a crush on Harry after he saved her from the lake, given that she never stopped talking about him afterwards, along with batting her eyelashes when the two met again at Bill and Fleur's wedding. However, the crush went nowhere. 

== Analysis ==
When reading all seven books, Gabrielle appears to share similarities with Ginny Weasley:
* Both were the youngest sisters and members of the family.
* Both are also younger than Harry. Ginny is a year younger than him while Gabrielle is six years younger than Harry.
* Both of their first names start with 'G'.
* Both were selected as bridesmaids for Bill and Fleur's wedding.
* Both were saved by Harry from a perilous water-filled location: Chamber of Secrets for Ginny, the Black Lake for Gabrielle.
* Both had a crush on Harry and were mentioned to have talked non-stop about him from their older siblings (Ron mentioned Ginny and Fleur mentioned Gabrielle).
* Both became relatives of Harry. Ginny married Harry while Gabrielle became a distant relative of Harry since Gabrielle's older sister, Fleur, married Bill, Ginny's oldest brother.

There were also differences:
* Gabrielle only had one older sister, while Ginny had six older brothers.
* Ginny's last name starts with 'W' which is the fourth to last letter in the English alphabet, while Gabrielle's last name starts with 'D' which is the fourth letter in the English alphabet.
* Ginny has red hair while Gabrielle has blonde hair.
* Gabrielle is French while Ginny is British.
* Ginny first met Harry when he arrived at Platform 9 and 3/4 to start his first year at Hogwarts, while Gabrielle first met Harry when he was in his fourth year as a Triwizard Champion.

== Questions ==
{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}}
# What colour might Gabrielle's eyes be, considering Fleur's?
# Gabrielle has the same Veela ancestry as her sister. Might she have the same sort of affect on boys?
# How might Gabrielle feel about now having the Weasley family as in-laws?

== Greater Picture ==
{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Intermediate Spoiler}}
Gabrielle is a character introduced to us mainly as a plot device; her importance to Fleur and eventual rescue by Harry (and Ron) throw some light on Fleur, and some on Harry too, highlighting her affection and his heroism.

Her re-appearance in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]], while she should be expected to attend her own sister's wedding, may slightly surprise the casual reader, who may have forgotten her by this point.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1qs1j6ql767u3r9rd6zt6dqkwzruokz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Nephroblastoma/Randomized</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673378</id>
      <parentid>4100004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:14:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10681" sha1="f0eab1kdzpp3vas8ogjmvgcthdfw5if" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor) Randomized Evidence'''&lt;/big&gt;


==NWTS Trials==
*'''NWTS 4''' (1986-94) -- no RT randomizations; chemo randomizations
**Randomized. 1638 patients. Compared standard schedule (STD) of AMD + ADR vs pulse-intensive (PI), and short (5-6 months) vs long courses (15-16 months)
***Stage I, FH or anaplastic: AMD + VCR, STD vs PI
***Stage II, FH: 2x2 design: AMD + VCR, STD vs. PI, and short vs long 
***High risk (FH Stage III-IV or CCSK): 2x2 design: AMD + VCR + ADR STD vs PI, and short vs long  
**'''2-years 1998''' {{PMID|9440748}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Comparison between single-dose and divided-dose administration of dactinomycin and doxorubicin for patients with Wilms' tumor: a report from the National Wilms' Tumor Study Group.&quot; (Green DM et al. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jan;16(1):237-45.)
***Fractionation outcome: RFS for STD 91% vs. PI 91% (NS)
***Conclusion: Pulse-intense chemothereapy equivalent to standard fractionated chemotherapy, less toxic, and logistically much easier

*'''NWTS 3''' (1979-1985) -- High dose RT vs. low dose RT; low dose RT vs. no RT
**Randomized. 1439 patients. Treatment adapted by Stage and histology; FH in 90%, anaplastic 4%, CCSK 4%, RTK 2%. 2x2 design for Stage II and III. RT given in 1.8 Gy/fx, large fields 1.5 Gy/fx. Evaluated RT dose and chemo intensity
***Stage I, FH: No RT. AMD + VCR x 10 weeks vs 6 months.
***Stage II, FH: No RT vs 20 Gy. AMD+VCR+ADR vs intensive AMD+VCR, both for 15 months. 
***Stage III, FH: RT 10 Gy vs 20 Gy. AMD+VCR+ADR vs intensive AMD+VCR, both for 15 months.
***Stage IV and All UH: RT per NWTS 2 followed by AMD+VCR+ADR vs AMD+VCR+ADR+ cyclophosphamide, both for 15 months.
**'''4-years: 1989''' {{PMID|2544249}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of Wilms' tumor. Results of the Third National Wilms' Tumor Study.&quot; (D'Angio GJ et al. Cancer. 1989 Jul 15;64(2):349-60.)
***Stage I FH Outcome: RFS 10 weeks 89% vs. 6 months 91% (NS)
***Stage II FH Outcome: No difference between no RT and RT 20 Gy. Also no difference between chemo regimens
***Stage III, FH Outcome: No difference between RT 10 Gy and RT 20 Gy. Also no difference between chemo regimens
***Stage IV and UH Outcome: Cyclophosphamide didn't improve outcomes
***RT Conclusion: Stage II FH doesn't require RT; Stage III FH RT 10 Gy sufficient with doublet chemotherapy

*'''NWTS 2''' (1974-78) -- chemo randomizations
**Randomized. 513 patients. Surgery first. RT within 10 days of surgery, same dose schedule as NWTS 1. If pulmonary mets, 12 Gy whole thorax (had toxicity at 14 Gy); if liver/brain mets 30 Gy
***Group I (35%): Actinomycin D + vincristine x6 months, then Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) additional 9 months of chemo. No RT for anyone, assume addition of VCR in age &gt;2 will obviate need for adjuvant RT, and compare to historical outcomes
***Group II-IV: RT everyone, then Arm 1) Actinomycin D + vincristine vs. Arm 2) Actinomycin + vincristine + doxorubicin. Total 15 months both arms
**'''2-years; 1981''' {{PMID|6164480}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The treatment of Wilms' tumor: results of the Second National Wilms' Tumor Study.&quot; D'Angio GJ et al. Cancer. 1981 May 1;47(9):2302-11.
***Group I Outcome: No difference in RFS or OS between arms. Age &gt;2 2-year OS comparison: NWTS2 (AMD+VCR, no RT) 89% vs. NWTS1 (AMD+RT) 77% vs. NWTS1 (AMD, no RT) 51%. Abdominal relapse &lt;5%
***Group II-IV Outcome: DFS AMD + VCR 62% vs. AMD + VCR + doxorubicin 77% (SS)
***RT Conclusion: RT not necessary in Group I with chemo doublet

*'''NWTS 1''' (1969-74) -- Group I Adjuvant RT vs. adjuvant chemo
**Randomized. 259 patients. Surgery first. RT given within 2 days of surgery. Dose 0-18 months 18-24 Gy, 18-30 months 24-30 Gy, 30-40 months 30-35 Gy, &gt;40 months 35-40 Gy. Fields: Group I/II flank, Group III whole abdomen
***Group I (n=163): Arm 1) RT + Actinomycin D vs. Arm 2) Actinomycin D only
***Group II/III (n=100): Surgery + RT and Arm 1) Actinomycin D vs. Arm 2) Vincristine vs. Arm 3) Actinomycin D + Vincristine
***Group IV (n=26): Arm 1) Surgery + RT + adjuvant chemo vs. Arm 2) Neoadjuvant vincristine + surgery + RT + adjuvant chemo
**'''2-years; 1976''' {{PMID|184912}}, 1976 &amp;mdash; &quot;The treatment of Wilms' tumor: Results of the national Wilms' tumor study.&quot; D'Angio GJ et al. Cancer. 1976 Aug;38(2):633-46.
***Group I Outcome: Age &lt;2 years: RT 90% vs. no RT 88% (NS); age &gt;2 years RT 77% vs. 58% (SS). More infradiaphragmatic failures without RT, leading to worse survival
***Group II/III Outcome: Actinomycin D 57% vs. Vincristine 55% vs. Combination 81% (SS)
***RT Conclusion: Adjuvant RT not necessary for Group I patients &lt;2 years treating with Actinomycin D, but important for patients &gt;2 years.


==SIOP Trials==
*'''SIOP 93-01''' (1993-2000) -- short vs. long adjuvant chemo
**Randomized. 847 patients, excluding Stage IV and bilateral. Preop chemo, followed by surgery, followed by risk-adapted therapy. In Stage I intermediate risk/anaplasia, randomized to adjuvant chemo 3 courses vs. 1 course. Benign tumors treated 1.3%, surgical Stage I 61%, Stage II LN0 24%, Stage II LN+ 5%, Stage III 7%. Histology low risk 3%, intermediate risk 90%, high risk 7%
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15175957}} -- &quot;Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor.&quot; (Reinihard H, Klin Padiatr. 2004 May-Jun;216(3):132-40.)
***Outcome: short adjuvant chemo 90% vs. long adjuvant chemo 91% (NS)
***Conclusion: Post-op chemo in Stage I intermediate risk (44% patients) can be reduced to 4 weeks

*'''SIOP-9''' (1987-1993) -- Short vs. long neoadjuvant chemo
**Randomized. 382 patients. Arm 1) 4 weeks of Actinomycing D + vincristine vs. Arm 2) 8 weeks of same chemo. Then surgery and risk-stratified therapy: Stage I FH observation, Stage I SH/anaplasia VCR+AMD x4 months; Stage II-III FH/SH VCR + AMD + anthracycline x6 months. Stage II-III Anaplastic/CCSK AMD + VCR + anthracycline + ifosfamide 9 months. RT given: Stage II LN0 no RT, Stage II LN+/Stage III 15 Gy
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11208843}} -- &quot;Optimal duration of preoperative therapy in unilateral and nonmetastatic Wilms' tumor in children older than 6 months: results of the Ninth International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms' Tumor Trial and Study.&quot; (Tournade MF, J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jan 15;19(2):488-500.)
***Outcome: No benefit for longer pre-op course
***Abdominal recurrence: Stage II LN0 (no RT): 7%
***Conclusion: 4-week neoadjuvant chemo should be standard

*'''SIOP-6''' (1980-1987) -- Risk adapted randomization
**Randomized. 509 patients. Risk adaptive therapy. Neoadjuvant chemo (AMD+VCR), surgery, then assigned based on stage, LN involvement.
***Stage I: 4 months (short) vs. 9 months (long) adjuvant chemo
***Stage II LN0: adjuvant RT 20 Gy vs. no RT (''Stopped prematurely due to high failures in no RT arm''
***Stage II LN+/Stage III: intensified VCR + AMD vs. VCR + AMD + doxorubicin. RT 30 Gy + 5 Gy boost dose to residual disease
**'''5-years; 1993''' {{PMID|8388918}} -- &quot;Results of the Sixth International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms' Tumor Trial and Study: a risk-adapted therapeutic approach in Wilms' tumor.&quot; (Tournade MF, J Clin Oncol. 1993 Jun;11(6):1014-23.)
***Outcome: 2-year DFS and 5-year OS
****Stage I: DFS short 92% vs. long 88% (NS); OS 95% vs. 92% (NS)
****Stage II LN0: DFS RT+ 72% vs. RT- 78%; OS 88% vs. 855 (NS) - (trial stopped early in favor of RT+, due to first year 6 consecutive failures in RT- arm vs none in RT+ arm)
****Stage II LN+/III: DFS VCR+AMD 49% vs. VCR+AMD+doxorubicin 74% (SS); OS 77% vs. 80% (NS)
***Conclusion: Risk-adapted therapy possible. Continued RT or more chemo necessary for LN+

*'''SIOP-5''' (1977-1979) -- neoadjuvant chemo vs. chemo-RT
**Randomized. 164 patients. Arm 1) Preop RT 20 Gy + concurrent Actinomycin D then surgery then post-op RT 15 Gy vs. Arm 2) Pre-op Actinomycin D + vincristine then surgery then post-op RT 30 Gy. Both arms maintenance Actinomycin D + vincristine. Primary criterion was effectiveness of pre-op therapy on surgical outcome
**'''4-years; 1983''' {{PMID|6321673}} -- &quot;Effectiveness of preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms' tumor: results of an International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) clinical trial.&quot; (Lemerle J, J Clin Oncol. 1983 Oct;1(10):604-9.)
***Outcome: No difference in tumor size or intra-op tumor rupture; chemo resulted in less necrosis and tumor histology distortion. 4-year RFS chemo 76% vs. chemo-RT 69% (NS), OS chemo 89 vs. chemo-RT 83% (NS). No difference in failure patterns
***Downstaging: 43% of patients were Stage yI at surgery, and thus may not need post-op RT
***Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemo alone comparable to neoadjuvant chemo-RT

*'''SIOP-1''' (1971-1974) -- Pre-op vs. Post-op RT
**Randomized. 195 patients. 2x2 design. Arm 1) Pre-op RT 20 Gy + surgery + post-op RT (Stage I none, Stage II-III 15 Gy) vs. Arm 2) post-op RT (Stage I 20 Gy, Stage II-III 30 Gy). ''Post-op RT arm ended prematurely due to worse outcome.'' Actinomycin D single course vs. 15 months
**'''1976''' {{PMID|184913}} -- &quot;Preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy, single versus multiple courses of actinomycin D, in the treatment of Wilms' tumor. Preliminary results of a controlled clinical trial conducted by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (S.I.O.P.).&quot; (Lemerle J, Cancer. 1976 Aug;38(2):647-54.)
***RT outcome: Tumor rupture during surgery pre-op RT 4% vs. post-op RT 31% (SS). No difference in RFS or OS. Post-op arm stopped, because massive tumor rupture in 11 patients during surgery necessitated upstaging and whole-abdomen RT
***Chemo outcome: No difference between single course and multiple courses
***Conclusion: Pre-op RT superior, as it leads to less tumor rupture during surgery


==UK CCSG Trials==
*'''UKW3''' (1991-2001)
**Randomized. 205 patients with renal tumors. Arm 1) immediate surgery vs. Arm 2) biopsy, then 6 weeks preoperative chemotherapy (AMD+VCR) followed by surgery. Both groups received risk-adjusted post-op therapy. Post-op RT FH 20 Gy, UH 30 Gy. Wilms confirmed in 91%, CCSK 4%.
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16904312}} -- &quot;Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms' tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group.&quot; (Mitchell C, Eur J Cancer. 2006 Oct;42(15):2554-62.)
***Stage distribution: surgery vs. chemo Stage I 65% vs. 54%, Stage II 24% vs. 15%, Stage III 10% vs. 30%, (SS). This resulted in 20% fewer children receiving RT or doxorubicin
***Outcome: 5-year EFS both groups 80% (NS), OS both groups 89% (NS)
***Conclusion: Neoajduvant chemotherapy shifts patients to better stage, and hence reduction in adjuvant therapy</text>
      <sha1>f0eab1kdzpp3vas8ogjmvgcthdfw5if</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/Cutaneous</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673395</id>
      <parentid>4321989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:11:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673395</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3541" sha1="bi41ryjqvlrcpwcner8fgplcykytaz7" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation Oncology/NHL:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Cutaneous Lymphoma'''&lt;/big&gt;


*[[Radiation_Oncology/Mycosis_fungoides|Mycosis fungoides]]
*[[Sezary syndrome]]
*[[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Anaplastic_large_cell|Cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma]]
*[[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Cutaneous_B-cell_lymphoma|Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma]]


*'''Liao et al. 2010 ({{PMID|20586627}})''' Clinicopathologic analysis of cutaneous lymphoma in taiwan: a high frequency of extranodal natural killer/t-cell lymphoma, nasal type, with an extremely poor prognosis (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010 Jul.): (1) A total of 56 patients with cutaneous lymphomas were retrospectively collected and were reclassified according to the 2005 World Health Organization and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the 2008 World Health Organization classifications (2) Thirty-one (55%) tumors were primary cutaneous lymphomas, and twenty-five (45%) tumors were secondary or concurrent cutaneous lymphomas (3) Among primary cutaneous lymphomas, 23 cases (74%) were T-cell or natural killer-cell lymphomas, and 8 cases (26%) were B-cell lymphomas (extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, and primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified) '''Conclusion:''' Compared with the Western countries, there was a higher frequency of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, and a lower frequency of mycosis fungoides in Taiwan.
*
*
*
*
*'''WHO; 2008''' {{PMID|15692063}} -- &quot;WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas.&quot; (Willemze R, Blood. 2005 May 15;105(10):3768-85.)
**Classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Histology !! Frequency !! 5-year DSS !! Clinical Course
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''''T-cell cutaneous lymphomas'''''
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/Mycosis_fungoides|Mycosis fungoides]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 44% || align=&quot;center&quot; |  88% || Indolent
|-
| Variants of MF ||  align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;5% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 80-100% || Indolent
|-
| [[Sezary syndrome]] ||  align=&quot;center&quot; | 3% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 24% || Aggressive
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Anaplastic_large_cell|Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (CD30+)]] ||  align=&quot;center&quot; | 8% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 95% || Indolent
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Anaplastic_large_cell#Cuteneous_ALCL_Overview|Lymphomatoid papulosis (CD30+)]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 12% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 100% || Indolent
|-
| Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma || align=&quot;center&quot; | 1% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 82% || Indolent
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/NK_T_cell_lymphoma|Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;1% || align=&quot;center&quot; | -- || Aggressive
|-
| Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, unspecified ||  align=&quot;center&quot; | 2% ||  align=&quot;center&quot; | 16% || Aggressive
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''''B-cell cutaneous lymphomas'''''
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Cutaneous_B-cell_lymphoma|Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 7% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 99% || Indolent
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Cutaneous_B-cell_lymphoma|Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 11% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 95% || Indolent
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Cutaneous_B-cell_lymphoma|Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | 4% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 55% || Intermediate
|-
| [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Cutaneous_B-cell_lymphoma|Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, other]] ||  align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;1% || align=&quot;center&quot; | 50% || Intermediate
|}</text>
      <sha1>bi41ryjqvlrcpwcner8fgplcykytaz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Mesothelioma/Randomized</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673366</id>
      <parentid>2746804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:42:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673366</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2515" sha1="nltwry7mak3a94qyqpz1he0fq3d46l1" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Mesothelioma Randomized Evidence'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Unresectable disease==
*'''British MS01''' (2001 - 2006) - Active Symptom Control vs. ACS + MVP vs. ACS + vinorelbine
**Randomized, 3 arms. 409 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Arm 1) Active symptom control (steroids, analgesics, bronchodilators, palliative RT) vs. Arm 2) ASC + MVP (mitomycin 6 mg/m2, vinblastine 6mg/m2, cisplatin 50mg/m2) vs. Arm 3) ASC + vinorelbine 20 mg/m2
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18486741}} -- &quot;Active symptom control with or without chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MS01): a multicentre randomised trial.&quot; (Muers MF, Lancet. 2008 May 17;371(9625):1685-94.)
***Outcome: median OS ASC 7.6 months vs. ASC + chemo 8.5 months (NS); subset trend benefit for vinorelbine 9.5 months (p=0.08)
***Toxicity: No difference
***Conclusion: Addition of MVP or vinorelbine to active symptom control offered no significant benefit

*'''EORTC-NCIC 08983''' (2000-2003) - Cisplatin vs. Cisplatin + Raltitrexed
**Randomized. 250 patients with advanced malignant pleural
[http://www.nycmesotheliomaattorney.net mesothelioma]. Arm 1) cisplatin 80 mg/m2 vs. Arm 2) cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + raltitrexed 3 mg/m2
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16192580}} -- &quot;Randomized phase III study of cisplatin with or without raltitrexed in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: an intergroup study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Group and the National Cancer Institute of Canada.&quot; (van Meerbeeck JP, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 1;23(28):6881-9.)
***Outcome: median OS cisplatin 9 months vs. cisplatin + raltitrexed 11 months (SS); 1-year OS 40% vs. 46% (SS)
***Conclusion: Raltitrexed and cisplatin improves survival compared with cisplatin alone

*'''Pemetrexed Trial''' (1999-2001) - Cisplatin vs. Cisplatin + Pemetrexed
**Randomized. 456 patients with chemo-naive and inoperable mesothelioma. Arm 1) cisplatin 75 mg/m2 vs. Arm 2 cisplatin 75 mg/m2 + pemetrexed 500 mg/m2
***'''2003''' {{PMID|12860938}} -- &quot;Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.&quot;  (Vogelzang NJ, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jul 15;21(14):2636-44.)
***Outcome: median OS cisplatin 9 months vs cisplatin/pemetrexed 12 months (SS); time-to-progression 3.9 months vs. 5.7 months (SS)
***Conclusion: Pemetrexed + cisplatin + vitamin supplements resulted in superior outcome compared with cisplatin alone</text>
      <sha1>nltwry7mak3a94qyqpz1he0fq3d46l1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Medulloblastoma/Overview</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673163</id>
      <parentid>4100752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:56:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4654" sha1="b9gy0hg3kdjjxs247u7g4748lczqk9n" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Medulloblastoma Overview'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Epidemiology==
*Most common malignant brain tumor of childhood (20% of CNS tumors in children &lt;19 years old; glioma #1). 550 cases in the US
*Median age of presentation is 5-7 years old.  75% medulloblastomas occur in children &lt;15 years old.
*Slight male predominance.
*Highest risk of CSF+ at presentation (30-35%)

==Clinical Presentation==
*Increased intracranial pressure: Headaches, nausea, vomiting
*Cranial nerve deficits
*Ataxic gait
*In infants: loss of milestones, increased head circumference, head tilt due to CN IV palsy
*Clinical exam: papilledema, nystagmus, CN abnormalities (VI most common -&gt; &quot;setting sun&quot; sign with downward gaze)
*50-75% have &lt;3 months of symptoms; prolonged symptoms duration multiplies probability of favourable treatment outcome of basic disease


==Radiographic==
*Plain films: often invisible
*CT: hyperdense on unenhanced study, enhances with contrast, can appear homogenous
*MRI: hyperintense on T1, heterogenous on T2, often compresses 4th ventricle
*Get imaging before starting steroids
**Pre-op MRI brain and spinal cord (post-op spine can give false positives)
**Post-op MRI brain within 48 hours
*Pre-op CSF before surgery if safe (no increased ICP), else 10-14 days after surgery to avoid false-positive findings from surgical debris
*If advanced, metastatic work-up


==Histology==
*&quot;Small round blue cell&quot;; classified as primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)
*Medulloblasts are derived from [[w:Granule_cell|cerebellar granule cells]] (account for almost half of all neurons in CNS), through activation of [[w:Hedgehog_%28cell_signaling%29|Sonic Hedgehog Pathway]], likely from external granular layer of the cerebellum
*Genetics: Loss of 17p, 10q, 16q, chromosome 11; excess of 17q, chromosome 7

==Prognostic Factors==
*Molecular profiling risk stratification ({{PMID|21357776}})
**Excellent prognosis: Wnt pathway
**Good prognosis: Hh pathway (Hedgehog)
**Fair prognosis: all others
**Poor prognosis: c-MYC amplification
*Histological risk stratification
**Histologically poor prognosis: Large-cell anaplastic (LCA) variant, diploid DNA, LOH 17p, p53 mutation and expression, low [[w:TrkC|TrkC]] (tyrosine kinase that mediates neuronal differentiation; 4.8x risk of death), MYC mRNA (c-myc/MYCC) expression, [[w:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERBB2|HER2-neu]] positive (ErbB2+), HER2+/HER4+ coexpression
**Histologically better prognosis: Desmoplastic variant, high TrkC expression, ErbB2-, β-catenin (beta-catenin) nucleopositivity&lt;br&gt;
*Historical risk stratification:
**Clinically poor prognosis: Age &lt;3 years, M2-4 disease, unresectable or subtotal resection (&gt;1.5 cm2)
**Clinically better prognosis: Age &gt;5-7 years, M0 disease (no metastasis), tumor is not visible on the postoperative image

==Anatomy==
*Posterior Fossa borders
**Anterior: [[w:Clivus_%28anatomy%29|clivus]] and [[w:Posterior_clinoid_processes|posterior clinoid]]
**Posterior: calvarium
**Superior: tentorium
**Inferior: occipital bone
**Lateral: portions of temporal, occipital, parietal bones


==Natural History==
*Dissemination: CSF seeding, intracranial, subarachnoid space, mets outside CNS &lt;5%
*Most recurrences within two years, at the site of primary tumor (50%)
*Medulloblastoma tends to follow Collins' law (see {{PMID|9213055}}), which defines the period of risk for recurrence as the patient's age at diagnosis + 9 months of gestation.  According to Collin's law, if a patient has no evidence of recurrence within this time period, he is considered cured (e.g. a 3 year old with medulloblastoma is cured when his disease free interval reaches 3 years + 9 months). The premise is that if this tumor was present in utero, then gestation+age determines rate of growth for it to become clinically evident. Therefore, if there is residual disease after treatment, it should become clinically evident again within the same time-frame
*10-year survival for all stages: 40-50%
*For today considerable part of survivors is living 20-25 years and more from the moment of primary treatment


==Other Resources==
*[https://astro.webex.com/ec0606l/eventcenter/recording/recordAction.do?theAction=poprecord&amp;AT=pb&amp;renewticket=0&amp;isurlact=true&amp;recordID=16627557&amp;apiname=lsr.php&amp;rKey=aca15d82b6a4a0cf&amp;format=short&amp;needFilter=false&amp;&amp;SP=EC&amp;rID=16627557&amp;siteurl=astro&amp;actappname=ec0606l&amp;actname=%2Feventcenter%2Fframe%2Fg.do&amp;rnd=5095661572&amp;entappname=url0108l&amp;entactname=%2FnbrRecordingURL.do ASTRO/ARRO Journal Club Webinar 2011 - &quot;Survival and Prognostic Factors of Early Childhood Medulloblastoma: An International Meta-Analysis&quot; with Larry Kun, MD, FASTRO]</text>
      <sha1>b9gy0hg3kdjjxs247u7g4748lczqk9n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Medulloblastoma/Therapy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673167</id>
      <parentid>4044226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T13:00:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673167</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32816" sha1="hy50njzokombqm6c6gy9i5ey01kazi2" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Medulloblastoma Therapy'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Treatment Overview==
''Surgery''
*Major goals of surgery are to achieve an oncologic resection and to restore normal flow of CSF
*Complete resection (GTR/R0) results in significantly better prognosis
*Insufficient as single modality (1/61 patients survived 3 years in Cushing's original paper)

''Radiation''
*Radiation therapy is delivered to the entire craniospinal axis (deferred if &lt;3 years old).
*Dose of RT based upon risk stratification grouping:
**High risk patients treated with 36 Gy CSI (craniospinal irradiation) with concurrent vincristine
**Standard risk patients treated with 23.4 Gy CSI with concurrent vincristine
*Posterior fossa boost to 54-56 Gy

''Chemotherapy''
*Chemotherapy is standard adjuvant therapy for all risk groups
*Chemotherapy can also be given for younger patients in order to delay RT as the toxicity profile for patients &lt;3 y/o who get CSI is worse than for older children.

Radiation doses ''(full/fraction)'' and chemotherapy regimes ''(pre/post, agents)'' are varied in concrete protocols


''Overview''
*SIOP I and CCG 942 demonstrated no benefit of adding chemo to standard CSI 36 Gy, though on subgroup analysis advanced stage did benefit
*Standard risk group
**French SFOP group attempted to reduce RT volume by not irradiating supratentorium, but results very disastrous. &lt;20% EFS at 6 years, with 9/13 failures in supratentorium. CSI is necessary, despite long-term toxicity
**Based on these results, POG 8631/CCG 923 attempted to lower CSI alone dose to 23.4 Gy, but had to be stopped early after showing higher failure rate (67% vs. 52%)
**SIOP II in standard risk patients also attempted to lower CSI dose from 35 Gy to 25 Gy, and add adjuvant chemo. Neither worked, with patients getting post-op adjuvant chemo and low dose CSI doing particularly badly. High risk patients were randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo, standard 35 Gy CSI and additional chemo. Adjuvant chemo didn't work here either. 5-year EFS 68% for standard CSI
**Most standard risk patients were nevertheless treated with adjuvant chemotherapy despite evidence of benefit. PNET 3 study published in 2006 finally demonstrated benefit to EFS (5-year 74% vs. 60%), but no difference in OS. Unfortunately, it also demonstrated a significantly worse health status in survivors treated with CSI + adjuvant chemo compared to CSI alone
**German trial HIT 91 evaluated post-op chemo -&gt; RT vs. post-op RT -&gt; chemo. At 3 years, EFS was better for immediate RT followed by chemo
**Meanwhile, CCG 9892 was a single-arm pilot study in standard risk patients evaluating concurrent vincristine and low dose CSI 23.4 Gy, followed by CCNU/vincristine/cisplatin. 80% PFS at 5 years was as good as historical control with CSI 35 Gy
**Based on these results, low dose CSI 23.4 Gy with concurrent vincristine became standard in CCG study A9961, and randomization was between two different chemo arms (CCNU-based vs. cyclophosphamide-based). 5-year EFS was 81%, and there was no difference between the arms
*High risk group
**Since both SIOP I and CCG 942 demonstrated benefit for chemo in advanced stage disease, efforts have been aimed at determining correct sequence and drugs
**German trial HIT 91 evaluated post-op chemo -&gt; RT vs. post-op RT -&gt; chemo. At 3 years, EFS was better for immediate RT followed by chemo({{PMID|10661332}} )
**POG 9031 similarly randomized patients to pre-RT vs. post-RT chemotherapy. Results at 2 years reported in abstract form showed no difference in outcome
*Infants (&lt;3 years old)
**Baby POG I trial attempted to delay RT by 1-2 years of intensive chemotherapy. In children with GTR, CSI of 24 Gy and PF boost of 50 Gy was used. 5-year EFS for this subgroup was 69%, and comparable to standard risk older children. However, many children failed early, with overall 5-year EFS 32% and OS 40%
**At the same time, CCG tried a different approach with 8 drugs in one day (''8-in-1''), and  delaying RT. This approach did not work as well as Baby POG I, probably due to lesser intensity chemo
**Two trials, a German and French, have both evaluated eliminating RT altogether in young patients. They have both shown it is possible in children with gross total resection (GTR/R0), without metastatic disease. The neuropsychological outcomes of these children were favorable when compared to those receiving RT
*to be continued...
&lt;br&gt;

==CSI +/- chemo==
*'''CCG A9961''' (1996-2000) {{PMID|16943538}} &quot;Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma&quot;  Packer et al.  JCO 24(25):4204-8, 2006.
**Randomized. 421 patients, standard risk. Treated  with reduced dose RT (23.4 Gy CSI + 55.8 Gy to posterior fossa) and concurrent vincristine, and then randomized to adjuvant:  1) CCNU, cisplatin and vincristine or 2) cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, vincristine. Median F/U 5 years
**5-year outcome: EFS 81%, OS 86%. No difference by chemo arm  
**Prognostic factors: anaplasia OS 75% vs. 89% (SS)
**Relapse: posterior fossa alone 32%, disseminated alone 40%, PF+disseminated 25%
**Toxicity: 25% with delayed onset mutism, hypotonia, cerebellar deficits, supranuclear CN deficits, extreme irritability, and/or emotional lability. ~50% residual deficits at 1 year
**Conclusion: Reduced dose CSI with chemo can be done safely to avoid toxicities of higher dose RT

*'''PNET 3''' (1992-2000) 
**''Study closed early due to lack of accrual in RT alone arm'' Randomized. 179/217 standard risk patients (including M1). Treated with neoadjuvant chemo (vincristine/etoposide/carboplatin/cyclophosphamide) vs. RT alone (CSI 35 Gy + 20 Gy posterior fossa boost). Median F/U 5.4 years. 
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12697884}} -- &quot;Results of a randomized study of preradiation chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for nonmetastatic medulloblastoma: The International Society of Paediatric Oncology/United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group PNET-3 Study.&quot; (Taylor RE, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Apr 15;21(8):1581-91.)
***5-year outcome: OS 70% (NS), EFS chemo-RT 74% vs. RT alone 60% (SS)
***Conclusion: improved EFS with addition of chemo, no impact on survival
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17878477}} -- &quot;Reduction of health status 7 years after addition of chemotherapy to craniospinal irradiation for medulloblastoma: a follow-up study in PNET 3 trial survivors on behalf of the CCLG (formerly UKCCSG)&quot; (Bull KS, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 20;25(27):4239-45.)
***Prospective analysis. 73% of patients assessed. Evaluated health status ([http://www.healthutilities.com/hui3.htm HUI3 Index]: vision, hearing, speech, ambulation, dexterity, emotion, cognition and pain), behavior, and quality of life. Mean F/U 7.2 years
***Outcome: health status significantly worse in CSI+chemo arm, trend to poorer outcomes in behavior and quality of life. Also significantly worse physical restrictions, with significantly more therapeutic and educational support
***Conclusion: Addition of chemo to CSI leads to significant decrease in health status

*'''CCG 9892''' {{PMID|10561268}} &quot;Treatment of children with medulloblastomas with reduced-dose craniospinal radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy&quot;  Packer et al.  JCO 17(7):2127-36, 1999
**Pilot study evaluating reduced dose (23.4 Gy) CSI w/ concurrent vincristine as alternative to 35 Gy for standard risk patients.  Post fossa boosted to 55.8
**PFS 86% at 3 yrs, 79% at 5 yrs
**This study served as the basis for CCG A9961 reduced CSI dose

*'''SIOP II''' (1984-1989) {{PMID|7623725}} &quot;Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO)&quot;  Bailey et al.  Med Pediatr Onc 25(3):166-78, 1995
**Randomized. 364 patients. SIOP I low risk (total/subtotal resection, no brain stem invasion, M0) randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo (vincristine, methotrexate, procarbazine), and then randomized to standard CSI 35 Gy vs. reduced CSI 25 Gy. Boost posterior fossa to 55 Gy. High risk randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo, then standard CSI and additional post-RT chemo 
**Outcome: No advantage to pre-RT chemo. Standard CSI 35 Gy for low risk pts increased EFS (68% vs 55%). Low risk patients with adjuvant chemo and CSI 25 Gy did particularly badly
**Conclusion: No benefit to adjuvant chemo. Standard dose of CSI is 35 Gy

*'''SIOP I''' {{PMID|2141512}} -- &quot;Adjuvant chemotherapy for medulloblastoma: the first multi-centre control trial of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP I).&quot; (Tait DM, Eur J Cancer. 1990 Apr;26(4):464-9.)
**Randomized. 286 patients, 15 countries. Treated with CSI, randomized to +/- chemo (concurrent vincristine, then CCNU/vincristine maintenance)
**Survival: 5-year 53%, 10-year 45%. No difference between arms
**Subgroup benefit: subtotal surgery, brainstem involvement, T3-T4 disease

*'''CCSG 942''' {{PMID|2319316}} -- &quot;The treatment of medulloblastoma. Results of a prospective randomized trial of radiation therapy with and without CCNU, vincristine, and prednisone.&quot; (Evans AE, J Neurosurg. 1990 Apr;72(4):572-82.)
**Randomized. 233 patients. CSI +/- chemo (CCNU, vincristine, prednisone)
**5-year outcomes: EFS chemo-RT 59% vs. RT alone 50% (NS); OS 65% for both (NS)
**Subgroup benefit: large tumors (EFS chemo-RT 48% vs. RT alone 0%)
**Conclusion: no benefit for chemo in low stage, subgroup benefit for advanced stage

==CSI + adjuvant chemo alternatives==
*'''CCG 921''' (1986-1992) -- vincristine/lomustine/prednisone (VCP) vs. 8-in-1
**Randomized. 427 children &lt;21 years, with medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, ependymoblastoma, central neuroblastoma, PNET, or malignant ependymoma, with unfavorable features. For ST-PNET required M+ staging. Children age &gt;1.5 years (n=328) received post-op CSI with Arm A) vincristine, lomustine, prednisone vs. Arm B) ''8-in-1'' (cisplatin, procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, hydroxyurea, cytarabine). RT: age &gt;3 received CSI 36 Gy, boost to 50.4-54 Gy spine mets and 54 Gy primary brain site; age &lt;3 received CSI 23.4 Gy with boost to 45 Gy. Children age &lt;1.5 years (n=99) were not randomized and received only Arm B
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10071274}} -- &quot;Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children's Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study.&quot; (Zeltzer PM, J Clin Oncol. 1999 Mar;17(3):832-45.) Median F/U 7.0 years
***Subset analysis. 203 patients with medulloblastoma. Median OS 8-in-1 55% vs. VCP 54% (NS); PFS 63% vs. 45% (SS)
***Prognostic factors: age &lt;3 (who received lower CSI dose); if &gt;3 y/o then M stage (PFS M0 70% vs. M1 57% vs. M2+ 40%, SS); if M0 tumors, then residual (PFS &lt;1.5 cm2 78% vs. &gt;1.5 cm2 54%)
***Conclusion: VCP + XRT superior; if &lt;3 years (with reduced RT) had lowest survival


==Pre-RT vs. Post-RT Chemo==
*'''POG 9031''' (1990-1996)
**Randomized. 226 patients with high risk disease (residual &gt;1.5 cm3, T3b or T4, or M1-M3). Treated with upfront chemo x3 cycles (cisplatin/etoposide) followed by CSI followed by chemo (vincristine/cyclophosphamide) vs. upfront CSI, followedy by cisplatin/etoposide, followed by vincristine/etoposide. RT CSI 35.2/22 + boost PF 18/10 Gy (53.2 Gy) if M0-M1 and CSI 40.0/25 + boost PF 14.4/8 Gy (54.4 Gy) if M2-M3. Spinal or brain mets boosted to 44.8 Gy
**'''RT QA, 2006''' {{PMID|16413699}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy in pediatric medulloblastoma: quality assessment of Pediatric Oncology Group Trial 9031.&quot; (Miralbell R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Apr 1;64(5):1325-30.)
***5-year outcome: EFS 68%, OS 75%
***Major deviations: brain 26%, spine 7%, posterior fossa boost 40%, primary tumor bed 17%
***Conclusion: no correlation between major treatment deviations and negative outcome
**'''2000''' &lt;u&gt;ASTRO Abstract 134&lt;/u&gt; -- &quot;Outcome for children with high stage medulloblastoma: Results of the pediatric oncology group 9031&quot; (Tarbell NJ, International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, Volume 48, Issue 3, Supplement 1, 2000, Page 179). Median F/U 4.5 years
***2-year outcome: EFS pre-RT chemo 78% vs. post-RT chemo 80%; OS 83% vs. 90% (NS)
***Conclusion: No difference at 2 years; OS favorable compared to historical controls

*'''German HIT 88/89 and HIT 91''' (1991-97)
**Pilot (HIT 88/89) followed by randomized (HIT 91 {{PMID|10661332}} ). Trial enrolled pts with supratentorial PNET, medulloblastoma, and anaplastic ependymomas. All treated with extensive resection. In HIT 88/89, pts treated postoperatively with chemo x2 cycles (Ifosfamide, etoposide, MTX, cisplatin, cytarabine) -&gt; RT (CSI 35.2 Gy + PF boost 20 Gy). In HIT 91, randomized to 1) chemo -&gt; RT (same as HIT 88/89) or 2) immediate RT (35.2 + 20) followed by maintenance chemo x8 cycles (CCNU, cisplatin, vincristine).
**'''Medullo prognostics, 2007''' {{PMID|17473196}} -- &quot;Prognostic relevance of clinical and biological risk factors in childhood medulloblastoma: results of patients treated in the prospective multicenter trial HIT'91.&quot; (Rutkowski S, Clin Cancer Res. 2007 May 1;13(9):2651-7.)
***Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples analyzed, c-myc DNA, N-myc DNA, c-myc mRNA, and trkC mRNA
***Risk groups identified based on trkC mRNA and c-myc mRNA
****Favorable group (incl. 2 patiens M+): high trkC and low c-myc mRNA: 7-year EFS 100%
****Intermediate group: everyone not in favorable/unfavorable - 7-year EFS 65%
****Unfavorable group: M+ and low trkC and high c-myc mRNA: 7-year EFS 33%
**'''Medullo outcomes, 2000''' {{PMID|10661332}} -- &quot;Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT '91.&quot; (Kortmann RD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 15;46(2):269-79.)
***Subset report of 158 medulloblastoma patients (137 randomized). Median F/U 2.5 years
***3-year outcome: RFS RT-&gt;chemo 78% vs. chemo-&gt;RT 65% (SS), but no difference if age 3-6 years
***Negative prognosis: M2/3 disease, age &lt;8 years. M1 not a bad prognostic factor
**Conclusion: RT upfront with maintenance chemo more effective. Neoadjuvant chemo caused higher RT myelotoxicity, and more RT interruptions
**'''Pilot HIT 88/89''' {{PMID|9743957}} -- &quot;Preradiation chemotherapy of children and young adults with malignant brain tumors: results of the German pilot trial HIT'88/'89.&quot; (Kuhl J, Klin Padiatr. 1998 Jul-Aug;210(4):227-33.)
***RT delayed median 23 weeks
***5-year OS: medulloblastoma 57%, ependymoma 62%, malignant glioma 36%, ST PNET 30%
***Conclusion: Well tolerated and efficacious. Based on this, HIT 91 developed

==Chemotherapy to Delay XRT==
*'''CCG 921''' (1986-1992) -- vincristine/lomustine/prednisone vs. 8-in-1
**Randomized. 427 children &lt;21 years, with medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, ependymoblastoma, central neuroblastoma, PNET, or malignant ependymoma, with unfavorable features. For ST-PNET required M+ staging. Children age &gt;1.5 years (n=328) received post-op CSI with Arm A) vincristine, lomustine, prednisone vs. Arm B) ''8-in-1'' (cisplatin, procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, hydroxyurea, cytarabine). RT: age &gt;3 received CSI 36 Gy, boost to 50.4-54 Gy spine mets and 54 Gy primary brain site; age &lt;3 received CSI 23.4 Gy with boost to 45 Gy. Children age &lt;1.5 years (n=99) were not randomized and received only Arm B
**'''Infants; 1994''' {{PMID|8040673}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Survival of infants with primitive neuroectodermal tumors or malignant ependymomas of the CNS treated with eight drugs in 1 day: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group.&quot; (Geyer JR et al. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Aug;12(8):1607-15.)
***Infant (&lt;1.5 year) subset of 82 children (46 posterior fossa, 15 ependymoma, 11 nonpineal ST-PNET, 8 pineoblastoma, 2 ATRT. Received Arm B only (8-in-1), RT omitted in most cases
***3-year PFS: ST PNET 55% vs. medullo 22% vs. ependymoma 22% vs. pineoblastoma 0%. Median time-to-progression 6 months
***Conclusion: OS is poor, a subset remained disease-free with chemo only
***Comment: Results inferior compared to Baby POG, probably due to less intensive chemo, but ~20% long-term survivors with chemo only
**'''Infants failures; 2005''' {{PMID|16007595}} -- &quot;Patterns of treatment failure in infants with primitive neuroectodermal tumors who were treated on CCG-921: a phase III combined modality study.&quot; (Hong TS, Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005 Oct 15;45(5):676-82.)
***Infant (&lt;1.5 years) subset of 65 patients (19 supratentorial, 46 posterior fossa.)
***Outcome: 5-year relapse rate M0 64% vs. M+ 71%. ST-PNET subset M0 64% vs. M+ 100%. Relapses within 2 years
***Conclusion: Despite aggresive chemo, infants have high rates of treatment failure

*'''Baby POG I''' (1986-90)
**Prospective. 198 children &lt; 3 yrs (132 &lt; 2 yrs, 66 age 2-3 yrs), bx proven malignant brain tumors (low-grade astro excluded), treated with maximal surgery, postop chemo (CTX/VCR followed by cis/etopo) for 2 yrs (if age &lt; 2 at dx) or 1 yr (age 2-3) or until disease progression, followed by RT. 
**Histologies: medulloblastoma 31%, ependymoma 24%, PNET 18%, malignant glioma 9%, brain-stem glioma 7%, other 9%. 27% M+.  GTR in 38% of cases.
**RT for medullo, PNETs, anaplastic ependymoma, or subarachnoid seeding CSI 35.2 Gy + boost to primary to 54 Gy. RT for ependymoma, gliomas local to 54 Gy. If no residual disease after chemo, reduced RT to CSI 24 Gy and primary site 50 Gy. Infants &lt;2 years 90% of dose 
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8388548}} -- &quot;Postoperative chemotherapy and delayed radiation in children less than three years of age with malignant brain tumors.&quot;  (Duffner et al., N Engl J Med.  1993; 328(24):1725-31)
***Response rate: best in medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma. Poor/no response in brain-stem gliomas and embryonal tumors
***CR to chemo PFS comparable those with GTR PFS
***Conclusion: Chemo effective in infancy. If GTF, chemo alone provided excellent control. No clinically important neurotoxicity. However, cannot recommend for embryonal tumors
**'''10-years, 1999''' {{PMID|11554387}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The treatment of malignant brain tumors in infants and very young children: an update of the Pediatric Oncology Group experience.&quot; (Duffner PK et al. Neuro-oncol. 1999 Apr;1(2):152-61.)
***Medullo: GTR 38%, 62% R+; of these 48% CR/PR to chemo. 5-year PFS 32%, OS 40%. Progression typically &lt;6 mo, none &gt;2 years. No difference if RT delayed by 1 or 2 years
***Medullo: For children with GTR and M0, treated with CSI 24 Gy + 30 Gy PF boost. 5-year OS 69% (comparable to older standard risk children)
**Medullo conclusion:  chemo allowed for a delay in RT in children with GTR and possibly CR to chemo, which allows for avoidance of the toxicity of irradiating CNS in very young 

*'''CCG, 8-in-1'''
**Children &lt; 18 months. Included medulloblastoma (56%), ependymoma (18%), ST PNET (12%), pineoblastoma (10%), ATRT (2%). Eight drugs in 1 day: vincristine, carmustine, procarbazine, hydroxyurea, cisplatin, cytarabine, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide. Planned for delayed RT but was omitted in most cases. 
**'''1994:''' {{PMID|8040673}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Survival of infants with primitive neuroectodermal tumors or malignant ependymomas of the CNS treated with eight drugs in 1 day: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group.&quot; Geyer JR et al. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Aug;12(8):1607-15.
***3-year PFS: ST PNET 55% vs. medullo 22% vs. ependymoma 22% vs. pineoblastoma 0%. Median time-to-progression 6 months
***Results inferior compared to Baby POG, probably due to less intensive chemo, but ~20% long-term survivors with chemo only

*'''St. Jude's Patterns of Failure Study''' {{PMID|9300735}},  Hartsell et al.  &quot;Patterns of failure in children with medulloblastoma: effects of preirradiation chemotherapy&quot;  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.  1997; 39(1): 15-24
**53 pts tx'd w/ pre-RT chemotherapy (if &lt;3, received chemo then delayed CSI; if &gt;3 w/ advanced dz, received chemo followed by CSI)
**23% rate of failure w/ delayed xrt; site of failure most commonly posterior fossa; salvage possible in 50% of failures
**Conclusion: In M0 pts who get chemo followed by delayed CSI, risk of neuraxis failure increases w/ duration of chemo.

==Postoperative chemotherapy alone==
*'''German Pediatric Brain Tumor Study Group, 2005''' (1992-1997) - {{PMID|15758008}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of Early Childhood Medulloblastoma by Postoperative Chemotherapy Alone.&quot; (Rutkowski S et al. New Engl J Med 352:978-986, 2005. )
**Prospective. 43 children &lt;3, 28% had M2-M3 disease. Treated at 31 different centers. Treatment was maximum surgical removal of the tumor, with confirmation by MRI or CT. Intraventricular reservoir (Ommaya) for MTX. Chemotherapy started in 2-4 weeks, consisting of three 2-month cycles of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate (intraventricular and intravenous) with leucovorin, vincristine, carboplatin, and etoposide, divided into four administrations per cycle, with one week between each cycle. Methotrexate was intraventricular and intravenous. Treatment stopped after 3rd cycle. If not a complete response, then went on to XRT or other treatment.
**5-yr OS and PFS was 66% and 58%; GTR 93% and 82% vs. STR 56% and 50% vs. M2/M3 38% and 33%. 
**Remission (no RT): 14/17 (82%) with GTR; 21/31 (68%) with M0-M1; 3/12 (25%) with M2-M3 . Response rate to chemo was 62% in pts with measurable disease. Higher general intelligence in pts who did not receive XRT (compared to pts from prior trials).
**Conclusion: Post-op chemo alone is promising in young children without mets

*'''Baby Brain French Society of Paediatric Oncology, SFOP''', 2005 (1990-2002) - {{PMID|16054568}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Treatment of medulloblastoma with postoperative chemotherapy alone: an SFOP prospective trial in young children.&quot; Grill J et al. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Aug;6(8):573-80. 
**79 pts. Age &lt; 5. Combination chemotherapy (does not include MTX), 3 courses in 7 cycles. Carboplatin, procarbazine, etoposide, cisplatin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide. Classified as R0M0 (no residual disease, no mets), R1M0 (radiologic residual disease) or RXM+ (mets). 
**Median f/u 6.8 yrs. For &lt;U&gt;R0M0&lt;/u&gt;: 5-yr OS 73%, PFS 29% if gross total section and 0% for subtotal resection. For &lt;U&gt;R1M0&lt;/u&gt;: 5-yr OS 41%, PFS 6%.  For &lt;u&gt;RXM+&lt;/u&gt;: 5-yr OS 13%, PFS 13%.
**Post-op chemotherapy alone can be used for children with complete resection but not those with metastatic disease or incompletely resected tumor.

==RT Technique==
*CSI
**Daily fractions: 1.6-1.8 | 2*1.0 Gy, 5 days a week up to 18-40 Gy (18-25 Gy for AR only)
*Posterior Fossa boost
**Daily fractions: 1.8-2.0 | 2*1.0 Gy, 5 days a week up to 54-60 Gy | 36-40 &amp; 55-68 (tumor bed) Gy
**Upper border 1 cm above the mid-point between the occiput and vertex
**Anterior border at the posterior clinoid
**Posterior border at the inner table of the skull
**Inferior border at the C2-C3 junction
**Plain film determination: 
***Line drawn from foramen magnum to skull vertex is bisected with a perpendicular line
***A point X is identified on the perpendicular line at one-third of the distance from the back of the skull
***A line that connects the posterior clinoid process, X, and the internal occipital protuberance defines the superior border of the posterior fossa
**Extent should be determined on MRI; plain films estimates as above not very good
**Posterior fossa may not require full boost; a multi-institutional prospective study showed 5% PF failure rate with CSI 23.4 Gy, PF 36 Gy, and tumor bed boost 55.8 Gy
*RT should be delivered in &lt;=50 days (limit in PNET-3 protocol), otherwise negative impact on EFS and OS
*Adjuvant vincristine chemotherapy may be administered during radiotherapy for a total of eight doses (weekly)


*'''COG ACNS0331''' (2004-2014) -- Full posterior fossa vs IFRT 
**Randomized. 549 patients. Average-risk MB (no anaplastic, no dissemination, &lt;1.5 cm2 residual). 1A) Age 3-7: CSI 23.4 Gy (standard) vs 18 Gy (low). 1B) Age 7-21: CSI 23.4 Gy. 2) Everyone: followed by posterior fossa RT 54 Gy vs IFRT 54 Gy. Weekly vincristine with RT, followed by maintenance chemotherapy x 9 cycles
**'''2021''' {{PMID|34110925}} -- &quot;Children's Oncology Group Phase III Trial of Reduced-Dose and Reduced-Volume Radiotherapy With Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Average-Risk Medulloblastoma&quot; (Michalski JM, J Clin Oncol. 2021 Aug 20;39(24):2685-2697. doi: 10.1200/JCO.20.02730. Epub 2021 Jun 10.)
***Outcome: 5-year EFS IFRT 82% vs PFRT 80% (NS), low CSI 71% vs standard CSI 83% (SS, HR 1.7). Some molecular differences
***Toxicity: Greater late IQ decline in standard CSI (p=0.02)
***Conclusion: Reducing PF boost volume is safe in average-risk MB. Reducing CSI dose in young children results in inferior outcomes

*'''Multi-Institutional; 2008''' (1996-2003) {{PMID|17892918}} -- &quot;Multi-institution prospective trial of reduced-dose craniospinal irradiation (23.4 gy) followed by conformal posterior fossa (36 gy) and primary site irradiation (55.8 gy) and dose-intensive chemotherapy for average-risk medulloblastoma.&quot; (Merchant TE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Mar 1;70(3):782-7. Epub 2007 Sep 24.)
**Prospective. 4 institutions in US and Australia. 86 patients, average-risk MB, treated with risk-adapted RT. RT technique: CSI 23.4 Gy, conformal posterior fossa RT 36 Gy, primary site (GTV + 2cm + 0.5cm) RT 55.8 Gy. Chemo (cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, vincristine) 6 weeks after RT x4 cycles. Median F/U 5.1 years
**Outcome: 5-year EFS 83%, posterior fossa failure 5%
**RT dosimetry: 13% reduction in volume of PF receiving &gt;55 Gy; reductions to temporal lobes, cochleae, hypothalamus significant
**Conclusion: Irradiation of less than entire PF results in disease control comparable to that after treating entire PF

*'''St. Bartholomew's, 2004''' (UK) {{PMID|15447964}} -- &quot;A comparison of conventional, conformal and intensity-modulated coplanar radiotherapy plans for posterior fossa treatment.&quot; (Breen SL, Br J Radiol. 2004 Sep;77(921):768-74.)
**Goal: sparing of cochlea to reduce ototoxicity, particularly when RT given concurrently with cisplatin. 2D (opposed laterals) vs. 3D-CRT (2 wedged posterior obliques) vs. IMRT (4F coplanar)
**Conclusion: 3D-CRT superior to both 2D and IMRT

*'''POG 8631/CCG 923''' (1986-1990) -- '''CSI 36 Gy vs. CSI 23.4 Gy'''
**2000, {{PMID|10944134}} -- &quot;Low-stage medulloblastoma: final analysis of trial comparing standard-dose with reduced-dose neuraxis irradiation.&quot; (Thomas PR, J Clin Oncol. 2000 Aug;18(16):3004-11.)
**Randomized. 126 patients, low risk (&gt;3 years, complete resection T1-T2, later also T3a, M0) standard CSI 36(20*1.8) vs. reduced CSI 23.4(13*1.8); both followed by posterior fossa boost to 54(30*1.8) Gy. ''Study closed prematurely due to high relapse in reduced arm''
**5-year EFS: standard CSI 67% vs. reduced CSI 52% (p=0.080)&lt;br&gt;8-year EFS: standard CSI 67% vs. reduced CSI 52% (p=0.141)&lt;br&gt;''These data confirm the original one-sided conclusions but suggest that differences are less marked with time''
**Conclusion: Reduced CSI 23.4 alone is insufficient; may need concurrent chemo

*'''SIOP II''' (1984-1989) -- '''CSI 35 Gy vs. CSI 25 Gy; also +/- adjuvant chemo'''
**Randomized. 364 patients. SIOP I low risk (total/subtotal resection, no brain stem invasion, M0) randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo (vincristine, methotrexate, procarbazine), and then randomized to standard CSI 35 Gy vs. reduced CSI 25 Gy. Boost posterior fossa to 55 Gy. High risk randomized to +/- adjuvant chemo, then standard CSI and additional post-RT chemo 
**'''1995''' {{PMID|7623725}} &quot;Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO)&quot;  Bailey et al.  Med Pediatr Onc 25(3):166-78, 1995
***Outcome: No advantage to pre-RT chemo. Standard CSI 35 Gy for low risk pts increased EFS (68% vs 55%). Low risk patients with adjuvant chemo and CSI 25 Gy did particularly badly
***Conclusion: No benefit to adjuvant chemo. Standard dose of CSI is 35 Gy
**'''RT Review, 2004''' {{PMID|15001263}} -- &quot;Impact of radiotherapy parameters on outcome in the International Society of Paediatric Oncology/United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group PNET-3 study of preradiotherapy chemotherapy for M0-M1 medulloblastoma.&quot; (Taylor RE,  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 15;58(4):1184-93.)
***Assessed accuracy of cribriform fossa, skull base, and PF field in 179/217 patients. Planning films reviewed in 131/179 patients.
***Target deviation: 1) cribriform fossa: &lt;3-mm margin between shielding edge and cribriform fossa; 2) skull base: &lt;8-mm margin between shielding edge and skull base; and PF: &gt;5-mm discrepancy between field edge and protocol definition.
***3-year outcome: OS RT &lt;=50 days 84% vs. RT &gt;50 days 71% (SS), EFS 78% vs. 54% (SS)
***RT QA: 44% had 1+ deviations. PF recurrence in 34% with targeting deviation (and 54% with sup/ant/post deviation) vs. 16% without (SS)
***Conclusion: RT should be delivered &lt;50 days, and attention to PF field placement is important

*'''U Penn, 1995''' {{PMID|7753996}} -- &quot;Posterior fossa: analysis of a popular technique for estimating the location in children with medulloblastoma.&quot; (Solit DB, Radiology. 1995 Jun;195(3):697-8.)
**10 patients. Compared standard method for identifying posterior fossa on plain films vs. MRI
**Conclusion: Underestimated volume in all 10 cases in some areas, but also significantly overestimated volume in different areas

*'''SFOP M4, 1992''' {{PMID|1512166}} -- &quot;M4 protocol for cerebellar medulloblastoma: supratentorial radiotherapy may not be avoided.&quot; (Bouffet E, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;24(1):79-85.)
**Prospective. Surgical resection and risk-adapted post-op chemo (&quot;8-in-1&quot; + MTX). RT only to posterior fossa (54 Gy) and spinal axis (36 Gy), supratentorium spared. Mean F/U 6 years
**6-year outcome: DFS 18%; progression in 9/13 supratentorial
**Conclusion: Entire neuroaxis (CSI) needs to be treated, despite long-term toxicity
&lt;br&gt;

==Toxicity considerations==
*''Also please see [[Radiation_Oncology/Toxicity/Pituitary|Pituitary toxicity]]''


*Surgery: Posterior Fossa Syndrome: difficulty swallowing, mutism, truncal ataxia, emotional lability (occurs 12-24 hours postop; can take months and RT should not be delayed)
*Chemo: infertility, bone marrow tolerance, ototoxicity, poor CNS penetration
*RT: ototoxicity; endocrine and neurocognitive dysfunctions (long-term effects of CSI)
**Full posterior fossa RT results in 5 point IQ drop per year for &lt;7 year old and -0.8 points for &gt;7 year old
**The supratentorial radiation dose is the principal risk factor associated with impaired intellectual outcome. An approximate 8-point per year decline for children treated with 36 Gy. One can forecast final IQ score based on the initial IQ score, dose of irradiation, and age at time of irradiation {{PMID|1517781}}
**Even with the reduced radiation dose side effects can still be substantial. An average loss in IQ scores of over 4 points per year for the first 3 years after treatment by 23.4 Gy. In younger children (or those with a higher baseline IQ score at the start of treatment) this loss was even more severe {{PMID|11481352}}
**The dose of radiotherapy applied to the brain strongly influences later verbal and non-verbal skills in children with medulloblastoma. Verbal fluency, immediate word list recall, block design, and fine motricity of the dominant hand were significantly lower in children irradiated at the standard doses than in those irradiated at reduced doses {{PMID|11104345}}
**Neurocognitive development and outcome of children with cerebellar tumors diagnosed in infancy is very positive among those who were treated with surgery and chemotherapy. However, those who received CRT as part of their treatment are likely to have neurocognitive and psychosocial deficits that require remediational interventions {{PMID|10550145}}
&lt;br&gt;

==Adult==

More rarely, medulloblastoma may present in older patients.  


{{PMID|16189725}}

References:

1. Levin VA, Vestnys PS, Edwards MS, et al.: Improvement in survival produced by sequential therapies in the treatment of recurrent medulloblastoma. Cancer 51(8): 1364-1370, 1983.

2. Carrie C, Lasset C, Alapetite C, et al.: Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in adult patients with medulloblastoma: retrospective study of 156 patients. Cancer 74(8): 2352-2360, 1994.

3. Allen JC, Bloom J, Ertel I, et al.: Brain tumors in children: current cooperative and institutional chemotherapy trials in newly diagnosed and recurrent disease. Seminars in Oncology 13(1): 110-122, 1986.</text>
      <sha1>hy50njzokombqm6c6gy9i5ey01kazi2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Medulloblastoma/Protons</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673165</id>
      <parentid>1392698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:57:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3299" sha1="nougnskg4lg9khyvy49yz9oz2my22ov" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Proton Therapy in Medulloblastoma'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Clinical Data==
*'''Loma Linda; 2004''' (2001-2003) {{PMID|15701271}} -- &quot;Reducing toxicity from craniospinal irradiation: using proton beams to treat medulloblastoma in young children.&quot; (Yuh GE,  Cancer J. 2004 Nov-Dec;10(6):386-90.)
**Retrospective. 3 children, M2-M3 medulloblastoma, treated with CSI. 36 CGE + 18 CGE PF boost. Cranium - opposed lateral fields. Spine - three matched PA fields
**Outcome: Substantially reduced dose to cochlea and vertebral bodies; virtually no exit dose through thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.
**Toxicity: acute side effect mild
**Conclusion: Successful reduction of normal tissue irradiation

==Treatment Planning==
*'''PSI'''
**'''2nd cancers; 2002''' {{PMID|12377335}} -- &quot;Potential reduction of the incidence of radiation-induced second cancers by using proton beams in the treatment of pediatric tumors.&quot; (Miralbell R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Nov 1;54(3):824-9.)
***Treatment planning. 2 children, parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma and medulloblastoma. Conventional photon vs. IMRT vs PT vs IMPT. Secondary cancer incidence estimated
***Outcome: RMS: protons reduced expected incidence by &gt; 2x over photons; MB protons reduced expected incidence by 8-15x over photons
***Conclusion: Potential for significant reduction in secondary cancers with proton therapy
**'''Supratentorial; 1997''' {{PMID|9231669}} -- &quot;Potential role of proton therapy in the treatment of pediatric medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors: reduction of the supratentorial target volume.&quot; (Miralbell R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Jun 1;38(3):477-84.)
***Treatment planning. 3 year old child with medulloblastoma. Photon whole brain (conventional 2 field) vs. hand-optimized photon brain (6 fields) vs. IMRT (9 fields) vs. proton (3 fields). Whole brain 30 Gy + posterior fossa/ventricle boost 10 Gy.
***Outcome: both optimized photon plans only slightly worse than proton plan
***Conclusion: Decrease in morbidity can be expected from protons and optimized photon plans compared to whole brain irradiation
**'''Craniospinal; 1997''' {{PMID|9240650}} -- &quot;Potential role of proton therapy in the treatment of pediatric medulloblastoma/primitive neuro-ectodermal tumors: spinal theca irradiation.&quot; (Miralbell R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Jul 1;38(4):805-11.)
***Treatment planning. 2 year old child with neuroblastoma, undergoing CSI. Single posterior 6 MV photon field vs. single posterior 100 MeV proton field, 30 Gy
***Outcome: Target (spinal dural sac) coverage comparable. Vertebral body V50% photons 100% vs. protons 20%. Heart dose V60% photons 60% vs. protons 0%
***Conclusion: Potential role for proton therapy in decreasing OAR dose during CSI irradiation

==Economics==
*'''Sweden; 2005''' {{PMID|15637691}} -- &quot;Cost-effectiveness of proton radiation in the treatment of childhood medulloblastoma.&quot; (Lundkvist J, Cancer. 2005 Feb 15;103(4):793-801.)
**Markov simulation, children age 5 followed for tumor control and adverse events
**Outcome: Proton therapy 23,600 cost saving, 0.68 additional QALY per patient. Biggest benefit due to reduction in IQ and GHD loss
**Conclusion: Proton therapy can be cost-effective and cost-saving compared with conventional RT</text>
      <sha1>nougnskg4lg9khyvy49yz9oz2my22ov</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Staging</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>164457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673360</id>
      <parentid>4414558</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:29:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6200" sha1="bjw02yelerz7kflqvzktndce0ya4scy" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Melanoma Staging'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Clark Levels==
*Level I - Confined to epidermis (in situ); not an invasive lesion
*Level II - Invasion of papillary dermis; invasion past basement membrane
*Level III - Papillary dermis filled by tumor and reticular dermis compressed, but not invaded
*Level IV - Invasion of reticular dermis; subcutaneous tissue not involved
*Level V - Invasion of subcutaneous tissue


*'''Univ Pennsylvania; 1989''' {{PMID|2593166}} -- &quot;Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression.&quot; (Clark WH Jr, J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989 Dec 20;81(24):1893-904.)
**Prognostic model for primary, clinical Stage I cutaneous melanoma. Clark levels defined
 

==Current staging==
'''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)''' &lt;br&gt;
''Primary Tumor:''&lt;br&gt;
(Based on thickness, not level of invasion)

*Tis - melanoma in situ (epidermis only)
*T1 - &lt;= 1.0 mm in thickness
**T1a - no ulceration; mitotic rate &lt; 1/mm2
**T1b - with ulceration or mitotic rate &gt;= 1/mm2
*T2 - 1.01 - 2 mm in thickness
**T2a - no ulceration
**T2b - with ulceration
*T3 - 2.01 - 4 mm in thickness
**T3a - no ulceration
**T3b - with ulceration
*T4 - &gt; 4 mm in thickness
**T4a - no ulceration
**T4b - with ulceration

''Regional Lymph Nodes:''
*N0 - no nodes
*N1 - 1 positive lymph node
**N1a - micrometastasis
**N1b - macrometastasis
*N2 - 2-3 nodes or intralymphatic regional metastasis without nodal metastasis
**N2a - micrometastasis
**N2b - macrometastasis
**N2c - satellite or in-transit metastasis without nodal metastasis
*N3 - 4 or more nodes, or matted metastatic nodes, or satellite/in-transit metastases with nodal mets

''Satellite metastases'': defined as grossly visible cutaneous or subcutaneous intralymphatic metastases occurring within 2 cm of primary melanoma
&lt;br&gt;''Microsatellites'': any discontinuous nest of intralymphatic metastatic cells &gt;0.05 mm in diameter that are clearly separated from the main invasive lesion by a distance of at least 0.3 mm
&lt;br&gt;''In-transit metastases'': grossly visible cutaneous or subcutaneous intralymphatic metastases more than 2 cm from primary melanoma but before the first echelon of regional lymph nodes


''Distant Metastases:''
*M1a - metastasis to skin, subcutaneous tissues, or distant lymph nodes
*M1b - metastasis to lung
*M1c - all other visceral sites, or mets to any site with elevated LDH


''Clinical Stage Grouping:''
&lt;p&gt;Clinical staging is based on information from excision of the melanoma and clinical evaluation for distant metastatic disease but does not include lymphadenectomy&lt;/p&gt;
*0 - Tis
*IA - T1a N0
*IB - T2a or T1b N0
*IIA - T3a or T2b N0
*IIB - T4a or T3b N0
*IIC - T4b N0
*III - Any N+
*IV - Any M1
:''Note:'' ulceration (b) upstages by one grouping

&lt;br&gt;''Pathologic Stage Grouping:''
&lt;p&gt;Includes information obtained from lymphadenectomy&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Same as clinical staging except for Stage III&lt;/p&gt;
*IIIA - N1a or N2a (micrometastasis), no ulceration (T1-4a)
*IIIB - N1b or N2b or N2c (micromets or satellite), no ulceration (T1-4a); N1a or N2a (micromets), with ulceration (T1-4b)
*IIIC - N1b or N2b or N2c (micromets or satellite), with ulceration (T1-4b); or any N3

&lt;br&gt;''Changes from 6th Edition:''
*T-stage: T1a vs T1b now includes mitotic rate in addition to ulceration; eliminated use of Clark level. T2-T4 unchanged.
*No changes in N-stage or M-stage
*No changes in Stages I or II.
*No changes in Clinical Stage III
*For Pathologic Stage III, N2c with ulceration reclassified from IIIB to IIIC


===Older staging systems===
'''AJCC 6th Edition (2002)''' &lt;br&gt;

&lt;p&gt;T-stage: (Based on thickness, not level of invasion, except for T1 melanomas)&lt;/p&gt;
*Tis - melanoma in situ (epidermis only)
*T1 - &lt;= 1.0 mm in thickness
**T1a - Clark level II or III, no ulceration
**T1b - Clark level IV or IV or with ulceration
*T2 - 1.01 - 2 mm in thickness
**T2a - no ulceration
**T2b - with ulceration
*T3 - 2.01 - 4 mm in thickness
**T3a - no ulceration
**T3b - with ulceration
*T4 - &gt; 4 mm in thickness
**T4a - no ulceration
**T4b - with ulceration
N-stage:
*N0 - no nodes
*N1 - 1 positive lymph node
**N1a - clinically occult (microscopic)
**N1b - clinically apparent (macroscopic)
*N2 - 2-3 nodes or intralymphatic regional metastasis without nodal metastasis
**N2a - microscopic
**N2b - macroscopic
**N2c - satellite or in-transit metastasis without nodal metastasis
*N3 - 4 or more nodes, or matted metastatic nodes, or satellite/in-transit metastases with nodal mets
M-stage:
*M1a - metastasis to skin, subcutaneous tissues, or distant lymph nodes
*M1b - metastasis to lung
*M1c - all other visceral sites, or mets to any site with elevated LDH


''Clinical stage grouping:''
&lt;p&gt;Clinical staging is based on information from excision of the melanoma and clinical evaluation for distant metastatic disease but does not include lymphadenectomy&lt;/p&gt;
*0 - Tis
*IA - T1a N0
*IB - T2a or T1b N0
*IIA - T3a or T2b N0
*IIB - T4a or T3b N0
*IIC - T4b N0
*III - Any N+
*IV - Any M1
:''Note:'' ulceration (b) upstages by one grouping

''Pathologic stage grouping:''
&lt;p&gt;Includes information obtained from lymphadenectomy&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Same as clinical staging except for Stage III&lt;/p&gt;
*IIIA - N1a or N2a, no ulceration (T1-4a)
*IIIB - N1b or N2b, no ulceration (T1-4a); N1a or N2a, with ulceration (T1-4b); or any N2c
*IIIC - N1b or N2b, with ulceration (T1-4b); or any N3

Satellite metastases: defined as intralymphatic metastases occurring within 2 cm of primary melanoma
&lt;br&gt;In-transit metastases: more than 2 cm from primary melanoma but before the first echelon of regional lymph nodes

&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''AJCC 5th edition (1997)''' &lt;br&gt;
T stage was based primary on Clark level of invasion. Used Breslow thickness as a secondary prognostic factor: with different thresholds of 0.75, 1.5, and 4 mm. Did not include ulceration. Satellite mets were in the T-stage. Thick (&gt;4mm) melanomas were Stage III, not IIC. For N-stage used size not number of mets. Did not use microscopic vs macroscopic. Did not have separate M stage for lung mets. Did not use LDH.

==Survival==
10-year OS: (estimated from graph, AJCC staging manual)
*Stage IA: 90%, IB: 80%
*Stage IIA: 65%, IIB: 50%, IIC: 35%
*Stage III: 35%
*Stage IV: &lt; 10%</text>
      <sha1>bjw02yelerz7kflqvzktndce0ya4scy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Overview</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>164458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673351</id>
      <parentid>3431326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:13:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9935" sha1="4tqxwczdfthk1eyg335msia62dx8tr4" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Malignant Melanoma Overview'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*Lentigo maligna - type of melanoma in-situ, induced by long-term cumulative UV injury. Slow horizontal growth of atypical melanocytes, that are partially replacing the basal layer of epidermis, with no evidence of dermal invasion
*Lentigo maligna melanoma (10-15%) - arise from lentigo maligna precursor lesion. Most benign behavior. Occupational sun exposure, frequently on head and neck. Typically in the elderly
*Superficial spreading melanoma (70%) - often arise from a pigmented dysplastic nevus. Associated with intermittent sun exposure, most common on trunk and extremities. Initial radial growth over many years has 5% metastatic potential; following vertical growth has 35-80% metastatic potential
*Nodular melanoma (10-15%) - most malignant type. Arises de novo. Early vertical growth.
*Acral lentiginous melanoma (5%) - occur on palms, soles, and subungal areas. High incidence in blacks, asians, and hispanics. Commonly metastatic
*Desmoplastic melanoma (1-3%) - pronounced neurotropism, and locally aggressive behavior. Frequent local recurrences, but lymph and distal mets are rare. Often amelanotic
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Melanoma/Mucosal|mucosal melanoma]] (1%) - arise from mucosal epithelium of respiratory, GI and GU tracts
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Eye/Ocular_melanoma|ocular melanoma]] (5%) - arise mostly in uvea or conjunctiva


*'''NCDB; 1998''' (1985-1994) {{PMID|9781962 -- &quot;The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society.&quot; (Chang AE, Cancer. 1998 Oct 15;83(8):1664-78.)
**Population study. 84,836 cases of melanom reported to National Cancer Data Base
**Outcome: cutaneous 91.2%, ocular 5.2%, mucosal 1.3%, unknown primary 2.2%
**Cutaneous: Stage 0 15%, Stage I 48%, Stage II 23%, Stage III 9%, Stage IV 5%
**Ocular: uveal 85%, conjunctival 5%, other sites 10%
**Mucosal: H&amp;N 55%, female genital tract 18%, anal/rectal 24%, urinary tract 3%

==Lentigo maligna==
*Subtype of melanoma in-situ
*Usually occurs in elderly patients, usually on the face
*Slow horizontal growth. May progress to lentigo maligna melanoma
*Treatment is surgery with negative margins. When surgery is undesirable, RT or topical Imiquimod may be used

==Prevention==
'''''Sunscreen:'''''
*'''Australia''' (1992-6) No {{PMID|yet -- &quot;Reduced Melanoma After Regular Sunscreen Use: Randomized Trial Follow-Up&quot; (Green AC, J Clin Oncol online early release 6 December 2010)
**1621 pts (ages 25-75) randomized to daily vs discretionary use of sunscreen application to head and arms in combination with beta carotene or placebo supplements. Followed through 2006. 
**11 new primary melanomas in the daily sunscreen group vs 22 in the discretionary group (HR=0.50). Reduction in invasive melanomas (3 vs 11) was substantial compared with preinvasive melanomas.
**Conclusion: Melanoma may be preventable by regular sunscreen use in adults.

==Adjuvant systemic therapy==
'''''Interferon alfa 2b:'''''
*'''EORTC 18952''', 2005 (1996-2000) - {{PMID|16198768 &amp;mdash; &quot;Post-surgery adjuvant therapy with intermediate doses of interferon alfa 2b versus observation in patients with stage IIb/III melanoma (EORTC 18952): randomised controlled trial.&quot; Eggermont AM et al. The Lancet 2005; 366:1189-1196.
**1388 pts. Thickness &gt; 4mm, Stage IIb-III. Randomized to 1) 13 months or 2) 25 months of IFN-alfa-2b vs 3) observation. 
**Median f/u 4.6 yrs. For 25-month group, 7.2% increase in distant metastases free interval (S.S.) and 5.4% increase in OS (p=0.12); for 13-month, N.S. difference for DMFI and OS. 18% of pts went off study due to toxicity or refusal of treatment.
**Conclusion: does not improve outcome.

Autoimmunity as a prognostic factor:
*'''Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group''', 2006 (1998-2004) &amp;mdash; &quot;Prognostic Significance of Autoimmunity during Treatment of Melanoma with Interferon.&quot; Gogas H et al. N Engl J Med Feb 16 2006; 354:709-718.
**200 pts (subgroup of a larger study) receiving interferon alfa-2b after surgery for Stage IIB, IIC, or III melanoma. Tested blood for the presence of antithyroid, antinuclear, anti-DNA, and anticardiolipin autoantibodies before and after treatment.
**Median f/u 45 mo. Autoantibodies in 26% of pts. 108 of 148 pts without autoantibodies had a relapse (median RFS 16 mo) vs 7 of 52 pts with autoantibodies (median RFS not reached). Median time to detection of autoantibodies was after 3 mo of treatment.
**Conclusion: development of autoimmunity was an independent prognostic factor for improved RFS and OS.

==Supportive Care==
*'''Denmark Psychoeducation''' (1991-2001) 
**Randomized. 262 patients, primary malignant melanoma, T1-4N1-2aM0. Arm 1) control vs. Arm 2) six weekly 2-hour sessions of psychoeducation. Replication study of UCLA study
**'''2007''' {{PMID|18089864 -- &quot;Survival after a psychoeducational intervention for patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma: a replication study.&quot; (Boesen EH, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 20;25(36):5698-703.)
***Outcome: No difference for OS or for recurrence; however, nonparticipants had 2x higher death rate
***Conclusion: Psychoeducation doesn't increase survival

*'''UCLA''' (1985-1986)
**Randomized. 68 patients. Stage I-II melanoma, surgical treatment only (wide excision, some with LND). Arm 1) controls vs. Arm 2) 6 week structured psychiatric group intervention
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8357293 -- &quot;Malignant melanoma. Effects of an early structured psychiatric intervention, coping, and affective state on recurrence and survival 6 years later.&quot; (Fawzy FI, Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Sep;50(9):681-9.)
***Outcome: Death rate control 29% vs. intervention 9% (SS); recurrence rate 38% vs. 21%
***Poor predictors: male, greater Breslow depth
***Conclusion: Psychiatric intervention had beneficial impact on survival

==Treatment toxicity==
'''''Lymphedema after radiotherapy:'''''
&lt;br&gt;''Using hypofractionated RT''
&lt;br&gt;At 5-yrs (needing compressive device, surgery, or medical treatment):
*Cervical - 11%
*Axillary - 30%
*Groin - 39%
:From {{PMID|16814209, 2006 &amp;mdash; &quot;Dispelling the myths surrounding radiotherapy for treatment of cutaneous melanoma.&quot; Stevens G et al. Lancet Oncol. 2006 Jul;7(7):575-83.


==Review==
*'''University of Florida; 2008''' {{PMID|18260153 -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy for cutaneous melanoma.&quot; (Mendenhall WM, Cancer. 2008 Mar 15;112(6):1189-96.)

*'''Moffitt Cancer Center; 2008''' {{PMID|18596675 -- &quot;Radiation therapy as primary and adjuvant treatment for local and regional melanoma.&quot; (Berk LB, Cancer Control. 2008 Jul;15(3):233-8.)

*'''Auckland, New Zealand; 2006''' {{PMID|16814209 -- &quot;Dispelling the myths surrounding radiotherapy for treatment of cutaneous melanoma.&quot; (Stevens G, Lancet Oncol. 2006 Jul;7(7):575-83.)

*'''Groningen, Netherlands; 2005''' {{PMID|15707701 -- &quot;Radiation therapy following lymph node dissection in melanoma patients: treatment, outcome and complications.&quot; (Bastiaannet E, Cancer Treat Rev. 2005 Feb;31(1):18-26. Epub 2004 Nov 18.)

*'''MD Anderson; 2004'''  {{PMID|14768409 [http://www.cancernetwork.com/oncology/showArticle.jhtml?articleId=177103059 Full text] &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiotherapy for cutaneous malignant melanoma: rationale and indications.&quot; Ballo MT et al. Oncology (Williston Park). 2004 Jan;18(1):99-107
**Recommend RT to primary for: desmoplastic melanoma, positive margins, locally recurrent disease, Brewslow &gt; 4 mm with ulceration or satellitosis
**Recommend RT to nodes for: extracapsular extension, &gt;= 4 involved nodes, lymph node &gt;= 3 cm in size, cervical lymph node location, recurrent nodal disease, sentinel lymph node positive but dissection not planned

*'''Dutch Melanoma Working Party, 1999''' {{PMID|10465575 -- &quot;Consensus on the management of malignant melanoma of the skin in The Netherlands. Dutch Melanoma Working Party.&quot; (Kroon BB, Melanoma Res 1999 Jun;9(3):207-12.)

==RT Utilization==
*'''CCORE Australia; 2004''' {{PMID|15022299 -- &quot;Estimation of an optimal radiotherapy utilization rate for melanoma: a review of the evidence.&quot; (Delaney G, Cancer. 2004 Mar 15;100(6):1293-301.)
**Evidence-based estimate for proportion of patients who should receive RT
**Estimate: 23%. New South Wales utilization 13%, American College of Surgeons utilization 6%, SEER data 1%
**Conclusion: Shortfall in the use of RT in the treatment of melanoma

==Quality of Care==
*'''American College of Surgeons; 2009''' (2004-2005) {{PMID|19826131 -- &quot;National assessment of melanoma care using formally developed quality indicators.&quot; (Bilimoria KY, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10;27(32):5445-51. Epub 2009 Oct 13.)
**Development of 26 valid quality indicators assessing structure, process, and outcome. 10 of these assessed at 1249 hospitals using NCDB registry data
**Outcome: Adherence at patient level 12-96%, at hospital level 4-83%. Most hospitals adherent with &lt;=50% of indicators
**Conclusion: Considerable variation in quality of melanoma care in the U.S.

*'''Rush Medical Center; 2008''' {{PMID|18600380 -- &quot;Adverse outcomes associated with noncompliance with melanoma treatment guidelines.&quot; (Erickson Foster J, Ann Surg Oncol. 2008 Sep;15(9):2395-402. Epub 2008 Jul 4.)
**Retrospective. 327 patients with cN0 melanoma. Compliance with NCCN guidelines assessed. Mean F/U 4.2 years
**Outcome: Margin non-compliance 28%, lymph node non-compliance 17%. Postop complications: margin compliance 10% vs noncompliant 30% (SS); lymph node compliant 13% vs. non-compliant 33% (SS). Locoregional recurrence: margin compliant 6% vs non-compliant 24% (SS); lymph node compliant 6% vs non-compliant 33% (SS). 10-year OS margin compliant 84% vs. noncompliant 73% (SS). 10-year OS lymph node compliant 91% vs. noncompliant 47% (SS)
**Conclusion: Compliance with NCCN guidelines seems to improve outcome and decrease morbidity</text>
      <sha1>4tqxwczdfthk1eyg335msia62dx8tr4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673352</id>
      <parentid>4673351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:14:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9949" sha1="okclz0ortoqzyd44zztga7h5hq7qmho" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Malignant Melanoma Overview'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*Lentigo maligna - type of melanoma in-situ, induced by long-term cumulative UV injury. Slow horizontal growth of atypical melanocytes, that are partially replacing the basal layer of epidermis, with no evidence of dermal invasion
*Lentigo maligna melanoma (10-15%) - arise from lentigo maligna precursor lesion. Most benign behavior. Occupational sun exposure, frequently on head and neck. Typically in the elderly
*Superficial spreading melanoma (70%) - often arise from a pigmented dysplastic nevus. Associated with intermittent sun exposure, most common on trunk and extremities. Initial radial growth over many years has 5% metastatic potential; following vertical growth has 35-80% metastatic potential
*Nodular melanoma (10-15%) - most malignant type. Arises de novo. Early vertical growth.
*Acral lentiginous melanoma (5%) - occur on palms, soles, and subungal areas. High incidence in blacks, asians, and hispanics. Commonly metastatic
*Desmoplastic melanoma (1-3%) - pronounced neurotropism, and locally aggressive behavior. Frequent local recurrences, but lymph and distal mets are rare. Often amelanotic
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Melanoma/Mucosal|mucosal melanoma]] (1%) - arise from mucosal epithelium of respiratory, GI and GU tracts
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Eye/Ocular_melanoma|ocular melanoma]] (5%) - arise mostly in uvea or conjunctiva


*'''NCDB; 1998''' (1985-1994) {{PMID|9781962}} -- &quot;The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society.&quot; (Chang AE, Cancer. 1998 Oct 15;83(8):1664-78.)
**Population study. 84,836 cases of melanom reported to National Cancer Data Base
**Outcome: cutaneous 91.2%, ocular 5.2%, mucosal 1.3%, unknown primary 2.2%
**Cutaneous: Stage 0 15%, Stage I 48%, Stage II 23%, Stage III 9%, Stage IV 5%
**Ocular: uveal 85%, conjunctival 5%, other sites 10%
**Mucosal: H&amp;N 55%, female genital tract 18%, anal/rectal 24%, urinary tract 3%

==Lentigo maligna==
*Subtype of melanoma in-situ
*Usually occurs in elderly patients, usually on the face
*Slow horizontal growth. May progress to lentigo maligna melanoma
*Treatment is surgery with negative margins. When surgery is undesirable, RT or topical Imiquimod may be used

==Prevention==
'''''Sunscreen:'''''
*'''Australia''' (1992-6) -- &quot;Reduced Melanoma After Regular Sunscreen Use: Randomized Trial Follow-Up&quot; (Green AC, J Clin Oncol online early release 6 December 2010)
**1621 pts (ages 25-75) randomized to daily vs discretionary use of sunscreen application to head and arms in combination with beta carotene or placebo supplements. Followed through 2006. 
**11 new primary melanomas in the daily sunscreen group vs 22 in the discretionary group (HR=0.50). Reduction in invasive melanomas (3 vs 11) was substantial compared with preinvasive melanomas.
**Conclusion: Melanoma may be preventable by regular sunscreen use in adults.

==Adjuvant systemic therapy==
'''''Interferon alfa 2b:'''''
*'''EORTC 18952''', 2005 (1996-2000) - {{PMID|16198768}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Post-surgery adjuvant therapy with intermediate doses of interferon alfa 2b versus observation in patients with stage IIb/III melanoma (EORTC 18952): randomised controlled trial.&quot; Eggermont AM et al. The Lancet 2005; 366:1189-1196.
**1388 pts. Thickness &gt; 4mm, Stage IIb-III. Randomized to 1) 13 months or 2) 25 months of IFN-alfa-2b vs 3) observation. 
**Median f/u 4.6 yrs. For 25-month group, 7.2% increase in distant metastases free interval (S.S.) and 5.4% increase in OS (p=0.12); for 13-month, N.S. difference for DMFI and OS. 18% of pts went off study due to toxicity or refusal of treatment.
**Conclusion: does not improve outcome.

Autoimmunity as a prognostic factor:
*'''Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group''', 2006 (1998-2004) &amp;mdash; &quot;Prognostic Significance of Autoimmunity during Treatment of Melanoma with Interferon.&quot; Gogas H et al. N Engl J Med Feb 16 2006; 354:709-718.
**200 pts (subgroup of a larger study) receiving interferon alfa-2b after surgery for Stage IIB, IIC, or III melanoma. Tested blood for the presence of antithyroid, antinuclear, anti-DNA, and anticardiolipin autoantibodies before and after treatment.
**Median f/u 45 mo. Autoantibodies in 26% of pts. 108 of 148 pts without autoantibodies had a relapse (median RFS 16 mo) vs 7 of 52 pts with autoantibodies (median RFS not reached). Median time to detection of autoantibodies was after 3 mo of treatment.
**Conclusion: development of autoimmunity was an independent prognostic factor for improved RFS and OS.

==Supportive Care==
*'''Denmark Psychoeducation''' (1991-2001) 
**Randomized. 262 patients, primary malignant melanoma, T1-4N1-2aM0. Arm 1) control vs. Arm 2) six weekly 2-hour sessions of psychoeducation. Replication study of UCLA study
**'''2007''' {{PMID|18089864}} -- &quot;Survival after a psychoeducational intervention for patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma: a replication study.&quot; (Boesen EH, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 20;25(36):5698-703.)
***Outcome: No difference for OS or for recurrence; however, nonparticipants had 2x higher death rate
***Conclusion: Psychoeducation doesn't increase survival

*'''UCLA''' (1985-1986)
**Randomized. 68 patients. Stage I-II melanoma, surgical treatment only (wide excision, some with LND). Arm 1) controls vs. Arm 2) 6 week structured psychiatric group intervention
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8357293}} -- &quot;Malignant melanoma. Effects of an early structured psychiatric intervention, coping, and affective state on recurrence and survival 6 years later.&quot; (Fawzy FI, Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Sep;50(9):681-9.)
***Outcome: Death rate control 29% vs. intervention 9% (SS); recurrence rate 38% vs. 21%
***Poor predictors: male, greater Breslow depth
***Conclusion: Psychiatric intervention had beneficial impact on survival

==Treatment toxicity==
'''''Lymphedema after radiotherapy:'''''
&lt;br&gt;''Using hypofractionated RT''
&lt;br&gt;At 5-yrs (needing compressive device, surgery, or medical treatment):
*Cervical - 11%
*Axillary - 30%
*Groin - 39%
:From {{PMID|16814209}}, 2006 &amp;mdash; &quot;Dispelling the myths surrounding radiotherapy for treatment of cutaneous melanoma.&quot; Stevens G et al. Lancet Oncol. 2006 Jul;7(7):575-83.


==Review==
*'''University of Florida; 2008''' {{PMID|18260153}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy for cutaneous melanoma.&quot; (Mendenhall WM, Cancer. 2008 Mar 15;112(6):1189-96.)

*'''Moffitt Cancer Center; 2008''' {{PMID|18596675}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy as primary and adjuvant treatment for local and regional melanoma.&quot; (Berk LB, Cancer Control. 2008 Jul;15(3):233-8.)

*'''Auckland, New Zealand; 2006''' {{PMID|16814209}} -- &quot;Dispelling the myths surrounding radiotherapy for treatment of cutaneous melanoma.&quot; (Stevens G, Lancet Oncol. 2006 Jul;7(7):575-83.)

*'''Groningen, Netherlands; 2005''' {{PMID|15707701}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy following lymph node dissection in melanoma patients: treatment, outcome and complications.&quot; (Bastiaannet E, Cancer Treat Rev. 2005 Feb;31(1):18-26. Epub 2004 Nov 18.)

*'''MD Anderson; 2004'''  {{PMID|14768409}} [http://www.cancernetwork.com/oncology/showArticle.jhtml?articleId=177103059 Full text] &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiotherapy for cutaneous malignant melanoma: rationale and indications.&quot; Ballo MT et al. Oncology (Williston Park). 2004 Jan;18(1):99-107
**Recommend RT to primary for: desmoplastic melanoma, positive margins, locally recurrent disease, Brewslow &gt; 4 mm with ulceration or satellitosis
**Recommend RT to nodes for: extracapsular extension, &gt;= 4 involved nodes, lymph node &gt;= 3 cm in size, cervical lymph node location, recurrent nodal disease, sentinel lymph node positive but dissection not planned

*'''Dutch Melanoma Working Party, 1999''' {{PMID|10465575}} -- &quot;Consensus on the management of malignant melanoma of the skin in The Netherlands. Dutch Melanoma Working Party.&quot; (Kroon BB, Melanoma Res 1999 Jun;9(3):207-12.)

==RT Utilization==
*'''CCORE Australia; 2004''' {{PMID|15022299}} -- &quot;Estimation of an optimal radiotherapy utilization rate for melanoma: a review of the evidence.&quot; (Delaney G, Cancer. 2004 Mar 15;100(6):1293-301.)
**Evidence-based estimate for proportion of patients who should receive RT
**Estimate: 23%. New South Wales utilization 13%, American College of Surgeons utilization 6%, SEER data 1%
**Conclusion: Shortfall in the use of RT in the treatment of melanoma

==Quality of Care==
*'''American College of Surgeons; 2009''' (2004-2005) {{PMID|19826131}} -- &quot;National assessment of melanoma care using formally developed quality indicators.&quot; (Bilimoria KY, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10;27(32):5445-51. Epub 2009 Oct 13.)
**Development of 26 valid quality indicators assessing structure, process, and outcome. 10 of these assessed at 1249 hospitals using NCDB registry data
**Outcome: Adherence at patient level 12-96%, at hospital level 4-83%. Most hospitals adherent with &lt;=50% of indicators
**Conclusion: Considerable variation in quality of melanoma care in the U.S.

*'''Rush Medical Center; 2008''' {{PMID|18600380}} -- &quot;Adverse outcomes associated with noncompliance with melanoma treatment guidelines.&quot; (Erickson Foster J, Ann Surg Oncol. 2008 Sep;15(9):2395-402. Epub 2008 Jul 4.)
**Retrospective. 327 patients with cN0 melanoma. Compliance with NCCN guidelines assessed. Mean F/U 4.2 years
**Outcome: Margin non-compliance 28%, lymph node non-compliance 17%. Postop complications: margin compliance 10% vs noncompliant 30% (SS); lymph node compliant 13% vs. non-compliant 33% (SS). Locoregional recurrence: margin compliant 6% vs non-compliant 24% (SS); lymph node compliant 6% vs non-compliant 33% (SS). 10-year OS margin compliant 84% vs. noncompliant 73% (SS). 10-year OS lymph node compliant 91% vs. noncompliant 47% (SS)
**Conclusion: Compliance with NCCN guidelines seems to improve outcome and decrease morbidity</text>
      <sha1>okclz0ortoqzyd44zztga7h5hq7qmho</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Hyperthermia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>164459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673347</id>
      <parentid>1234898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:00:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3638" sha1="qtmzx1dwd7vzp5guqz7a3s68hj8yrln" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Hyperthermia and Cutaneous Melanoma'''&lt;/big&gt;


*Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Hyperthermia|Hyperthermia]] section for further information on hyperthermia


'''Randomized'''
*'''ESHO 3-85'''
**Randomized multicenter. 70 patients with 134 recurrent melanoma lesions. Treated with RT alone (24/3 or 27/3) or RT + Hyperthermia (43C for 60 min). F/U 3-72 months
**{{PMID|8676005}} -- &quot;Hyperthermia as an adjuvant to radiation therapy of recurrent or metastatic malignant melanoma. A multicentre randomized trial by the European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology.&quot; (Overgaard J, Int J Hyperthermia. 1996 Jan-Feb;12(1):3-20.) 
**{{PMID|7776772}} &quot;Randomised trial of hyperthermia as adjuvant to radiotherapy for recurrent or metastatic malignant melanoma. European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology&quot; (Overgaard J, Lancet 1995 Mar 4;345(8949):540-3).
**Only 14% received target HT due to difficulties with equipment
**2-year LC: RT alone 28% vs. RT+HT 46% (SS); RT 24/3 25% vs. 27/3 56% (SS)
**Toxicity: not increased with HT


'''Retrospective'''
*'''Graz, 2003''' (Austria) {{PMID|16296154}} -- &quot;Efficacy of superficial and deep regional hyperthermia combined with systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy in metastatic melanoma.&quot; (Richtig E, J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2003 Aug;1(8):635-42.)
**Retrospective. 15 patients; 12 patients superficial HT + CRT, 3 patients deep HT + CRT
**Response: 5/15 CR, 6/15 PR, 2/15 SD. Best results in cutaneous or retroperitoneal mets
**Conclusion: LC can be achieved in metastatic melanoma with HT

*'''Jefferson, 1993''' (1980-1988) {{PMID|8416885}} -- &quot;Hyperthermia and radiation in advanced malignant melanoma.&quot; (Engin K, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Jan;25(1):87-94.)
**Retrospective. 28 patients with 33 lesions. RT mean 37 Gy (13-66 Gy) over 5-16 fractions. Hyperthermia given twice-weekly
**Response: 12/33 CR, 17/33 PR. Superficial &lt;3cm CR 50%, deep &gt;3cm CR 9%
**Toxicity: 42% nothing, 48% erythema, 14% blistering

*'''Indiana, 1990''' (1970-1987) {{PMID|2128438}} -- &quot;An overview of the role of radiation therapy and hyperthermia in treatment of malignant melanoma.&quot; (Shidnia H, Adv Exp Med Biol 1990;267:531-45.)
**Retrospective. 92 patients with 188 melanoma lesions. RT given 1-10 Gy/fx, HT after RT
**Response: CR RT alone 34% vs. RT+HT 70%. If RT dose &gt;4 Gy/fx, CR in RT alone 63% vs. RT+HT 77%

*'''Aarhus, 1987''' (Denmark) {{PMID|3693983}} -- &quot;Hyperthermia as an adjuvant to radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant melanoma.&quot; (Overgaard J, Int J Hyperthermia. 1987 Nov-Dec;3(6):483-501.)
**Retrospective. 115 cutaneous or LN mets. Treated RT (15/3 - 30/3) followed by heat (immediately 26 tumors, sequential 27 tumors). 
**Thermal enhancement tumor: 1.4 simultaneous HT, 1.2 sequential HT
**Thermal enhancement normal tissue: 1.4 simultaneous (no improvement in therapeutic ratio), 1.0 sequential (improvement)

*'''1986''' {{PMID|3737980}} -- &quot;Combined treatment with radiation and hyperthermia in metastatic malignant melanoma.&quot; (Gonzalez Gonzalez D, Radiother Oncol. 1986 Jun;6(2):105-13.)
**Retrospective. 24 patients, 38 lesions RT + HT, 8 lesions RT alone, 3 lesions HT alone. HT given with 30 min following RT to target 43C. RT given as 6-8 Gy once a week, or 4-5 Gy twice a week
**Response: CR for RT+HT 50% (if 8 Gy/fx CR 83%), CR for RT alone 38%
**Toxicity: enhancement of acute skin reaction, but not clinically significant


'''Review'''
*'''MC Virginia, 1996''' {{PMID|8914205}} -- &quot;Role of radiotherapy and hyperthermia in the management of malignant melanoma.&quot; (Schmidt-Ullrich RK, Semin Surg Oncol. 1996 Nov-Dec;12(6):407-15.)</text>
      <sha1>qtmzx1dwd7vzp5guqz7a3s68hj8yrln</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Metastatic</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>164461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673349</id>
      <parentid>1810015</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:07:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7034" sha1="h7rk4x9tvk8qx3cxyvmdocl0qe19rft" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation_Oncology/TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Metastatic Melanoma'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
Prognostic factors:
*Balch et al, 1983 - {{PMID|6668496}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A multifactorial analysis of melanoma. IV. Prognostic factors in 200 melanoma patients with distant metastases (stage III).&quot; Balch CM et al. J Clin Oncol. 1983 Feb;1(2):126-34.


==Systemic therapy==
*Dacarbazine - standard of care


==Metastatic to brain==
===Epidemiology===
Brain metastases are common in melanoma, with brain involvement found on autopsy in 49-73% of those who die from melanoma &lt;ref&gt;{{PMID|665907}} - Patel et al. Metastatic pattern of malignant melanoma. A study of 216 autopsy cases.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{PMID|6850649}} - de la Monte et al. Patterned distribution of metastases from malignant melanoma in humans.&lt;/ref&gt;.  10% of pts with melanoma ultimately develop brain mets&lt;ref name=&quot;sampson&quot;&gt;{{PMID|9420067}} - Sampson et al. Demographics, prognosis, and therapy in 702 patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma.&lt;/ref&gt;.  Melanoma is the third most common cause of brain mets (after lung and breast). Brain mets present in 6.7% of pts with melanoma at the time of diagnosis&lt;ref name=&quot;fourth&quot;&gt;{{PMID|15051777}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Brain mets more common in males (2/3 of cases are in men)&lt;ref name=&quot;fourth&quot; /&gt;.  Those with brain mets were more likely to be male; have a primary lesion on the trunk, head and neck, or mucosa; or have a thick or ulcerated primary lesion.  Limb primaries have a low chance of metastasizing to the brain.  Median time from diagnosis of primary lesion to development of brain mets was 3.7 years&lt;ref name=&quot;sampson&quot; /&gt;.

===Radiotherapy===
*Doses: 30 Gy in 10, or 20 Gy in 5.
*May be better outcomes for patients treated more aggressively, but that may also be due in part to selection bias. 

===Outcome===
*Katz, 1981 - {{PMID|6171554}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The relative effectiveness of radiation therapy, corticosteroids, and surgery in the management of melanoma metastatic to the central nervous system.&quot; Katz HR. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981 Jul;7(7):897-906.

*Ziegler (New York University), 1986 - {{PMID|3759534}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Brain metastases from malignant melanoma: conventional vs. high-dose-per-fraction radiotherapy.&quot; Ziegler J et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1986 Oct;12(10):1839-42.
**Retrospective, 72 pts. No difference in outcome for standard fractionation (300 cGy/fx) and high dose per fraction (500-600 cGy/fx) to total dose of 30 Gy.

*U.Penn 1988 - see discussion below (All sites)
**Fraction size and total dose have no effect on survival

*Finland, 1996 (1980-1994) - {{PMID|8966226}} - &quot;Radiation therapy of intracranial malignant melanoma.&quot; Isokangas OP et al. Radiother Oncol. 1996 Feb;38(2):139-44. 
**Retrospective. 64 pts. Improved survival for those with total dose normalized to 3 Gy per fraction (NTD-3Gy) &gt; 30 Gy versus those with &lt;= 30 Gy. 

*Duke University, 1998 - {{PMID|9420067}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Demographics, prognosis, and therapy in 702 patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma.&quot;  Sampson JH et al. J Neurosurg. 1998 Jan;88(1):11-20. 

*Netherlands, 1998 - {{PMID|10098435}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Identification of prognostic factors in patients with brain metastases: a review of 1292 patients.&quot; Lagerwaard FJ et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Mar 1;43(4):795-803.

*University of Sydney, 2004 (1952-2000) - {{PMID|15051777}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Determinants of outcome in melanoma patients with cerebral metastases.&quot;  Fife KM et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Apr 1;22(7):1293-300.
**Purpose is to determine prognostic factors.  Used the database of the Sydney Melanoma Unit, which contains more than 21,000 pts treated since 1952.  1137 pts with brain mets from 1952-2000.  Restricted this study to the subgroup of 686 pts with brain mets diagnosed between 1985 (when CT scanning became available) and 2000.
**Median survival surgery+XRT, 8.9 months; surgery alone, 8.7 mo.; XRT alone, 3.4 mo.; supportive care only, 2.1 mo.  By multivariate analysis, the type of treatment and the presence of other metastases were the most important predictors of survival. 

*Germany, 2010 - {{PMID|19733017}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Dose Escalation of WBRT for Brain Metastases from Melanoma.&quot; Rades D et al. Int. J. Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jun 1;77(2):537-41.
**Retrospective analysis of pts receiving 30/10 vs 40/20 or 45/15. Higher doses associated with better intracranial control and overall survival.


==All sites==
*'''Germany, 1999''' (1977-95) - {{PMID|10348291}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Palliative radiotherapy for recurrent and metastatic malignant melanoma: prognostic factors for tumor response and long-term outcome: a 20-year experience.&quot; Seegenschmiedt MH et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Jun 1;44(3):607-18.
**121 pts. Retrospective. Received RT for palliation, mostly Stage III-IV. Median RT dose 48 Gy / 21 days. 77 pts treated with conventionally fractionated RT (2-3 Gy/fx), 44 with hypofractionated (&gt;3 - 6 Gy/fx).
**Very heterogeneous population. EBRT can provide local control and palliation. Total RT dose &gt; 40 Gy associated with improved response.

*U.Penn, 1988 - {{PMID|2460420}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Palliative radiotherapy for metastatic malignant melanoma: brain metastases, bone metastases, and spinal cord compression.&quot; Rate WR et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Oct;15(4):859-64. 
**Retrospective. Dose and fraction size had no effect on survival for brain mets or palliation from bone mets and spinal cord compression.

*'''Tufts University; 1981''' (1971-1979) {{PMID|6164470}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy of malignant melanomas: an evaluation of clinically used fractionation schemes.&quot; (Strauss A, Cancer. 1981 Mar 15;47(6):1262-6.)
**Retrospective. 48 patients, 83 sites. Metastatic disease, local recurrence, or gross residual disease. RT fractionation evolved from standard to large dose. Endpoint palliation
**Outcome: Fractions 6-8 Gy response 80%. Rapid fractionation 8-4-4 Gy on successful days response 58%, may be useful for palliation

*'''Denmark; 1980''' {{PMID|6767663}} -- &quot;Radiation treatment of malignant melanoma.&quot; (Overgaard J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 Jan;6(1):41-4.)
**No abstract

*'''Yale; 1976''' (1958-1974) {{PMID|1000466}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy of malignant melanoma: experience with high individual treatment doses.&quot; (Habermalz HJ, Cancer. 1976 Dec;38(6):2258-62.)
**Retrospective. 44 metastatic lesions, 13 patients. RT various, from 2 Gy/fx to 23 Gy/fx
**Outcome: skin CR 31%, PR 22%. If dose &gt;=6 Gy/fx, 88% CR/PR rate, if dose 2-3 Gy/fx, no responses
**Conclusion: Results are preliminary, but RT may play a useful role in management of melanoma


'''''Review'''''
*'''MD Anderson; 1996''' {{PMID|8977557}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy for malignant melanoma.&quot; (Geara FB, Surg Clin North Am. 1996 Dec;76(6):1383-98.)
**General review
**Unresectable local disease: most loco-regional sites 36/6 BIW; large axillary or inguinal mets 50/20 to reduce risk of limb edema and neuropathy
**Brain mets: 30/10, consider SRS
**Other sites: 20/5 or 30/10

==Footnotes==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h7rk4x9tvk8qx3cxyvmdocl0qe19rft</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Primary</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>164462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673353</id>
      <parentid>4100507</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:17:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21165" sha1="pkmagj9sy6jufv06ug0zhpor2fseykt" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}

&lt;big&gt;'''Melanoma: Management of the Primary Site'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Primary Surgery==
*Wide excision, with clinical margin depending on Breslow thickness:
**In situ: 0.5 cm
**&lt;=1 mm: 1.0 cm
**1-2 mm: 1.0 - 2.0 cm
**&gt;2 mm: 2.0 cm
*Sentinel lymph node biopsy for lesions &gt; 1 mm thick
*For lesions &lt; 1 mm thick, SLN biopsy is not routine, but should be considered if LVI, mitotic rate &gt; 0, or Clark level IV-V, or young age.


===Randomized===
*'''UK Melanoma Study Group''' (1993-2001) -- surgical margin 1 cm vs. 3 cm
**Randomized. 900 patients, high risk melanoma, thickness &gt;=2.0 mm, trunk or limbs. Excluded palms and soles. Arm 1) 1 cm excision margin vs. Arm 2) 3 cm excision margin. ELND or SLND or adjuvant therapy not allowed.
**'''2004''' {{PMID|14973217}}  &amp;mdash; &quot;Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma.&quot; (Thomas JM, N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 19;350(8):757-66.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: local recurrence 1 cm 3.3% vs. 3 cm 2.9% (NS), in-transit/nodal recurrence 32% vs. 28%. No difference in DSS or OS. Median OS after locoregional recurrence 28 months vs. 18 months (p=0.05) 
***Conclusion: Higher locoregional recurrence rate with 1 cm margins in high risk melanomas, but no difference on survival

*'''Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial''' (1983-89) -- surgical margin 2 cm vs 4 cm
**Randomized. 468 patients intermediate thickness (1.0-4.0 mm) melanoma, on trunk or proximal extremity. Arm 1) 2cm surgical margin vs Arm 2) 4 cm surgical margin. Secondary randomization to observation vs ELND (see below). Also, nonrandomized 272 patients with distal extremity or H&amp;N enrolled prospectively to 2 cm excision (Group B)
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11258773}} (Free full text) &amp;mdash; &quot;Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1-4 mm melanomas.&quot; (Balch CM et al. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001 Mar;8(2):101-8.) Median F/U 10 years
***Outcome: surgical margin 2 cm 0.4% vs. 4cm 0.9% (NS), anytime failure 2.1% vs. 2.6% (NS). 10-year DSS 70% vs. 77% (NS). LR profoundly affected by presence of ulceration (RR approx 6)
***LR impact: LR strongly associated with survival. 5-yr OS of 9% for pts with LR as first relapse (n=13), 11% for any LR (n=28), vs 5-yr OS 86% if no LR. Higher LR for head/neck 9.4%, vs 5.3% dist ext, 3.1% trunk, 1.1% prox ext. Patient who had LR all died of melanoma within 10 years.
***Conclusion: 2 cm margins are safe for intermediate thickness melanomas 

*'''Swedish Melanoma Study Group''' (1982-1990) -- surgical margin 2 cm vs 5 cm
**Randomized. 769 patients, intermediate thickness (0.9 - 2.0 cm). Excluded H&amp;N, distal extremities, vulva. Arm 1) resection margin 2 cm vs. Arm 2) resection margin 5 cm
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8646678}} -- &quot;Resection margins of 2 versus 5 cm for cutaneous malignant melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8 to 2.0 mm: randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group.&quot; (Ringborg U, Cancer. 1996 May 1;77(9):1809-14.) Median F/U 5.8 years
***Outcome: Local recurrence 2 cm 0.8% vs. 5 cm 1.0% (NS) No difference in DFS, DSS, or OS
***Conclusion: Recommend excision margin of 2 cm

*'''France/UK''' (1981-2000) -- surgical margin 2 cm vs. 5 cm 
**Randomized. 337 patients, melanoma &lt;=2.0 cm. Excluded age &gt;70, toe/nail/finger, and acral melanoma. Arm 1) 2 cm excision vs. Arm 2) 5 cm excision. Second randomization for adjuvant isoprinosine
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12673721}} -- &quot;Surgical margins in cutaneous melanoma (2 cm versus 5 cm for lesions measuring less than 2.1-mm thick).&quot; (Khayat D, Cancer. 2003 Apr 15;97(8):1941-6.) Median F/U 16 years
***Outcome: Local recurrence 2 cm 0.6% vs. 5 cm 1.8 cm (NS). Median TTR 3.5 years. 10-year DFS 85% vs. 83% (NS). No difference for second randomization.
***Conclusion: Surgical margin of 2 cm sufficient for melanoma &lt;=2 mm

*'''WHO Melanoma Programme Trial #10''' (1980-?) -- surgical margin 1 cm vs 3 cm
**Randomized. 612 patients with clinical Stage I melanoma, thickness &lt;=2 mm. Facial or digital melanoma excluded. Arm 1) 1 cm surgical margin vs. Arm 2) 3 cm surgical margin
**'''1991''' {{PMID|2009058}} -- &quot;Narrow excision (1-cm margin). A safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma.&quot; (Veronesi U, Arch Surg. 1991 Apr;126(4):438-41.). Mean F/U 8 years
***Outcome: Local recurrence 1cm 1.3% vs 3 cm 0% (NS). 8-year OS 1cm 90% vs. 3 cm 90% (NS); DFS 82% vs. 84% (NS). First event most frequently nodal relapse (7%).
***Conclusion: Narrow 1cm excision as effective as wide excision


===Retrospective===
*'''Sydney Melanoma Unit; 2005''' (1951-1996) {{PMID|15650644}} -- &quot;Histopathologic excision margin affects local recurrence rate: analysis of 2681 patients with melanomas &lt; or =2 mm thick.&quot; (McKinnon JG, Ann Surg. 2005 Feb;241(2):326-33.)
**Retrospective. 2681 patients, cutaneous melanoma &lt;=2mm. SM-. Median F/U 7 years
**Outcome: 10-year LR 2.9%, predictors for LR were margin of excision and thickness. If margin 1cm excluded, margin status no longer significant. LR margin &lt;8mm 3.8% vs. 8-15mm 1.6%. Margin status not predictive of survival
**Conclusion: Pathologic margin affected risk of LR, but only if &lt;1 cm clinical. It does not affect survival

*'''MD Anderson; 1998''' (1985-1996) {{PMID|9641453}} -- &quot;Surgical margins and prognostic factors in patients with thick (&gt;4mm) primary melanoma.&quot; (Heaton KM, Ann Surg Oncol. 1998 Jun;5(4):322-8.)
**Retrospective. 278 patients, thick primary melanoma &gt;4 mm (median 6.0 mm), ulceration 57%. Median F/U 2.2 years
**Outcome: LR 12%. LR or margin width not associated with DFS or OS, but nodal status, thickness, and ulceration was
**Conclusion: 2cm margin sufficient

===Desmoplastic and/or Neurotropic Melanoma===
*Desmoplastic melanomas were initially believed to have a high recurrence rate (~50% in early literature review from 1995). This may have been related to high rate of neurotropism, and high frequency with H&amp;N location, which may compromise surgical margins
*However, desmoplastic melanoma with appropriate surgical resection appears to have local recurrence rate of 4-7%. 
*Neurotropic desmoplastic melanoma had historically local recurrence of 20-30%, but Michigan data suggest low recurrence rate with appropriate surgical margins
*Role of initial adjuvant RT is not clear, but may be reasonable if SM are &lt;1cm or with neurotropism. Whether RT has any impact on development of distant disease and overall survival has not been established


*'''Queensland Melanoma Project, Australia; 2008''' (1997-2006) {{PMID|18366400}} -- &quot;Desmoplastic melanoma: the role of radiotherapy in improving local control.&quot; (Foote MC, ANZ J Surg. 2008 Apr;78(4):273-6.)
**Retrospective. 24 patients with desmoplastic melanoma, surgical excision followed by postop RT. Median thickness 5.2 mm. SM &lt;1 cm in 71% patients
**Outcome: 3-year in-field RFS 91%, OS 83%
**Conclusion: Adjuvant RT may have been effective in reducing rate of local recurrence

*'''Sydney Melanoma Unit, Australia''' 
**'''2008''' (1996-2007) {{PMID|18823042}} -- &quot;Desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 128 cases.&quot; (Chen JY, Cancer. 2008 Nov 15;113(10):2770-8.)
***Retrospective. 128 patients with desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma. Wide local excision. Median thickness 4 mm. SM &gt;0.5 cm in 70%, &gt;1 cm in 40%. Adjuvant RT in 21% (typically for thicker tumors (median thickness 7 mm), H&amp;N locations, and close surgical margins). RT 33/6 or 50/25
***Outcome: local recurrence surgery 6% vs surgery + RT 7%. No LR with surgery only if SM &gt;1cm. Predictors were SM+ and H&amp;N location. DM surgery 17% vs. surgery + RT 11%. 
***Conclusion: Local recurrence lower than historical controls. When margins compromised (possibly &lt;1cm), RT may reduce local recurrence
**'''1998''' (1979-1995) {{PMID|9740077}} -- &quot;Desmoplastic and desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma: experience with 280 patients.&quot; (Quinn MJ, Cancer. 1998 Sep 15;83(6):1128-35.)
***Retrospective. 280 patients (desmoplastic melanoma 190, desmoplasti neurotropic melanoms 90). Male-female 1.7:1, median thickness 2.5 mm, amelanotic 44%
***Outcome: 5-year OS 75%. Local recurrence 11%, regional/in-transit 12%, distant mets 14%. Desmoplastic melanoma LR 7% vs. desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma 20% vs. historical overall melanoma 3%. As a function of thickness, comparable recurrence rate for desmoplastic melanoma. LR higher if SM &lt;1 cm or if neurotropism present
***Conclusion: Comparable survival between DM, DNM, and other cutaneous melanomas. Lower rate of LN mets

*'''Michigan; 2005''' (1997-2004) {{PMID|16080180}} -- &quot;Wide excision without radiation for desmoplastic melanoma.&quot; (Arora A, Cancer. 2005 Oct 1;104(7):1462-7.)
**Retrospective. 49/65 patients with cutaneous desmoplastic melanoma. Wide excision (&gt;2 cm in 63%, &gt;1cm in 100%), most H&amp;N patients required reconstruction. No RT given. Mean thickness 4.2 mm, 38% had thickness &gt;4 mm. Neurotropism in 32%. Mean F/U 3.7 years, minimum 2 years
**Outcome: Local recurrence 4% (1 neurotropic, 1 not). LN mets no neurotropism 4% vs neurotropism 28% (SS)
**Conclusion: Local recurrence considerably less than historically reported; careful attention to appropriate margins produces excellent local control

*'''University of Florida; 2005''' {{PMID|16062083}} -- &quot;Neurotropic melanoma of the head and neck with clinical perineural invasion.&quot; (Newlin HE, Am J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug;28(4):399-402.)
**Retrospective. 3 patients with clinical perineural invasion. 2 patients incomplete resection, and received definitive RT 74.4 Gy BID. 1 patient postop RT after multiple recurrences of desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma.
**Conclusion: RT may provide relatively long-term local control in patients with clinical perineural invasion

*'''UCLA; 2003''' (1976-1997) {{PMID|12784232}} -- &quot;Efficacy of radiation therapy in the local control of desmoplastic malignant melanoma.&quot; (Vongtama R, Head Neck. 2003 Jun;25(6):423-8.)
**Retrospective. 44 patients, desmoplastic melanoma, H&amp;N 68%, neurotropism 48%. Local recurrence in 21/44 (48%), and extent of SM couldn't be determined. 14/21 local recurrences received postop RT (32% overall). Median dose 50 Gy (44-66 Gy), no regional LN coverage. Indications for RT: R2 resection, R1 resection, deliberate close SM, surgical concern about adequacy of resection, or multiply recurrent tumor
**Outcome: Local recurrence RT 0% vs. no RT 57% (SS). DM rate comparable no RT 35% vs. RT 40% (NS). No difference in recurrence rate by neurotropism. Local control in 4/4 patients with R1/R2 disease
**Conclusion: Postop RT effective in recurrent disease; consider RT as part of initial adjuvant treatment; consider RT as primary treatment if cannot clear margins

*'''Harvard; 1995''' (1985-1992) {{PMID|7812919}} -- &quot;Desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma. A clinicopathologic analysis of 28 cases.&quot; (Carlson JA, Cancer. 1995 Jan 15;75(2):478-94.)
**Retrospective. 28 patients, desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma. Most H&amp;N (75%) and amelanotic (57%), associated LM in 56%. Mean thickness 4.1 mm.
**Outcome: Local recurrence 27%, visceral mets 11%, survival 81%. Literature review composite LR 50% (22-77%)
**Conclusion: Present at more advanced stage locally, but may be associated with better survival stage for stage


==Adjuvant RT to Primary Site==
*'''MDACC; 2004''' - {{PMID|14768409}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy for cutaneous malignant melanoma: rationale and indications.&quot; (Ballt MT, Oncology (Williston Park). 2004 Jan;18(1):99-107)
**Review. Recommend RT to primary for: desmoplastic melanoma, positive margins, locally recurrent disease, Brewslow &gt; 4 mm with ulceration or satellitosis

*'''Sydney Melanoma Unit, Australia; 2000''' (1989-98) - {{PMID|10618610}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Locally advanced melanoma: results of postoperative hypofractionated radiation therapy.&quot; (Stevens G, Cancer. 2000 Jan 1;88(1):88-94.)
**Retrospective. 174 patients treated with postop RT (primary n=35, or lymph nodes n=139). RT 33/6 over 18 days. Median F/U 2.5 years
***For primary site (Group A): RT given initially (n=11) or after recurrence and re-exsision (n=21). Indications: SM+, SM close, desmoplastic histology, PNI, satellitosis, early/multiple recurrences
***For adjuvant LN (Group B): RT given initially (n=107) or after recurrence (n=35). Indications: SM+, ECE, multiple LN+, large LNs, PNI, LVI, parotid node involvement
**Outcome: In-field local recurrence 11%. Recurrence rate if RT given in &lt;18 days 4% vs. &gt;=18 days 15% (p=0.06). 5-year OS Group A 49% vs. Group B 38% (p=0.07)
**Toxicity: symptomatic lymphedema 58%, worse if initial dissection. 
**Conclusion: Postop RT improved local control compared with published series. Adjuvant RT should be considered for high risk patients, including SM+, desmoplasia with neurotropism, multiple LN+, and large LN with ECE

*'''Princess Margaret; 1981''' (1958-1979) {{PMID|7306920}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy in nonlentiginous melanoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Harwood AR, Cancer. 1981 Dec 15;48(12):2599-605.)
**Retrospective. 37 patients with superficial spreading or nodular melanoma of H&amp;N. Surgery R2 margin (n=6), surgery with close or R1 margin (n=15), recurrent disease (n=16). Variety of RT schedules
**Outcome: Local control in gross disease 4/6 (67%), microscopic disease 14/15 (93%), recurrent disease 2/16 (12%)
**Radiobiology: Control improved with higher dose/fx, especially &lt;4 Gy 25% vs &gt;4 Gy 71%
**Conclusion: Nonlentiginous melanoma not radioresistant, RT deserves further study

*'''Institution?; 1958''' {{PMID|13533685}} -- &quot;Malignant melanoma; a combined surgical and radiotherapeutic approach.&quot; (Dickson RJ, Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1958 Jun;79(6):1063-70.)
**Retrospective. 234 patients (local excision 71, radical excision 42, local excision + adjuvant RT 121). RT given with radium (brachytherapy or teleradium) or orthovoltage x-rays, dose 50/10
**Outcome: No local control. OS comparable between radical surgery and local surgery + RT

==Definitive RT==
===Lentigo maligna &amp; Lentigo maligna melanoma===
*Surgical excision would be considered the first line treatment
*However, in elderly patients large lesions can often be present on the face, and radiotherapy may be warranted if they have significant comorbidities
*Historically, Grenz or soft X-ray therapy was used, with success rate &gt;90%
**In Europe, the Miescher technique was popular, involving contact therapy (50% depth dose 1mm) and use of very high doses
*Lesions may take up to 2 years to completely regress, and careful clinical follow up is required


*'''Zurich; 2002''' (1950-2000) {{PMID|12072074}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A retrospective study of 150 patients with lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma and the efficacy of radiotherapy using Grenz or soft X-rays.&quot; (Farshad A, Br J Dermatol. 2002 Jun;146(6):1042-6.)
**Retrospective. 150 patients (LM 96, LMM 57). 90% of lesions were on the face (cheek &amp; nose 46%, eye &amp; ear &amp; temple 24%). Grenz rays (12 kV) in 64%, contact x-rays (20-30 kV). Dose LM 100/10 - 120/10 @10-12 Gy/fx at 3-4 day intervals. Dose LMM 42/6 - 54/6 @ 7-9 Gy/fx at 3-4 day intervals. Margin 7-10 mm. Mean F/U 8 years
**Outcome: Recurrence rate 7% (LM 5%, LMM 3%); mean TTR 3.8 years. LR 5/7, LN 2/7
**Conclusion: RT is curative for LM and LMM.

*'''Munich; 2000''' (1987-1998) {{PMID|10954659}} -- &quot;Fractionated radiotherapy of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in 64 patients.&quot; (Schmid-Wendtner MH, J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Sep;43(3):477-82.)
**Retrospective. 64 patients (LM 42, LMM 22). In LMM patients, excision of nodular part prior to RT. RT superficial x-rays, 100/10 over 2 weeks. Median F/U 1.2 years
**Outcome: Recurrence LM 0%, LMM 9% (both salvaged with excision)
**Toxicity: Cosmetic outcomes good or excellent
**Conclusion: Fractionated RT effective method

*'''Westmead Hospital, Australia; 1996''' {{PMID|8826745}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy for melanotic freckles.&quot; (Christie DR, Australas Radiol. 1996 Aug;40(3):331-3.)
**Retrospective. 5 patients, 7 lentigo maligna. RT equivalent to at least 44/11
**Outcome: No local failures
**Toxicity: Favorable cosmetic result in all patients
**Conclusion: RT safe and effective

*'''Princess Margaret''' 
**'''1994''' (1968-1988) {{PMID|8053696}} -- &quot;Lentigo maligna of the head and neck. Results of treatment by radiotherapy.&quot; (Tsang RW, Arch Dermatol. 1994 Aug;130(8):1008-12.)
***Retrospective. 54 patients with LM of H&amp;N region, treated with surgery (33%) or RT (67%)
***Outcome: LC surgery 3-years 94% vs. RT 5-years 86%. No metastases
***Toxicity: Poor cosmesis 11% (pallor, atrophy, or telangiectasia)
***Conclusion: Conventional fractionated RT simple and effective; excellent alternative to surgery
**'''1983''' (1958-1982) {{PMID|6863069}} -- &quot;Conventional fractionated radiotherapy for 51 patients with lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma.&quot; (Harwood AR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1983 Jul;9(7):1019-21.)
***Retrospective. 51 patients (LM 23, LMM 28). RT orthovoltage (100-250 kV), minimum 1cm margin. Dose 35/5, 45/10, or 50/15 depending on size of lesion (&lt;3cm, 3-5cm, &gt;5cm)
***Outcome: LM local control 90%, 2 local failures, both salvaged. LMM local control 92%, 2 local failures, both salvaged; 1 regional/distant mets
***Conclusion: RT simple and effective for this form of melanoma
**'''1982''' {{PMID|7118548}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy for melanomas of the head and neck.&quot; (Harwood AR, Head Neck Surg. 1982 Jul-Aug;4(6):468-74.)
***Retrospective. 77 patients with melanoma of H&amp;N (LM 13, LMM 18)
***Outcome: Local control LM 85%; LMM 94%
***Conclusion: RT simple and effective treatment for LM and LMM
**'''1980''' (1958-1977) {{PMID|7379026}} -- &quot;The radiotherapy of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Dancuart F, Cancer. 1980 May 1;45(9):2279-83.)
***Retrospective. 23 cases (LM 8, LMM 15), treated with orthovoltage RT (100-280 keV). RT 35/5 to 45/10 to 50/20 to 60/25 fxs (mostly 45-50 in 10 fx)
***Outcome: LM 1/8 (12%) recurred at margin, and salvaged with further RT. LMM 1/15 (7%) recurred centrally, and was salvaged with excision. Time to regression up to 2 years
***Toxicity: majority excellent cosmesis
***Conclusion: Conventional fractionated orthovoltage RT deserves further consideration

*'''Institution?; 1976''' {{PMID|942213}} -- &quot;Treatment of melanotic freckle with x-rays.&quot; (Kopf AW, Arch Dermatol. 1976 Jun;112(6):801-7.)
**Retrospective. 16 patients, lentigo maligna. Treated with Miescher technique
**Outcome: 5/16 (31%) local recurrence or persistence; 3/16 (19%) developed metastatic melanoma
**Conclusion: Procedure has been abandoned, pending further clarification

*'''Institution?; 1971''' {{PMID|5091872}} -- &quot;Hutchinson's freckle treated by the Miescher technique utilizing a Grenz-Ray machine adapted for the purpose.&quot; (Orfuss A, Arch Dermatol. 1971 Apr;103(4):456-8.)


===Acral Melanoma===
*'''Louisian State; 1999''' {{PMID|10474984}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy of acral lentiginous melanoma of the foot.&quot; (Harwood AR, J La State Med Soc. 1999 Jul;151(7):373-6.)
**Case report. 4 acral lentiginous melanoma of foot. Treated by RT alone, using 0-7-21 technique (24/3)
**Outcome: LR excellent, all patients well palliated
**Conclusion: RT recommended if not suitable for surgery


===General Melanoma===
*'''Frankfut, Germany; 1963''' (1935-1960) {{PMID|13953619}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy of primary and metastatic melanoma.&quot; (Hellriegel W, Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1963 Feb 15;100:131-41.)
**Retrospective. 259 patients (N0 64%, N+ 36%). RT 6000 r in 2 weeks using 60 kV, followed in 6-8 weeks by second course 4000-5000 r in 2 weeks. Alternatively 7000-8000 r in 4 weeks with electrons 15-20 MeV
**Outcome: 5-year OS 48%, 10-year OS 29%. If N0, 62% and 42%. If N+ 23% and 12%. By method of treatment: 5-year OS RT alone 62% vs. excision + RT 38% vs. RT + excision 86%
**Conclusion: Malignant melanoma can be successfully treated by RT; high doses are required


===Brachytherapy===
*'''Lille, France; 2006''' {{PMID|16508600}} -- &quot;[Interstitial brachytherapy in management of primary cutaneous melanoma: 4 cases] - [Article in French]&quot; (Mortier L, Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2006 Feb;133(2):153-6.)
**Retrospective. 4 cases (3 LMM, 1 nodular), thick (&gt;3mm) melanoma, treated with interstitial brachytherapy. Median F/U 4 years
**Outcome: No local relapse
**Toxicity: Cosmetic and functional outcome excellent
**Conclusion: Interstitial brachytherapy feasible for primary control, if surgery difficult or impossible


==Adjuvant Interferon==
*'''DeCOG''' (2001-2004) -- Interferon x1.5 years vs x5 years
**Randomized. 840 patients, resected cutaneous melanoma, minimum thickness 1.5 mm, clinically N0 (SLN in 76%, SLN+ in 18%). Arm 1) IFN alpha2 3MU 3x/week x18 months vs Arm 2) same IFN x60 months
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20048184}} -- &quot;Efficacy of Low-Dose Interferon {alpha}2a 18 Versus 60 Months of Treatment in Patients With Primary Melanoma of &gt;= 1.5 mm Tumor Thickness: Results of a Randomized Phase III DeCOG Trial.&quot; (Hauschild A, J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 10;28(5):841-6. Epub 2010 Jan 4.) Median F/U 4.3 years
***Outcome: Relapse-free survival 1.5 years 76% vs 5 years 73% (NS), DMFS 82% vs 80% (NS), OS 86% vs 85% (NS)
***Conclusion: Prolongation of IFN therapy showed no clinical benefit</text>
      <sha1>pkmagj9sy6jufv06ug0zhpor2fseykt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Lymphatics</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>164463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673348</id>
      <parentid>4567339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:03:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37341" sha1="lmhmg699i21f3g2i6rgrmcfhgz4mmrr" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Melanoma: Management of regional lymphatics'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Evaluation of regional lymphatics==
===Elective LND vs Delayed LND===
*Overall, no survival benefit for performing immediate LND vs observation/delayed LND
*Results from WHO Melanoma Trial #14 suggested that for patients who have LN disease, immediate LND improves survival over delayed LND
*Planned subgroup analysis of the Intergroup Melanoma trial showed survival benefit for intermediate risk patients (non-ulcerated, thickness 1.0-2.0 mm, or located in extremity). It was felt that high risk patients (ulcerated, thickness &gt;2.0 mm, and trunk) are at high risk of distant failure, and immediate LND does not provide significant benefit


*'''Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial''' (1983-1989) -- elective LND vs. observation
**Randomized.  740 patients, Stage I-II melanoma, intermediate Breslow thickness (1.0-4.0 mm). WLE minimum margin 2cm. . Planned subgroup analysis based on previously known risk factors
**'''2000''' {{PMID|10761786}} (Free full text) &amp;mdash; &quot;Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial.&quot; (Balch CM, Ann Surg Oncol. 2000 Mar;7(2):87-97.) Median F/U 10 years
***Outcome: 10-year OS ELND 77% vs. observation 73% (NS). In non-ulcerated subgroup, ELND 84% vs observation 77% (SS). In thinner subgroup (Breslow 1.0-2.0), ELND 86% vs. observation 80% (SS). In extremity subgroup, ELND 84% vs. observation 78% (p=0.05)
***Negative predictors: Breslow thickness, ulceration, age &gt;60
***Conclusion: No benefit overall; however, survival benefit for select patient populations (non-ulcerated, thickness 1.0-2.0, extremity).

*'''WHO Melanoma Trial #14''' (1982-1989) -- immediate LND vs delayed LND
**Randomized. 240 patients. Trunk melanoma, Breslow thickness &gt;=1.5 mm (median 3.3 mm). WLE with 3cm margin. Arm 1) immediate LND vs. Arm 2) delayed LND until clinical metastases
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9519951}} -- &quot;Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomised trial. WHO Melanoma Programme.&quot; (Cascinelli N, Lancet. 1998 Mar 14;351(9105):793-6.) Mean F/U 11 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS delayed LND 51% vs. immediate LND 62% (NS)
***LN Status: LN+ in delayed LND 37% vs. immediate LND 22%. Median TTF 8 months. Survival of patients with immediate LN+ better than with delayed LN+ (p=0.04)
***Conclusion: No difference. However, immediate LND offers improved survival in patients with LN mets
**Comment: No lymphoscintigraphy to determine draining lymph node basin; substantial proportion of thickness &gt;4.0 mm lesions which are at high risk of distant mets

*'''Mayo Clinic''' (1971-1976) -- immediate LND vs delayed LND
**Randomized, 3 arms. 173 patients, localized malignant melanoma. Arm 1) delayed LND until clinical progression vs Arm 2) delayed LND 3 months after primary surgery vs. Arm 3) immediate LND. H&amp;N and midline lesions excluded. Breslow depth &lt;1.5mm in 57%
**'''1978''' {{PMID|638981}} -- &quot;A prospective randomized study of the efficacy of routine elective lymphadenectomy in management of malignant melanoma. Preliminary results.&quot; (Sim FH, Cancer. 1978 Mar;41(3):948-56.)
***Outcome: 5-year OS delayed LND 63% vs. short delayed LND 56% vs. immediate LND 54% (NS)
***LN Status: LN+ in delayed LND 16% vs short delayed LND 9% vs. immediate LND 4%
***Conclusion: Elective LND not beneficial in management of melanoma
**'''1986''' {{PMID|3747613}} -- &quot;Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study.&quot; (Sim FH, Mayo Clin Proc. 1986 Sep;61(9):697-705.)
***Outcome: No difference in OS or DMFS
***Prognostic factors: level of invasion, thickness
***Conclusion: No difference

*'''WHO Cooperative Trial #1''' (1967-1974) -- immediate LND vs delayed LND
**Randomized. 553 patients, Stage I (T1-3N0) melanoma of the extremities (83% lower extremities), Breslow thickness &gt;=1mm in 90%, &gt;=4mm in 31%. Satellite nodules permitted. Tumors &gt;5 cm excluded. Wide local excision with at least 3cm margin. Arm 1) immediate LND vs Arm 2) delayed LND until clinically positive LNs detected. For lower extremity, inguino-illiac LND; for upper extremity, axillary en bloc resection including pectoralis minor
**'''1982''' {{PMID|7074555}} -- &quot;Delayed regional lymph node dissection in stage I melanoma of the skin of the lower extremities.&quot; (Veronesi U, Cancer. 1982 Jun 1;49(11):2420-30.) Follow-up 7-13 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS immediate LND 68% vs delayed LND 69% (NS); 10-year OS 9% vs. 13% (NS). No subset benefited from immediate LND. 
***LN status: Frequency of LN+ in immediate arm 20% vs. frequency of clinical LN failure in delayed arm 22%. Mean TTF 13 months. No survival difference between patients with initially positive LN and with delayed positive LNs. 5-year OS 46% vs. 41% (NS)
***Conclusion: Delayed LND as effective as immediated dissection in Stage I melanoma of extremities

===LND patterns of failure===
*'''Sheba Medical Center, Israel; 2005''' {{PMID|16365238}} -- &quot;Patterns of recurrence in patients with melanoma after radical lymph node dissection.&quot; (Nathansohn N, Arch Surg. 2005 Dec;140(12):1172-7.)
**Retrospective. 141 patients, malignant melanoma, radical LND (axilla 61%, groin 44%). Prior intervention (&quot;tampering&quot;) in 13%. Elective LND 26%, therapeutic LND 51%, positive SLND 24%. Median F/U 3.4 years
**Outcome: Regional recurrence 16%, in-transit mets 11%. Tampering only predictor of regional recurrence 10% vs. 83% (SS), but no impact on OS
**Conclusion: Previous interventions in draining basin increase risk of melanoma recurrence in the surgical field. FNA and SLN are safe

*'''Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; 2001''' {{PMID|11321665}} -- &quot;Superficial inguinal and radical ilioinguinal lymph node dissection in patients with palpable melanoma metastases to the groin--an analysis of survival and local recurrence.&quot; (Kretschmer L, Acta Oncol. 2001;40(1):72-8.)
**Retrospective. 104 patients, melanoma to ilioinguinal LNs. Median F/U 10 years
**Prognostic factors: &gt;2 LN+, truncal primary, ilio-inguinal vs inguinal location
**Conclusion: Presence of pelvic mets indicates systemic disease. Local recurrence depend on regional tumor burden

*'''John Wayne Cancer Center; 2000''' (1971-1998) {{PMID|11005552}} -- &quot;Is adjuvant radiotherapy necessary after positive lymph node dissection in head and neck melanomas?&quot; (Shen P, Ann Surg Oncol. 2000 Sep;7(8):554-9; discussion 560-1.)
**Retrospective. 217 patients, primary H&amp;N melanoma, who underwent RLND. Postop RT 10%. Median F/U 2.7 years
**Outcome: cervical LN recurrence 14%. 5-year regional control ECE- 87% vs. ECE+ 69% (SS), nonpalpable 96% vs. palpable 87% (p=0.07), 1-3LN+ 82% vs. &gt;3LN+ 91% (NS). On multivariate analysis, ECE+ only predictor. Failure with postop RT 14% (ECE present in 43%) vs. no PORT 14% (ECE present in 23%)
**Conclusion: Low incidence of cervical recurrence doesn't justify RT, except in patients with ECE
**Editorial ({{PMID|11005550}}): Philosophical differences between different centers; randomized trials such as E3697 critical

*'''Royal Marsden; 2000''' (1984-1998) {{PMID|10931025}} -- &quot;Prognosis and surgical management of patients with palpable inguinal lymph node metastases from melanoma.&quot; (Hughes TM, Br J Surg. 2000 Jul;87(7):892-901.)
**Retrospective. 132 patients, melanoma metastatic to inguinal LNs. 5-year OS 34%. 
**Predictive factors: age, number of involved lymph nodes, ECE+, presence of pelvic LN+
**Conclusion: Prognosis of metastases to groin is variable

*'''Roswell Park; 2000''' (1970-1996) {{PMID|10661355}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Nodal basin recurrence following lymph node dissection for melanoma: implications for adjuvant radiotherapy.&quot; (Lee RJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jan 15;46(2):467-74.)
**Retrospective. 338 patients with Stage III melanoma (H&amp;N 17%, axilla 47%, groin 36%). Clinically positive LN 75%, elective LND 25%.  No RT. Mean F/U 4.5 years
**Outcome: Overall 10-year nodal recurrence 30%. Mean time to recurrence 1 year. Risk of recurrence by site: cervical 43%, axilla 28%, inguinal 23% (SS). ECE 63% vs 23% (SS). Clinical LND 36% vs. elective LND 16%. By size &gt;6 cm 80% vs. 3-6cm 42% vs. &lt;3cm 24% (SS). By number 1-3 LN+ 25% vs. 4-10 LN+ 46% vs. &gt;10 LN+ 63%. No difference if adjuvant systemic therapy given
**Predictors: Number of nodes, elective vs therapeutic LND. If nodal basin failure, risk of DM 87% vs. 54%
**Conclusion: Significant risk of nodal failure, especially if cervical involvement, ECE+, &gt;3 LN+, clinically involved LN, or LN &gt;3 cm

*'''Utah; 1993''' (1978-1988) {{PMID|8377499}} -- &quot;Local control following therapeutic nodal dissection for melanoma.&quot; (Monsour PD, J Surg Oncol. 1993 Sep;54(1):18-22.)
**Retrospective. 48 patients, therapeutic LND (axilla 31%, groin 52%, neck 17%). Initial dissection in 15%, delayed dissection in 85%. 
**Outcome: Nodal relapse 52%. Only predictor age &gt;50 (31% vs. 66%). TTR shorter in ECE+ 5 months vs. ECE- 16 months
**Conclusion: High regional failure rate; further treatment should be considered

*'''U Pennsylvania; 1992''' {{PMID|1341268}} -- &quot;Loco-regional nodal relapse in melanoma.&quot; (Miller EJ, Surg Oncol. 1992 Oct;1(5):333-40.)
**Retrospective. 207 patients, NED after LND. Stratified into Group A (relapse within LND), Group B (regional relapse elsewhere), Group C (no relapse)
**Outcome: Prognostic factors: subungal/volar location, number of positive LN
**Conclusion: Prognostic factors describe subset of patients who could benefit from postoperative adjuvant therapy

*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering; 1992''' {{PMID|1365686}} -- &quot;Recurrence patterns and outcome in 1019 patients undergoing axillary or inguinal lymphadenectomy for melanoma.&quot; (Gadd MA, Arch Surg. 1992 Dec;127(12):1412-6.)
**Retrospective. 1019 patients with melanoma, axillary or inguinal LND
**Outcome: Recurrence in 40% (single site 72%, multipl sites 28%). Median OS if single site 11 months, if multiple sites 3 months. Nonvisceral recurrences 18 months vs. visceral recurrences 6 months. If surgical resection, median OS 15 months vs. 4 months
**Conclusion: Observations support selective resection

*'''Sydney Melanoma Unit; 1991''' (1960-1990) {{PMID|1951880}} -- &quot;Experience with 998 cutaneous melanomas of the head and neck over 30 years.&quot; (O'Brien CJ, Am J Surg. 1991 Oct;162(4):310-4.)
**Retrospective. 998 patients, cutaneous melanoma of H&amp;N (face 47%, neck 29%, scalp 14%, ear 10%) treated surgically. Superficial spreading 30%, nodular 28%, lentigo maligna melanoma 16%, other 26%. Therapeutic LND 15%, elective LND 23%
**Outcome: Overall recurrence rate 13%. Neck recurrence rate after LND 24%, parotid recurrence rate 14%. If pN+, recurrence rate 28%. 5-year DSS 77%, 10-year 66%
**Predictors: age, thickness, ulceration, anatomic site, LN+

*'''MD Anderson'''
**'''1986''' (1970-1979) {{PMID|3778208}} -- &quot;The role of modified neck dissection in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Byers RM, Arch Surg. 1986 Nov;121(11):1338-41.)
***Retrospective. 181 patients with melanoma of H&amp;N, modified neck dissection for suspected or proven melanoma. No RT. pN0 76%, 1 LN+ 11%, 2+ LN+ 13%
***Outcome: neck failure rate 16%; elective dissection &amp; N0 10%; elective dissection &amp;N+ 14% vs. therapeutic dissection &amp; N+ 50%
***Conclusion: Modified neck dissection appropriate
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2774907}} -- &quot;Patterns of relapse in 1001 consecutive patients with melanoma nodal metastases.&quot; (Calabro A, Arch Surg. 1989 Sep;124(9):1051-5.)
***Retrospective. 1001 patients, Stage III melanoma. 
***Outcome: Nodal relapse single LN+ 9%, no ECE 15%, multiple LN+ 15-33%, ECE 28%. 5-year OS 1 LN+ 45%, 2-4 LN+ 37%, 5-10 LN+ 20%, &gt;10 LN+ 5%, ECE+ 14%
***Conclusion: Higher relapse with more LN+, ECE+

*'''Institution?; 1986''' {{PMID|3790922}} -- &quot;Morbidity, mortality and local recurrence following regional node dissection for melanoma.&quot; (Bowsher WG, Br J Surg. 1986 Nov;73(11):906-8.)
**Retrospective. 86 patients, melanoma with regional LND (prophylactic 28%, therapeutic 72%)
**Outcome: Local recurrence cervical 33%
**Toxicity: Significant wound complications short term, infrequent long term

===Sentinel lymph node===
*For thin (&lt;=1 mm) melanoma, incidence of SLN+ is ~5%
*For intermediate (1-4 mm) melanoma, incidence of SLN+ is 15-20%
*For thick (&gt;4 mm) melanoma, incidence of SLN+ is 30-50%
*If sentinel node positive, there is ~20% chance of other positive lymph nodes 
*Impact of completion LND after SLNB+ is not clear; MSLT-II is ongoing and retrospective data suggest there may not be a difference in DFS
*Nodal basin recurrence rate after completion LND is 3-12% in modern series
*''Please see [[Radiation_Oncology/Anatomy#Skin_LN_drainage|anatomy]] for skin LN drainage heat maps''


*'''MSLT-II (Ongoing)'''
**'''Survival of SLNB-positive melanoma patients with and without complete lymph node dissection: A multicenter, randomized DECOG trial.''' Leiter, U. ASCO 2015 J Clin Oncol 33, 2015 (suppl; abstr LBA9002).
**No differences in 5-year RFS, DMFS, or OS (p=0.72, 0.76, 0.86, respectively).
**Final analysis planned 3 years after last patient accrued, approximately 2022.
*'''Multicenter Selective Lymphadenecomy Trial (MSLT-I)''' (1994-2002) -- SLNB vs. observation
**Randomized. 1,269 patients. Clinically localized primary cutaneous melanoma, wide local excision, intermediate Breslow thickness (1.2-3.5 mm). Arm 1) SLNB + LND if node positive vs. Arm 2) observation + LND if nodal relapse
**'''2006''' {{PMID|17005948}} -- &quot;Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma.&quot; (Morton DL, N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 28;355(13):1307-17.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: 5-year DFS SLNB 78% vs. observation 73% (SS), but this was predominately due to expected nodal relapse in the observation arm. 5-year DSS 87% vs. 87% (NS). LN+ SLNB 16% immediately vs. observation 5-year failure 16% (NS), however, higher LN+ burden in delayed arm SLNB 1.4 vs observation 3.3 (SS) indicating disease progression during observation
***SLN Status: 5-year DSS SLN- 90% vs. SLN+ 72% (SS). If LN+, 5-year DSS SLNB+ 72% vs. observation LN+ 52% (SS). If SLN+, 70% had only that LN+, 28% had 2-3 LN+, and 2% had 4+ LN+
***Conclusion: No overall survival difference. However, staging by SLNB can identify patients with LN+, whose survival is improved by immediate LND
**Lessons learned (from NCCN.org 2009 conference): Similar proportion will recur in regional node basin as that with positive SLN, status of SLN most powerful predictor of outcome in intermediate thickness melanoma, if SLN+ survival better if LNs removed immediately, but there is no improvement in disease-specific survival and thus SLNB is purely a staging procedure. Cost to find one SLN+ is ~$90,000 in intermediate-thickness melanoma


*'''Royal Marsen; 2008''' {{PMID|18097453}} -- &quot;Prognostic false-positivity of the sentinel node in melanoma.&quot; (Thomas JM, Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2008 Jan;5(1):18-23.)
**Review. Evidence that not all positive SLNs progress to clinical disease, resulting in incorrect upstaging
**Multiple comments, links available under {{PMID|18097453}}

===Completion Lymph Node Dissection===
*'''American College of Surgeons; 2008''' (2004-2005) {{PMID|18414952}} -- &quot;Complete lymph node dissection for sentinel node-positive melanoma: assessment of practice patterns in the United States.&quot; (Bilimoria KY, Ann Surg Oncol. 2008 Jun;15(6):1566-76. Epub 2008 Apr 15.)
**Population survey. 44,548 patients in National Cancer Data Base, Stage I-III melanoma. SLNB done in 39%; of these 17% SLNB+. 
**Outcome: Completion LND in 50%. Less likely to undergo CLND if &gt;75 years or lower extremity melanoma. Only 42% underwent CLND as a separate procedure (NCCN guideline). 69% had at least 10 LN examined (NCCN guideline)
**Conclusion: Only half of patients undergo completion LND; quality surveillance measures are needed

*'''Multi-Institutional; 2006''' {{PMID|16604476}} -- &quot;Melanoma patients with positive sentinel nodes who did not undergo completion lymphadenectomy: a multi-institutional study.&quot; (Wong SL, Ann Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun;13(6):809-16. Epub 2006 Apr 12.)
**Retrospective. 134 patients with SLN+ without completion LND (patient refusal 49%, patient/physician decision 48%). Median thickness 2.6 mm, 33% ulcerated. Compared with reference 164 patients treated at MSKCC who underwent CLND. Median F/U 20 months &amp; 30 months
**Outcome: Nodal recurrence as component of first recurrence 15% (similar to expected non-SLN rate in patients with SLN+). TTF 11 months. Nodal recurrence-free survival CLND- 80% vs. MSKCC CLND+ 88% (p=0.07), and similar DSS (NS)
**Conclusion: Outcome in SLN+ patients who did not undergo completion LND was comparable to matched patients with completion LND

*'''John Wayne Cancer Institute, California; 2004''' {{PMID|15365064}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Factors predictive of tumor-positive nonsentinel lymph nodes after tumor-positive sentinel lymph node dissection for melanoma.&quot; (Lee JH, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Sep 15;22(18):3677-84.)
**Retrospective. 191 patients, SLNB positive and followed by completion LND
**Outcome: Non-SLN+ in 24%. Predictors: Breslow thickness (&gt;=3 mm), SLN size (&gt;=2 mm)
**Model: If 0 risk factors, 12%; if 1 risk factor, 31%; if both risk factors, 42%
**Conclusion: Thicker primary and larger SLN correlate with non-SLN lymph nodes

==RT to regional lymphatics==
*Administration of adjuvant RT to regional lymphatics remains controversial
*Risk of relapse after lymph node dissection is 15-20%, but may be as high as 30-50% with certain high risk factors
*One randomized trial using substandard technique in the mid 1970's showed no benefit. Two further randomized trials in the U.S. were closed due to non-accrual (RTOG 93-02 and ECOG 3697). In Australia/New Zealand, TROG 02.01 has completed and showed improvement in regional control but not OS or RFS (see below).
*While it appears that adjuvant RT improves regional control, it has no impact on survival. On the other hand, a regional recurrence can be significantly morbid
*Based on multiple surgical series (see above) and retrospective institutional reviews, for now it is probably reasonable to at least discuss adjuvant RT with the following patient subsets:
**Extracapsular extension
**Multiple (&gt;2-4) involved lymph nodes (fewer needed in cervical regions, more in groin regions)
**Large lymph nodes (&gt;=3 cm)
**Recurrent disease after prior complete lymph node dissection


===Randomized===
*'''ANZMTG 1-02 / TROG 02.01 (Australia / New Zealand)''' (2002-2007) -- Observation vs Adjuvant RT
**Randomized. 217 patients, 16 centers. High risk patients: One nodal basin, completely resected. Significant risk for relapse defined as parotid &gt;= 1 LN+, or axilla &gt;= 2 LN+, or groin &gt;=3 LN+, or ECE+, or LN size neck &gt;= 3cm or axilla/groin &gt;= 4cm. RT to nodal basin 48 Gy/20 fx. Relapses in OBS arm could be offered RT. Primary endpoint regional relapse.
**'''2015''' {{PMID|26206146}} -- &quot;Adjuvant lymph-node field radiotherapy versus observation only in patients with melanoma at high risk of further lymph-node field relapse after lymphadenectomy (ANZMTG 01.02/TROG 02.01): 6-year follow-up of a phase 3, randomised controlled trial.&quot; (Henderson MA, Lancet Oncol 2015 Sep;16(9):1049-60.) Median F/U 73 monoths
***Outcome: No improvement in OS (HR: HR 1·27 [95% CI 0·89–1·79], p=0·21) or RFS (HR: 0·89 [0·65–1·22], p=0·51).
***Toxicity: 22% G3-4, predominately skin/subcutaneous. 15% increase in limb volume vs observation (8%) over 5 years, SS.
***Conclusion: Adjuvant RT does not improve survival or recurrence free survival.

**'''2012''' {{PMID|22575589}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy versus observation alone for patients at risk of lymph-node field relapse after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for melanoma: a randomised trial&quot; (Burmeister BH, Lancet Oncol 2012 Jun;13(6):589-97.) Median F/U 40 months
***Outcome: LN field failure improved with XRT (HR 0.56, SS). Both RFS and OS unaffected by nodal XRT.
***Conclusion: Adjuvant RT improves regional control, but no impact on survival

*'''RTOG 9302''' (1993-1997) -- Lymphadenectomy +/- RT
**Randomized. ''Stopped due to non-accrual''. [http://www.rtog.org/members/protocols/93-02/93-02.pdf Protocol] Lymphadenectomy, positive cervical LNs. Arm 1) adjuvant RT 30/5 vs. Arm 2) observation

*'''Mayo Clinic''' (1972-1977) -- Lymphadenectomy +/- RT
**Randomized. 56 patients. Lymphadenectomy with LN+; primary on trunk, extremities, or unknown. RT supervoltage, 50/28 split-course with 3-4 week after 25 Gy
**'''1978''' {{PMID|363255}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiation therapy for regional nodal metastases from malignant melanoma: a randomized, prospective study.&quot; (Creagan ET, Cancer. 1978 Nov;42(5):2206-10.)
***Outcome: No difference for DFS, or OS
***Conclusion: Radiation made no substantial contribution to results
**Comment: Substandard split-course regimen

===General===
*'''MDACC &amp; Roswell Park; 2009''' (1983-2003) {{PMID|19701906}} -- &quot;The benefits of adjuvant radiation therapy after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for clinically advanced, high-risk, lymph node-metastatic melanoma.&quot; Agrawal S, Cancer.  2009 Dec 15;115(24):5836-44.
**Comparison of 106 Roswell Park pts meeting Ballo criteria (see below), where RT was not delivered, vs 509 MDACC pts who received adjuvant RT after TL if meeting Ballo criteria (30 Gy, 5 fx's over 2.5 weeks).
**Regional recurrence 10% in RT group vs 40% in TL alone group (SS).
**Distant recurrence (55% vs 74%) (SS) and disease-specific survival (30% vs 51%) (SS) improved in RT group
**Conclusion: Adjuvant RT associated w/ improved LC and may impact DSS.

*'''TROG 96.06''' 
**Phase II. 234 patients, melanoma involving regional lymph nodes or extranodal soft tissues in the basin, with high risk for recurrence (&gt;1 LN+, ENE+, recurrence after prior LND, or tumor spill at time of surgery). Adjuvant RT 48/20. Systemic therapy during RT permitted but discouraged
**'''2002''' {{PMID|12028092}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy following nodal surgery for melanoma: an analysis of late toxicity.&quot; (Burmeister BH, ANZ J Surg. 2002 May;72(5):344-8.)
***Interim report. 130 patients
***Late toxicity: Acceptable
***Conclusion: RT regimen used could form basis of a randomized trial
**'''2006''' {{PMID|17064803}} -- &quot;A prospective phase II study of adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy following nodal surgery in malignant melanoma-Trans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG) Study 96.06.&quot; (Burmeister BH, Radiother Oncol. 2006 Nov;81(2):136-42. Epub 2006 Oct 24.)
***Outcome: First relapse regionally 7%. 5-year regional control 91%. 5-year PFS 27%, OS 36%. If &gt;2 LN+, significantly worse DMFS, PFS, OS
***Regional control subsets: Known primary 90% vs. unknown primary 89% (NS). H&amp;N 90% vs. axilla 88% vs. ilio-inguinal 93% (NS); 1-2 LN+ 89% vs &gt;2 LN+ 93% (NS); ECE- 90% vs. ECE+ 89% (NS); 1 operation 91% vs. &gt;1 operation 79% (NS)
***Late Toxicity: Grade 3 lymphedema axilla 9% vs. groin 19%; no Grade 4
***Conclusion: Adjuvant RT after nodal surgery could offer benefit in terms of regional control

*'''University of Florida; 2006''' (1980-2004) {{PMID|16973303}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy for cutaneous melanoma: comparing hypofractionation to conventional fractionation.&quot; (Chang DT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4):1051-5. Epub 2006 Sep 12.)
**Retrospective. 56 patients (H&amp;N 87%), high risk disease (recurrent 52%, cervical LNs, lymph nodes &gt;3cm, &gt;3 LN+, ECE, gross residual disease, close/positive SM, satellitosis), treated with adjuvant RT. Hypofractionated RT 30/5 (73%) or conventional with median dose 60/30 (27%). Median F/U 4.4 years
**Outcome: 5-year LRC 87%, CSS 57%, OS 46%. No difference between schedules (p=0.97) for any endpoint. In-field failure worse with satellitosis (SS)
**Toxicity: late toxicity 4% (1 osteoradionecrosis of external auditory canal, 1 radiation plexopathy), both in hypofractionated regimens
**Conclusion: Hypofractionation and conventional fractionation equally efficacious

*'''M.D.Anderson; 2006''' (1983-2003) {{PMID|16182463}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Combined-modality therapy for patients with regional nodal metastases from melanoma.&quot; (Ballo MT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jan 1;64(1):106-13.) 
**Retrospective. 466 patients, nodal mets from melanoma, managed with LND + adjuvant RT. Therapeutic LND in 93%. Systemic therapy in 33%. Median F/U 4.2 years
**Outcome: 5-year regional control 89%, DFS 42%, DMFS 44%, DSS 49%. No predictors of worse regional control. Predictors for DSS number of LN, ulceration
**Toxicity: Grade 2 in 16%, Grade 3 &lt;1%. 10-year symptomatic lymphedema 11%, worse with groin LN (27%)
**Conclusion: Regional disease can be controlled with LND+RT, but risk of DM and melanoma death remains high
**Refined indications: 
***For most patients: ECE+, LN &gt;=3 cm, 4+ LN+, recurrent disease
***For cervical patients: ECE+, smaller LNs, fewer LNs, recurrent disease
***For groin patients: 2 of the high-risk features
***For &gt;10 LN+: 2 of the high-risk features, given their risk of systemic disease is very high

*'''Munster/Tubingen, Germany; 2001''' (1980-1988) {{PMID|11167684}} -- &quot;Should adjuvant radiotherapy be recommended following resection of regional lymph node metastases of malignant melanomas?&quot; (Fuhrmann D, Br J Dermatol. 2001 Jan;144(1):66-70.)
**Retrospective. 116 patients with Stage III melanoma (58 patients from one center who underwent adjuvant RT compared with 58 controls from another center who did not; matched on number of lymph nodes and gender). RT variable, typically 50-65 Gy, in 2-3.8 Gy/fx
**Outcome: Regional recurrence RT 15% vs. no RT 28% (NS). OS RT 17% vs. control 26% (NS). Regional mets usually accompanied by distant mets
**Conclusion: Present study doesn't support adjuvant RT

*'''New York University; 2001''' (1993-1999) {{PMID|11769862}} -- &quot;Elective radiation therapy for high-risk malignant melanomas.&quot; (Cooper JS, Cancer J. 2001 Nov-Dec;7(6):498-502.)
**Retrospective. 40 patients, surgery, adjuvant RT for high risk melanoma. High risk criteria: primary &gt;4mm thick (10%), close/involved SM+ (22%), multiple involved LNs (52%), ECE (15%), recurrent disease in resected region (7%). RT 30/5 or 36/6. Median F/U 1.5 years
**Outcome: 5-year LRC 84%. 5-year OS 39%
**Toxicity: skin erythema acutely, no late sequelae
**Conclusion: Elective RT effectively controlled residual subclinical disease, but better adjuvant therapy necessary

*'''Sydney Melanoma Unit; 2000''' (1989-1998) {{PMID|10618610}} -- &quot;Locally advanced melanoma: results of postoperative hypofractionated radiation therapy.&quot; (Stevens G, Cancer. 2000 Jan 1;88(1):88-94.)
**Retrospective. 174 patients, Stage I-III melanoma, treated with surgery and adjuvant RT. typically for SM+ or high risk lymph node disease. Primary site 20%, lymph nodes 80%. Dose 30-36 Gy in 5-7 fractions BIW
**Outcome: In-field recurrence 11%. Median DSS 2 years, 5-year OS 41%. Decreased survival predicted by in-field recurrence
**Toxicity: symptomatic arm lymphedema 58%
**Conclusion: Locoregional control remains an important goal; postop RT effective in reducing local recurrence compared to surgical data

*'''Oregon; 2000''' (1992-1999) {{PMID|11034246}} -- &quot;Prevention of local recurrence after surgical debulking of nodal and subcutaneous melanoma deposits by hypofractionated radiation.&quot; (Morris KT, Ann Surg Oncol. 2000 Oct;7(9):680-4.)
**Retrospective. 41 patients (neck 64%, axilla 22%), bulky melanoma deposits treated with surgery + postop RT. RT 30/5 BIW. Untreated cohort comparison (n=21). Mean F/U 1.9 years
**Outcome: In-field recurrence rate 5%. Untreated cohort LR 19% (p=0.06)
**Toxicity: minimal
**Conclusion: Addition of RT is a well-tolerated method of providing excellent local control

*'''Peter MacCallum Institute, Australia; 1999''' (1985-95) - {{PMID|10421540}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Nodal radiation therapy for metastatic melanoma.&quot; (Corry J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Jul 15;44(5):1065-9.)
**Retrospective. 113 patients. 42 no residual disease after surgery (adjuvant group); 71 pts palliative (63 macroscopic disease after surgery, 8 no surgery). Adjuvant RT 50/25 or 60/30. Palliative RT 30/6, 50/25, or 60/30
***Adjuvant group: nodal failure 22%. 5-yr OS 33%.
***Palliative group: Clinical CR in 23%, 68% with symptomatic response. 5-yr OS 8%. 68% failed first in nodes.
**Conclusion: Recommend postop RT for patients at high risk of regional recurrence (multiple nodes, ECE, or recurrent nodal disease)

*'''Queensland Radium Institute, Australia; 1995''' (1989-1993) {{PMID|7638990}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy for nodal disease in malignant melanoma.&quot; (Burmeister BH, World J Surg. 1995 May-Jun;19(3):369-71.)
**Retrospective. 57 patients, isolated resectable and nonresectable nodal disease treated with RT. Variety of RT schedules. Median F/U 15 months
**Outcome: Response rate 84%. Regional relapse 12%, but none in absence of distant mets. Median OS 1.6 years.
**Conclusion: Need for additional studies, but definitive role for RT in patients with bulky inoperable disease

*'''Princess Margaret; 1983''' (1975-1980) {{PMID|6185198}} -- &quot;0-7-21 radiotherapy in nodular melanoma.&quot; (Johanson CR, Cancer. 1983 Jan 15;51(2):226-32.)
**Retrospective. 54 patients, nodular melanoma. Three clinical subsets: R1 surgery (41%), R2 surgery (17%), and recurrent (43%), vast majority in lymph nodes. RT 24/3 on day 0, day 7, and day 21
**Outcome: local control R1 group 82%, R2 group 78%, and recurrent group 39%
**Complications: 6%
**Conclusion: Nodular melanoma not radioresistant, and large dose per fraction produces high response rate

===Cervical nodes===
*'''Sydney Melanoma Unit''' 
**'''2008''' (1990-2004) {{PMID|18958539}} -- &quot;Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy to the cervical lymph nodes in cutaneous melanoma: is there any benefit for high-risk patients?&quot; (Moncrieff MD, Ann Surg Oncol. 2008 Nov;15(11):3022-7. Epub 2008 Oct 30.)
***Retrospective. 716 patients, cervical LN surgery. High risk disease offered RT (n=129).
***Outcome: RT did not improve regional control
***Conclusion: No evidence to support use of adjuvant RT for high-risk melanoma
**'''1997''' (1987-1995) {{PMID|9323147}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy following neck dissection and parotidectomy for metastatic malignant melanoma.&quot; (O'Brien CJ, Head Neck. 1997 Oct;19(7):589-94.)
***Retrospective. 143 patients with metastatic melanoma to cervical LNs or parotid, 152 dissected necks/parotids. Adjuvant RT 33/6 given in 32%.
***Outcome: Regional recurrence RT group 6% vs. no RT group 19% (p=0.055). Irradiated group more extensive nodal involvement (2+ LN 65% vs 40%, ECE 48% vs 19%). By multivariate analysis, RT trend to regional control (p=0.06), no impact on OS
***Conclusion: Adjuvant RT trend to improved regional control

*'''MD Anderson''' 
**'''RT replacing LND; 2005''' (1983-2003) {{PMID|15952196}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Melanoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes: Can radiotherapy replace formal dissection after local excision of nodal disease?&quot; (Ballo MT, Head Neck. 2005 Aug;27(8):718-21.)
***Retrospective. 36 patients, with surgical excision of parotid or cervical LN met (median 1 LN removed), no completion LND. Initial presentation (56%) or recurrence but no prior LND (44%). Treated with RT 30/5 to primary, excised nodal area, and undissected ipsilateral neck. Median F/U 5.3 years
***Outcome: 5-year regional control 93%, failures in-field. 5-year DFS 59%, DMFS 59%
***Toxicity: 5-year late toxicity 8%
***Conclusion: Select patients may receive RT to regional lymphatics instead of completion LND
**'''Elective nodes; 2004''' (1983-1998) {{PMID|14716775}} -- &quot;Elective radiotherapy provides regional control for patients with cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Bonnen MD, Cancer. 2004 Jan 15;100(2):383-9.) 
***Retrospective. 157 patients, Stage I-II cutaneous melanoma of H&amp;N, WLE + elective nodal irradiation. No SLNB or elective LND. RT given to primary tumor, ipsilateral draining LNs, and SCV fossa. RT dose 30/5 BIW as below. Patients with midline lesions generally observed. Median F/U 5.7 years
***Outcome: LR 6%, regional recurrence 10%, DM 36%. Both 5-year and 10-year regional control 89%, DSS 68% and 58%. Median TTF 17 months. Based on SLNB data, estimated that 33-40 patients had LN+, but only saw 15 LN recurrences
***Predictors: LRC: Breslow thickness &lt;=2 mm 92% vs. &gt;2 mm 82% (p=0.05). Breslow thickness also predictor for DSS and DM rate
***Toxicity: 10-year late toxicity 6%
***Conclusion: Safety and efficacy of elective regional RT confirmed, may serve as alternative to SLNB 
**'''Involved nodes; 2003''' (1983-1998) {{PMID|12655537}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant irradiation for cervical lymph node metastases from melanoma.&quot; (Ballo MT, Cancer. 2003 Apr 1;97(7):1789-96.) 
***Retrospective. 160 patients, involved cervical nodes (93% palpable), either at diagnosis (44%) or recurrent (56%). Median time to LN recurrence 13 months. Treated with surgery (neck dissection or local excision) and adjuvant RT 30/5. Most referred for RT due to ECE (49%), multiple &gt;=4 LN+ (26%), large &gt;3cm LN (21%), or recurrent neck disease after initial dissection (6%); 27% had no risk factors. RT given to primary site, ipsilateral lymphatics including SCV fossa. Median F/U 6.5 years
***Outcome: 10-year LC 94%, RC 94%, LRC 91%, DSS 48%, DMFS 43%, DFS 42%, OS 39%
***Predictors: No predictors for LRC
***Toxicity: 5-year 10%, but no Grade 3+
***Conclusion: Adjuvant RT excellent LRC. Authors recommend for ECE, LN &gt;3cm, multiple LNs, recurrent disease, or selective neck dissection
**'''Phase II; 1994''' (1983-1992) - {{PMID|7960981}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Postoperative radiotherapy for cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck region.&quot; (Ang KK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Nov 15;30(4):795-8.)
***Phase II. 174 patients. Three groups with projected LR rate ~50%: Group A (n=79) wide local excision and elective neck RT if depth &gt;= 1.5 mm or Clark's level IV-V. Group B (n=32) wide local excision, limited neck dissection, and adjuvant neck RT. Group C (n=63) neck dissection for nodal relapse, followed by salvage RT. RT given 30/5, prescribed at Dmax, BIW. Median F/U 2.9 years
***Outcome: 5-year LRC 88%, 5-year OS 47%. No predictors for LRC after RT. Predictors for survival were thickness &lt;1.5 mm 100% vs 1.5-4.0 mm 72% vs &gt;4 mm 30%; 1-3 LN+ 39% vs. 4+ LN+ 23%
***Toxicity: Acute tolerance excellent, late fibrosis in 3 patients
***Conclusion: Hypofractionated regimen safe, and more effective than historical controls
**'''Phase II; 1990''' (1983-1988) {{PMID|2297407}} -- &quot;Regional radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment for head and neck malignant melanoma. Preliminary results.&quot; (Ang KK, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990 Feb;116(2):169-72.)
***Phase II. 83 patients, high risk melanoma of head &amp; neck (primary thicker &gt;1.5mm or palpable LNs). RT 24/4 or 30/5
***Outcome: 2-year LRC Group A 95%, Group B 90%, and Group C 83%. 2-year OS 80%, 71%, and 69%. Majority of failures DM
***Toxicity: Minimal

===Axillary nodes===
*'''MD Anderson'''
**'''2009''' (1984-2005) {{PMID|18774657}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy field extent for adjuvant treatment of axillary metastases from malignant melanoma.&quot; (Beadle BM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Apr 1;73(5):1376-82. Epub 2008 Sep 5.)
***Retrospective. 200 patients, mucosal melanoma, Level I-III dissection, postop RT if high risk disease (typically LN size &gt;=3 cm in 69%, &gt;= 4 LN+ in 45%, ECE in 83%, recurrent disease after initial LND in 18%). RT 30/5 BIW to axilla only 48%, or axilla + SCV 52%. Median F/U 4.9 years
***Outcome: 5-year axilla control 88% (no difference between axilla RT 89% vs axilla + SCV RT 86%). 5-year DMFS 46%, DFS 43%, OS 51%
***Toxicity: No Grade 3 toxicity; Grade 1 14%, Grade 2 18%. Treatment with axilla + SCV fields associated with higher toxicity
***Conclusion: Adjuvant axilla RT effective for local control; axillary fields sufficient with lower toxicity
**'''2002''' - {{PMID|11958890}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant irradiation for axillary metastases from malignant melanoma.&quot; Ballo MT et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Mar 15;52(4):964-72. 
***Retrospective. 89 patients, high risk features (LN or axillary mass &gt;=3cm, &gt;=4 positive LNs, ECE+, recurrent disease). RT dose 30/5 twice weekly. Portal included axillary and SCLV. Systemic therapy in 51 patients. Median F/U 5.2
***Outcome: 5-yr axillary control 87%, OS 50%, DFS 46%, DM free 49%. Poor axillary control for nodes &gt; 6 cm. 
***Toxicity: 30% developed treatment-related arm edema (Grade 2 or higher in 19%). 
***Conclusion: Improved axillary control with RT compared to surgery alone (expected rate of control 50-70%).

===Inguinal nodes===
*'''MD Anderson; 2004''' {{PMID|15576833}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A critical assessment of adjuvant radiotherapy for inguinal lymph node metastases from melanoma.&quot; (Ballo MT, Ann Surg Oncol. 2004 Dec;11(12):1079-84.)
**Retrospective. 40 patients, inguinal/pelvic mets, treated with RT. Indications for RT: ECE+, LN &gt;=3 cm, &gt;=4 LN+, LN recurrence. RT dose 30/5 BIW. Median F/U 1.9 years
**Outcome: 3 year regional control 74% (78% of recurrences were dermal lymphatics). DM free 35%, OS 38%. 
**Toxicity: Lymphedema 37%; was present before RT in 17%
**Conclusion: RT may prevent nodal disease, but in-field dermal recurrences occur</text>
      <sha1>lmhmg699i21f3g2i6rgrmcfhgz4mmrr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Mucosal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673350</id>
      <parentid>2607219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:09:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6465" sha1="i8o9301lzjw2qro3a88ohjt05xs20wv" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Mucosal Melanoma'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*Rare, approximately 1% of all melanoma
**H&amp;N sites ~50% of mucosal melanomas, anus/rectum ~25%, female genitalia ~20%
*No risk factors have been substantiated
*Staging
**AJCC 7th ed (2010) established staging system (no AJCC staging previously)
**Ballantyne staging (1970) for H&amp;N locations
***Stage I: disease confined to the primary site (~75%)
***Stage II: regional lymph node metastasis (~18%)
***Stage III: distant metastasis (~7%)
*Surgery with negative margins should be primary approach
*Role of RT is unclear; there appears to be benefit in terms of local control, though impact on survival is unclear
*Survival is poor:
**5-year OS nasal melanoma ~30%, oral melanoma ~10%, paranasal sinuses 0%
**5-year OS LN- 30% vs. LN+ 20%
*Fractionation schedule is also not well established. Based on radiobiology, hypofractionated regimens may be reasonable, but may be difficult to tolerate in H&amp;N regions


==General==
*'''Princess Margaret; 1982''' {{PMID|6181042}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy for mucosal melanomas.&quot; (Harwood AR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1982 Jul;8(7):1121-6.)
**Retrospective. 18 patients (H&amp;N 12, anorectal 6). Literature review for combined 25 patients
**Outcome: local control 44%; if failed to respond to RT, rapid death. Local control &gt;=4 Gy/fx 86% vs. &lt;4 Gy/fx 28%
**Conclusion: For H&amp;N, consider as primary treatment. For anorectal and vaginal, treatment palliative and should be considered alternative to radical surgery

==Head &amp; Neck==
*'''University of Florida; 2008''' (1974-2005) {{PMID|18376227}} -- &quot;Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Wagner M, Am J Clin Oncol. 2008 Feb;31(1):43-8.)
**Retrospective. 17 patients with primary H&amp;N mucosal melanoma treated with RT. 13 patients surgery + RT, 4 definitive RT.
**Outcome: LC surgery+RT 100% vs. definitive RT 25%. Regional control neck RT 89% vs. no RT 75% (NS); all 3 patients with neck mets treated with surgery + neck dissection + RT and all died within 6 months. 1-year/5-year LC 79%/79%, RC 83%/83%, LRC 63%/63%, DMFS 29%/24%, OS 53%/28%
**Fractionation: no difference between QD and BID
**Conclusion: Locoregional control relative high, but most patients fail in distant sites. Approximately quarter cured at 5 years

*'''Colorado; 2003''' (1985-1998) {{PMID|12925346}} -- &quot;The role of postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy in the treatment of mucosal melanomas of the head and neck region.&quot; (Owens JM, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Aug;129(8):864-8.)
**Retrospective. 48 patients, mucosal melanoma of H&amp;N. Surgery alone 42%
**Outcome: LRC surgery alone 55%, surgery + RT 83%; DM 50% vs 46%; 5-year OS 45% vs 29%
**Conclusion: Addition of RT decreased rate of local failure, but didn't impact survival because of high rate of distant mets

*'''Institut Gustave-Roussy; 2005''' (France)(1979-1999) {{PMID|15578718}} -- &quot;Postoperative radiotherapy for primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Temam S, Cancer. 2005 Jan 15;103(2):313-9.)
**Retrospective. 69 patients, primary H&amp;N mucosal melanoma (67% sinonasal, 28% oral). Surgery alone 43%, surgery + RT 57%
**Outcome: LR 54%, DM 68%. 2-year OS 47%, 5-year OS 20%
**Conclusion: Prognosis was poor; high rate of distant mets and low rate of local control. Post-op RT improved local control even for small tumors

*'''UCLA''' 
**'''1995''' {{PMID|7782202}} -- &quot;Mucosal melanoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.&quot; (Kingdom TT, Head Neck. 1995 May-Jun;17(3):184-9.)
***Retrospective. 13 patients, surgery alone 8 and surgery + RT 7. 
***Outcome: 2-year OS 67%, 5-year OS 20%. LR 85%, DM 31%
***Conclusion: Those with postop RT appeared to do better with prolonged DFS and OS
**'''1994''' (1955-1991) {{PMID|8302112}} -- &quot;Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: the impact of local control on survival.&quot; (Lee SP, Laryngoscope. 1994 Feb;104(2):121-6.)
***Retrospective. 35 patients, mucosal melanoma H&amp;N. Primary therapy radical surgery 43%, local resection (31%), RT (17%), and systemic therapy (6%). 
***Outcome: Local recurrence 80%. Local salvage in 24%. Patients with local control significantly longer survival
***Conclusion: Aggressive local therapy should be initiated at presentation

*'''Yale; 1976''' {{PMID|1000466}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy of malignant melanoma: experience with high individual treatment doses.&quot; (Habermalz HJ, Cancer. 1976 Dec;38(6):2258-62.)
**Retrospective. 54 melanoma lesions, 3 mucosal melanoma. 1 patient treated with 42/7, with local recurrence at 1 months. 1 patient treated with 48/8, with CR for at least 18 months. 1 patient with 66/11, CR at 8 months
**Conclusion: Preliminary results, but RT may play a useful role

==Review==
*'''Multi-Institutional, Italy; 2008''' {{PMID|17822915}} -- &quot;What is the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of mucosal melanoma of the head and neck?&quot; (Krengli M, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008 Feb;65(2):121-8. Epub 2007 Sep 5.)
**What is known: 1) Surgery continues to play a major role in the treatment strategy, 2) Radiotherapy might improve local control after non-radical resection, 3) Radiotherapy is the most effective treatment modality for unresectable disease 
**What is unclear: 1) Indications for radiotherapy after complete resection, 2) Elective nodal irradiation, 3) Total dose, 4) Fractionation, 5) Use of high LET radiation, 6) Use of chemotherapy and possibly new target therapy in adjuvant setting 

*'''UCSD; 1997''' {{PMID|9338460}} -- &quot;Malignant mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: review of the literature and report of 14 patients.&quot; (Manolidis S, Cancer. 1997 Oct 15;80(8):1373-86.)
**Review of 14 cases, and review of literature &gt;1000 cases

*'''Moffitt Cancer Center; 1993''' {{PMID|8516612}} -- &quot;Role of radiotherapy in the primary management of mucosal melanoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Trotti A, Semin Surg Oncol. 1993 May-Jun;9(3):246-50.)

==Carbon Ion==
*'''Chiba; 2008''' (1994-2004) {{PMID|19046826}} -- &quot;Mucosal Malignant Melanoma of the Head and Neck Treated by Carbon Ion Radiotherapy.&quot; (Yanagi T, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Nov 27. [Epub ahead of print])
**Prospective. 72 patients, mucosal melanoma of H&amp;N. Dose 52.8 - 64 GyE in 16 fxs. Median F/U 4.1 years
**Outcome: 5-year LC 84%, DSS 40%, OS 27%. Tumor volume (&gt;=100 ml) most significant prognostic predictor
**Toxicity: No late Grade 3 toxicity
**Conclusion: Carbon ion RT safe and effective for mucosal melanoma. Overall survival comparable to surgery</text>
      <sha1>i8o9301lzjw2qro3a88ohjt05xs20wv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Unknown Primary</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>179146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673361</id>
      <parentid>1374589</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:30:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2386" sha1="0gsdf3dqvigi2jbx2eksqa83smzpihu" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


'''Melanoma From an Unknown Primary (MUP)'''
*No primary lesion is identified in up to 20% of pts presenting w/ palpable evidence of regional metastatic melanoma.
*Proposed causes include: 
**Failure to recognize a primary lesion during clinical examination
**Prior removal of the primary lesion during traumatic injury or by excision w/o pathologic diagnosis
**de novo malignant transformation of ectopic nodal melanocyte (s)
**Spontaneous regression of the primary lesion.


*'''John Wayne Cancer Institute, CA; 2008''' (1971-2005) {{PMID|18235114}} -- &quot;Improved survival after lymphadenectomy for nodal metastasis from an unknown primary melanoma.&quot; (Lee CC, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Feb 1;26(4):535-41.)
**Retrospective. 1, 571 patients (262 had MUP; 1,309 had MKP) who underwent regional lymphadenectomy for nodal melanoma. No evidence of distant metastatic disease (brain &amp; body imaging available at time of diagnosis). Subjects w/o apparent primary melanoma underwent cutaneous, ophthalmologic and anogenital examination. 181 (82%) MKP and 174 (71%) MUP received adjuvant therapy. Majority were male (66%), less than age 60 (73%), and had axillary site of nodal metastasis (66%). 22% had neck nodal metastasis. Similar distribution of age, sex, # of involved nodes &amp; decade of diagnosis between groups. Median F/U 77 mo
**Outcome:
{| border=1
  |+ Survival
|-
  !
  ! Median Survival
  ! 5yr OS
  ! DFS
  ! 5yr DFS
|-
  | '''MUP'''	
  | 165 mo
  | 58% +/- 7%	
  | 34 mo
  | 47% +/-  7%
|-
  | '''MKP'''	
  | 35 mo (p=0.006)	
  | 40% +/-7%	
  | 19 mo (p=0.066)
  | 35% +/- 7%
|}
**Conclusion: Lymphadenectomy effective. Significantly better postop OS for MUP vs MKP suggests strong endogenous immune response

*'''MD Anderson; 2006''' (1990-2001) {{PMID|16568458}} -- &quot;Metastatic melanoma to lymph nodes in patients with unknown primary sites.&quot; (Cormier JN, Cancer. 2006 May 1;106(9):2012-20.)
**Retrospective. 71 patients with MUP and control 466 patients with regional LN mets and known primary. N1b 47%, N2b 14%, N3 39%. Median F/U 7.7 years
**Outcome: 5-year OS MUP 55% vs. MKP 42%; 10-year OS 44% vs. 32% (SS)
**Adverse predictors: &gt;50 years, male, N2b/N3 status. MUP favorable prognostic factors (HR 0.6, SS)
**Conclusion: Relatively favorable long-term survival compared to Stage III disease, and should be considered for Stage III adjuvant protocols</text>
      <sha1>0gsdf3dqvigi2jbx2eksqa83smzpihu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Radiobiology</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673355</id>
      <parentid>1448673</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:24:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673355</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3939" sha1="jfkv0leoy6nzozqsw83vm1x776jxfrv" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Radiobiology for Malignant Melanoma'''&lt;/big&gt;


*Majority of retrospective data suggests that large fractional doses result in better outcomes than small fractional doses
*Two randomized trials were performed. Dutch trial compared large fractional doses (9 Gy vs. 5 Gy) and found no difference. RTOG compared large vs smaller fractional doses (8 Gy vs 2.5 Gy) and similarly found no difference
*Best conclusion that can be drawn is that at least 2.5 Gy/fx should be used


'''''Randomized'''''
*'''RTOG 83-05''' (1984-1988) -- RT 32/4 vs. RT 50/20
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped prematurely due to no difference between arms.'' 126 patients, with measurable lesions. Arm 1) RT 32/4 vs. Arm 2) RT 50/20
**'''1991''' {{PMID|1995527}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Fraction size in external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of melanoma.&quot; (Sause WT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Mar;20(3):429-32.)
***Outcome: CR hypofractionated 24% vs. standard 23% (NS); PR 35% vs. 34% (NS)
***Conclusion: No difference between arms

*'''Denmark''' -- RT 27/3 vs. RT 40/8
**'''1985''' {{PMID|4044346}} -- &quot;A randomized study comparing two high-dose per fraction radiation schedules in recurrent or metastatic malignant melanoma.&quot; (Overgaard J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985 Oct;11(10):1837-9.)
**Randomized. 35 tumors, 14 patients, metastatic or recurrent malignant melanoma. Arm 1) RT 27/3 vs Arm 2) RT 40/8
***Outcome: No difference
***Toxicity: Comparable and acceptable
***No difference between 9 Gy/fx and 5 Gy/fx


'''''Retrospective'''''
*'''University of Florida; 2006''' (1980-2004) {{PMID|16973303}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy for cutaneous melanoma: comparing hypofractionation to conventional fractionation.&quot; (Chang DT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4):1051-5. Epub 2006 Sep 12.)
**Retrospective. 56 patients (H&amp;N 87%), high risk disease (recurrent 52%, cervical LNs, lymph nodes &gt;3cm, &gt;3 LN+, ECE, gross residual disease, close/positive SM, satellitosis), treated with adjuvant RT. Hypofractionated RT 30/5 (73%) or conventional with median dose 60/30 (27%). Median F/U 4.4 years
**Outcome: 5-year LRC 87%, CSS 57%, OS 46%. No difference between schedules (p=0.97) for any endpoint
**Toxicity: late toxicity 4% (1 osteoradionecrosis of external auditory canal, 1 radiation plexopathy), both in hypofractionated regimens
**Conclusion: Hypofractionation and conventional fractionation equally efficacious. Bias for hypofractionation in absence of contraindications

*Konefal et al, 1987 - {{PMID|3112864}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Malignant melanoma: analysis of dose fractionation in radiation therapy.&quot; Konefal JB et al. Radiology. 1987 Sep;164(3):607-10.
**Retrospective. 67 pts with skin lesions or nodal mets. Various dose schedules. 
**For fraction size &gt; 5 Gy, 50% CR, vs 9% for &lt; 5 Gy/fx.  Local control @ 1 yr 25% vs 7%.

*'''1986: Overgaard''' - {{PMID|2424880}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The role of radiotherapy in recurrent and metastatic malignant melanoma: a clinical radiobiological study.&quot; Overgaard J et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1986 Jun;12(6):867-72.
**Analysis of total dose, dose per fraction, treatment time. 618 lesions. 
**CR in 48% (sustained in 87% at 5 yrs). Correlation with high dose per fraction with response (59% CR for &gt;4 Gy vs. 33% &lt;= 4 Gy). Total dose, treatment time, and NSD did not correlate with response. 
**Calculated isoeffect formula for dose and volume. Use of hyperthemia: thermal enhancement ratio (TER) of 2.0.

*'''UK; 1978''' {{PMID|709039}} -- &quot;The relationship between total dose, number of fractions and fractions size in the response of malignant melanoma in patients.&quot; (Hornsey S, Br J Radiol. 1978 Nov;51(611):905-9.)
**Retrospective. 52 patients. Isoeffect curve generated
**Conclusion: Response to 4-8 Gy/fx better than 2-3 Gy/fx


'''''MD Anderson Regimen'''''
*Post-op RT 30/5 (6 Gy x 5 fractions)
*Normal tissue tolerance: spinal cord &lt; 24 Gy, small bowel &lt; 24 Gy</text>
      <sha1>jfkv0leoy6nzozqsw83vm1x776jxfrv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Textbook of Psychiatry/Self-harm and suicide</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673187</id>
      <parentid>4469399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T18:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Parsley.saman</username>
        <id>3073585</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Phenomenology */ adding another term</comment>
      <origin>4673187</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="58595" sha1="nfexmo6lat2p1cjblqv7ni6zpi7zxbw" xml:space="preserve">Self harm is commonly used by psychiatrists and mental health professionals to describe a wide variety of behaviors that may or may not be related to suicide. Both self harming behaviors and suicide permeate society around the world and across demographics. Suicide is defined as self inflicted death with evidence that the person intended to die according to APA practice guidelines. Self harm is more difficult to define because its causes are poorly understood and the spectrum of behaviors can vary widely between individuals and between cultures. Behaviors commonly included in the self harm spectrum include overdoses, self battery, cutting, burning, poisoning, hanging and jumping from high places that do not result in death (Skegg, 2005). Suicide ultimately results in intentional self-inflicted death and self harm may lead to suicide.

The APA practice guidelines define terms related to self harm and suicide as the following:

'''Suicide''' self inflicted death with evidence that the person intended to die
 
'''Suicide attempt''' self injurious behavior with a nonfatal outcome and evidence that the person intended to die 
Aborted suicide attempt-potentially self injurious behavior with evidence that the person intended to die but stopped before physical damage occurred 

'''Suicide ideation'''
thoughts of serving as the agent of one’s own death 

'''Suicidal intent''' subjective expectation and desire for self-destructive act to end in death 

'''Lethality''' objective danger to life associated with suicide action or method 

'''Deliberate self harm''' willful self-infliction of painful, destructive or injurious acts without intent to die

Both of these phenomenons are important to clinicians to understand and be aware of because of their prevalence in the mental health patient population. An estimated 4.3 to 17% of the psychiatric patient population will engage in deliberate self-harm, with higher rates in some subgroups (Fliege, 2006). Self-harm and suicidal behaviors pose a significant public health burden and utilize a tremendous amount of hospital resources (Sinclar, 2006). Up to 40% of people who deliberately harm themselves will go on to become repeat offenders (Zahl, 2004).
Treatment of chronic self-harmers can be frustrating to the treatment team due to the poorly understood nature of the behavior and high rates of repeat admissions. Many patients are managed in emergency departments or do not seek treatment after performing these behaviors. Management depends largely on the underlying pathology and controlled trials of therapies are limited (Skegg, 2005).

==Phenomenology==

Naming and classifying self-harm has been a topic of debate since the early 1900’s (Skegg, 2005; Mcalister, 2003). Different terms that have historically been used to delineate self-harm behaviors include attempted suicide, parasuicide, deliberate self injury, suicide gesture and deliberate self poisoning. Terminology can vary in different parts of the world and imply intent. Recent literature suggests that many who self-harm do so without suicidal intent (Stone, 1999; Skegg, 2005).

Skegg describes self-harming behaviors in a 2005 review on a spectrum from self-harmful behaviors without visible injury to highly lethal traditional methods of suicide. Excessive exercise, denying oneself as punishment, stopping medication or deliberate recklessness fall on the end of this spectrum without visible injury. Self battery behaviors include head banging, self-hitting or hair-pulling. Self-injury with tissue damaging behaviors include self-biting, scratching, gouging, carving words or symbols into skin, sticking needles or pins into skin and interfering with wound healing. At the other extreme less lethal traditional methods of non-intentional suicide include overdose, recreational drug ingestion as self-harm, cutting and burning. Traditional highly lethal methods of suicide include hanging, shooting, jumping from a high place, poisoning, stabbing, electrocution and drowning.

When considering these behaviors on a spectrum, it is important to consider intent. Traditional risk assessments correlate lethality with suicidal intent, however in a sample of survivors of near-fatal self harm, only two-thirds of patients experienced suicidal thoughts prior to the event (Douglas, 2004). The current consensus view is that those who self harm, despite how seriously, believe that they will survive (Mcallister, 2003). It is important to consider, however, that patients who harm themselves are more likely to go on to commit suicide than those who do not.

==Epidemiology==

Rates of self-harm and suicide vary widely around the world and have historically been difficult to quantify because many people do not seek medical attention after attempts and discussion of such behaviors is sometimes considered socially taboo. Birth cohort studies show higher odds for self harm in people born in recent years. The WHO/EURO study of parasuicide showed lower rates in southern European areas compared to northern areas (Skegg, 2005). In the United States, African Americans are at lower risk for self harm than other ethnic groups. Self-harming behaviors are common in adolescents and an estimated 5-9% of Australian, US and English adolescents reported self-harm over a one year period (Skegg, 2005). Lifetime self-harm ranged from 13 to 30% in these samples of adolescents (Skegg, 2005).

Skegg (2005) correlated demographic variables with risk of self-harm behaviors. It is rare before pubery and becomes common through adolescence. Older people are at much lower risk for self harm. More women than men present to mental health facilities with complaints of self-harm. Separated and divorced people appear to have higher rates of self-harm than other populations. Low socioeconomic status, less education and living in poverty are also risk factors for self harm (Skegg, 2005).

Further studies investigating suicidal behaviors are necessary to better understand the phenomenon and to create prevention strategies. Using three national medical databases, the annual rate of nonfatal emergency department treated intentional self-harm events in 2002-3 was between 127.2 and 164.7 per 100,000 US population (Classen, 2006). However, these rates do not include behavior of individuals not seeking treatment or seeking treatment in other medical facilities.

==Clinical Symptoms and Classification ==

'''Vignette #1'''

Sue was a 25-year-old female who presented to the emergency room with a 3cm laceration on her left wrist. The laceration was superficial but deep enough that it required sutures.  There were multiple other superficial lacerations that did not require sutures as well as multiple healed scars from previous lacerations all up and down her forearm.

After Sue’s wrist was sutured, she was evaluated by a psychiatrist for a possible suicide attempt. Sue revealed that she had been having a fight on the phone with her boyfriend and they had broken up. She denied any thoughts of suicide but rather said she was trying to reduce the tension and anger she felt about the situation. When asked about whether the self harm helped, she said it did release tension and therefore makes her feel more normal. She described it as a coping skill and did not see it as a problem behavior. She was discussing plans for going out with friends and maybe getting together with a boy who might want to be her new boyfriend.

Sue’s past history is significant for sexual abuse at age 5 years by a cousin who was living with the family for the summer. Sue said she had always been sad and depressed but she did not endorse enough symptoms to qualify for a major depressive disorder. She said that she has a history of getting more depressed whenever someone left her or told her she was not making them happy. That was when she would cut on herself. She was very clear that she did not intend to kill herself during those times although she endorsed the idea that she might be better off dead than alive.

Sue was deemed to be safe to go home. She was referred to therapy to work on the issues that caused her to use self harming behaviors for comfort.

===Assessment===

Assessment of suicide and self harming behaviors takes place in a variety of treatment situations. It is often evaluated during an initial meeting with a patient in the emergency setting or at an outpatient intake. On an inpatient ward, assessment of suicide and self harm should be completed prior to advancement in privilege level, passes and discharge. If changes in the patient’s presentation occur or if the patient begins to display evidence of suicidal or self harming thoughts, an assessment should be completed. The APA practice guidelines describe a thorough assessment of the suicidal patient.

During the interview, the psychiatrist obtains information about the patient’s psychiatric history, medical history and current psychologic state through direct question and collateral information. This enables the psychiatrist to make a risk assessment, determine the patient’s current level of safety, choose an appropriate treatment setting and develop a treatment strategy. Suicide scales can be used to supplement the interview, but should not be used as a substitute because they lack the predictive validity to take the place of a thorough interview (APA practice guidelines).

A suicide assessment should include evaluation of current suicidal state, consisting of thoughts and plans regarding suicide. Specific methods should be elicited, including perceived lethality and access to firearms. The presence of hopelessness, guilt and anhedonia should be determined as well as reasons that prevent the patient from carrying out suicide plans. It should also include current and previous psychiatric illnesses including mood disorders, psychotic disorders, substance use disorders and anxiety disorders. Personal and family history of suicide and self harm behaviors should be noted, as well as outcomes. An individual’s psychosocial state should be assessed to evaluate current stressors that could exacerbate suicidal behaviors, as well as cultural or religious beliefs that could be protective (APA practice guidelines).

It is important for the psychiatrist to collect as much information as possible regarding current suicidal or self harming behaviors. These include frequency and duration of thoughts, specific plans and preparation made to complete plans. Attention should also be given to prior attempts, including timing, intent, relation to substance use and outcome. If a specific method is identified as a current suicidal ideation, perceived lethality should be determined. Highly lethal and irreversible means with advance planning place an individual at increased risk. If firearms are involved, the psychiatrist should contact a friend or relative and have them removed from the patient’s home before release (APA practice guidelines).

===Pathogenesis===

The pathogenesis of self harm and suicidal behavior is complicated and multifactorial. Sourander et al. (2006) attempted to identify early factors correlating with self-harm behaviors in childhood and adolescents. In this longitudinal study, parents rated children on Childhood Behavior Checklist and adolescents and their parents rated psychopathology at ages 12 and 15. Psychopathology in the child, poor parental well-being and living in a broken home at age 12 correlated with deliberate self harm at age 15. School and problems with peer groups at age 12 correlated with ideations of self harm at age 15. Acts of deliberate self harm in pre-adolescences led to higher rates of future behaviors.
	
====Biological Factors====

Studies have found that up to 90% of individuals who present with self harm meet diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders. The most common is depression, followed by substance use disorders and anxiety disorders (Skegg, 2005). General population studies have indicated that individuals with psychopathology are at increased risk of self harm and suicide. Individuals with antisocial and borderline personality disorders exhibit high rates of self harming behaviors. Eating disorders, schizophrenia and post traumatic stress disorder have also been found in study samples of self harmers (Skegg, 2005). Treating underlying psychopathology may reduce risk in affected individuals.

'''Table 1: Selected Risk Factors for Self Harm'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
|  1. Between puberty and old age
|-
|  2. Female
|-
|  3. Separated or divorced
|-
|  4. Low socioeconomic status
|-
|  5. Less education
|-
|  6. Poverty
|} 
''Skaggs, 2005''

=====Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH) and Depression=====
	
While DSH is almost always associated with dysphoria, it is not always associated with the syndrome of depression. DSH can occur in the setting of depression associated with both bipolar disorder and unipolar major depressive disorder. Haw et al. (2001) when he looked at a cohort of 106 patients who presented to a hospital following an episode of DSH found that 92% of these patients had a psychiatric diagnosis and that the most common diagnosis was affective disorder (72% using ICD-10 criteria).

Early adverse life events have a major impact on subsequent mood states. Similarly, early adversity is a major correlate of subsequent DSH behaviors (Gladstone et al. 2004; Parker et al. 2005). Gladstone et al. (2004) examined DSH behaviors, personality characteristics, and childhood variables, including parental styles and childhood sexual/physical abuse, among 125 women with depressive disorders. Findings indicated that participants who were victims of childhood sexual assaults were more likely to engage in DSH as adults (Gladstone et al. 2004). In addition, respondents who were victims of childhood sexual abuse became depressed earlier in life than non-abused controls (Gladstone et al. 2004).

Adolescents with DSH generally have less severe depressive symptoms than individuals with suicidal ideation, but more severe symptoms than those without any history of self-injurious ideation. In a community sample, adolescents who have a history of self-harm reported more depressive symptoms than those without a self-harm history (Muehlenkamp et al. 2004). In a study of 218 adolescents, ages 13-19, who were receiving outpatient treatment for a depressive mood disorder, adolescents who had DSH behavior had less severe depressive symptoms than those with suicidal ideation or suicide attempts (Tuisku et al. 2006). Similarly, among adults the degree of seriousness of a self injurious act was associated with depression and with intent. In a study of 49 prisoners in Germany, measures of depression and hopelessness were both highly correlated with suicidal intent and lethality; less lethal methods were not correlated with depression (Lohner et al. 2006). Impulsive acts of self-harm were rarely associated with depression (Lohner et al. 2006).

DSH behaviors are not fixed over the life time. For example, 70% of 132 adolescents who had deliberately poisoned themselves and who were followed for 6 years stopped the self-harm behaviors within 3 years of the index event (Harrington et al. 2006). DSH continued into adulthood mainly among those with psychiatric disorders. Only 56% of these study participants had a psychiatric disorder, and the most common psychiatric diagnosis was depression (Harrington et al. 2006). DSH behaviors may appear de novo in the elderly. Lamprecht et al. (2005) looked at older people presenting to an acute hospital with an episode of DSH. Sexual distribution among males and females was equal. Only 37% had a major depressive illness at the time of the DSH assessment, but 21% of the males had no psychiatric diagnoses at the time of the DSH (Lamprecht et al. 2005).

In young adults, the lack of depression in subjects with DSH has also been noted. Among 1,986 high-functioning military recruits (62% male), only 10% of those with a history of DSH reported depressive symptoms on the Beck’s Depression Inventory (Klonsky et al. 2003). Peers viewed self-harmers as having strange and intense emotions and a heightened sensitivity to interpersonal rejection (Klonsky et al. 2003).
Given that DSH may not necessarily be associated with depression, why does it occur? Tzemoz and Birchwood (2006) examined dysfunctional thinking patterns and intrusive memories in patients diagnosed with both unipolar depressive and bipolar mood disorders. They recruited 49 participants diagnosed with major depression, manic, or hypomanic episodes. Twenty healthy controls were also recruited from the same areas in Central England. Compared to the healthy controls, dysfunctional attitudes were abnormal in the mood disordered groups when ill (Tzemoz and Birchwood, 2006). Interestingly, whereas dysfunctional attitudes resolved in bipolar subjects as they became euthymic, they persisted into euthymia for those diagnosed with unipolar major depression (Tzemoz and Birchwood, 2006).

=====Deliberate Self Harm and Bipolar Illness=====

Intentional self harm in mania is rare and is probably related to the depressed mood that can occur during manic episodes (Ostacher and Eidelman, 2006). However, DSH during bipolar depressions is more common than DSH in unipolar depressive illness (Parker et al. 2005). Parker et al. (2005) reported that across samples of depressed individuals, more individuals with bipolar disorder tended to report DSH behaviors compared to those with unipolar depression. Smith et al. (2005) examined the prevalence rates of bipolar disorders and major depression among 87 young adults with recurrent depression; 83.9% of study respondents met criteria for major depressive disorder, 16.1% met criteria for a DSM-IV-defined bipolar disorder. The authors reported that among the respondents diagnosed with major depression, 45.7% had a history of DSH, and 13.0% had a history of a previous suicide attempt. Of the 14 respondents diagnosed with BP disorder, 71.4% had DSH and 28.6% had a history of deliberate self-harm.

One of the best known occurrences of DSH was performed by Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890), a Dutch Impressionist artist who had bipolar disorder (Jamison, 1993). On Christmas Eve in 1888, Van Gogh cut off his own earlobe with a razor blade as he was apparently attempting to attack an acquaintance. Following this episode of self-harm, van Gogh exhibited alternating states of &quot;madness and lucidity,&quot; and received treatment in an asylum in Saint-Remy. Two months after his discharge from the asylum, he committed suicide by shooting himself &quot;for the good of all&quot; (Anonymous, 2007).

=====Mood Disorders and Suicide=====
      
Suicide, the act of ending one’s life, is the most dramatic form of self-harm. Epidemiologic research indicates that in 2004, 31,484 individuals in the US died from suicide or self-inflicted injury (10.8 per 100,000 population) (Center for Disease Control, 2006). Extensive research has examined risk factors for suicide, and several studies have identified a history of prior suicide attempts as a very strong predictor of suicide risk (American Psychiatric Association, 2003; Borges et al. 2006; Gaynes et al. 2004). Certain sociodemographic characteristics have also been associated with high suicide risk. These include male gender, European-American ethnicity, and advanced age. However, the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Study, found that low income, &quot;non-Hispanic Black&quot; (p. 1750) ethnicity, and age less than 45 were significant correlates of suicide ideation (Borges et al. 2006). Additional risk factors include the presence of a psychiatric disorder, particularly depression, alcohol abuse, physical and sexual abuse, and a family history of suicide (Gaynes et al. 2004). Psychiatric disorders may be present in up to 90% of those who commit suicide (American Psychiatric Association, 2003). Divorced, separated, or widowed individuals have a higher risk of suicide (American Psychiatric Association, 2003). Conversley, high-conflict or violent marriages may increase the risk for suicide among married individuals (American Psychiatric Association, 2003).

'''''Unipolar Depression and Suicide''''' 

Numerous studies have identified depression as a significant risk factor for suicide.  This contributes to mortality rates associated with depression that are approximately 20 times higher than the general population (American Psychiatric Association, 2003).  The fraction of people who have committed suicide that were depressed at the time of their death has been estimated to range from 15% (Rich et al. 1986) to 97.5% (Sinclair et al. 2005).  However, most studies, including those that are based on psychological autopsies, estimate a rate of 30-34% (Arato et al. 1988; Henriksson et al. 1993; Foster et al. 1999).  The fraction of adolescent suicides that involve depression may be slightly higher at 43% (Brent et al. 1999).
      
Co-morbid psychiatric conditions may additionally increase the risk for suicide.  Paramount among these is co-occurring substance use which accounts for some 45% of completed suicides (Rich et al. 1986).  Additionally, aggression (Dervic et al. 2006; Keilp et al. 2006) and cluster B personality disorders (Dervic et al. 2006) are associated with suicide attempts in depressed individuals with a history of childhood sexual abuse. 
      
A decline in depression and hopelessness was associated with a decline in suicidal ideation in 198 people diagnosed with major depression (Sokero et al. 2006).  There is a close correlation between the increased use of antidepressants and an observed decline in overall suicide rate (Korkeila et al. 2007; Gibbons et al. 2006), but this trend may have begun prior to the introduction of antidepressants (Safer and Zito, 2007).  Antidepressants may have no effect on suicide ideation (Hammad et al. 2006) or may actually increase the risk of suicide attempt among depressed adults (Tiihonen et al. 2006) and suicide ideation among adolescents (Bridge et al. 2007; Dubicka et al. 2006), but may reduce completed suicides (Tiihonen et al. 2006).  The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has placed a warning on all antidepressants, that they may increase suicidal ideation in adolescents (Kuehn, 2007).  While lithium is rarely used in major depressive disorder, it appears to have an anti-suicide effect, similar to that seen in bipolar illness (Guzzetta et al. 2007).


''Vignette #2''

John was a 61-year-old male who presented to the emergency room with a 7cm laceration on his left inner forearm. The laceration was moderately deep and required multiple sutures. There were no other signs of current or former abuse on his arms or the rest of his body. 
After John’s arm was sutured, he was evaluated by a psychiatrist for a possible suicide attempt. John revealed that he was in a marriage that had not been healthy for quite some time and that his wife had called to say she was not coming home and that she wanted a divorce. John decided he could not face life without his wife and saw no way to call for help so cut himself. He denied suicidal intention at the time of the injury and denied it again at the time of the interview. John could not identify any social support persons and did not have any plans for the future. He kept insisting that he needed to go home but would not say what he needed to do there.
John’s past history was significant for physical abuse by his father when he was a child. His father then left  when he was 11 years old. His mother was not emotionally available and was overwhelmed at being left with 4 children to care for when she only had a minimum wage job. John was on his own for most of his teen age life. As the oldest child, he was responsible for helping with the other 3 children when his mother was not around. John related that he had always thought the marriage to his husband was going to be different from his mother’s and was not going to end in divorce. He said he felt like it was all his fault and he would never find another person to love him.
John’s psychiatrist felt that he was a risk for attempting suicide when he returned home and placed him in a psychiatric hospital for safety and stabilization.


'''''Bipolar Disorder and Suicide ''''' 

Lifetime prevalence of all bipolar disorders is approximately 2%; bipolar I disorder has an incidence rate of 0.8%, compared to 1.2% for bipolar II disorder. Suicide risk is high in bipolar disorder. Angst et al. (1995) followed 406 patients for 36 years; findings indicated that 11% committed suicide, regardless of whether patients were diagnosed with type I or II disorder. Other estimates approach 19% (Ostacher and Eidelman, 2006). The risk appears higher than in unipolar major depression. Chen et al. (1996) examined data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) to estimate lifetime rates of suicide attempts in mood disorders; findings indicated that 29.2% of respondents with bipolar disorder attempted suicide, compared to 15.9% among those with unipolar depressive disorder.
Additionally, when subjects with bipolar disorder attempt suicide, the lethality of that attempt may be greater. Among 2,395 hospital admissions of patients with unipolar depression and bipolar disorder subjects with bipolar disorder had a higher incidence of more lethal suicide attempts (Raja et al. 2004). The odds of completed suicide in those with bipolar disorder is 2.0 times higher compared to those with unipolar depression (Raja et al. 2004). However, prevalence rates of suicide may be inflated, since researchers typically focus on hospitalized patients and those who have received treatment from a mental health provider. This self-selected population may be more ill compared to those who receive treatment from primary care providers, or those who do not receive any psychiatric treatment.
Risk for suicide is highest during a depressive episode of bipolar disorder. Isometsa et al. (1994) found that among patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder, 80% of completed suicides occur during a depressive episode. Mortality from suicide in bipolar depression may be 30 times that of normal controls (Ostacher and Eidelman. 2006). However suicidal ideation and suicide completions may occur during the mixed (Dilsaver et al. 1994) or even manic phase (Cassidy et al. 2001). Rapid cycling also carries a higher likelihood for more serious suicide attempts but not an increase in completed suicides compared to other types of episodes (42 vs 27%) (MacKinnon et al. 2003).
Suicide risk is highest in newly diagnosed bipolar patient. Fagiolini et al. (2004) found that among 104 patients with bipolar disorder, 50% attempted suicide within 7.5 years of the initial onset of the illness (either mania or depression). In these young bipolar patients, suicide rarely occurs during episodes of mania.
Lithium appears to have a clear effect on reducing completed suicide in bipolar patients with a fivefold reduction in relative risk (Baldessarini et al. 2006; Tondo et al. 2001). More impressively, lithium reduces non-suicidal DSH and non-psychiatric mortality in bipolar patients (Cipriani et al. 2005).


''Vignette #3''

Dick was a 24 year old young man in law school when he had his first manic episode. He had a history of a depressive episode that had been difficult to treat when he was 18 but had not had any problems since that time and was not on any medications at the time of this manic episode. During the episode, he lost his job, his relationship with his girlfriend and he spent thousands more dollars than he could afford to spend in cars, jewelry, vacations and gifts to his girlfriend. He was hospitalized and stabilized on appropriate anti-manic medications. Approximately 4 months later, Dick began another depressive episode. This time he was thinking of all the things he had lost. He felt like his life as a lawyer was over and that he was destined to be a disabled person with no job, no family and no friends for the rest of his life. He did continue to take his medicines and see his psychiatrist but did not discuss any of these thoughts with any of his support persons. 2 months after the depressive episode began, Dick was found in his home, having hung himself from a rafter in the garage. 


'''''Serotonin System and Suicide'''''

On a molecular level, the serotonin system has been implicated in self harm population studies. Low levels of 5 HIAA have been found in cerebrospinal fluid in self-harmers (Skegg, 2005). There are many biological associations between mood symptoms and aggression or violence. These include increased aggression with increased cytokine activity (Zalcman and Siegel, 2006), catecholamine metabolism (Volavka et al. 2004), testosterone (Pope et al. 2000), and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction (Shea et al. 2005; Malkesman et al. 2005). However, the most consistent findings are with the serotonergic system.

Among the many findings associated with serotonergic dysfunction in aggression, platelet serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) binding was increased in subjects with trait aggression (Lauterbach et al. 2006). Prefrontal cortical 5-HT2A binding was also increased in aggressive suicidal patients (Oquendo et al. 2006). Similarly, relative increases in plasma tryptophan levels (a precursor to serotonin) are associated with increased aggression and hostility (Lauterbach et al. 2006; Suarez and Krishnan. 2006) Lower CSF 5-HIAA concentration was independently associated with severity of lifetime aggressivity and a history of a higher lethality suicide attempt and may be part of the diathesis for these behaviors. The dopamine and norepinephrine systems do not appear to be as significantly involved in suicidal acts, aggression, or depression (Placidi et al. 2002). However, the most compelling findings regarding the involvement of serotonin in both mood disturbance and violence is found in the serotonin transporter polymorphisms.

Several recent studies have investigated the role of polymorphisms in the serotonin reuptake pump or the serotonin transporter gene (5HTTLPR). A common polymorphism of this gene is a deletion in the area of the gene that regulates its transcription into messenger RNA, and ultimately translation into expressed protein, the promoter region. Individuals with this deletion, called the short or &quot;s&quot; allele, express fewer serotonin transporters. Individuals who are homozygous for the &quot;s&quot; allele (ss), are more likely to develop depression (OR 1.5-179) (Cervilla et al. 2006) and depression after a traumatic event (Kaufman et al. 2004; Caspi et al. 2003). Thus, the observed link between early life adversity, or later life trauma, and subsequent depression, is related, at least in part, to having the ss genotype (Kaufman et al. 2004; Caspi et al. 2000). While stressful life events or extreme adversity are clearly associated with subsequent depression, adversity is quite potent in inducing depression in subjects with the ss genotype; so that the dosage of adversity required to produce depression is much lower in individuals homozygous for the short form of the 5HTTLPR (Cervilla et al. 2007). Several studies have also found that the ss genotype is also associated with subclinical depressive symptoms in individuals without depression (Gonda et al. 2005, 2006; Gonda and Bagdy, 2006).

The ss genotype of the 5HTTLPR is also associated with aggression. In a case control study of conduct disorder with or without aggression, it was found that the ss genotype was strongly associated with aggression but not conduct disorder without aggression (Sakai et al. 2006). A positron emission tomography (PET) study of 5HRRLPR density found that reduced transporter density is associated with impulsive aggression (Frankle et al. 2005). While this study did not examine the genotype of the study subjects, it found that the phenotype that is expected with the ss genotype is associated with aggression (Frankle et al. 2005). Among schizophrenic patients who attempted suicide, the ss genotype of the 5HTTLPR was associated with violent suicide attempts but not with non-violent attempts nor with non-attempters (Bayle et al. 2003).

====Psychological Factors====

Many psychological factors may also contribute to self harm and suicidal behaviors.  It has been suggested that rage towards others, feelings of abandonment, guilt or desperation may play a role in these behaviors at a subconscious level (Skegg, 2005).  Poor problem solving skills, impaired decision making skills and factors that contribute to the former have been studied and indicated as risk factors in those who harm themselves (Skegg, 2005).   Neuroticism, dissociation and novelty-seeking personality traits are associated with suicide and self harm (Skegg, 2005).  

=====Direct Abuse or Neglect=====
Childhood abuse and neglect are clearly associated with a substantial increase in the risk for subsequent depression and maladaptive behaviors (Cukor and McGinn, 2006; Reigstad et al. 2006; Widom et al. 2007).  This is true in all cultures in which it has been studied (Afifi, 2006).

=====Verbal and Emotional Abuse=====  

The experience of verbal abuse during childhood (e.g., &quot;you are stupid&quot;) increases depression, anger and hostility in young adults (Teicher et al. 2006; Sachs-Ericsson et al. 2006).  Verbal and emotional abuse influence the development of self-concept, and lead to a self-critical style of cognitive processing that contributes to low self esteem (Cukor and McGinn, 2006; Sachs-Ericsson et al. 2006).  This impaired self-image may be one of the underlying phenomena that increase the risk of subsequent sexual victimization as a young adult (Rich et al. 2005).  
	
=====Physical Abuse=====  

Physical abuse may be a major contributing factor in the development of violence in later life (Huizinga et al. 2006).  Physical abuse is also pivotal in the development of depression in youths and on into adulthood (Widon et al. 2007; Cukor and McGinn, 2006; Reigstad et al. 2006; Wright et al. 2004).  Physical abuse may occur in either the home environment or in school.  Bullying is a form of verbal and physical violence that can have major impact on development.  The odds of experiencing social problems, depression with suicidal ideation and attempts are 3.9 times higher among victims of bullying compared to non-victims (Brunstein Klomek et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2006). Furthermore, bullying behaviors have been linked to mood disturbances. The odds of bullies developing social problems, depression, and suicidality are 1.8 times higher compared to people who are not bullies, and bullies who are also targets of other bullies are 4.9 times as likely to develop social problems (Brustein Klomek et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2006).  High-profile school shooters, such as Columbine High School or Virginia Tech University, have been bullied by classmates.

=====Sexual Abuse=====  

Sexual abuse of children is associated with a wide variety of physical and psychological sequelae, many of which are life-long.  Early sexual abuse is associated with a significant increase in depression in both males and females (Peleikis et al. 2005; Conway et al. 2004; Gladstone et al. 2004; Martin et al. 2004).  The risk of subsequent suicide attempts is 15 times higher in boys who experience early sexual abuse compared to non-abused boys (Martin et al. 2004); among women suicide ideation is 4.5 times higher (Masho et al. 2005).  The consequences of childhood sexual abuse includes greater severity of depressive illness in adult patients over age 50 (Gamble et al. 2006; McGuigan and Middlemiss, 2005).  Adult women who have experienced childhood sexual abuse are more likely to be victims of violence (Gladstone et al. 2004) and other forms of trauma, including sexual assault (Rich et al. 2005; Banyard et al. 2002).  Sexual abuse perpetrated by adult women can be just as harmful as sexual abuse perpetrated by men (Denov, 2004).

====Social/Cultural Factors====

Experiences early in life may be an important risk factor for later self harm.  Children of divorced parents, women of low education or socioeconomic status and children of parents with psychopathology are at higher risk of deliberate self harm (Skegg, 2005).  Trauma early in life such as physical, sexual or emotional abuse and exposure to household violence has been identified as risk factors (Skegg, 2005). It has been difficult to determine if these experiences are independent risk factors, or if they lead to impairment in relationships that may also be a risk factor for self harm (Skegg, 2005).
	
Social support appears to play a key protective role in self harming behaviors as evidenced by groups of people who have been found to be a higher risk.  Divorced and separated individuals are at a higher risk, as are unemployed individuals.  It has been found that social support reduces self harming behaviors and moderate stress (Skegg, 2005).  Multiple studies have also found moral obligations and religious beliefs to be protective against suicide (Skegg, 2005). 

==Treatment==

Risk assessment and the patient’s ability to follow through with treatment are key factors in determining treatment modality in the suicidal patient.  Depending on the circumstances, treatment can range from involuntary hospitalization on secure psychiatric wards to outpatient clinic follow-up.  Treatment should be carried out in the environment that is least restrictive, but includes adequate measures for safety. Goals of management include establishing a therapeutic alliance, establishing safety and determining the patient’s needs.  Incorporating the patient’s individual needs into the treatment plan is important to promote adherence (APA practice guidelines).  
	
When establishing the therapeutic alliance, it is important for the psychiatrist to be aware of countertransferance and transference reactions between themselves and the suicidal patient. Dealing with suicidal individuals can uncover the psychiatrist’s own feelings about death and suicide and may provoke anger in some. On the other hand, some patients with a strong desire to die may become angry at the treating physician, and others may have a desire to be saved instead of taking responsibility for their own actions (APA practice guidelines).
	
Attending to the patient’s immediate safety is a priority in the treatment setting, especially in the acute phase.  In the emergency setting, it is imperative to remove personal objects that the patient could use to harm themselves.  Removing personal items such as purses and shoestrings that the patient could use to harm themselves may be necessary on inpatient units.  Close surveillance via frequent safety checks or surveillance cameras may be necessary in acutely suicidal individuals (APA practice guidelines).
	
A balance between suicide risk and risk associated with hospitalization must be accomplished to determine the most appropriate setting. While establishing safety is a priority, there are also effects of hospitalization that may have negative effects on a patient’s life situation. These include financial risks including hospital bills and lost time from work, social stigmatization and psychosocial stressors.  Generally, hospitalization is indicated when patients are at high risk of self harm, have new onset of suicidal behaviors, require treatments that can only be performed in the hospital setting, or are unable to comply with less restrictive treatment options (APA practice guidelines).

====Pharmacotherapy====

Evidence clearly indicates that underlying mood disorders must be treated to optimize treatment in the suicidal or self-harming patient as discussed above in the pathogenesis discussion.  A brief summary of findings regarding specific classes of drugs as related to self-harming behaviors is included below.
	
=====Antidepressants=====
	
According to the American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines, pharmacotherapy is commonly used in suicidal patients suffering from depression and anxiety disorders.  They have also been used to treat suicidal patients with comorbid substance disorders.  However, limited evidence based studies exist to support that this treatment modality reduces rates of suicide.  Studies using FDA databases do not show differences in rates of suicide with the use of antidepressants (APA practice guidelines).  
	
Conflicting evidence exists regarding the increased incidence of suicide following SSRI treatment.  Several case reports were published, however, and patients should be educated regarding these findings.  However, clinicians must be careful to not neglect treatment of real mood pathology due to fear.
	
=====Lithium=====
	
The APA practice guidelines identify treatment with lithium salts as an evidenced based treatment to reduce suicide risk in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.     They report that this treatment has been shown to decrease suicidal acts by 14-fold.  Practitioners should be aware of the high lethality of overdose on lithium when prescribing quantities to potentially suicidal patients.
	
=====Other Mood Stablilzers=====
	
Anti-convulsant agents are frequently used as mood stabilizer therapy.  They may reduce suicidal behaviors, however, are not as evidenced supportive as Lithium (APA practice guidelines).

=====Atypical Antipsychotics=====
	
Atypical antipsychotics are commonly used to reduce hallucinations, delusions, agitation, aggression and contusion, which may reduce self-harm and suicidal behaviors.  These agents are indicated for use in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and mood disorders with psychotic features.  These include aripiprazone, clozapine, olanzapine, quitiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone.  Clozapine is typically reserved for patients who do not respond to other agents due to side effects. For the same reason, typical antipsychotics are usually reserved for people not responding to newer agents (APA practice guidelines).

=====Antianxiety Agents=====
	
Theroetically, antianxiety agents would have the potential to reduce suicide and self-harm risk since anxiety is a risk factor.  However, studies are limited.  Agents commonly used are benzodiazepines and buspirone. 

====Psychotherapy====

Since suicide is relatively rare in the general population, it is difficult to conduct studies with enough events to reach statistical significance.  A meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions by Crawford et al. (2007) suggests that specific psychosocial interventions following acts of self-harm do little more than standard care to prevent subsequent suicide.  Of the interventions studied, Cognitive Behavioral therapy appeared to have a trend towards reducing risk of suicide.  Overall mortality in the intense intervention group was lower, however.  Interventions that improve existing mood symptoms will ultimate reduce self destructive behaviors as discussed above.

==References==

Afifi M.  Depression in adolescents:  gender differences in Oman and Egypt.  East Mediterr Health J 2006; 12:61-71.

American Psychiatric  Association. Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Suicidal Behaviors.  Accessed at http://archive.psych.org/cme/apacme/courses/sections.cfm?apacme=00160008 on 11/1/08.

Angst J, Preisig M.  Outcome of a clinical cohort of unipolar, bipolar and schizoaffective patients. Results of a prospective study from 1959 to 1985. Schweiz Archiv Neurol Psychiatry 1995; 146: 17-23.

Arato M, Demeter E, Rihmer Z, Somogyi E.  Retrospective psychiatric assessment of 200 suicides in Budapest.  Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 77:454-456.

Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Davis P, Pompili M, Goodwin FK, Hennen J.  Decreased risk of suicides and attempts during long-term lithium treatment: a meta-analytic review.  Bipolar Disord. 2006; 8:625-39.

Banyard VL, Williams LM, Siegel JA.  Re-traumatization among adult women sexually abuse in childhood:  exploratory analyses in a prospective study.  J Child Sex Abus 2002; 11:19-48.

Bayle FJ, Leroy S, Gourion D, Millet B, Olie JO, Poirier MF, Krebs MO.  5HTTLPR polymorphism in schizophrenic patients:  further support for association with violent suicide attempts.  Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 119:12-17.

Bogat GA, DeJonghe E, Levendosky AA, Davidson WS, von Eye A.  Trauma symptoms among infants exposed to intimate partner violence.  Child Abuse Negl 2006; 30:109-125.

Brent DA, Perper JA., Moritz G, Allman C, Friend A, Roth C, Schweers J, Balach L, Baugher M.  Psychiatric risk factors for adolescent suicide: A case-control study. J Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry 1993; 32:521-529.

Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, Pincus HA, Ren L, Brent DA.  Clinical response and risk of reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment:  a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.  JAMA 2007; 297:1683-1696

Brunstein Klomek A, Marrocco F, Kleinman M, Schonfeld IS, Gould MS.  Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46:40-49.

Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, McClay J, Mill J, Martin J, Braithwaite A, Poulton R.  Influence of life stress on depression:  moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene.  Science 2003; 301:291-293.

Cassidy F, Carroll BJ. Frequencies of signs and symptoms in mixed and pure episodes of mania: implications for the study of manic episodes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001; 25: 659-665.

Cervilla JA, Rivera M, Molina E, Torres-Gonzalez F, Bellon JA, Moreno B, de Dios Luna J, de Diego-Otero Y, King M, Nazareth I, Gutierrez B, PRECiCT Study Core Group.  The 5-HTTTLPR s/s genotype at the serotonin trasporter gene (SLC6A4) increases the risk for depression in a large cohort of primary care attendees:  the PREDICT-gene study.  Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006;141:912-917
Cipriani A, Pretty H, Hawton K, Geddes JR.  Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all cause mortality in patients with mood disorders:  a systematic review of randomized trials.  Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1805-1819.

Chen YW, Dilsaver SC.  Lifetime rates of suicide attempts among subjects with bipolar and unipolar disorders relative to subjects with other Axis I disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39: 896-899.

Classen C et al.  Epidemiology of nonfatal deliberate self-harm in the United States as described in three medical databases.  Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior 2006; 36:192-211.
Conway M, Mendelson M, Glannopoulos C, Czank PA, Holm SL.  Childhood and adult sexual abuse, rumination on sadness, and dysphoria.  Child Abuse Negl 2004; 28:393-410

Cukor D, McGinn LK.  History of child abuse and severity of adult depression:  the mediating role of cognitive schema.  J Child Sex Abus 2006; 15:19-34.

Denov MS.  The-long term effects of child sexual abuse by female perpetrators:  a qualitative study of male and female victims.  J Interpers Violence 2004; 19:1137-1156.
Dilsaver SC, Chen YW, Swann AC, Shoaib AM, Tsai-Dilsaver Y, Krajewski KJ.  Suicidality in patients with pure and depressive mania. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1312-1315.

Dubicka B, Hadley S, Roberts C.  Suicidal behaviour in youths with depression treated with new generation antidepressants:  meta analysis.  Br J Psychiatry 2006; 189:393-398.

Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Rucci P, Scott JA, Novick DM, Frank E. Suicide attempts and ideation in patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 509-514.

Fliege H et al.  Three assessment tools for deliberate self-harm and suicide behavior:  evaluation and psychopathological correlates.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2006; 61: 113-21.

Foster T, Gillespie K, McClelland R, Patterson C.  Risk factors for suicide independent of DSM-III-R Axis I disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175:175-179.

Frankle WG, Lombardo I, New AS, Goodman M, Talbot PS, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Slifstein M, Curry S, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M, Siever LJ.  Brain serotonin transporter distribution in subjects with impulsive aggressivity: a positron emission study with [11C]McN 5652.  Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:915-923.

Gamble SA, Talbot NL, Duberstein PR, Conner KR, Franus N, Beckman AM, Conwell Y.  Childhood sexual abuse and depressive symptom severity: the role of neuroticism.  J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194:382-385.

Gibbons RD, Hur K, Bhaumik DK, Mann JJ.  The relationship between antidepressant prescription rates and rate of early adolescent suicide.  Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1898-1904

Gladstone GL, Parker GB, Mitchell PB, Malhi GS, Wilhelm K, Austin MP.  Implications of childhood trauma for depressed women:  an analysis of pathways from childhood sexual abuse to deliberate self-harm and revictimization.  Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1417-1425.

Gonda X, Bagdy G.  [Relationship between serotonin transporter gene 5HTTLPR polymorphism and the symptoms of neuroticism in healthy population].  (Article in Hungarian)  Psychiatr Hung 2006;21(5):379-85. 

Gonda X, Juhasz G, Laszik A, Rihmer Z, Bagdy G.  Subthreshold depression is linked to the functional polymorphism of the 5HT transporter gene.  J Affect Disord 2005; 87:291-297.

Gonda X, Rihmer Z, Zsombok T, Bagdy G, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS.  The 5HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene is associated with affective temperaments as measured by TEMPS-A.  J Affect Disord 2006;91:125-131.

Guzzetta F, Tondo L, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ.  Lithium treatment reduces suicide risk in recurrent major depressive disorder.  J Clin psychiatry 2007; 68:380-383.

Hammad TA, Laughren TP, Racoosin JA.  Suicide rates in short-term randomized controlled trials of newer antidepressants.  J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:203-207.

Haw C, Hawton K, Houston K, Townsend E.  Psychiatric and personality disorders in deliberate self-harm patients. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178:48-54.

Harrington R, Pickles A, Aglan A, Harrington V, Burroughs H, Kerfoot M.  Early adult outcomes of adolescents who deliberately poisoned themselves. J Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry 2006; 45:337-345.

Henriksson MM, Aro HM, Marttunen MJ, Heikkinen ME, Isometa ET, Kuoppasalmi KI, Lonqvist JK.  Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:935-940.

Huizinga D, Haberstick BC, Smolen A, Menard S, Young SE, Corley RP, Stallings MC, Grotpeter J, Hewitt JK.  Childhood maltreatment, subsequent antisocial behavior, and the role of monoamine oxidase A genotypes.  Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:677-683.

Isometsa ET, Henriksson MM, Aro HM, Lonnqvist JK.  Suicide in bipolar disorder in Finland. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1020-1024.

Jamison KR.  Touched with Fire:  Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament.  Ontario: Free Press, 1993 

Kaufman J, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H, Houshvar S, Lipschitz D.  Social supports and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17316-17321

Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Hubbard A, Boyce WT.  School bullying and youth violence:  causes or consequences of psychopathologic behavior?  Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:1035-1041.

Klonsky ED, Oltmanns TF, Turkheimer E.  Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: prevalence and psychological correlates. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:1501-1508.

Korkeila J, Salminen JK,Hiekkanen H, Salokangas RKR.  Use of antidepressants and suicide rate in Finland:  An ecological study.  J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:505-511. 

Kuehn BM.  FDA panel seeks to balance risks in warnings for antidepressants.  JAMA 2007; 297:573-574

Lamprecht HC, Pakrasi S, Gash A, Swann AG.  Deliberate self-harm in older people revisited. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 2005; 20:1090-1096.

Lauterbach E, Brunner J, Hawelleck B, lewitzka U, Ising M, Bondy B, Rao ML, Frahnert C, Rujescu D, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Schley J, Heuser I, Maier W, Hohagen F, Felber W, Bronisch T.  Platelet 5-HT2A receptor binding and tryptophan availability are not associated with recent history of suicide attempts but with personality traits characteristic for suicidal behavior.  J Affect Disord 2006; 91:57-62.

Lohner J, Konrad N.  Deliberate self-harm and suicide attempt in custody: Distinguishing features in male inmates’ self-injurious behavior.  Int J Law Psychiatry 2006; 29:370-385.

MacKinnon DF, Zandi PP, Gershon E, Nurnberger JI Jr, Reich T, DePaulo JR.  Rapid switching of mood in families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:921-928. 

Malkesman O, Maayan R, Weizman A, Weller A.  Aggressive behavior and HPA axis hormones after social isolation in adult rats of two different genetic animal models for depression.  Behav Brain Res 2006;175:408-414

Martin J, Langley J, Millchamp J.  Domestic violence as witnessed by New Zealand children.  N Z Med J 2006; 119:U1817.

Masho SW, Odor RK, Adera T.  Sexual assault in Virginia:  A population-based study.  Womens Health Issues 2005; 15:157-166.

McGuigan WM, Middlemiss W.  Sexual abuse in childhood and interpersonal violence in adulthood:  a cumulative impact on depressive symptoms in women.  J Interpers Violence 2005; 20:1271-1287.

Muehlenkamp JJ, Gutierrez PM.  An investigation of differences between self-injurious behavior and suicide attempts in a sample of adolescents. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2004; 34:12-23.

Oquendo MA, Russo SA, Underwood MD, Kassir SA, Ellis SP, Mann JJ, Arango V.  Higher postmortem prefrontal 5-HT2A receptor binding correlates with lifetime aggression in suicide.  Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:235-243.

Ostacher MJ, Eidelman P. Suicide in Bipolar Depression.  In:  El-Mallakh RS, Ghaemi SN (Eds.) Bipolar “Depression a comprehensive guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. 2006; Chapter 5, 117-144.

Parker G, Malhi G, Mitchell P, Kotze B, Wilhelm K, Parker K. Self-harming in depressed patients: pattern analysis.  Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005; 39: 899-906.

Peleikis DE, Mykletun A, Dahl AA.  Long-term social status and intimate relationship in women with childhood sexual abuse who got outpatient psychotherapy for anxiety disorder and depression.  Nord J Psychiatry 2005; 59:31-38.

Placidi GP, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, Huang YY, Ellis SP, Mann JJ.  Aggressivity, suicide attempts, and depression:  relationship to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels.  Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52:375-376.

Pope HG Jr, Kouri EM, Hudson JI.  Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men:  a randomized

Raja M, Azzoni A.  Suicide attempts:  differences between unipolar and bipolar patients and among groups with different lethality risk. J Affect Disord 2004; 82:437-442.

Rich CL, Gidycz CA, Warkentin JB, Loh C, Weiland P.  Child and adolescent abuse and subsequent victimization:  a prospective study.  Child Abuse Negl 2005; 29:1373-1394.

Rich CL, Young D, Fowler RC. San Diego suicide study: Young vs old subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:577-582.

Sachs-Ericsson N, Verona E, Joiner T, Preacher KJ.  Parental verbal abuse and the mediating role of self-criticism in adult internalizing disorders.  J Affect Disord 2006; 93:71-78.

Safer DJ, Zito JM.  Do antidepressants reduce suicide rates?  Public Health 2007; 121:274-277.

Sakai JT, Young SE, Stallings MC, Tiberlake D, Smolen A, Stetler GL, Crowley TJ.  Case control and within-family tests for an association between conduct disorder and 5HTTLPR.  Am J Med Genet B Neuropscyhiatr Genet 2006; 141:825-832.

Shea A, Walsh C, Macmillan H, Steiner M.  Child maltreatment and HPA axis dysregulation:  relationship to major depressive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder in females.  

Sinclair J et al. Systematic review of resource utilization in the hospital management of deliberate self-harm.  Psychological Medicine 2006; 36:1682-1693.

Skegg K.  Self-harm.  The Lancet 2005;  366:1471-83.

Smith DJ, Harrison N, Muir W, Blackwood DHR.  The high prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders in young adults with recurrent depression: toward an innovative diagnostic framework. J Affect Disord 2005; 84:167-178. 

Sourander et al.  Early predictors of deliberate self harm among adolescents . A prospective followup study from age 3 to age 15.  Journal of Affective Disorders 2006; 93:87-96.

Stone, G. (1999). ''Suicide and attempted suicide''. Carroll &amp; Graf.

Suarez EC, Krishnan KR.  The relation of free plasma tryptophan to anger, hostility, and aggression in a nonpatient sample of adult men and women.  Ann Behav med 2006; 31:254-260.

Teicher MH, Samson JA, Polcari A, MaGreenery CE.  Sticks, stones, and hurtful words:  relative effects of various forms of childhood maltreatment.  Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:993-1000.

Tiihonen J, Lonnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Tanskanen A, Haukka J.  Antidepressants and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, and overall mortality in a nationwide cohort.  Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:1358-1367. 

Tondo L, Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ.  Lower suicide risk with long-term lithium treatment in major affective illness: a meta-analysis.  Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 104:163-72.

Tuisku V, Pelkonen M, Karlsson L, Kiviruusu O, Holi M, Ruuttu T, Punamaki R, Marttunen M.  Suicidal ideation, deliberate self-harm behavior and suicide attempts among adolescent outpatients with depressive mood disorders and comorbid axis I disorders.  Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 15:199-206.

Tzemou E, Birchwood M.  A prospective study of dysfunctional thinki8ng and the regulation of negative intrusive memories in bipolar 1 disorder: implications for affect regulation theory.  Psychol Med 2007; 37:689-698.

Volavka J, Bilder R, Nolan K.  Catecholamines and aggression:  The role of COMT and MAO polymorphisms.  Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1036:393-398.

Widom CS, DuMont K, Czaja SJ.  A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up.  Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:49-56.

Wright J, Friedrich W, Cinq-Mars C, Cyr M, McDuff P.  Self-destructive and delinquent behaviors of adolescent female victims of child sexual abuse:  rates and covariates in clinical and nonclinical samples.  Violence Vict 2004; 19:627-643.

Zalcman SS, Siegel A. The neurobiology of aggression and rage:  role of cytokines.  Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:507-514.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>nfexmo6lat2p1cjblqv7ni6zpi7zxbw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Mesothelioma/Overview</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>215396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673365</id>
      <parentid>4449344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:37:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9568" sha1="reyg350yp43w9bztaqkklmay5e37sbx" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Mesothelioma Overview'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Epidemiology==
&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Malignant Mesothelioma&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
Image:Tumor_Mesothelioma1.JPG|
Image:Tumor_Mesothelioma2.JPG|
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{clr}}

*3000 patients diagnosed yearly.
*70-80% related to asbestos exposure
*Not related specifically to smoking; however, smoking + asbestos dramatically increase risk
*M&gt;F
*Peak incidence in 5th to 7th decade.
*96% occurs after 20+ years latency period after asbestos exposure

==Pathology==
*Sarcomatous
*Epithelial (best prognosis of 3 subtypes)
*Mixed

==Prognostic Factors==
'''CALGB Prognostic Index'''  - Based on a trial of 337 patients treated for malignant mesothelioma in 7 phase II CALGB trials.
*Pleural Involvement
*LDH&gt;500 IU/L
*Poor KPS
*Non-epithelial histology
*Age&gt;75

==Resectable disease==
*Surgical resection possible in minority of patients
*Trimodality therapy is treatment of choice for non-metastatic mesothelioma
*Extrapleural pneumonectomy is surgical procedure of choice: Removes ipsilateral lung, parietal pleura, pericardium, diaphragm and mediastinal nodal dissection with reconstruction of the diaphragm.
*Adjuvant radiotherapy includes hemithorax irradiation
*~10% patients fail at biopsy tract, but prophylactic tract RT is probably not beneficial

===Prophylactic RT After Biopsy===
*'''Glasgow, 2007''' (1998-2004) {{PMID|17588698}} -- &quot;A randomised controlled trial of intervention site radiotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma.&quot; (O'Rourke N, Radiother Oncol. 2007 Jul;84(1):18-22.)
**Randomized. 61 patients. Chest drain or pleural biopsy + RT 21/3 vs. observation
**Tract mets: RT arm 13% vs. supportive care 10% (NS)
**Conclusion: Prophylactic drain site RT does not reduce tumor seeding

*'''Marseille, France, 1995''' {{PMID|7656629}} -- &quot;Prevention of malignant seeding after invasive diagnostic procedures in patients with pleural mesothelioma. A randomized trial of local radiotherapy.&quot; (Boutin C, Chest. 1995 Sep;108(3):754-8.)
**40 pts w/ histologically proven malignant mesothelioma.  Xrt arm received 7 Gy in 3 fractions to the thoracic wall via electrons.  Xrt was 10-15 days after thoroscopy.
**40% in the observation arm developed metastases at the entry tract.  None of the patients in the xrt arm developed entry tract mets.

===Trimodality Therapy===
*'''EORTC 08031, 2011''' (2005-2007) {{PMID|20525721}}. Van Schil PE, et al. &quot;Trimodality therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma: results from an EORTC phase II multicentre trial,&quot; European Respiratory Journal. 2010 Dec;36(6):1362-9.
**57pts tx'd from 2005-2007 with induction cisplatin (75mg/m2) + pemetrexed (500mg/m2) for three cycles followed by  extrapleural pneumonectomy (42pts) followed by hemithorax RT to 54Gy in 30fx (37pts completed RT).
**Local recurrence occurred in 16% of patients completing all trimodality therapy. Median OS was 18.4 months.

*'''MSKCC, 2001''' (1995-1998) {{PMID|11581615}}.  Rusch, V. et al.  &quot;A phase II trial of surgical resection and adjuvant high-dose hemithoracic radiation for malignant pleural mesothelioma,&quot; Journal of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery.  2001 Oct;122(4):788-95
**88 patients tx'd from 1995-1998 with 54 Gy hemithoracic xrt after complete resection.  70% extrapleural pneumonectomies.
**Xrt reduced local recurrence; pts treated w/ extrapleural pneumonectomy w/ adjuvant chemoxrt failed at distant sites.

*'''Harvard, 1999'''  {{PMID|9869758}}.  Sugarbaker, D. et al.  &quot;Resection margins, extrapleural nodal status, and cell type determine postoperative long-term survival in trimodality therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma,&quot;  Journal of Thoracic Cardiovascular Sugery.  1999 Jan;117(1):54-63
**183 patients, resectable mesothelioma with KPS&gt;70.  Patients treated with extrapleural pneumonectomy, adjuvant chemoxrt (30 Gy in 1.5 Gy fx to hemithorax w/ boost to 50.4 Gy, concurrent taxol), adjuvant taxol.
**Peri-operative mortality 3.8%, subgroup w/ extended survival were epithelial type, negative extrapleural nodes, negative margins.  5 yr OS 46% w/ all 3 positive prognostic factors.

*'''MSKCC, 1982''' (1939-1981) {{PMID|7144218}}.  McCormack, P. et al.  &quot;Surgical treatment of pleural mesothelioma.&quot;  Journal of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery.  1982 Dec;84(6):834-42
**170 pts at MSKCC tx'd from 1939 to 1981 for pleural mesothelioma.  Variation in tx regimens, but after 1972, pts tx'd w/ pleurectomy (w/o lung resection) w/ adjuvant ext beam xrt or brachy.  Median survival for surg + xrt cohort was 21 months w/ better local control than surg alone.
**Conclusion:  multi-modality approach including surgery, xrt and chemo led to better overall survival.

===Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy===
Early studies showed improved local control over historical controls.  
Recent publication from BWH shows a significant mortality from radiation induced pneumonitis when fail to use more stringent dose constraints.

*'''MD Anderson''' (2000-2005)
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17954086}} -- &quot;Outcomes after extrapleural pneumonectomy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma.&quot; (Rice DC, Ann Thorac Surg. 2007 Nov;84(5):1685-92; discussion 1692-3.)
***Retrospective. 100 patients, who underwent extrapleural pneumonectomy. 63 IMRT (median 45 Gy). Right side 66%, left side 34%. Stage I 6%, Stage II 7%, Stage III 72%, Stage IV 15%; 54% ipsilateral LN+. Perioperative mortality 8%
***Outcome: median OS 10.2 months; if IMRT 14.2 months; if LN- and epithelioid 28 months. Recurrence LR 13%, DM 54%
***Conclusion: IMRT excellent local control, need systemic therapy
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17467922}} -- &quot;Dose-dependent pulmonary toxicity after postoperative intensity-modulated radiotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma.&quot; (Rice DC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Oct 1;69(2):350-7. Epub 2007 Apr 30.)
***Retrospective. 63 patients treated with IMRT after extrapleural pneumonectomy. Dose 45-50 Gy
***Outcome: 37% died within 6 months (43% recurrence, 17% pneumonia, 9% pneumonitis, 31% non-cancer and non-pulmonary causes)
***Predictors of pulmonary-related death: only contralateral V20. If &gt;7%, 42X risk of death. Also, if absolute lung volume receiving 10 Gy &gt;1200 cm3 and 5 Gy &gt;300 cm3 had better outcome
***Conclusion: Fatal pulmonary toxicity (9%) associated with V20

*'''Harvard, 2006''' {{PMID|16751058}}.  Allen, AM. et al.  &quot;Fatal pneumonitis associated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for mesothelioma,&quot;  Int J Radiat Oncol, Biol, Phys.  2006 Jul 1;65(3):640-5.
**Pts treated to 54 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions.  Contralateral lung limited to V20 of 20%.  6 of 13 patients developed fatal radiation pneumonitis.  
**Conclusion:  metrics such as V5 and MLD should be used in addition to V20 to determine patient tolerance to xrt.

==Unresectable disease==
*One randomized trial suggests that chemotherapy (MVP) may not be superior to active symptomatic control alone; there may be benefit to vinorelbine alone
*Two randomized trials suggest that cisplatin + antifolate (pemetrexed or raltitrexed) should be used over cisplatin alone
*The role of cisplatin itself is not clear, but it has been used historically


*'''British MS01''' (2001 - 2006) - Active Symptom Control vs. ACS + MVP vs. ACS + vinorelbine
**Randomized, 3 arms. 409 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Arm 1) Active symptom control (steroids, analgesics, bronchodilators, palliative RT) vs. Arm 2) ASC + MVP (mitomycin 6 mg/m2, vinblastine 6mg/m2, cisplatin 50mg/m2) vs. Arm 3) ASC + vinorelbine 20 mg/m2
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18486741}} -- &quot;Active symptom control with or without chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MS01): a multicentre randomised trial.&quot; (Muers MF, Lancet. 2008 May 17;371(9625):1685-94.)
***Outcome: median OS ASC 7.6 months vs. ASC + chemo 8.5 months (NS); subset trend benefit for vinorelbine 9.5 months (p=0.08)
***Toxicity: No difference
***Conclusion: Addition of MVP or vinorelbine to active symptom control offered no significant benefit

*'''EORTC-NCIC 08983''' (2000-2003) - Cisplatin vs. Cisplatin + Raltitrexed
**Randomized. 250 patients with advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma. Arm 1) cisplatin 80 mg/m2 vs. Arm 2) cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + raltitrexed 3 mg/m2
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16192580}} -- &quot;Randomized phase III study of cisplatin with or without raltitrexed in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: an intergroup study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Group and the National Cancer Institute of Canada.&quot; (van Meerbeeck JP, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 1;23(28):6881-9.)
***Outcome: median OS cisplatin 9 months vs. cisplatin + raltitrexed 11 months (SS); 1-year OS 40% vs. 46% (SS)
***Conclusion: Raltitrexed and cisplatin improves survival compared with cisplatin alone

*'''Pemetrexed Trial''' (1999-2001) - Cisplatin vs. Cisplatin + Pemetrexed
**Randomized. 456 patients with chemo-naive and inoperable mesothelioma. Arm 1) cisplatin 75 mg/m2 vs. Arm 2 cisplatin 75 mg/m2 + pemetrexed 500 mg/m2
***'''2003''' {{PMID|12860938}} -- &quot;Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.&quot;  (Vogelzang NJ, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jul 15;21(14):2636-44.)
***Outcome: median OS cisplatin 9 months vs cisplatin/pemetrexed 12 months (SS); time-to-progression 3.9 months vs. 5.7 months (SS)
***Conclusion: Pemetrexed + cisplatin + vitamin supplements resulted in superior outcome compared with cisplatin alone</text>
      <sha1>reyg350yp43w9bztaqkklmay5e37sbx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:French/Texts/Advanced</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>228582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673320</id>
      <parentid>3289495</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T00:32:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>It-is-Truly-Meet</username>
        <id>3624460</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="633" sha1="irfmnu9vgdeb8gt7r394ni558h2dkpv" xml:space="preserve">{{French/Footer template
 | linksection  = Texts
 | section      = Texts/Advanced
 | title        = Advanced texts
 | pages        = [[French/Texts/Advanced/Les Misérables|Excerpts from ''Les Misérables'']] · [[French/Texts/Advanced/Candide|Excerpts from ''Candide'']] · [[French/Texts/Advanced/Le Comte de Monte-Cristo|Excerpts from ''Le Comte de Monte-Cristo'']] · [[French/Texts/Advanced/Madame Bovary|Excerpts from ''Madame Bovary'']]
 | showcontents = {{{showcontents|}}}
 | compact      = {{{compact|}}}
 | width        = {{{width|90%; max-width: 600px}}}
 | sort         = {{{sort|}}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{BookCat}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>irfmnu9vgdeb8gt7r394ni558h2dkpv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The History of the Native Peoples of the Americas/Mesoamerican Cultures/Bibliography</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673364</id>
      <parentid>3259794</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:37:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42292" sha1="p48t8m3c8rft64y78gzxftpe96ui6dm" xml:space="preserve">==Olmec References==
*Adams, Richard E.W. (1991). Prehistoric Mesoamerica (Revised ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. {{ISBN|0-8061-2304-4}}. OCLC 22593466.
*Benson, Elizabeth P. (1996). &quot;110. Votive Axe&quot;. in Elizabeth P. Benson and Beatriz de la Fuente (eds.). Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico (To accompany an exhibition at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, June 30 to Oct. 20, 1996 ed.). Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art. pp. 262–263. {{ISBN|0-89468-250-4}}. OCLC 34357584. 
*Bruhns, Karen O.; Nancy L. Kelker, Ma. del Carmen Rodríguez Martínez, Ponciano Ortíz Ceballos, *Michael D. Coe, Richard A. Diehl, Stephen D. Houston, Karl A. Taube, and Alfredo Delgado Calderón (March 2007). &quot;Did the Olmec Know How to Write?&quot;. Science (Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science) 315 (5817): 1365–1366. doi:10.1126/science.315.5817.1365b. ISSN 0036-8075. OCLC 206052590. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/citation/315/5817/1365b. 
*Campbell, Lyle; and Terrence Kaufman (1976). &quot;A Linguistic Look at the Olmec&quot;. American Antiquity (Menasha, WI: Society for American Archaeology) 41 (1): 80–89. doi:10.2307/279044. ISSN 0002-7316. OCLC 1479302. 
*Carlson, John B. (1975) “Lodestone Compass: Chinese or Olmec Primacy? Multidisciplinary Analysis of an Olmec Hematite Artifact from San Lorenzo, Veracruz, Mexico”, Science, New Series, Vol. 189, No. 4205 (Sep. 5, 1975), pp. 753-760 (753).
*Clark, John E. (2001). &quot;Gulf Lowlands: South Region&quot;. in Susan Toby Evans and David L. Webster (eds.). Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: an Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 340–344. {{ISBN|0-8153-0887-6}}. OCLC 45313588. 
*Coe, Michael D. (1967). &quot;San Lorenzo and the Olmec Civilization&quot;. in Elizabeth P. Benson (ed.) (PDF online reproduction). Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec, October 28th and 29th, 1967. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection; Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 41–72. OCLC 52523439. http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/olmec.html. 
*Coe, Michael D. (1968). America's First Civilization: Discovering the Olmec. New York: The Smithsonian Library. 
*Coe, Michael D.; with Rex Koontz (2002). Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs (5th edition, revised and enlarged ed.). London and New York: Thames &amp; Hudson. {{ISBN|0-500-28346-X}}. OCLC 50131575. 
*Covarrubias, Miguel (1977) [1946]. &quot;Olmec Art or the Art of La Venta&quot;. in Alana Cordy-Collins and Jean Stern (eds.). Pre-Columbian Art History: Selected Readings. Robert Pirazzini (trans.) (Reprint of original paper ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Peek Publications. pp. 1–34. {{ISBN|0-917962-41-9}}. OCLC 3843930. 
*Covarrubias, Miguel (1957). Indian Art of Mexico and Central America (Color plates and line drawings by the author ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. OCLC 171974. 
*Cyphers, Ann (1996). &quot;2. San Lorenzo Monument 4 - Colossal Head&quot;. in Elizabeth P. Benson and Beatriz de la Fuente (eds.). Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico (To accompany an exhibition at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, June 30 to Oct. 20, 1996 ed.). Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art. pp. 156. {{ISBN|0-89468-250-4}}. OCLC 34357584. 
*Cyphers, Ann (1999). &quot;From Stone to Symbols: Olmec Art in Social Context at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán&quot;. in David C. Grove and Rosemary A. Joyce (eds.) (PDF online e-text reproduction). Social patterns in pre-classic Mesoamerica: a symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1993. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection and Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 155–181. {{ISBN|0-88402-252-8}}. OCLC 39229716. http://www.doaks.org/Social/social07.pdf. 
*Davies, Nigel (1982). The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico. Pelican Books series. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-022232-4}}. OCLC 11212208. 
*Diehl, Richard (2004). The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. Ancient peoples and places series. London: Thames &amp; Hudson. {{ISBN|0-500-02119-8}}. OCLC 56746987. 
*Filloy Nadal, Laura (2001). &quot;Rubber and Rubber Balls in Mesoamerica&quot;. in E. Michael Whittington (ed.). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame (Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. ed.). New York: Thames &amp; Hudson. pp. 20–31. {{ISBN|0-500-05108-9}}. OCLC 49029226. 
*Flannery, Kent V.; Andrew K. Balkansky, Gary M. Feinman, David C. Grove, Joyce Marcus, Elsa M. Redmond, Robert G. Reynolds, Robert J. Sharer, Charles S. Spencer, and Jason Yaeger (August 2005). &quot;Implications of new petrographic analysis for the Olmec “mother culture” model&quot; (online reproduction). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences) 102 (32): 11219–11223. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505116102. ISSN 0027-8424. OCLC 209632728. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/32/11219. Retrieved 2007-03-27. 
*Grove, David C. (September 1976). &quot;Olmec Origins and Transpacific Diffusion: Reply to Meggers&quot; (JSTOR reproduction). American Anthropologist, New Series (Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association and affiliated societies) 78 (3): 634–637. doi:10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00120. ISSN 0002-7294. OCLC 1479294. http://www.jstor.org/pss/674425. 
*Grove, David C. (1981). &quot;Olmec monuments: Mutilation as a Clue to Meaning&quot;. in Elizabeth P. Benson (ed.). The Olmec and their Neighbors: Essays in Memory of Matthew W. Stirling. Michael D. Coe and David C. Grove (organizers). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection; Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 49–68. {{ISBN|0-88402-098-3}}. OCLC 7416377. 
*Guimarães, A.P. (June 2004). &quot;Mexico and the early history of magnetism&quot; (PDF online reproduction). Revista Mexicana de Física (Mexico D.F.: Sociedad Mexicana de Física) 50 (Enseñanza 1): 51–53. ISSN 0035-001X. OCLC 107737016. http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=57063107. Retrieved 2008-09-09. 
*Haughton, Brian (2007). Hidden History. New Page Books. {{ISBN|978-1564148971}}. 
*Joralemon, Peter David (1996) &quot;[Catalogue #]53. Figure Seated on a Throne with Infant on Lap&quot;, in Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, eds. E. P. Benson and B. de la Fuente, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., {{ISBN|0-89468-250-4}}, pp. 218.
*Joyce, Rosemary A.; Richard Edging, Karl Lorenz, and Susan D. Gillespie (1991). &quot;Olmec Bloodletting: An Iconographic Study&quot;. in Virginia M. Fields (volume ed) (PDF; reprinted online by PARI [2003]). Sixth Palenque Roundtable, 1986. Palenque Round Table series, vol. 8. Sixth Palenque Round Table Conference, held June 8-14, 1986, at Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, Merle Greene Robertson (series ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 143–150. {{ISBN|0-8061-2277-3}}. OCLC 21230103. http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/RT08/Bloodletting.pdf. 
*Lawler, Andrew (2007). &quot;Beyond the Family Feud&quot;. Archaeology 60 (2): 20–25. 
*Magni, Caterina (1999). Archéologie du Mexique: les Olmèques. Paris: Éditions Artcom’. {{ISBN|2-912741-24-6}}. OCLC 43630189.  (French)
*Magni, Caterina (2003). Les Olmèques: des origines au mythe. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. {{ISBN|2-02-054991-3}}. OCLC 52385926.  (French)
National Science Foundation (2002) Scientists Find Earliest &quot;New World&quot; Writings in Mexico, 2002.
*Niederberger Betton, Christine (1987) Paléopaysages et archéologie pré-urbaine du bassin de México. Tomes I &amp; II published by Centro Francés de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos, Mexico, D.F. (Resume)
*Ortíz C., Ponciano; Rodríguez, María del Carmen (1999) &quot;Olmec Ritual Behavior at El Manatí: A Sacred Space&quot; in Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, eds. Grove, D. C.; Joyce, R. A., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C., p. 225 - 254.
*Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard; Gabriel Haslip-Viera, and Warren Barbour (Spring 1997). &quot;They Were NOT Here before Columbus: Afrocentric Hyperdiffusionism in the 1990s&quot;. Ethnohistory (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, issued by the American Society for Ethnohistory) 44 (2): 199–234. doi:10.2307/483368. ISSN 0014-1801. OCLC 42388116. 
*Pohl, Mary; Kevin O. Pope, and Christopher von Nagy (2002). &quot;Olmec Origins of Mesoamerican Writing&quot;. Science 298 (5600): 1984–1987. doi:10.1126/science.1078474. {{PMID|12471256}}. 
*Pohl, Mary &quot;Economic Foundations of Olmec Civilization in the Gulf Coast Lowlands of México&quot;, Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., accessed March 2007.
*Pool, Christopher A. (2007). Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-78882-3}}. OCLC 68965709. 
*Pope, Kevin; et al. (2001). &quot;Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica&quot;. Science 292 (5520): 1370–1373. doi:10.1126/science.292.5520.1370. 
Reilly III, F. Kent “Art, Ritual, and Rulership in the Olmec World” in Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica: a Reader, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, p. 369-395.
*Rose, Mark (2005) &quot;Olmec People, Olmec Art&quot;, in Archaeology (online), the Archaeological Institute of America, accessed February 2007.
*Santley, Robert S.; Michael J. Berman, and Rani T. Alexander (1991). &quot;The Politicization of the Mesoamerican Ballgame and its Implications for the Interpretation of the Distribution of Ballcourts in Central Mexico&quot;. in Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 3–24. {{ISBN|0-8165-1180-2}}. OCLC 51873028. 
*Scarre, Chris (1999) The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World, Thames &amp; Hudson, London, {{ISBN|978-0-500-05096-5}}.
*Serra Puche, Mari Carmen and Fernan Gonzalez de la Vara, Karina R. Durand V. (1996) &quot;Daily Life in Olmec Times&quot;, in Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, eds. E. P. Benson and B. de la Fuente, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., {{ISBN|0-89468-250-4}}, pp. 262-263.
*Skidmore, Joel (2006). &quot;The Cascajal Block: The Earliest Precolumbian Writing&quot; (PDF). Mesoweb Reports &amp; News. Mesoweb. http://www.mesoweb.com/reports/cascajal.html. Retrieved 2007-06-20. 
*Stevenson, Mark (2007) “Olmec-influenced city found in Mexico”, Associated Press, accessed February 8, 2007.
*Stirling, Matthew W. (1968). &quot;Early History of the Olmec Problem&quot;. in Elizabeth P. Benson (ed.) (PDF online reproduction). Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec, October 28th and 29th, 1967. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection; Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 1–8. OCLC 52523439. http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/olmec.html. 
*Stoltman, J.B.; et al. (2005). &quot;Petrographic evidence shows that pottery exchange between the Olmec and their neighbors was two-way&quot;. PNAS 102 (32): 11213–11218. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505117102. 
*Taube, Karl (2004) (PDF). Olmec Art at Dumbarton Oaks. Pre-Columbian Art at Dumbarton Oaks, No. 2. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection; Trustees of Harvard University. {{ISBN|0-884-02275-7}}. OCLC 56096117. http://www.doaks.org/OlmecArt.pdf. 
*VanDerwarker, Amber (2006) Farming, Hunting, and Fishing in the Olmec World, University of Texas Press, {{ISBN|0-292-70980-3}}.
*von Nagy, Christopher (1997). &quot;The Geoarchaeology of Settlement in the Grijalva Delta&quot;. in Barbara L. Stark and Philip J. Arnold III (eds.). Olmec to Aztec: Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 253–277. {{ISBN|0-8165-1689-8}}. OCLC 36364149. 
*Wichmann, Søren (1995). The Relationship Among the Mixe-Zoquean Languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. {{ISBN|0-87480-487-6}}. 
*Wichmann, Søren; Dmitri Beliaev, and Albert Davletshin (September 2008 [in press]). &quot;Posibles correlaciones lingüísticas y arqueológicas involucrando a los olmecas&quot; (PDF). Proceedings of the Mesa Redonda Olmeca: Balance y Perspectivas, Museo Nacional de Antropología, México City, March 10-12, 2005.. http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Olmecs.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-18.  (Spanish)
*Wilford, John Noble (March 15, 2005). &quot;Mother Culture, or Only a Sister?&quot;. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/15/science/15olme.html?hp. Retrieved 2008-09-19. 
*Williams, Howel; and Robert F. Heizer (September 1965). &quot;Sources of Rocks Used in Olmec Monuments&quot; (PDF online facsimile). Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility (Berkeley: University of California Department of Anthropology) 1 (Sources of Stones Used in Prehistoric Mesoamerican Sites): 1–44. ISSN 0068-5933. OCLC 1087514. http://www.mesoweb.com/olmec/publications/Williams&amp;Heizer1965-OCR.pdf.

==Zapotec References==
*Marcus, Joyce; and Flannery, Kent V. (1996). Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley. New aspects of antiquity series. New York: Thames &amp; Hudson. {{ISBN|0-500-05078-3}}. OCLC 34409496.
* Marcus, Joyce; and Flannery, Kent V. (2000). &quot;Cultural Evolution in Oaxaca: The Origins of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations&quot;. in Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. Macleod (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 358–406. {{ISBN|0-521-35165-0}}. OCLC 33359444. 
*Smith, Michael E. (2000). &quot;Review: Two Perspectives on the Rise of Civilization in Mesoamerica's Oaxaca Valley. Review of: Ancient Oaxaca: The Monte Albán State by Richard E. Blanton ; Gary M. Feinman ; Stephen A. Kowalewski ; Linda M. Nicholas&quot;. Latin American Antiquity 11 (1): 87–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1571672. 
*Whitecotton, Joseph W. (1990). Zapotec Elite Ethnohistory: Pictorial Genealogies from Eastern Oaxaca. Vanderbilt University publications in anthropology, no. 39. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University. {{ISBN|0-935462-30-9}}. OCLC 23095346. 
*Whitecotton, Joseph W. (1977). The Zapotecs: Princes, Priests and Peasants. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

==Toltec References==
* {{cite book |title=The Toltecs Until the Fall of Tula |author= Davis, Nigel |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year= 1977|id={{ISBN|0-8061-1394-4}}}}
*{{cite book|last=Miller |first=Mary |authorlink=Mary Miller |coauthors=and Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |id={{ISBN|0-500-05068-6}}}} 
* Ancient America Rediscovered.  As recorded by Mariano Veytia (1720-1778), and compiled by Donald W. Hemingway and W. David Hemingway. 2000. Bonneville Books. {{ISBN|1-55517-479-5}}
*{{cite journal| author=Smith, Michael E. |title= The Aztlán migrations of the Nahuatl chronicles: Myth or History? |journal= Ethnohistory | |year= 1984 |publisher= Duke University Press}}

==Maya References==
*{{cite book |author=Coggins, Clemency (Ed.)  |year=1992 |title=Artifacts from the Cenote of Sacrifice Chichen Itza, Yucatan: Textiles, Basketry, Stone, Shell, Ceramics, Wood, Copal, Rubber (Memoirs of the Peabody Museum) |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn= 0-873-65694-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Culbert, T.Patrick (Ed.)  |year=1977 |title=Classic Maya Collapse |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=0-826-30463-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Drew, David |year=2004 |title=The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings |edition=New |publisher=Phoenix Press |location=London |isbn=0-753-80989-3}}
* {{Cite news |author=Krupp, Edward C. |author-link=Ed Krupp |year=1999 |title=Igniting the Hearth |periodical=Sky &amp; Telescope |issue=February |pages =94 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/skyandtelescope/access/886319051.html?dids=886319051:886319051&amp;FMT=CITE&amp;FMTS=CITE:PAGE&amp;date=Feb+1999&amp;author=E+C+Krupp&amp;desc=Igniting+the+Hearth |accessdate=2006-10-19 |ref=harv |postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}
* {{cite journal|author=Love, Michael |year=2007 |month=December |title=Recent Research in the Southern Highlands and Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica |journal=Journal of Archaeological Research |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=275–328 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |issn=1573-7756 |doi=10.1007/s10814-007-9014-y |accessdate=2006-02-01|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |author=Miller, Mary |authorlink=Mary Miller |coauthors= Simon Martin |year=2004 |title=Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05129-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Miller, Mary |authorlink=Mary Miller |coauthors= Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05068-6}} 
* {{cite book |author=Reyes-Valerio, Constantino  |year=1993 |title=De Bonampak al Templo Mayor: Historical del Azul Maya en Mesoamerica |publisher=Siglo XXI editores |isbn= 968-23-1893-9}}
*{{cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |authorlink=Robert Sharer|coauthors=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |edition=6th, fully revised |location=Stanford, CA |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446}}
* {{cite web |author=Skidmore, Joel |year=2006 |title=The Cascajal Block: The Earliest Precolumbian Writing |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/reports/cascajal.html |format=PDF |work=Mesoweb Reports &amp; News |publisher=Mesoweb |accessdate=}} 
*{{cite book |author=Webster, David L. |year=2002 |title=The Fall of the Ancient Maya |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05113-5}}
*{{cite book |author=Coe, Michael D. |year=1999 |title=The Maya|edition=Sixth |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |location=New York |isbn=0-500-28066-5}}
*{{cite web | url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17188 | title=Maya Ruins | publisher=NASA Earth Observatory | accessdate=2006-04-28}}

==Aztec References==
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Berdan, Frances}} |authorlink=Frances Berdan|year=1982|title=The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society |series=Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology|location=New York|publisher=Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston|isbn=0-03-055736-4 |oclc=7795704}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Berdan, Frances F.}} |authorlink=Frances Berdan |coauthors={{aut|Richard E. Blanton, Elizabeth Hill Boone, Mary G. Hodge, Michael E. Smith}}, and {{aut|Emily Umberger}} |year=1996 |title=Aztec Imperial Strategies |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection |isbn=0-88402-211-0 |oclc=27035231}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Boone, Elizabeth Hill}} |authorlink=Elizabeth Hill Boone |year=1989 |title=Incarnations of the Aztec Supernatural: The Image of Huitzilopochtli in Mexico and Europe |series=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, {{nowrap|vol. 79 part 2}} |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=0-87169-792-0 |oclc=20141678}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Boone, Elizabeth Hill}} |authorlink=Elizabeth Hill Boone |year=2000 |title=Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztec and Mixtec |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0-292-70876-9 |oclc=40939882}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Carrasco, David}} |year=1982 |title=Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-09487-1 |oclc=0226094871}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Carrasco, David}} |year=1999 |title=City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=0-8070-4642-6 |oclc=41368255}}
:Carrasco, Pedro (1999) ''The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan''. University of Oklahoma Press. {{ISBN|0-8061-3144-6}}.
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón}} |authorlink=Chimalpahin |year=1997 |origyear=c.1621 |title=Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 1: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin |others=Arthur J.O. Anderson and Susan Schroeder (eds. and trans.), Susan Schroeder (general ed.), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, {{nowrap|no. 225}} |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2921-1 |oclc=36017075}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón}} |authorlink=Chimalpahin |year=1997 |origyear=c.1621 |title=Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 2: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin (continued) |others=Arthur J.O. Anderson and Susan Schroeder (eds. and trans.), Susan Schroeder (general ed.), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, {{nowrap|no. 226}} |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn= 978-0-8061-2950-1 |oclc=36017075}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Clendinnen, Inga}} |authorlink=Inga Clendinnen |year=1991 |title=Aztecs: An Interpretation|location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-40093-7 |oclc=22451031}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Davies, Nigel}} |authorlink=Nigel Davies (historian)|year=1973 |title=The Aztecs: A History|location=London |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-12404-9 |oclc=805418}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Díaz del Castillo, Bernal}} |authorlink=Bernal Díaz del Castillo |year=1963 |origyear=1632 |title=Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España|The Conquest of New Spain  |edition=6th printing (1973)|others=J. M. Cohen (trans.) |series=Penguin Classics|publisher=Penguin Books |location=Harmondsworth, England|isbn=0-14-044123-9 |oclc=162351797}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Durán, Diego}} |authorlink=Diego Durán |year=1971 |origyear=1574–79 |title=Book of the Gods and Rites ''and'' The Ancient Calendar |others=Translated and edited by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden, with a Foreword by Miguel León-Portilla |edition=translation of ''Libro de los dioses y ritos'' and ''El calendario antiguo'', 1st English |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, {{nowrap|no. 102}} |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-0889-4 |oclc=149976}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Durán, Diego}} |authorlink=Diego Durán|origyear=c.1581 |year=1994 |title=The History of the Indies of New Spain |others=Doris Heyden (trans., annot., and introd.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 210 |edition=Translation of ''Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y Islas de Tierra Firme'', 1st English|location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-2649-3 |oclc=29565779}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Gillespie, Susan D.}} |authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie|year=1989 |title=The Aztec Kings: the Construction of Rulership in Mexica History |location=Tucson |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=0-816-51095-4 |oclc=19353576}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Gillespie, Susan D.}} |authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie|year=1998 |chapter=The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Postconquest Tradition|title=Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 2nd through 4th October 1992 |chapterurl=http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |format=PDF Reprint |editor=Elizabeth Hill Boone and Tom Cubbins (eds.) |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection |location=Washington D.C. |pages=233–263 |isbn=0-88402-239-0 |oclc=34354931|accessdate=}}
: Graulich, Michel (1997) ''Myths of Ancient Mexico''. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. {{ISBN|0-8061-2910-7}}.
: Gruzinski, Serge (1992). ''The Aztecs: The Rise and Fall of an Empire''. New York: Harry N. Abrams. {{ISBN|0-8109-2821-3}}.
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Hassig, Ross}}|year=1985 |title=Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth-Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, {{nowrap|no. 171}} |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-1911-X |oclc=11469622}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Hassig, Ross}} |authorlink=Ross Hassig|year=1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, {{nowrap|no. 188}} |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-2121-1 |oclc=17106411}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Hassig, Ross}} |authorlink=Ross Hassig|year=1992 |title=War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica |location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-07734-2 |oclc=25007991}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Hassig, Ross}} |authorlink=Ross Hassig |year=2001 |title=Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0-292-73139-6 |oclc=44167649}}
:{{cite paper |author={{aut|Kaufman, Terrence}} |authorlink=Terrence Kaufman |year=2001 |title=The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results  |url=http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |format=PDF |version=Revised March 2001|publisher=Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica |accessdate=}}
:{{cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel (Ed.) |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla |year=1992 |origyear=1959 |title=The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico |others=Ángel María Garibay K. (Nahuatl-Spanish trans.), Lysander Kemp (Spanish-English trans.), Alberto Beltran (illus.)|edition=Expanded and updated edition|publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=0-8070-5501-8}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|León-Portilla, Miguel}} |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla |year=1963 |title=Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Náhuatl Mind |edition=translation and adaptation of: ''La filosofía náhuatl'', 1st [1990] pbk reprint|series=Civilization of the American Indian series, {{nowrap|no. 67}}|others=Jack Emory Davis (trans.) |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-2295-1 |oclc=23373512}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|León-Portilla, Miguel}} |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla |year=2002 |title=Bernardino de Sahagun, First Anthropologist |others=Mauricio J. Mixco (trans.) |edition=Originally published as Bernardino de Sahagún: Pionero de la Antropología ©1999, UNAM. |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=0-8061-3364-3 |oclc=47990042}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Lockhart, James}} |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) |year=1991 |title=Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology |series=UCLA Latin American studies vol. 76, Nahuatl studies series no. 3|publisher=Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications|location= Stanford and Los Angeles, CA |isbn=0-8047-1953-5 |oclc=23286637}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Lockhart, James}} |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) |year=1992 |title=The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries |location=Stanford, CA |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-1927-6 |oclc=24283718}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Lockhart, James}} |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) |coauthors=ed. and trans. |year=1993 |title=We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico |series=Repertorium Columbianum, {{nowrap|vol. 1}} |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-07875-6 |oclc=24703159}} {{en icon}} {{es icon}} {{nah icon}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|López Austin, Alfredo}} |authorlink=Alfredo López Austin |year=1997 |title=Tamoanchan, Tlalocan: Places of Mist |series=Mesoamerican Worlds series|others=translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano |location=Niwot |publisher=University Press of Colorado |isbn=0-87081-445-1 |oclc=36178551}}
* López Luján, Leonardo (2005) ''The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan''. Revised ed. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. {{ISBN|0-8263-2958-6}}.
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo}} |authorlink=Eduardo Matos Moctezuma |year=1988 |title=The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan |series=New Aspects of Antiquity series |others=Doris Heyden (trans.)|location=New York |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |isbn=0-500-39024-X |oclc=17968786}}
* Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (1988) ''The Great Temple of the Aztecs''. Thames and Hudson, New York. {{ISBN|0-500-39024-X}}.
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Miller, Mary}} |authorlink=Mary Miller |coauthors=and {{aut|Karl Taube}} |year=1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05068-6 |oclc=27667317}}
:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R.}} |year=1983 |month=June |title=Counting Skulls: Comment on the Aztec Cannibalism Theory of Harner-Harris |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=pp.403–406 |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=American Anthropological Association |doi=10.1525/aa.1983.85.2.02a00130 |issn=0002-7294 |oclc=1479294}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R.}} |year=1990 |title=Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=0-8135-1562-9|oclc=20798977}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Prescott, William H.}} |authorlink=William H. Prescott |year=1843 |title=History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html  |format=online reproduction, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library |location=New York |publisher=Harper and Brothers |oclc=2458166}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Restall, Matthew}} |authorlink=Matthew Restall |year=2004 |title=Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest  |edition=1st pbk edition|location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-517611-1 |oclc=56695639}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Ruiz de Alarcón, Hernando}} |authorlink=Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón |year=1984 |origyear=1629 |title=Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions and Customs That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629 |edition=original reproduction and translation of: ''Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que oy viven entre los indios naturales desta Nueva España'', first English |others=translated &amp; edited by J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, {{nowrap|no. 164}} |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-1832-6 |oclc=10046127}} {{nah icon}} {{en icon}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Sahagún, Bernardino de}} |authorlink=Bernardino de Sahagún |year=1950–82 |origyear=ca. 1540–85 |title=Florentine Codex|Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 13 vols. in 12 |edition=translation of ''Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España'' |others=Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J. O. Anderson|Arthur J.O. Anderson (eds., trans., notes and illus.) |series=vols. I-XII |location=Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City |publisher=School of American Research and the University of Utah Press |isbn=0-87480-082-X |oclc=276351}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Sahagún, Bernardino de}} |authorlink=Bernardino de Sahagún |year=1997 |origyear=ca.1558–61 |title=Primeros Memoriales |others=Thelma D. Sullivan (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), with H.B. Nicholson, Arthur J.O. Anderson, Charles E. Dibble, Eloise Quiñones Keber, and Wayne Ruwet (completion, revisions, and ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indians series {{nowrap|vol. 200}}, {{nowrap|part 2}} |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2909-9 |oclc=35848992}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Schroeder, Susan}} |authorlink=Susan Schroeder |year=1991 |title=Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco |location=Tucson |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=0-8165-1182-9 |oclc=21976206}}
:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Smith, Michael E.}} |authorlink=Michael E. Smith |year=1984 |title=The Aztlan Migrations of Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History? |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-84-Aztlan.pdf  |format=PDF online facsimile |journal=Ethnohistory (journal)|Ethnohistory |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=pp.153–186 |location=Columbus, OH |publisher=American Society for Ethnohistory |doi=10.2307/482619|issn=0014-1801 |oclc=145142543}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Smith, Michael E.}} |authorlink=Michael E. Smith|year=1997|title=The Aztecs |edition=first |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA |isbn=0-631-23015-7 |oclc=48579073}}
:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Smith, Michael E.}} |authorlink=Michael E. Smith|year=2005 |title=City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/%7Emesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-05-CitySize.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Urban History |volume=31 |issue=4 |month=May|pages=pp.403–434 |location=Beverley Hills, CA |publisher=SAGE Publications |issn=0096-1442 |oclc=1798556 |accessdate=}}
:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Smith, Michael E.}} and [1] |authorlink=Michael E. Smith|year=2001 |title=The Archaeological Study of Empires and Imperialism in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=20|pages=245–284}}
:{{PDFlink|[http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/MES-05-SciAm-.pdf Smith, Michael E, &quot;Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire&quot;, ''Scientific American''.]|538&amp;nbsp;Kibibyte|KiB&lt;!-- application/pdf, 550931 bytes --&gt;}}
:{{cite book|author={{aut|Soustelle, Jacques}}|authorlink=Jacques Soustelle|year=1961|title=Daily Life of the Aztecs:On the Eve of the Spanish Conquest |others=Patrick O’Brian (Trans.)|location=London|publisher=Phoenix Press |isbn=1842125087 |oclc=50217224}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Taube, Karl A.}} |authorlink=Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=Aztec and Maya Myths |edition=4th University of Texas printing |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0-292-78130-X |oclc=29124568}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Townsend, Richard F.}} |year=2000 |title=The Aztecs |edition=2nd edition, revised |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-28132-7 |oclc=43337963}}
:{{cite book |author={{aut|Zantwijk,Rudolph van}} |year=1985|title=The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-806-11677-3 |oclc=11261299 }}

=== Primary sources, available in English ===
* Berdan, Frances F. and Patricia Reiff Anawalt (1997) ''The Essential Codex Mendoza''. University of California Press, Berkeley. {{ISBN|0-520-20454-9}}.
* Hernán Cortés|Cortés, Hernan (1987) ''Letters from Mexico''. New Ed. edition. Translated by Anthony Pagden. Yale University Press, New Haven. {{ISBN|0-300-03724-4}}.
* Bernal Diaz del Castillo|Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (1963) ''The Conquest of New Spain''. Translated by J. M. Cohen. Penguin, New York. {{ISBN|0-14-044123-9}}.
* Díaz, Gisele  and Alan Rogers (1993) ''The Codex Borgia: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript''. Dover Publications, New York. {{ISBN|0-486-27569-8}}.
* Diego Durán|Durán, Fray Diego (1971) ''Book of the Gods and Rites and The Ancient Calendar''. Translated by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ASIN B000M4OVSG. {{ISBN|0-8061-1201-8}} (1977 Ed. edition).
* Diego Durán|Durán, Fray Diego (1994) ''The History of the Indies of New Spain''. Translated by Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.  {{ISBN|0-8061-2649-3}}.
* Garganigo ''et al.'', (2008) ''Huellas de las Literaturas Hispanoamerica''. 3 edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.  (Note, this source in Spanish). {{ISBN|0-13-195846-1}}.
* Zorita, Alonso de (1963) ''Life and Labor in Ancient Mexico: The Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain''. Translated by Benjamin Keen. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick. ASIN B000INWUNE. {{ISBN|0-8061-2679-5}} (1994 paperback).

==Chichimeca References==
* {{cite book |author=Andrews, J. Richard |year=2003 |title=Introduction to Classical Nahuatl |edition=Revised |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman}}
* {{cite journal |author=Gradie, Charlotte M. |year=1994 |title=Discovering the Chichimeca |journal=Americas |volume=51 |issue=1|pages=pp.67–88 |doi=10.2307/1008356 |url=http://jstor.org/stable/1008356 |publisher=The Americas, Vol. 51, No. 1}}
* {{cite book |author=Karttunen, Frances |authorlink=Frances Karttunen|year=1983 |title=An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin}}
* {{cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian)|year=2001 |title=Nahuatl as Written |publisher=Stanford University Press}}
* {{cite book |author=Lumholtz, Carl |authorlink=Carl Sofus Lumholtz |year=1987 |origyear=1900 |title=Unknown Mexico, Explorations in the Sierra Madre and Other Regions, 1890-1898. 2 vols |edition=reprint |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications}}
* {{cite book |author=Powell, Philip Wayne |year=1969 |title=Soldiers, Indians, &amp; Silver: The Northward Advance of New Spain, 1550-1600 |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{cite web|author=Secretariá de Turismo del Estado de Zacatecas |year=2005 |title=Zonas Arqueológicas |url=http://www.zacatecas.gob.mx/}} {{es icon}}
* {{cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith |year=1984 |title=The Aztlan Migrations of Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History? |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-84-Aztlan.pdf |format=PDF online facsimile |journal=Ethnohistory (journal)|Ethnohistory |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=pp.153–186 |location=Columbus, OH |publisher=American Society for Ethnohistory|issn=0014-1801 |oclc=145142543 |doi=10.2307/482619 |jstor=482619}}

==Tarascans References==
*{{cite book |author={{aut|Miguel Covarrubias|Covarrubias, Miguel}}|year=1957|title=Indian Art of Mexico and Central America|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York}}
* {{cite book |author={{aut|Gorenstein, Shirley}} |year=1993 |chapter=Introduction |editor=Helen Perlstein Pollard |title=Taríacuri’s Legacy: The Prehispanic Tarascan State |series=The Civilization of the American Indian series, {{nowrap|vol. 209}} |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-2497-0 |oclc=26801144|page=xiii–xx}}
* {{cite book |author={{aut|Pollard, Helen Perlstein}} |authorlink=Helen Perlstein Pollard|year=1993 |title=Taríacuri’s Legacy: The Prehispanic Tarascan State |series=The Civilization of the American Indian series, {{nowrap|vol. 209}} |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-2497-0 |oclc=26801144}}
* {{cite book |author={{aut|Pollard, Helen Perlstein}} |authorlink=Helen Perlstein Pollard|year=2003 |chapter=El gobierno del estado tarascano prehispanico |editor=Carlos Paredes Martínez and Marta Terán (eds.) |title=Autoridad y gobierno indígena en Michoacán: ensayos a través de su historia |series=Colección Investigaciones series |volume=vol. 1 |location=Zamora, Mexico |publisher=Colegio de Michoacán |pages=49–60|isbn=970-679-121-3 |oclc=55237579}} {{es icon}} 
* {{cite paper|author={{aut|Silverstein, Jay}} |year=2001 |title=The southeastern extent of Tarascan imperialism |version=Abstract of a paper presented at the 100th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.}}
* {{cite book |author={{aut|Weaver, Muriel Porter}} |year=1993 |title=The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica |edition=3rd |location=San Diego, CA |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-739065-0 |oclc=25832740}}

==Teotihuacanos References==
*{{cite book |author={{aut|Berrin, Kathleen}} |coauthors=and {{aut|Esther Pasztory}} |year=1993 |title=Teotihuacan: Art from the City of the Gods}}
*{{cite book |author={{aut|Brown, Dale M.}} (ed.) |year=1992 |title=Lost Civilizations: Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendor |location=Alexandria, VA |publisher=Time-Life Books}}
*{{cite book |author={{aut|Coe, Michael D.}} |authorlink=Michael D. Coe |coauthors=and {{aut|Rex Koontz}} |year=2002 |origyear=1962 |title=Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs |location=New York |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson}}
*{{cite book |author={{aut|Coe, Michael D.}} |authorlink=Michael D. Coe |coauthors={{aut|Dean Snow}} and {{aut|Elizabeth Benson}} |year=1986 |title=Atlas of Ancient America |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |isbn=0-816-01199-0}} 
*{{cite web |author={{aut|Kaufman, Terrence}} |authorlink=Terrence Kaufman |year=2001 |title=Nawa linguistic prehistory |url=http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/papers.htm |publisher=Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project}}
*{{cite journal |author={{aut|Malmström, Vincent H.}} |year=1978 |title=Architecture, Astronomy, and Calendrics in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=9 |pages=105–116 |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~izapa/M-15.pdf |format=PDF Reprinted |accessdate=2007-01-17}} 
*{{cite book |author={{aut|Miller, Mary}} |authorlink=Mary Miller |coauthors=and {{aut|Karl Taube}} |year=1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05068-6}} 
*{{cite book |author=Reader's Digest Association |year=1978 |title=The World's Last Mysteries |location=Pleasantville, NY |publisher=Reader's Digest Association}}
*{{cite book |author={{aut|Weaver, Muriel Porter}} | year = 1993 | title = The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica | edition = 3rd ed. | publisher = Academic Press | location = San Diego | isbn =0-012-63999-0}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>p48t8m3c8rft64y78gzxftpe96ui6dm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aros/Platforms/x86 Complete System HCL</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>237398</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673195</id>
      <parentid>4672626</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T19:21:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="513482" sha1="rb6kuh30nrqsr7ss5rgx8yz1zppb7bx" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}


==Introduction==

This a list of computer hardware tested with mostly native AROS installs and, in the recommended sections, of virtual machines

With 64bit support it is recommended 8Gb ram is needed and that SSE 4.1 and AVX are supported in the CPU i.e. from year 2012 for Intel CPUs and 2013 for AMD CPUs. They are x86-64 instruction sets designed to perform the same operations on multiple data items simultaneously, a technique known as Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD). This allows for increased performance in tasks involving parallel computation. SSE 4.1 is a 128-bit SIMD instruction set, while AVX introduced 256-bit SIMD, further enhancing performance. Some apps require these features to run well, like 3D, multimedia decoding or JIT (javascript) in Odyssey web browser. If not the apps may work slower or might fail. 

If you have encountered differently (i.e. problems, incompatibilities, faults, annoyances, environment, errors, review of setup etc) please update this information. 
Please bear in mind that AROS has only a few hardware driver developers, whilst Linux counts in the tens and Windows in the hundreds. 


[[#Laptops]]
[[#Netbook]]
[[#Desktop Systems]]

[[#AMD Sockets]]
[[#Intel Sockets]]

[[#Recommended hardware (32-bit)]]
[[#Recommended hardware (64-bit)]]


=== Laptops ===

[[#top|...to the top]]


* 2006/2007 Dell Latitude D-series laptops - business class machines, good support in Aros, easy to replace wifi card 
* 2006 some [https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/toshiba-satellite-pro-a200-28550/review Satellite Pro A200] 
* 2008 For the tiny carry anywhere, the early run of Acer Aspire netbooks 


Rough estimate from taking a random laptop notebook what you can expect from a Native install of AROS 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Date 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Overall 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx VESA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx 2D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx 3D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Before 2002 || Poor to OK || VESA 90% || 2D 10% || {{N/A}} || Audio 10% || 40% || Wired 70% || 2% || Max RAM 512MB 
|-
| 2002-2005 || OK || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 30% || 70% || Wired 50% || 10% || Max RAM 2GB (for 32bit) 
|-
| 2005-2012 || Good || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 30% || Audio 40% || 80% || Wired 30% || 10% || Max RAM 3Gb (32bit) to 8GB (64bit) 
|-
| 2013-2017 || OK || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 30% || Audio 30% || 60% || Wired 30% Realtek || 0% || Max RAM 8GB / 16GB better to go Intel / AMD Ryzen over AMD A series 
|-
| 2018-2024 || OK || VESA 98% || 2D 30% || 3D 30% || Audio 40% || 50% || Wired 30% Realtek || 0% || Max RAM 32GB better 64bit options 
|-
| 2025-202x || Poor || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 10% || Audio 0% || 30% || Wired 10% || 0% || Max RAM 64GB AI disruption of previous hardware 
|-
|}


3D tests now conducted with apps found in Demos/AROS/Mesa and run at default size (may need to View As -&gt; Show All to see them. 

 Any laptop with Windows 7(TM) 64bit or higher install, the bios and hard drive set in uefi/gpt mode (install of AROS incompatible) 

Most vendor suppliers get OEM (original equipment manufacturers) to make their laptops. These brand name companies purchase their laptops from 
*80% ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) such as Quanta, Compal, Wistron, Inventec, Foxconn (Hon Hai), Flextronics and Asus (now Pegatron) 
*20% MiTAC, FIC, Arima, Uniwill, ECS, Tonfang Origin and Clevo 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--May work--&gt;{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}


====Acer/Gateway/Emachines====

Company founded under the name of Multitech in Taiwan in 1976, renamed to Acer or Acer Group in 1987

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Packard Bell 
Aspire 
Extensa 
TimeLine
Travelmate 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Travelmate 505 506 507 508 Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P2 Celeron 466Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neo Magic Magic Graph 128XD (NM2160)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Crystal CS}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 minimal support but no audio etc - 506T, 506DX, 507T, 507DX, 508T 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 340 342 343 345 347 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ALi M1621 with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber 9525 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1969 Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ALi OHCI USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;a few have Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2000 32bit - 340T, 341T, 342T, 342TV, 343TV, 345T, 347TV 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 350 351 352 353 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber Blade DSTN/Ai1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ali5451}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 1.1 Ali M5237 OHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Acer InviLink IEEE 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit very limited support but no support for PCMCIA O2 Micro OZ6933 - 350T, 351TEV, 352TEV, 353TEV 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 610 series 611 612 613 614 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;815 P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 82815 cgc || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 pro || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit - 610TXVi 610T 611TXV 612TX 613TXC 
|-
| Aspire 3003LM || SIS AMD 3000 1.8GHz || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SIS AGP M760GX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 SIS codec}} || 3 USB 2.0 || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4318 AirForce One 54g}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 sempron 
|-
| Travelmate 2310 Series ZL6 || Intel Celeron M 360 1.4GHz with SiS 661MX || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SiS Mirage M661MX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|SIS SI7012 AC97 with realtek ALC203 codec speakers only}} ||  || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{N/A|LM version has pci card slot but no antenna}} || 2017 Icaros 2.1.1 || 2004 32bit - No USB boot option but boot from DVD - reports of wifi losing connection (isolate/remove the metallic grounding foil ends of the antennas) - 2312LM_L - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3000 3002LMi 3500 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD CPU W-with SIS M760 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;SIS 760 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;SIS 900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4318 swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3050 5020 5050 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Single and Turion MK-36 Dual and RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - RS482M Xpress 1100 or RS485M Xpress 1150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek ALC883 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5006G or Broadcom BCM 4318 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit MK36 gets very hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2410 2420 2430 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel Mobile 915GMS 910GML || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 ICH6 with ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL-8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005GS || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 2428AWXMi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 3610 - WISTRON MORAR 3614WLMI || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=644066&amp;postcount=13 AC97]}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139 8139C+}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5001X+, AR5BMB5 or Broadcom 4318}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit with good support [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6205188#post6205188 wifi issues] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2480 series 2483 WXMi (HannStar J MV4 94V) 2483NWXCi Aspire 3680, 3690 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML i943 with Celeron 430 1.77GHz - 14.1&quot; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D openGL 1.x - Tunnel 181 gearbox 104 scores}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC883 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038 yukon sky2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 5k AR5005G AR5BMB5 mini pci}} suspect laptop hardware issues || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Works well shame about the internet options - noisy fan - poor battery life - no boot option for TI based mass storage sd card - Max 2GB memory - LCD Inverter Board IV12090/T-LF - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2490 series 2492WXMi || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 945 2D and 3D tunnel 164 gearbox 105}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5005GS suspect hardware issue}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 15inch screen - strange curved up at ends keyboard style - overall plastic construction - Atheros AR5005G(s) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gateway ML6227B MA7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz with 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM 2D and 3D tunnel 169 gearbox 132}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDA Intel with STAC9250 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|8187L but swap ath5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 15.4 ultrabrite widescreen - Wifi Switch on side Fn/F2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5630-6796 6288 BL50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5200 T5500 Intel® Core™2 Duo T7200 T7400 T7600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® GMA 950 with S-Video out with 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio with ALC883? codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945abg swap for Atheros 5K}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny AROS || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 - 64bit 39.1 cm (15.4&quot; 1280 x 800) - 2 DDR2-SDRAM slots max 4GB - green mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5633WMLI BL51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5500 with Intel® 945PM/GM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia Go 7300 with 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny Aros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64 bit dual core2 - 15.4 WXGA screen - ddr2 max 4gb - OrbiCam no support - ENE chipset SD card - blue mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 9410 9420 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core Duo with 945PM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D NVIDIA GeForce Go 7300 - 128 MB VRAM G72M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 8111 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG but could swap with atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 17in TFT 1,440 x 900 WXGA+ - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eMachines E510 series KAL10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M 560 2.13Ghz with PM965  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel x3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5906M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G AR5BXB63 bios issue??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit very budget machine with InsydeH20 bios and F10 boot menu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ACER Aspire 5920 [http://tim.id.au/laptops/acer/aspire%205920g.pdf 5920G] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa Core 2 Duo T7300 T7500 later T9300 with GM965 and PM965(G) Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for X3100M or 8600M GS (rev a1) 9500M GT 256MB vram (G) but some AMD/ATI RV635 M86 HD 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with realtek alc268, [https://forums.opensuse.org/t/no-sound-on-acer-aspire-5920g/32392 ALC883] or Realtek ALC1200 / alc888s codec ICH8}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel 3945ABG 4965 or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood test iso 2023-01 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit boot with 'noacpi' or 'noioapic' - 15.4in 1280 x 800 pixels 16:10 - BMW Designworks ‘Gemstone’ design - over 3.0kg with options for 8-cell or 6-cell batteries - 2 SODIMM DDR2 667MT/s max 4GB - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer A0521 Ao721 || Athlon II Neo K125 + AMD M880G || {{N/A}} || {{maybe| }} || {{maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4225 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Conexant}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{no|AR8152 l1c}} || {{unk|AR9285 ath9k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 2006 64bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Extensa 5630Z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T6600 with Intel GL40 Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M HD (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|Broadcom BCM 5764M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{No|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit 
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5250 series 5253 BZ400 BZ602 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA 2D for AMD HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDaudio for codec Conexant CX20584}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8151}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k AR5B97}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5 V5-121 V5121 AO725 One 725 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C-70 C70 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA for AMD 6290G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5-122P MS2377 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;C-70 C70 with M55, AMD A4-1250 or A6 1450 up to 1.4Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8210 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|FCH USB EHCI OHCI}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 but LAN/VGA Combo Port Cable (AK.LAVGCA 001) or MiniCP port to Acer Converter Cable (Mini CP to VGA/LAN/USB) (NP.OTH11 00C) needed}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros 9k AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit but no sse4 or avx - 26w battery internal, extension possible - 11.6in 1366 x 768 ips touchscreen - 7mm hd ssd - 2gb ddr3l soldered with 1 slot free max 4GB - bios hacking needed for virtualisation - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell EasyNote TE69 TE69KB 522 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow E1-2500, E2-3800 2c2t Dual or A4-5000 4c4t Quad both soldered BGA769 (FT3) on Hudson-2 FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Use IDE mode}} setting AHCI to IDE mode - boots if UEFI set to Legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for ATI Radeon 8120 8240, 8320, 8330 or 8280 islands}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio with ALC282 0x10ec, 0x0282 codec but not HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Bios, Boot, set Boot mode to Legacy, nothing from USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8171 AR8175 or Broadcom BCM57780}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9565 0x1969 0x10a1}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon and AROS One 1.6 usb || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit with sse4.1 and AVX - 15.6in washed out screen big netbook - Boots with noacpi after using F2 to enter EFI firmware and f12 boot device - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 16Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASPIRE Acer Aspire ES1-520 521 522 Series N15C4 ES1-523 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD AMD E1-7010, A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA for RADEON R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC 233 or CX20752 HD AUDIO CODEC}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8151 Gigabit or Broadcom 590x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8187 or 8812BU}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit with sse4.1 and AVX - 2 ddr3l slots - keyboard connected to top case - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire V15 NITRO Black edition || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 860M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Predator 15 (G9-591-)  (G9-593-72VT) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6700HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 960M to 980M, GTX 1060 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC255 @ Intel Sunrise Point PCH High Definition Audio Controller}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Nitro 5 an515-42 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD rx560x  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;aspire 3 A315-41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;swift 3 sf315-41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 3 A315-23 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3020e, r3 3200u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3, 5 A515-44-R0ZN || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 4500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14in or 15.6&quot; 1080p - 19v round charging - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vr0tC3QJWxk repair], 4gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Swift 3 SF314-42 series N19C4 , Swift SF315-4 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 4500U, 7 4700U|| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 1080p - small round ac 19v 3.42A or usb-c - mobo FH4FR LA-J731P - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Swift 3 SF314-43, Swift SF315-41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 1080p - small round ac or usb-c - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5 A515-45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;r7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - asus round ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5 A515-47 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ryzen 5 5625U,  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - asus round ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L8400-K Medion MD9467 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel desktop 850MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;S3 Savage MX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS allegro 1988}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L2000 L2400 L2D Series Medion 9675 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 4 mobile || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use vesa sis630 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|sis7018}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;sis900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;x51R X51RL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Duo T2250 T2330 with RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|boots and detects}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL-8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5006EG AR5111 ath5k AzureWave AW-GE780 - could be ATI Chipset}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2, deadwood 2021,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 15.4 WXGA - 19v barrel - ESC boot select - F2 bios - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus R2H Ultra Mobile PC UMPC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron 900Mhz 910GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8101e || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm4fOrqyj3g boots] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A3 series A3F Ergo Ensis 211 RM || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P-M 1.6GHz to Core Duo with 950 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC655 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100CL 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Z33  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 2915ABG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Z33A Z33AE N5M N5A 
|-
| Z70A Z70V Z70Va M6A z7000 z7000a || i915 + ICH6 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|mobile 915GML}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ICH6 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001}} || {{no|Intel PRO 2200BG Fn / F2}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2005 32bit 
|-
| [http://www.progweb.com/en/2010/09/linux-sur-un-portable-asus-a6jm/ A6jm] A6JC || 945GM || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia GeForce Go 7600 G70}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8111 8168B}} || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || Icaros  1.2.4 || 2006 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;F3Jc || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;G72M Quadro NVS 110M, GeForce Go 7300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;D audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8111 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X50GL F5GL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5800 with 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2d - Nvidia 8200M G84 runs hot}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio MCP79 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5B91 AW-NE77}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit not much support no display with nouveau - 19v barrel - ddr2 max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS G50 &amp; G51 series G50V G50Vt G51V G51VX G51J G51Jx G50VT X1 X5 ROG || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD64 with MCP71 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia GeForce 9800M GS (G94M) up to GT200 [GeForce GTX 260M] (G92M) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros L1C atl1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit not all GPUs are failing but a much higher % failing early, 8x00 and 9x00 G84, G86, G92, G94, and G96 series chips dying - ddr2 max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M50V M50 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core 2 Duo P8400 or T9400 with Intel PM45 ICH9 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|BIOS set to compatibility IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 9600M GS or 9650M GT || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC663 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel 5100 or Atheros AR928X}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.0 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 15.40 inch 16:10, 1680 x 1050 glossy - the &quot;Infusion&quot; design - heavy 3kg - ddr2 ram max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series F9 F9E F9dc F9f F9j F9s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC660 playback}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|works}}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 }}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|intel 3495 not working}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.41 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - ddr2 max 4gb - 
|-
| P52F SO006X || i3-370M || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia G92 [GeForce 9800 GT] (2D)}} || {{no|Intel HD Audio}} || {{yes|2 USB2.0}} || {{no|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 (l1e)}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2010 64bit - ddr3 slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
* X53U MB Ver K53U or K52U Asus K53U MB Ver K53U
* A53U XT2 X53B MB ver: K53BY (compal) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow atom like speed E-350 (2011), E-450 (2011) on AMD M780G, much slower C-50 C50 (2012), C-60 C60 on the AMD A50M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi 6310M, 6320M later 6250M or 6290M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with alc269 codec Altec Lansing® Speakers}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros half height ar9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.2 and 2018 AROS One 1.6 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 5200 or 7800 mAh battery covers ASUS K53S K53E X54C X53S K84L X53SV X54HR K53F X53U laptops - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus K53T, Asus A53Z X53Z
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3305M on AMD M780G, A6-3420M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 6520G, 7670M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros half height}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - Altec Lansing® Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X55U X401U X501U 1225B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow C-60 C60, C-70 C70 or E1 1200 E2 1800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6290G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk| Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 -  11.6&quot; display - ram soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A43TA A53TA K53TA XE2 A73T || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3300M, A6 3400M (laptop chip) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon HD 6520G Integrated + HD 6470M (1GB GDDR3)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X102BA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Llano E1 1200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ide bios setting}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 8180 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk| Qualcomm Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 10.1” Touchscreen - special asus 45w ac adapter - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;K55N, K75DE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD a6 4400M A8 4500M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 7640G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC codec none through ATi Trinity HDMI || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk| Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 17.3-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X452EA X552EA F552E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E1 2100 or A4 5000M A8 4500M A10 4600M with A || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for AMD ATI Sun XT Radeon HD 8330 8670A 8670M 8690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD FCH Azalia rev 02 with ALC898 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{{Yes|Realtek RTL8111 8168 8411}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit may support avx kabini trinity - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG G751GY || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-4720HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 980M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG G752VY || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6700HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 980M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555Y || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-7210 A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }}Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-colored plastic - internal battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555B X555DG X555S X555U X555YI X555LAB || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5-4210U to  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio  with coxenant and realtek alc codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }}Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-colored plastic - internal battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-coloured plastic - internal battery - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS X555Q || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Bristol Ridge A10-9600P 7th Gen, A12-9720p || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|R5 + Radeon™ R6 M435DX Dual Graphics with VRAM GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8821AE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - FHD 15.6 1920x1080 - 37W battery internal - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - internal battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M509ba  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A9-9425  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for RADEON R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 16Gb - 19VDC 2.37A Max 45W 4.0mm x 1.35mm - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ExpertBook P1410, ASUS ExpertBook P1 P1510CD, Expertbook Y1511CD || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3200U, Ryzen 5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for AMD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 14in or 15.6in 768p to 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - 19V 3.42A asus barrel connector 4.0MM X 1.35MM 4phi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUSTeK ASUS EXPERTBOOK L1 L1400CDA, L1500CDA - 19v 3.42a 4.5phi Barrel with centre pin Outer 4.5mm Inner 3mm asus special untested EXA1203XH, EXA1203YH, EXA1208UH, PA-1650-30, PA-1650-78, PA-1650-93, ADP-65GD B, ADP-65DW B (Euro) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' Ryzen 5 3500U - '''untested''' Ryzen 3 3200U, 3250U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 Nvme m.2 slot will not boot with sata3 m.2, optional 1 sata hdd with ribbon cable, no dvd drive}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for AMD vega 3, 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio 0x15de 0x15e3 with ALC256 codec 0x10ec 0x0256}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 1 usb-c and 3 usb-a }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;3500U with AROS One 64bit 1.2 usb installed to m.2 sata on another machine || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 14in or 15.6in 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - up to 8Gb ddr4 sodimm soldered on board and 1 slot - micro sd card slot on some models  - 42Whr B31N1915 C31N1915 C31N2204 - hold down F2 and press power for bios setup - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== Dell ====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Studio 
Inspiron 
Vostro 
XPS
Alienware  
Precision 
Latitude 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude CP 233GT, CPi d233xt d266xt D300XT a366xt, CPt S400GT S500GT S550GT S600GT S700ST, CPt C333GT C400GT || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Neo magic Magic Media 2160 2360 256ZX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|crystal pnp 4237b or magic media 256zx sound nm2360}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit Low-Density 16-chip 144p 144-pin 32Mx64 3.3V SODIMM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude CPx H450GT H500GT H Series, CPt V433GT V466GT V600, Inspiron 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX with Pentium 3M (CPx) or Celeron (CPt) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use Vesa - ATi Rage Pro Mobility M1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1978 Maestro 2E Canyon 3D}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|1 slot 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit - 3 pin PA-6 PA6 power adapter plug - CDROM DVD Cxxx family media bay accessories untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C500 C600 (Quanta TM6) Inspiron 4000 7500, CPx J Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440BX ZX/DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage 128Pro Mobility M3 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ES1983S Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A|some models had mini pci e100}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|a few came with internal antenna wiring}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1999 square 3 pin charger PA9 PA-9 - C/Dock II untested - C/Port untested - Parallel to Floppy cable untested - CPx J600GT J650GT J700GT J750GT J800GT J850GT 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C510 C610 Insprion 4100 PP01L 2600 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i830 and 1GHz+ P3-M ||  &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA - ATI Radeon Mobility M6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 CS4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|3Com Etherlink}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|internal antenna wiring for an Atheros mini pci card}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 poor build quality - hard to find in good working order 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 830 CGC}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 Crystal 4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|3Com 3c905C TX/TX-M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2000 Slim for the time - no media bays 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C640 (Quanta TM8) C840 Inspiron 8k2 8200 i8200 precision m50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M with 845EP || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA if ATi - use nouveau if 64mb Nvidia Gforce 4 440 Go  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS4205 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;3com 905c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 C640 had one fan so was noisy and hot - C840 had 2 fans and ran slightly cooler but fan noise louder
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Latitude D400 || P-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 ide}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|VESA only}} || {{yes|AC97 Audio playback only}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || {{maybe|PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{no|BCM4318 AirForce one 54g replace with atheros 5k mini pci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit might boot from USB stick but won't boot from USB-DVD - no sd card slot - power plug style - 
|-
| Latitude D500 / D505 PP10L, Inspiron 510m 
|| 855GME 
* revA00
* revA03
* revA06
| {{yes|IDE but needs the Dell adapter}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with IDT STAC 9750 codec playback head phones only}} || {{maybe| }} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 but exchange with atheros g in panel on laptop bottom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || 2003 - 14 / 15 inch XGA 4:3 screen - plastic build - no sd card slot - boots from bay optical drive - not powering on/off with ac adapter is a [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/forums.asp?forumid=37&amp;topicid=30585 mobo fault of PC13 SMT 1206 ceramic cap hot] suggest [http://www.die4laser.com/D505fix/ 0.1uF 50V instead] - pc2700 333Mhz ram 1Gb max - 
|-
| Latitude D505 (some) || VIA VT8237 VX700 || {{yes|IDE}} ||  || {{partial|VESA 2d on ATI RV350 Radeon 9550}} || {{no|VIA AC97 with  codec}} || {{maybe|VIA USB glitchy}} || {{yes|VIA VT6102 Rhine-II}} || {{no|Intel 2200g Calexico2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || 2003 32bit little support - diagnostics pressing holding the Fn key, press the Power ON button (battery removed). Check the LEDs pattern - cmos battery behind flap in laptop battery slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA SIS}}  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 SIS with AD1981B codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|SIS 900 but}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://forum.level1techs.com/t/my-time-with-icaros-desktop-and-what-i-am-doing-as-a-dev-contributor-also-some-other-shit/113358 aremis using it]
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1100 PP07L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;845 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 845G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC'97 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 8500 5150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4 855GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia 5200 Go - VESA if intel gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|MCP AC97 with SigmaTel 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4306 rev 02 use Atheros Mini PCI}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit P4 runs well but hot 
|-
| Latitude X300 PP04S small, slim and light case 
|| 855GME 
* revA00 Intel ULV 1.2 Ghz
* revA01 Intel ULV 1.4Ghz 
| {{yes|IDE internal and will boot cd/dvd through dock PR04S}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with STAC 97xx codec but no audio out of the dock}} || {{maybe|works but dock usb ports and usb DVD PD01S not detected}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5705M gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 later intel - replace with atheros in the underside}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1, 2020 AROS One 1.6 usb,  || 2003 12.1&quot; 1024 x 768 - 19.5v PA-10 or PA-12 dell - ACPI works but bad s3 ram suspend sleep - no sd card boot - 1Gb max sodimm ddr 2700 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) PP05L - 600m 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 
* reva00
* revA01 
* revA02 
* revA03 
* revA04 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATI Radeon RV250 Mobility FireGL 9000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 -  STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2100 or Broadcom BCM4306 - swap for Atheros panel in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2011 Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1 and 2016 2.1.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14inch using pc2100 memory with Caps light blinking is usually a memory error - Dell D505 D600 power up pressing the case docking port - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only vidia NV28 GeForce4 Ti 4200 Go 5200 Go 5650 Go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306 mini pci - swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14&quot; - solder joints on the bios chip (press down f7/f8 keys) - RAM clean with eraser - memory cover plate maybe apply some pressure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 (Compal LA-1901) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - trackpoint type pointing device - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 15inch 39cm
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1200 2200 PP10S Latitude 110L m350 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA900 (2D and 3D openGL 1.x) Gearbox 56}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|BroadCom BCM4318 - swap for Atheros mini PCI in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 single core 32bit 14&quot; 4:3 1024 768 XGA screen - heavy 6 lbs - PA16 barrel 19V 3.16A AC adapter - battery life 4cell 29WHr lasts 2 hours - 256mb soldered with 1 ddr pc2100 sodimm 1gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1300 business B130 home PP21L Latitude 120L B120 by Compal - Inspiron 630m || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M360 1.4GHz, M370 1.50 GHz, M380 1.73GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D openGL 1.x tunnel 172 gearbox 70}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|works but waiting boot fail with AROS One usb version}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|intel 2200 or BCM4318 swap for Atheros mini pci underside - one antenna lead for main wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.2, 2020 AROS One 1.6 usb,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit single core - 14.1″ XGA 4:3 or 15.4&quot; WXGA wide 1280 x 800 matte - ddr2 sodimm ram 2gb max - PA-16 19v psu tip 7.4mm * 5mm - f10 boot select f1 f2 bios 
|-
| Latitude X1 PP05S || PP-M GMA915 rev A00 1.1GHz non-pae || {{yes|ide 1.8in zif/ce under keyboard}} || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|Vesa for Intel 915GM}} || {{yes|AC97 6.6 playback only with STAC codec}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0 but partial boot to blank screen}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard palm rest - disassembly of all laptop}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd iso image virtualbox'd onto usb, Aros One 1.5 and 1.8 usb (2022) || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - sd slot not bootable - 256mb soldered to board and 1 sodimm max 1GB ddr2 under keyboard - F12 bios boot F2 - pa-17 pa17 19v octagonal psu port 
|-
| Latitude D410 PP06S 
*rev A00 
*A01, A02 
*A03 
|| GMA915 1.6GHz Pentium® M 730, 1.7GHz, 750 1.86GHz &amp; 760 2.0GHz, 770 2.13GHz || {{yes|caddy and adapter needed 2.5&quot; - remove hdd and write}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel 170 and gearbox 75}} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC 9751 codec}} || {{maybe|works but will not boot from USB-DVD or AROS One 1.5 usb version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2915ABG or later 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2015 Icaros 1.4, 2016 2.1.1 and AROS One 1.5 usb,  || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - no sd card slot - PR06S dock base 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D510 (Quanta DM1) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM socket 479 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 STAC 975x}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG swap Atheros mini pci in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 14.1&quot; 32bit single core Intel Celeron M 1.6GHz Pentium M 730 1.73Ghz - squarish 3:2 - issues with 3rd party battery 4 quick flashes of red led with 1 final green 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) PP11L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;910GML 915GM with mobile 1.6 to 2.26ghz 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A07 1.73Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D tunnel 174 gearbox 74}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 speaker head phones playback only with stac codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2200BG or Broadcom mini pci under keyboard, swap wifi card for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - one dimm slot under keyboard and other in underside 2GB 533Mhz 667Mhz DDR2 max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) 0C4717 REV A05, 0K3879 REV.A00 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 no radeon 2d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci use Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - 19.5v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D810 (Quanta ) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 RV370 M22 later x600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 stereo playback only idt 9751 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0 but no boot from usb on 1.5}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.1, aros one 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 15.4&quot; F12 one time boot menu - 19.5v 90w psu ideal - battery not same as later dx20 ones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6000 6400, E1505 PP20L 
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with PM 1.73Ghz, T2050 or T2060 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d - Ati 9700, x1300 RV515 M52, x1400 or nvidia go 7300 on mxm board}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio IDT 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|usb boot }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 3945 - swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1, AROS One 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit - 15.4 inch glossy - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - broadcom bcm92045 bluetooth detected but no support - 19.5v dell psu socket - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspirion E1705 9200 9300 9400 PP12L PP14L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;proprietary Dell card/socket format Nvidia 6800, ati X300 or nVidia 7900GS gpu 3d corrupt || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481 increasing vertical lines issues] 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Studio XPS M1210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with Core Duo to intel C2D T5500, T7400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia G72M 7300 7400m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92xx || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 slots max 4Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1501 PP23LA Latitude 131L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron 1.8GHz Turion MK-36 or X2 1.6Ghz TL-50 or TL-56 on ATI RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - ATI 1150 (x300) RS482M Mobility Radeon Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with stac 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom bcm 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bcm4311 replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit 15.4 inch matt 16:10 1280x800 WXGA -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6400 (Quanta FM1)
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo  
*A08 Core2 Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with BGA479 (socket M) T2050 1.6Ghz, T2060 1.60Ghz, T2080 1.73Ghz much later T5500 1.66Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with IDT 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;deadwood 2019-04-16 iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit - 15.4&quot; glossy - sd card - front multimedia keys - dvd rw - generic dell keyboard - coin cr2032 bios battery under keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 640m PP19L XPS M140 e1405 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo T2050, T2300 Duo 1.83GHz T2400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM4401-B0 100Base || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or Broadcom 43xx, swap for Atheros 5k - Wireless Internet ON or OFF press the Function key + F2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32 bit - 12.1 LCD CCFL WXGA 1280x800 up to 14.1 inch 16:10 1440x900 pixel, WXGA+ UltraSharp - supports also SSE3 on duos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D420 (Compal LA-3071P) PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 
* revA00 Solo 1.2Ghz ULV U1400
* revA01 Duo 1.06Ghz u2500
* revA02 Duo 1.2Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|ZIF/CE 1.8&quot; slow under battery, ribbon cable}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - 2D and 3D opengl tunnel 138 gearbox 103}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92xx playback speakers head phones only)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 and external usb optical drive works}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 mini pcie - swap Atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros Desktop 1.4 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit only - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 - PR09S dock base rev02 DVD-RW usb boots - 1GB DDR2 2Rx16 max in base panel - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D520 PP17L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
* 64bit rev A01, A02 945GM Core2 Duo 1.83Ghz to 2.3Ghz 
* 32bit rev A00, A01 940GML Solo later Duo T2400 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| Philips SDR089, Philips CDD5263, TEAC DW224EV, Optiarc AD-5540A, HL-DL-ST GSAT21N, TSSTcorp TS-L632D}} || {{Yes|bios sata set to ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 series 2D and OpenGL1 3D tunnel 210 gearbox 153 teapot 27}} || {{Yes|HD audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || {{Yes|Boots and detects USB2.0}} || {{Yes|Broadcom 4400}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4312 BCM4321 Dell 1390 / 1490 mini pcie - easy to replace with atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4 and 2.2 and both AROS One 1.8 and AROS One x64 1.1 USB boot || 2006 mostly 64bit 4:3 aspect ratio 14.1 (XGA 1024x768) or later 15 inches (XGA+ 1400 by 1050) - F2 enter bios F12 choose boot - 19.5v dell tip pa-12 charger - bios coin cell cr2032 battery socketed in base panel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 (Compal LA-2792) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 
* rev A00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* rev A0x all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D tunnel gearbox opengl1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 mini pcie swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AspireOS Xenon || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit AROS capable with later revisions - 14&quot; 1280 x 800 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i945
* revA00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* revA01 all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300, 7600 NVS 110M G72 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{dunno}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 1440x900 screen - LA-2792P Rev.2.0 - DT785 UC218 Fan/ Heatsink (64bit) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM6) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* rev A00 
* rev A01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D tunnel 195 - 100? gearbox 156}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with STAC 9200 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 replace with mini pcie atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 widescreen 15 inch 1280 x 800 matte -  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia NVS 110M 120M G72}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio STAC 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit 15.4 1650x1050 WXGA or WSXGA+ or 1920x1200 WUXGA - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude D531 15&quot; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Turion X2 TL56 or TL60 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATi xpress X1270}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with IDT codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 57xx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Dell Wireless 1390, 1505 or BCM4311 mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - no trackpoint - fails and goes wrong often - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D430 PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 with Core2 Duo C2D U7500 1.06GHz U7600 1.2GHz U7700 1.33GHz 
* rev A00 
* rev A01  
* rev A02 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;ZIF PATA IDE 1.8inch under battery and ribbon cable - slow use USB instead || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|945GML 2D and 3D opengl 1.x 171 tunnel 105 gearbox}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|STAC 92xx HD Audio speaker and ear phone - mono speaker}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 4965 AGN or 3945 ABG mini pci-e underside with Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit capable - sd card not supported - 19.5v PA12 power adapter - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 matte - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|nVidia Quadro NVS 135M 2D 3d glitches G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481] cool air intake from underneath needed with pa-10 or pa-3e 90w psu required - standard 4:3 ratio aspect screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 (Compal LA-3301P) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 T7250 2.0Ghz T7300 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA X3100 (2D only, no external monitor)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio STAC 9205 but speaker and head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - F12 to choose boot option - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - 4400mah 48Wh battery lasts 2 hours - 6600mah 73Wh lasts 3 hours - two wire cr2032 cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 
* revA00 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481] GPU heatpad, no copper 
* revA01 0DT785 heatsink 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA as nVidia NVS 135M 3d corrupts 0.7 tunnel 0.25 gearbox G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM with Core2 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GM965 crestline 2d and 3d tunnel 115}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|replace with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 15 inch 1280 x 900 but updating the LCD to WXGA or WSXGA+ could be better - 2 ddr2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ICH8, Core2 DUO T7800 @ 2.60GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Intel ICH8M Serial ATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia Quadro NVS 140M G86 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Wireless 4965AGN swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 15.&quot; - FN,F2 or FN,F8 or FN,F12 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS M1710 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM with T2400 T2600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;proprietary Dell card socket format GTX 7950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 1000 or Broadcom BCM5752 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 17.3&quot; workstation type WXGA+ screen 1920x1200 - 2 ddr-2 667Mhz sodimm slots, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS M1730 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 with T7200 T7600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 7950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 1000 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit 17&quot; workstation type WXGA+ screen manufactured by AU Optronics poor viewing angles, unevenly lit, light leakage, 2 ddr-2 800Mhz slots, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E6410 P27LA, E6510 PP30LA, E6310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5-520M to i7-620M i7 820QM but no sse4.1 or AVX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|NVidia NVS 3100M GT218 2D but 3D through external monitor}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92HD81}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2 }}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel 6200AGN or Link 6300}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit - 14.1” WXGA+ up to 15.6in 15.6” FHD 1080p - 2 ddr3l 1333Mhz max 8Gb - 90w dell charger - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5030 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;rev A01 AMD V120, V140 rev A0? V160 M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA RS880M Radeon HD 4225, 4250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC269q codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - DDR3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E6420 E6520 ATG semi ruggized XFR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;sandy bridge i5 2520M 2540M or duo I7 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|set to Bios UEFI mode AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD 3000 with optional fermi Nvidia NVS 4200M GF119}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with IDT 92HD90 BXX codec but not HDMI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 15.6in - fan exhausts a lot of hot air when cpu taxed - VGA if Bios ATA set and Vesa only with Bios ACHI set - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5040 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow amd E450, later C-50 C50 or C-60 C60 with A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|non efi sata in IDE mode but base plastic difficult to remove for access}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6250 or 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8105E VB 10/100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 icaros 2.1.1 and AROS USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 15INCH 1388 X 768 - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - under removable keyboard via 4 top spring loaded catches is 1 ddr3l sodimm max 8gb and wifi - 
|-
| Latitude e6230 E6330 E6430 || i3 3320M 3350M 2.8 GHz i5 3360M i7 3520M || {{N/A}} || {{partial|non RAID mode}} || {{partial|Intel HD 4000 (VESA only)}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{partial|Intel USB 3.0 (USB 1.1 2.0 only)}} || {{No|Intel 82579LM Gigabit}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014 09-27 || 2013 64bit Ivy Bridge - 12.5-inch 13.3-inch 14-inch screen - not great support, better under hosted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude 3330 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core i3 – 2375M  to i5 – 3337U, Intel® Core i3 – 3227U, Celeron 1007U on HM77 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for intel Hd 2000 3000 vga hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with IDT 92HD93 Controller codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.0 (2), USB 2.0 PowerShare capable }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit, 13.3” HD 1366X768 16:9, 2 ddr3l slots max 8Gb, 720p HD video webcam, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 15 5565 5567 AMD versions, Inspiron 3595 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9200u A9-9400 9425 A12-9700P Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R5 R8 GCN 3 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{partial| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit AVX2 - 15.6in 768p or 900p - there are intel versions avoid - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 5495, Inspiron 15 3585 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2300U 2500U 2700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|NVMe or optional 2.5in sata if caddy and ribbon cable}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon Vega 3 or 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3246 aka ALC295 0x10ec, 0x0295 or ALC3263 aka ALC 0x10ec, 0x0 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14.0&quot; FHD WVA 1080p (16:9) 220 nits or HD 768p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 32gb - 68whr battery with 2pin cmos bios coin - DC 19.5V 4.62A (90W) or 19.5V 3.34W (65W) 5.0mm x 7.4mm PA12 charging adapter - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 3505, Vostro 3515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;athlon 300u, Ryzen 3250u (2c4t) 3450u 3500u 3700u (4c8t), Athlon Silver (2c2t) Gold (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|up to 2 nvme with optional 2.5in sata ribbon connector}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3204, Cirrus Logic CS8409 (CS42L42 and SN005825)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL 8106E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8723DE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64-bit - 15.6inch - 2 ddr4 sodimm max 16G - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 5485 2-in-1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;athlon 300u, Ryzen 3250u (2c4t) 3450u 3500u 3700u (4c8t), Athlon Silver (2c2t) Gold (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3204}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8723DE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64-bit - 14inch - 2 ddr4 sodimm max 16G - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 3500, 3310, 3410, 3510, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron-4205U, Pentium-5405U, Core i5 (8th Gen) i3-8145U, 8265U, i5-8365U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2D for Intel UHD Graphics 610 or 620 hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with Realtek ALC}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 usb-c usb-a}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111H}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14in or 15.6in 768p to 1080p 220nits - 65w - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - rtc cr2032 cmos 2 pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 5405 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 4500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;One M.2 2230/2280 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3204 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14&quot; 1080p - dell round ac 19.50 VDC 4.50 mm x 2.90 mm 65W(19.5V-3.34A) round 4.5mm tip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 5415, Inspiron 5515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 5300U, Ryzen 5 5500U, Ryzen 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with realtek ALC3254 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 14&quot; or 15.6in - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use or use dell round ac 65W 4.5MM x 3.0MM - replacing keyboard not easy - 1 ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Vostro 3425, Vostro 3525, Vostro 5625 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 5425U, Ryzen 5 5625U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB4}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 14in 15.6&quot; to 16&quot; FHD 1080p - dell round ac 65w 4.5MM x 3.0MM or avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Inspiron 15 Model 3535, Inspiron 14 7435  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 7520U, AMD Ryzen 5 7530U, 7 7730U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No| hdmi 1.4 but no gpmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 64bit - 14.0&quot; or 15.6&quot; 1080p - dell round ac 65w 4.5MM x 3.0MM or usb-c charging - full sd card slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Fujitsu-Siemens====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest)
&lt;pre &gt;
Amilo 
Esprimo 
Lifebook 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu [http://www.labri.fr/perso/fleury/index.php?page=bug_transmeta FMV-Biblo Loox S73A (Japan P1100) LifeBook P1120 Biblo Loox T93C (Japan P2120) P2020] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Transmeta Crusoe CPU TM5600 633MHz with Ali M1535 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Rage Mobility M with 4MB SDRAM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Ali M1535 + STAC9723 Codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 only || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1999 32bit 10&quot; 1280 x 600 matte LCD - QuickPoint IV mouse - metal chassis with palm rest plastic - 15GB 2.5 inch drive and SR 8175 8X DVD-ROM drive -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7000 S7010 S7010D S2020 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.6 or 1.7GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Intel 855}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|AC97 with STAC 9751T or 9767 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros, Broadcom or Intel 2200BG - FN,F10}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 14.1 inch with minimal support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook e8010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 855GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 STAC9767 or ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 15.1 inch
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5000 ST5010 ST5011 ST5012 ST5020 ST5021 ST5022 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.0GHz P-M and later 1.1GHz on Intel 855GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5788 tg3 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit charged via a proprietary port power connector 16V 3.75A with wacom serial pen interface - indoor Screen transmissive 10.1 and later 12.1 XGA TFT - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Pro V2010  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA CN400 PM880 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|S3 unichrome use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 VT8237 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rhine 6102 6103 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RaLink RT2500 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit boot mount - unknown bootstrap error then crashes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Li 1705 CN896 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with VIA P4M900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA VT8237 HD Audio  with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;VT82xx 62xx || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|VIA Rhine}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit random freezes
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Esprimo Mobile V5535 Skt mPGA 478MN 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE and EIDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{maybe|IDE mode with SIS 5513}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{maybe|SiS 771 / 671 (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HD Audio SIS968 SIS966 SI7012 with ALC268 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{no|USB 1.1 and 2.0 issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|SiS 191 gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros AR5001 mini pci express}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.5 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 20v barrel - f2 setup f12 multi boot - random freezing short time after booting - chipset SIS 671MX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo SI 1520 1521p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Pro 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - Set Bios option ATA Control Mode to Compatible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7020 S7020D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Pentium M 740 1.73MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC260 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5751M Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG or Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5030 ST5031 ST5032 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1 to 1.2GHx Pentium M with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - 200 pin ddr2 ram 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5110 ST5111 ST5112 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 1.2GHz Core Duo and Core2 Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with STAC9228 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 ABG or optional atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 either 32 or 64 bit - charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - SigmaTel® touchscreen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E8110 S7110 E8210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC262 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8055 Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit Core Duo 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || CHIPSET || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook PH521 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-350 E-450 1.65GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 6310M 6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 802.11 bgn}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6 inch 1366x768 pixels - DDR3 1066MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;LIFEBOOK E752/E782/S752/S782 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Intel Core i3-2328M to i3-3110M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82579V 1000 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Wireless 6205 may be able to swap for Atheros 5k }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====HP Compaq====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
Presario 
Pavilion 
Omnibook 
ProBook
Armada
Elitebook
&lt;/pre &gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c00 series Compaq Presario  [http://users.utu.fi/sjsepp/linuxcompaqarmada100s.html Armada 100S made by Mitac], 1247 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-II with PE133 MVP-4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - Trident Blade3D AGP sp16953 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA ac'97 audio [rev20] with AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|usual VIA issues [rev10]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit 192MB max - PCcard Texas PC1211 no support - 1200 XL1 1200-XL1xx, XL101, XL103 XL105 XL106 XL109 XL110 XL111 XL116  XL118 XL119 XL125 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c01 series Armada 110, Evo N150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with VIA PLE133 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Trident Cyber Blade i1 chipset || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 686 rev20 82xxx 686a || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82557 Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit max 192mb sodimm 100Mhz 133Mhz ram memory - 1200-XL405A 12XL405A XL502A 12XL502A 1600XL 
|-
| Armada M300 M700 E500 || 440BX || {{Yes| }} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ATI Rage LT M1 Mobility (VESA only)}} || {{no|AC97 ESS Maestro 2E M2E ES1987 sound}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{No|[http://perho.org/stuff/m300/index_en.html Intel PRO 100+ Mini PCI]}} || {{N/A}} || Aspire OS 2012, Nightly 30-01 2013 and 04-05 2013 || 1999 32bit - F10 bios options and Fn+F11 reset CMOS with 64mb ram already on board
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel BX 600Mhz GC model 256mb or AMD GD 500Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - S3 Inc. 86C270 294 Savage IX-MV (rev 11) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Allegro 1 (rev 12)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB (rev 01) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit no cardbus pcmcia support - no audio from Polk Audio Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82830 ICH3 P3-M 750MHz 800Mhz 900MHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - CGC 830MG}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|only one 1.1 port}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|e100 82557}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.51 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit Boots USB Stick via Plop boot floppy - Memory for GF 256-512mb, GS up 1GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1000 TC-1000 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA NV11 [GeForce2 Go] (rev b2) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA AC97 Audio (rev 50) || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OHCI NEC USB 2.0 (rev 02) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82551 QM (rev 10) || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atmel at76c506 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit Transmeta LongRun (rev 03)  with VT82C686 - Texas Instruments TI PCI1520 PC card Cardbus 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq R3000 ZV5000 (Compal LA-1851) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nForce 3 with AMD CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia  NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go 32M]  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom or Realtek RTL8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4303 BCM4306 or Atheros bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - HPs have a setting to automatically disable wireless if a wired connection is detected 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq [http://www.walterswebsite.us/drivers.htm Presario 700 series] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VT8363 VT8365 [Apollo Pro KT133 KM133] || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VT8636A (S3 Savage TwisterK) (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA AC97 [rev50] with AD1886 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|VIA UHCI USB 1.1 [rev1a]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RealTek RTL8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit poor consumer grade level construction - jbl audio pro speakers - no support for cardbus pcmcia TI PCI1410 - 700A EA LA UK US Z 701AP EA BR FR 701Z 702US 703US AP JP audio sp18895 Sp19472 
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| N400c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Rage Mobility 128 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Maestro 3 allegro 1}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| N410c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Radeon Mobility M7 LW 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| Evo N600c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{No|ESS ES1968 Maestro 2}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2003 32bit 
|-
| Evo N610c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel ICH AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.2.4 ||
|-
| N800c || P4 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit P4M CPU can get very warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NX7010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI mobility 7500 or 9000 Radeon 9200 64MB (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ADI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci (1.1) and ehci (2.0)}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200b bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Preasrio V5000 (Compal LA-2771) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron 3000+ or Turion ML with SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati RS480M Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 ATI with Conexant CX 20468 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8100 8101L 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bcm4318 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 64bit single core machine V5001 V5002 V5002EA V5003 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1100 TC-1100 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia Geforce4 Go || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|BCM 4400}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros wlan W400 W500 or ? bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC6000 NC8000 NW8000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM with Pentium M 1.5 1.6 1.8GHz 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;max 160 GB for NW 8000 || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Ati RV350 mobility 9600 M10 Fire GL T2 ISV use VESA 2D as no laptop display}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel AC97 with ADI codec playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|mini pci Atheros 5212 BG W400 W500 or Intel - all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 based [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=41916&amp;forum=47 works] - Firewire TI TSB43AB22/A - 8 pound 2.5 kg travel weight - an SD slot as well as two PC Card slots - 15-inch UXGA screen (1,600 x 1,200) or 15&quot; SXGA+ (1400 x 1050) (4:3 ratio)  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq NC6110 NX6110 NC6120 NC6220 NC4200 NC8200 TC4200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 915GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D GMA 900}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 with ADI AD1981B playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|440x or BCM 5705M or 5751M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel IPW 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Sonoma based - Wifi with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB one - (INVENTEC ASPEN UMA MV) (INVENTEC ASPEN DIS PV) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq C500 CTO aka HP G7000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek ALC262 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM 4311 bios locked || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP DV6000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HD 91B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel PRO 100 VE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32 bit only - Mosfet FDS6679 common cause of shorts giving no power to the tip. To reset adapter, unplug from AC (mains) and wait 15-30 sec. Then plug in again - 
|-
| Presario F700 series, HP G6000 f730us F750 F750us F755US F756NR F765em || AMD Turion Mono MK-36 2.0Ghz NForce 560m or Twin X2 TK-55 with nForce 610m MCP67 || {{N/A| }} || {{Yes|but needs special sata adapt bit and caddy}} || {{Yes|GF Go 7000m 2D and 3D 640x350 to 1280x800 - ball solder issues due to poor cooling}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{Maybe|uhci and ehci boots}} || {{No|Nvidia }} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5007 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.3.1 and Aros One 1.6 USB || 2006 64bit - f9 boot device f10 bios setup - random freezes after a minutes use means internal ventilation maintenance needed each year essential - No sd card and overall limited phoenix bios options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Presario v6604au v6608au V3500 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA MCP67M with AMD Athlon64 X2 TK 55 amd 1.8ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce Go 7150M 630i or C67 630M MCP67 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia or Realtek 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4311 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers - ball solder issues - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario v6610 v6615eo v6620us || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Turion 64 X2 mobile TK-55 / 1.8 GHz to athlon 64x2 @ 2.4ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|geforce 7150 or 7300m 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD HD Audio with IDT codec stereo playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 OHCI EHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 -  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=40956&amp;forum=48 works well]  - 1 x ExpressCard/54 - SD Card slot - AO4407 test voltage of the Drain side (pins 5-8) with AC adapter and no battery, see 0 volts, connect the battery you should have 10-14v - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;v6630em v6642em || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630M with AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 6150M or 7150M  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 15.4 in 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM Core Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D issues and no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio AD1981HD}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 - replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB g - 
* 32bit Core Duo T2400 
* 64bit Core 2 Duo T5600 T7600 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NV NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo + 945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Radeon x1300M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ADI1981 low volume}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 Harmon Kardon speakers
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6320 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 
* 32bit Core Duo 1.83GHz T2400 
* 64bit Core2 Duo 1.83GHz T5600 
 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950 2D with a little 3D tunnel 213}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with AD1981HD codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5788}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if applying hacked wifi bios RISKY!! else use USB - 14.1&quot; or 15 inch XGA 1024x768 - noisy cpu fan for core2 - trackpad rhs acts as window scroller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP NC4400 TC4400 Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo with 82945 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios F.07 limits to 100GB 120GB}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|2D and 3D 282 tunnel and gearbox 150}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ADI 1981HD codec via ear phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or BCM 4306 - Whitelist BIOS F.0C needed but risky}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64 bit possible with Core2 - TI SD card reader non bootable - wacom serial digitiser pen not working - 
* 32bit 1.86GHz core duo 
* 64bit 2Ghz T7200, 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo T7600 2.33GHz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion DV2000 CTO || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950, X3100, Nvidia 8400M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Conexant CX 20549 Venice || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia MCP51 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 4311 or Intel 3945 4965 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario C700 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5007 AR5001 AR242x}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq 2510p 6510b 6710b 6910b || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 965GM GL960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X3100 some 2d but slow software 3d only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio ADI AD1981 HD low volume on head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566 or Broadcom BCM 5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG or 4965ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon 2014 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 no sd card boot support - F9 to choose boot option - [http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/7681-This-is-no-request-thread!-HP-COMPAQ-bioses-how-to-modify-the-bios/page111?p=333358#post333358 whitelist removal (risky) bios block for wifi card swap] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ40 CQ41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BC4310 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ35 CQ36 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 Compal LA-4743P - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq CQ42 CQ43 CQ45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Coxenant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8191SE, Realtek 8188CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 (Quanta AX1) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ50 CQ56 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia MCP78S || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Geforce 8200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;nVidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;nvidia MCP77 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR928X bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 [http://donovan6000.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/insyde-bios-modding-wifi-and-wwan-whitelists.html bios modding risky] MCP72XE MCP72P MCP78U MCP78S 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ60 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Single core Sempron to dual turion || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Nvidia 8200M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP DV6700 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|Vesa for Nvidia 8400M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ60 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel C2D || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Nvidia 9200M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ57z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATi HD 6310 wrestler}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek RTL8101 RTL8102}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT5390}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP CQ58z 103SA E5K15EA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow Dual-Core E1-1500 APU with A68M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon HD 7310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 10/100 BASE-T}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 39.6 cm (15.6&quot;) HD BrightView LED-backlit (1366 x 768)
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 635 DM1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow E-300, E-450 later E2-1800 on SB7x0 SB8x0 SB9x0 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;ATI non efi SATA AHCI - IDE mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2D - AMD HD6310, 6320 to HD7340}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC270A GR but not Wrestler HDMI Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 driver covers Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 14&quot; 1366 x 768 - f9 f10 - external battery - 2 stacked ddr3l sodimm slots max 16Gb under one base plate - removable keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP G6 2000-2b10NR 2000-2d10SX 2000-2d80NR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow E1-2000 E2-3000M on A50M (soldered) A4-3305A on A60M (socket) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6620G, 6520G, 6480G, 6380G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 100 1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 39.6-cm (15.6-in) HD LED BrightView (1366×768) - 1 or 2 ddr3l max 8G - 19VDC 3.42A Max 65W Tip 7.4mm x 5.0mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6465B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD massively slow A6-3310MX or A6-3410MX with A60M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6480G or 6520G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|IDT 92HD81B1X}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 6205 or broadcom 4313 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 13-inch or 14-inch runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 8470p 8570p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Quad i7-3840QM, i7-3610QM, i7-3520M, i5-3210M, i3-3130M, i3-2370M on Intel QM77 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|set the bios boot options to not fastboot and drive mode IDE rather than AHCI }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for HD4000 with some having switchable Radeon M2000 or 7570M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio for IDT codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579LM }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel, Broadcom, Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;64 bit boots from CD* if safe mode 2 is used, although it is possible to remove the 'nodma' and 'debug' entries and boot || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit with SSE4.1 and AVX - 14in 1600 x 900 to 1366 x 768 - 2 DDR3L sodimm slots max 16Gb - TPM 1.2 - dual boot 32/64 bit is working fine - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6475b, Probook 4445s 4545s, HP Pavilion 15-b115sa, [https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c04015674#AbT6 HP mt41 Mobile Thin Client PC] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A4 4300M, A6 4400M 4455M or A8 4500M with AMD A70M A76M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 7420 7520G 7640G 7660G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio with idt or realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8151FH-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205 or Broadcom BCM 43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ENVY 15-k112nl K1Y78EA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® Core™ i7 i7-4510U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD4400 and/without NVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 850M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 15.6&quot; 768p to 1080p - 19.5V 3.33A (65w) 4.62A (90W) 6.15A (120W) AC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion Gaming Laptop 15-ak002na || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G1, 455 G1 F2P93UT#ABA, 645 G1, Envy 15-j151ea G7V80EA, Envy m6-1310sa (E4R01EA#ABU) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow Dual-Core E1-1500, or AMD Quad A4-4300M A8-4500M A10-4600M A4-5150M A6-5350M 2.9Ghz A10-5750M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for 7310, 7420G 7520G 7640G 7660G 8350G 8450G or 8550G, 8650G, 8750G }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio IDT 92HD91 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 14in and 15in 1366 x 768 - external battery - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - 19.5v / 4.62A psu runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 245 G4, 255 G2, 455 G2, 255 G3, 455 G3, 255 G4 80CB, 255 G5 82F6, 355 G2, HP Pavilion 15-p038na 15-g092sa 15-p091sa 15-G094S 15-p144na 15-p142na, 15-Af156sa || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A4-5000 A6-5200, E2-6110, E1-6010 E2-2000, E1-2100 E2-3800, A4-6210 A6-6310 A8-6410, E2-7110, A6-7310 A8-7410 APU on A68M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata some with cdrw dvdrw || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R2 R4 R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio ALC3201-GR}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8102E or Atheros 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Qualcomm Atheros AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit most have SSE4 AVX but E2-2000 does not - 15.6-inch (1366 x 768) - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - small 31Whr or 41Whr external battery covers 240 G4, 245 G4, 250 G4, 255 G4, 256 G4, 14G, 15G - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G2, 745 G2, 755 G2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd Quad very slow A6-7050B A8-7150B 1.9GHz A10-7350B || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R4 R5 Radeon R6 with DP and vga}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT 92HD91}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 PCIe GBE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom or Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 12.5-inch, 14&quot; or 15.6in (all 1366 x 768) - 19.5V 65w 45W AC adapter - internal pull up tab battery under base which slides off - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 g2, Probook 445 G2, Probook 245 G2 most have cmos rtc battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A6-8600 A8-8700 a10- || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel I219V 100/1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Qualcomm Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 14in and 15.6-inch HD (1366 x 768) or FHD 1080p - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots max 16GB - internal battery - hp ac psu tip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G3 should have a cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 2.5in sata and most should have 9.5mm dvd-rw || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Conexant CX7501 codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8188EE }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G3, 745 G3, 755 G3, 725 G4, 745 G4, 755 G4, HP mt43 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd slow A8-8600B, A10-8700B, A12-8800B to Quad A8 Pro 9600B to A10 9800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R5 R6 R7 with DP and vga but screen is low res, dull colours, and blurry}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5762 PCIe GBE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8723BE-VB}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 12.5-inch (1366 x 768) to 14&quot; and 15.6in - 2 sodimm ddr3 - 19.5V 45W AC slim 4.5mm hp adapter - randomly shuts down and the noisy fans constantly on - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 G3, 655 G3 should have a cmos rtc battery underside of mb || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 8th Gen slow A10-8730B, A8-9600B (4c4t) A6-8530B (2c2t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 250 G5 easy cmos and external main battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6500U, i5-6200U, i3-6100U to slow i3-6006U, N3710 all sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for iGPU Intel HD405 to HD520 dGPU skylake or AMD Radeon R5 430M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio  with Realtek ALC3227 (or ALC282) codec 0x0282 }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6 inch 768p - HP ac psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 250 G6 SL52 LA-E801P - easy cmos battery and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel dual core tested '''i5-7200U''' untested i7-7500U to very slow N3060 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ahci on M.2 sata or 2.5in sata3 whichever installed with 1 m.2 sata3 permanent and internal dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|IG: 480p to 1080p 2D for Intel Intel HD Graphics 620 kabylake or AMD Radeon 520}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio 0x8086, 0xa170 or 0x8086, 0x9dc8 with ALC3227 aka ALC282 codec 0x10EC, x0282}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|intel sunrise point-lp USB3.0 xHCI}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8821CE or Intel wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 D03 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p or 1080p - 19.5V 65W - 2 DDR4 sodimm slots max 16Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - poor hinges and build quality - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion 14-BS, HP 15-BS LA-E802P cmos battery and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i3-7200U to slow Celeron  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in (possibly requires the drive cable and M.2 sata3, most have no cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086, 0x9d70 with ALC codec 0x10EC, x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 14-bw022na - cmos coin battery and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A6-9120 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for R3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio VOID with conexant CX7501 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 not working but port on the right works}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p to 900p - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G4, Probook 455 G5, cmos battery on underside of mb take off back cover and below wifi card || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A10-9600P APU, A9-9410, A6-9210 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R4, R5 or R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek or intel Wireless-AC 7265}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 15.6in 768p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard swap problematic - rr03xl battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G6 (), easy cmos and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow E2-9000e, A9-9420, 9220P, A4-9125 (all 2c) AMD A6-9225 AMD A9-9425  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in (possibly requires the drive cable and M.2 sata3 and internal cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for R2 R3 R4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x157a or 0x1002, 0x15b3 with ALC codec 0x10EC, x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G7 (la-g078p) - no cmos battery so needs internal battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow E2-9000e, A9-9420, 9220P, A4-9125 (all 2c) AMD A6-9225 AMD A9-9425 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in (possibly requires the drive cable and M.2 sata3, most have no internal cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for R2 R3 R4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x157a or 0x1002, 0x15b3 with ALC codec 0x10EC, x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ProBook 245 g8 - no cmos rtc coin battery but uses internal battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A6-9225, A4-9125, A6-8350B, A4-5350B APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R4 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p - many later variants - keyboard swap problematic - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Probook 255 G7 84AE 7DE72EA 7DE73EA (epv51 la-g076p) - CMOS Error (502) replace main internal battery HT03XL to have bios remember settings || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 2200U 2300U (2c4t), R5 2500U, R7 2700U (4c8t) Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|M.2 (Sata or NVMe) and very optional 2.5in sata, most have mini sata port}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d 640p to 768p for AMD Vega 3, 6, or 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with ALC236 0x10ec, 0x0236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8821CE, 8822BE or Intel AC 8265}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS x64 deadwoods' iso does not boot with cd/dvd and installed to 2.5in ssd, boots to grub choice, select but no further and reboots || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5 to 15.6in 768p mostly to 1080p - 1 on smaller laptops or 2 ddr4 2400mhz sodimm slots on larger laptops max 16Gb - hp 4.5mm blue tip charging - keyboard swap problematic - esc boot options f9 boot order f10 bios - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 725 G5, 735 G5, 745 G5, 755 G5, Probook 455 G6, ProBook 645 G6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 2200U 2300U (2c4t), R5 2500U, R7 2700U (4c8t) Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|M.2 (Sata or NVMe) and very optional 2.5in sata, some have mini sata port but no cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d 640p to 768p for AMD Vega 3, 6, or 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with ALC 0x10ec, 0x0 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8821CE, 8822BE or Intel AC 8265}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso does not boot software error || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5 to 15.6in 768p mostly to 1080p - 1 on smaller laptops or 2 ddr4 2400mhz sodimm slots on larger laptops max 16Gb - hp 4.5mm blue tip charging - keyboard swap problematic - esc boot options f9 boot order f10 bios - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 14-cm, 15-bw0, HP 15-db0043na, HP 15-db0996na, HP 15-db0997na, 17-ca0007na, 17-ca1, ProBook 645 G4 - no cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2200U (2c 4t) 2500U (4c 8t) with AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 M.2 and 1 2.5in on some larger models and hdd port }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R5 and later Vega 3 or 7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio 0x1002, 0x103c or 0x1022, 0x157a with Realtek ALC3227 0x10ec, 0x0282 but ATI HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB3 USB boot drive stuck on kitty's eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL 8723DE 8821 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2020 Icaros 2.3 USB, Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso does not boot software error || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit 2kg - screen is dim 14in, 15.6in or 17.3&quot; 768p or 1080p - 65W 19.5V ac adapter - internal 3-cell 41 Wh Li-ion battery does not last long - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - no DVD-Writer - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 250 G7, 250 G8 - no cmos battery so needs internal battery and needs usb3 boot due to garbage bios boot options || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i3-7020U, 8235U 8265U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|M.2 nvme not working, optional sata 2.5in requires LS-G072P and ribbon cable, if internal cdrw dvdrw partial boot}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Intel Whiskey Lake-U 620 GT2 UHD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086, 0xa170 or 0x8086, 0x9dc8 with ALC236 codec 0x10EC, x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|Cannon Point-LP USB3.1 xHCI}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test 2026.09.D01 iso works but does not boot stuck on kittys eyes if burnt to dvdr || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit 1080p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 16Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - f9 boot order f10 uefi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 255 G7 7DC73EA 2D200EA 87CE (fpp55 la-g07jp), - CMOS Error (502) replace 41.04Wh ht03xl hto3xl dynapack suzhou main battery to have bios remember settings || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' R5 3500U (4c8t) '''untested''' mostly dual cores - AMD Athlon Gold 3150U (2c2t), Silver 3050U APU (2c2t), Ryzen 3 Pro 3145U APU, 3200U (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 m.2 NVMe or sata3 up to 2280, optional 2.5in sata, many have mini-sata slimline 6+7 internal port but no physical 9mm drive}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D from 640p to 1080p for AMD Vega 3, 6 or 8 with up to 2gb ram taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with realtek ALC236 codec 0x10ec, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 but no usb-c}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek GbE RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8822BE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 Aros One 32bit and 64bit usb works sometimes but burnt dvdr iso does not fully boot (stuck on kitty's eyes) || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in / 15.6in dim tn panel 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16gb - hp 19.5V 45W 65W AC blue tip round 4.5 mm - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - caps lock blinking 3 times then 2 quick pulses means ram or bios issue - f9 boot order f10 uefi - laptop needs usb3 to boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G5 needs main battery for bios settings saved || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-8550U, i5-8250U, i3-8130U, i7-7500U, i5-7200U, i3-7100U, i3-7020, i3-6006U all sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel UHD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio  with codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 15.6 inch 768p or 1080p - HP ac psu, 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c06955717 ProBook 245 g8], Probook 445R G6, 455R G6, HP14-dk0599sa, pavilion 15-cw1511na 15-cw1507sa, HP 15s-eq1516sa no cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Gold 3150U (2c2t), Silver 3050U APU (2c2t), Ryzen 3 Pro 3145U APU, 3200U (2c4t) and 3500U (4c8t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 m.2 (NVMe or sata3 up to 2280), optional 2.5in sata but resets}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D from 640p to 1080p for AMD Vega 3, 6 or 8 with up to 2gb ram taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with realtek ALC codec 0x10ec, 0x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek GbE RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8822BE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in / 15.6in dim tn panel 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16gb - hp 19.5V 45W 65W AC blue tip round 4.5 mm - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - f9 boot order f10 uefi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G6 needs main battery for bios settings saved || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-8565U, i5-8265U, i3-8165U all sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel UHD 620}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio  with Realtek ALC3246 aka ALC295 codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6 inch 768p or 1080p - 45W 19.5V HP ac psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitebook 735 G6 5VA23AV, Elitebook 745 G6, 255 g8, HP 15s-dy - no cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Ryzen™ 5-3500U Ryzen 3-3300U AMD Ryzen 3-3250U AMD Athlon® Gold 3150U AMD Athlon Silver 3050U AMD 3020e || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|m.2 2280 nvme in legacy - hp sure start and secure boot disabled but still issues with gpt installs - LS-H323P LS-K201P}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Vega 8, 5 or 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi with realtek ALC codec 0x10EC, 0x0295}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 type-A port boots stick partially to kitty eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 realtek RTL8111E or 8111H}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek or intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2020 Icaros 2.3 onto USB and AROS One 1.8 USB, Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6in 1366x768 to 1920x1080 - 2 3200MHz DDR4 sodimms - 19.5V 2.31A or 20V 2.25 45W 4.5X3.0MM hp - esc bios setup, f9 boot device select - low travel keyboard - poor hw03xl or  battery life - plastic hooked base with retained screws - touchpad? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 445 G7, 455 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 4300U 5 4500U 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata and 1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with realtek alc236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek rtl8111ep}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek RTL8822CE or intel AC 9260 or Wi-Fi 6 AX200}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14 inch 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - smart 45w 65w hp or usb-c charging - keyboard swap problematic - RE03XL battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel UHD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111EP}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 15.6 inch 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 745 G7, 845 G7, HP 15-EH0006NA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, 5 4500U, PRO 4650U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SSD M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|Hdaudio  with codec 0x10EC, 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - Bang &amp; Olufsen speakers - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G8, HP 245 G9, ProBook 255 G9 816C2EA#ABE, - no cmos battery only internal battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 5300u, 5425U, 5 5500U 5625U, 7 5700u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|NVMe}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 6 or 8 hdmi 1.4B}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822CE or Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 14&quot; to 15.6in 768p to 1080p poor gamut - 45 or 65w hp psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16GB - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel Iris Xe}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111H}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 15.6 inch - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 645 g7, 835 G8, 845 g8, HP ENVY x360 13 15, HP 17-cp0021na || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 5650U, 7 5800U, R7 Pro 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Radeon}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x, 0x with ALC3247 aka ALC236 codec 0x10ec, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 1Gbe on 645 only}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 13.3&quot; or 14&quot; 1080p - poor screens low nits and srgb score - 845 gets hot ue to poor cooling - slim round hp ac - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Dev One, HP ProBook 455 G8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, R7 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 15.6&quot; 1080p - 2 internal sodimm slots - hp barrel charging - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitebook 655 g9 669y1ut#aba,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 15.6&quot; 1080p - 1 or 2 internal sodimm slots - usb-c charging - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP probook 635 Aero G8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 5600U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2921 64bit - 14in 1080p - 2 ddr4 slots - ec chip nuvoton NPCX797HA1B - bios winbond 250256JYEN - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP PROBOOK X360 435 G8 cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;RYZEN 5 5600U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDaudio with ALC236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8822CE or Intel AX200}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - hp round ac plug - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 845 g9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6000 series 6850u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }}Qualcomm Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit aluminum case - 14in 1080p to 2140p 16:10 poor screen again - 2 internal ddr5 sodimm slots - usb-c ac charging avoid any knocks - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 445 G10, 455 G10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 7530U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Vega 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15.6in - hp round ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hp 455 G11 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 7335U (4c8t), 5 7535U (6c12t), 7 7735U (8c16t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Vega 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 35.6 cm (14.0 in) 1920x1200 or 2560x1600 - usb-c 45w or 65w ac - 2 ddr5 sodimm slots max 32gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====IBM/Lenovo====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
iSeries
Edge 
Ideapad
Thinkpad - good cases and construction but electronic internals same as anyone else 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 390X 390E (2626) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic MM2200 with C400 P2-266 to P3 500MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|256AV or ESS Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 600x || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neomagic NM2360 MagicMedia 256ZX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Crystal CS4297A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit a little support - earlier 600 and 600e were Pentium 2 based 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X20 (2662-32U) X21 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440 BX ZX DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 with Cirrus Logic Crystal cs4281}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;no mini pci intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 
|-
| Thinkpad T20 (2647) T21 (26) T22 || 440BX || {{Maybe| }} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|Savage IX-MV (VESA only)}} || {{no|Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/ 24/30}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2002 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A21e (2628, 2655) A22e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440MX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati rage mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 Cs4299 CS4229}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 
|-
| Thinkpad T23 (2647) || i810 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Super Savage IX/C SDR (VESA only)}} || {{maybe|AC'97 CS4299}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel ICH3 PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Realtek RTL8180L others with bios hacking risky}} || || 2003 32bit with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X22 X23 X24 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi Mobility M6 LY || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 CS4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 x 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Actiontec Harris Semi Intersil Prism 2.5 (X23 and X24 only) || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit with slice Ultrabase X2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A30 A30p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon M6 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS 4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 ve || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A31 A31p R31 R32 T30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7500 or FireGL || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 Intel with AD1881A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes| Intel Pro 100 ve}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Android-Ecosystem-Developers/AROS-An-operation-system-inside-Android/td-p/1441741 Icaros 1.5.2] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit Also tested with Icaros 2.0.3. 
|-
| Thinkpad X30 (2673) X31 (2884-xx2) X31t || i830 || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only Radeon M6 Mobility}} || {{yes|AC97 - AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{no|Cisco Aironet or Intel 2915 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2004 32bit sound bit distorted 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R50e R51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 855M use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;intel AC97 with AD1981B codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - 
|-
| IBM Thinkpad T40 (2373) T41 T41p (2379) T42 T42p T43 T43p || Intel 8xx || {{partial|PIO}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI mobility 7500 9000 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 playback}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{no|e1000}} || {{Maybe|Intel 2200bg bios locked but possible AR5BMB-44 AR5212 FRU 39T0081 mini PCI}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2004 32bit 16v IBM plug - Centrino Needs ATA=nodma option - issues with the inner chip of the SMT BGA graphics chip 
|-
| Thinkpad X32 || i855 || {{yes|40, 60 or 80GB 2.5&quot; PATA HDD}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only ATI Mobility Radeon 7000 with 16MB}} || {{maybe| Intel AC'97 Audio with a AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 1000}} || {{no|Intel 2200 but atheros with bios hacking}} || 2016 Icaros 2.1 || 2004 32bit - 12.1&quot; TFT display with 1024x768 resolution; 256 or 512MB PC2700 memory standard (2GB max) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X40 X40t by Quanta || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel 800 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel but most atheros with bios hacking - difficult though}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit last IBM design 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X41 (IBM) MT 1864 1865 2525 2526 2527 2528 x41t (Lenovo) MT 1866 1867 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with single core 1.5 1.6 and tablet 1.2GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel or MiniPCI Wi-Fi Atheros AR5BMB FRU 39T0081 but ordinary atheros 54meg needs risky bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - amongst first Lenovo design - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 (most 18xx) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1870 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATi 200m  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|ATI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T60 T60P 
* 64bit - 6 or 8 is 16:10 on T60/p, eg. 8742-CTO 15.4&quot; 
* 32bit - 1 and 2 are 14&quot;, 15&quot; 4:3, like 2007-YM3 or 1952-CTO 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;*any* T60/p will take a Core 2 Duo CPU with newer BIOS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA (2D) with &quot;p&quot; graphics card (ATi V5200 or V5250) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel ipw3945 ABG but atheros with Middleton's or Zender BIOS hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X60 x60s x60t tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1981 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 ABG or fru 39T5578 Atheros 5K AR5BXB6 ar5007eg with bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Icaros 1.4 || 2006 32bit - perhaps needs a zendered bios update but risky 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R60 R60e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 950 with optional radeon x1300 x1400 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with 1981HD codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 3945 or atheros fru 39T5578 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit
|-
| Thinkpad T61 T61p without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || Core 2 Duo CPU T7300 T8300 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || Intel GMA (2D), NVS 140m or Quadro FX 570M () || {{maybe|HD Audio with Analog Devices AD1984 or AD1984A HD Audio Codec routed to the line output}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|intel e1000e 82573L}} || {{No|Intel but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.6, AROS One  || 2007 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X61 x61s X61T Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo T8100 on i965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3100 (2D) slow 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1984 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566DM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|Atheros AR5212 (some revisions use Intel WLAN runs very hot) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit ultrabook running very hot - ddr2 max 4gb - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R61 R61i || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 965 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5787M || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit 
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|Geforce 7300 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2007 64bit 3D graphics parts are supported but buggy.
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 / V200 || GM965 ICH9-M with Intel Mobile Core 2 Duo T5450 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|X3100 (2D)}} || {{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269VB or CX20549}} || {{yes| }} || {{no|BCM5906M}} || {{no|Intel 3965 / 4965AGN bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4.1 2.1 || 2007 64bits of laptop works 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X300 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Merom SL7100 1.2GHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 4965 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 13.3&quot; TFT 1440x900 (WXGA+) with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge 11″ AMD K325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for ATI HD4200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|8192CE (Realtek 8176) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 little support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X301 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Penryn SU9400 Su9600 with GM45 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch micro SATA (uSATA) || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X4500}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 5xxx WiFi link 5100, 5150, 5300 and 5350 (WiMAX) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 WXGA+ (1440×900) LED backlight display -  2774 or 4057 Alps and 2776 Synaptics touchpad - optical bay interface is Legacy IDE (PATA) - Addonics ADMS18SA, Lycom ST-170m 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X100e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core (MV-40) and dual cores || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|2.5in tray in ide mode in bios}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa ATI HD3200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with CX20582 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek r8192se bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 11.6in 1366 x 768 - 20v 65W round barrel - enter f1 setup f11 diagnostics f12 boot list - runs very warm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL400 SL500 || Intel  || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|IDE mode}} || {{Maybe|Nvidia 9400M}} || {{Maybe|ALC269}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{Maybe|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} ||  || 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL410 SL510 || 965  || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA X4500M (some 2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC269 codec - speaker and ear phones}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{yes|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=645774&amp;postcount=28 Icaros 1.3] || 2009 64bit SL-410 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400 ODM Wistron || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d - optional switchable Nvidia or ATi HD3470 untested}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Codec CX20561 (T400)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 20v lenovo plug - non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VSEA for Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with CX20585}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T500 T510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for switchable Intel / AMD  HD 3640}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|Intel HD Audio with a CX20561 (t500) and CX20585 (T510) codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Lenovo branded unit Atheros AR5007EG AR5BHB63 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X200 ODM Wistron [http://itgen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/installing-arch-linux-on-lenovo.html X200s] and x200t tablet model without [http://fsfe.soup.io/post/590865884/the-unconventionals-blog-English-Flashing-Libreboot-on Risky flash of the Libreboot BIOS] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM45 GS45 with slow Celeron, SU or faster SL Core 2 Duos CPUs || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe||Intel GMA 4500 MHD 2D but slow software 3D tunnel 10 gearbox 8 tests}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD Audio with Conexant CX20561 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{{Yes|USB 2.0 USB SD card reads and writes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82567LM Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Pro 5100 5150 5300 5350 AGN due to whitelist prevention bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 12.1&quot; CCFL (webcam version) or LED backlit (no webcam). no support for 54mm express cards or Authentec 2810 fingerprint reader - thinkpoint only no trackpad - 3pin cmos -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T410 T410s T410si || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;qm57 with i5 m || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use vesa Intel 5700MHD (Ironlake) core processor igp with optional Nvidia Quadro NVS 3100M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio Conexant CX20585 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82577lm gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel n 6200 or Atheros AR9280 AR5BHB92 half size minipcie bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 xmas || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit battery life much lower with Nvidia graphics version - no support firewire ricoh r5c832 - ricoh sd card - series 5 3400  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X201 X201s x201t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM57 Core i3 370m, i5 M520 2.4GHz or i7 620LM 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d on Intel GMA HD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD with [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=94.0 Conexant 20585] codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 X201 arrandale power consumption limits battery life to 3-4 hours for 48Whr though to 6 on 72Whr - 12.5&quot; WXGA - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad B470, B570, V370, V470, V570 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® Core™ i5 i5-2430M, i5-2450M, || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d for Intel || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 0x8086, 0x1c20 with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|whitelisted}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 14in or 15.6in 768p - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T420 type 4180 4236, t420s , T520 4239 L520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i5 2540, 2520 or i7 2860QM 2620 has sse4.1 avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 136 x 768 - Intel HD 3000 with optional NVS 4200M Nvidia optimus or Radeon HD 565v }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only with Conexant CX20672 codec - AHI 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 1x1, Intel Ultimate-N 6205 6250 2x2 6300 3x3 all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2.2 add noacpi to grub boot options || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - screen 1600x900 or 1366x768 - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots max 16gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad W520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; has sse4.1 avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 3000 with nvidia quadro 1000m 2000m optimus issues with Nvidia Intel hybrids}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel Hd with CX 20585 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579 Lm}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6000s}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 15.6&quot; TFT display with 1366x768 (HD), 1600x900 (HD+) or 1920x1080 (FHD) resolution with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X220 x220t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM67 express, dual i5 2520M or i7 dual 2620M sse4.1 avx support || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D 1024 x 768 for Intel HD Graphics 3000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD playback with Conexant 20672 codec ear phones and speaker - AHI 6.27 6.34}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 Wi-Fi bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3, Aros One USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit possible - uses slimmer 7 mm storage sata devices - NEC USB 3.0 on i7's - unwanted trackpad gestures when palms rests on it - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X120e, x121e Quanta FL8A DAFL8AMB8D0 Rev D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 with slow AMD E350 has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATI 0x9802}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI SBx00 Azalia HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 RTL8111}}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 0x0576 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 11.6 inch screen - 1 inch think - chiclet keyboard 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S205 G575 G585, Edge 11 E325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow E-350 later E-450 with A75 or AMD Athlon II Neo has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - removeable and plug in battery - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S206 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E300 1.3GHZ Dual has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with CX20672 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6&quot; and integrated battery - Conexant® 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo x130e or x131e edu || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow AMD E-300 or E-450 has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon HD 6310 or 6320 }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio Realtek ALC269VC / ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB 30 and USB 20}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek RTL8111 RTL8168B}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE or Broadcom BCM43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - rubber edged bumper for K12 education market - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E135 E335 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd dual E-300, E2-1800 or E2-2000 slow atom like A68M FCH has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|SATA 3.0Gb/s 2.5&quot; wide 7mm high}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA radeon 6310 or 7340 vga or hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|2 usb3, 1 powered usb2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111f}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek WLAN whitelist bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6 inch to 13.3in 1366x768 - Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) plastic case - external battery - 20v 65w lenovo barrel ac - 2 ddr3 sodimm 8Gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E525 E535 LENOVO IDEAPAD Z575 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-3420M A8-3500M later A8-4500M has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6620G later 7640G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB2 usb3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 matt - 65W 20v lenovo round psu - thick desktop replacement - ThinkPad Edge E520 E520S E525 E530 E545 E535 E530C Laptop Keyboard swap - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T430 t430i T530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ivy bridge i5 3320 3230m on Intel QM77 has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 1366 x 768 for Intel HD 4000 with optional Nvidia 5400M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 aka ALC269VC codec playback ear head phones - HDA 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2 ports and usb2.0 devices thru usb 3.0 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel or Atheros AR9285 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit fan noise and chiclet keyboard, synaptics trackpad - HD+ 768p - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X230 x230t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel QM67 express i5 has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with ALC269 aka ALC3202}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|I}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 12.2 in 1366 x 768 - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T440 t440s t440p T540 L440 L540 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel haswell 8 series Core i3 to i7 has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA - Intel 4600 or Nvidia}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 alc269 codec or ALC292}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 7260 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 14 and 15&quot; models with glitchy trackpad and no physical buttons - keyboard repair not easy as well as 4 variants of key caps - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X240 x240t ultrabook TN (20AL0081GE), HD IPS display without touch (20AL007NGE) and touch (20AL0076GE) but all 65% sRGB || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;haswell i7-4600U i5 4200U 4210U 4300U i3-4100U - two batteries, one internal 3cell 45N1110 (45N1111) or 45N1112 (FRU 45N1113) and external 3 / 6cell  45N1126 (FRU 45N1127) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2.5in 7mm sata (torq t7), m.2 2242 in WWAN slot (m and b key NGFF Sata)}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use 2d IG: 768p BGR0 for Intel 4400, no 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio 0x8086, 0x0a0c or 0x8086, 0x9c20 with Realtek ALC3232 aka ALC292 0x10ec, 0x0292}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB3 xhci and USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel® 82577LM Gigabit (Hanksville) }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel 7260n I218-V or I218-LM bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB and Deadwood D03 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 12.2in 1366 x 768 or 1080p - 1 ddr3l sodimm slot - no keyboard spill drainage and at least 2 variants of key caps - lenovo rectangle pwr ac - TPM 1.2 - Bluetooth 4.0 maybe - bottom panel with 8 retained screws - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E545 
* key cap swap with E440 E531 E540 L440 L450 T431S T440S T440P T540 
* Keyboard swap L540 T540p W540 Edge E531 E540 W541 T550 W550S L560 P50S T560 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Socket FS1r2 A6-5350M (2c2t) or A8-4500M, A8-5550M, A10-5750M (4c4t) with A76M FCH has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in 9.5mm - enter UEFI bios with Enter or ESC, config section, sata into compatibility and security, secure boot disabled - mini sata DVD burner PLSD DS8A9SH || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 7640G, 8450G, 8550G, 8650G ?? Islands}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VOID for HDAudio 6.34 0x1022, 0x780d with Conexant CX20590 Analog 0x14f1, 0x506e CX20671 codec 0x14f1, 0x5069 or audio over Trinity HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|boots pen drives from yellow usb port but not from blue USB3 ones, issues with AMD usb3 hardware quirks}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 1GbE 8111F}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM43142 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.3 USB works with noacpi added to end of grub2 boot line but not booting on AROS One 64bit 1.1 via usb2 stick or iso burnt to dvd || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 matt - 20v 65w 90w round lenovo plug psu - 2 DDR3 SODIMM slots 16GB Max - external 6 Cell Li-Ion Battery 48Wh l11s6y01 45n1043 - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery in wifi area jp1202 - amd v(tm) virtualization not working - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Y50-70 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 860M or GTX 960M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;AMD platform codes
*Beema: ABM, 
*Carizzo-L: ACL,
*Carizzo: ACZ, 
*Godavari: AGR, 
*Kaveri: AKV, 
*Stoney Ridge: ASR,
*Stoney Ridge: AST (NB), 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
*Summit Ridge: ASU, 
*Bristol Ridge-L: ABL, 
*Bristol Ridge: ABR, 
*Raven Ridge: ARR, 
*Picasso: API 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad P50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6820HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Quadro M2000M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.laptop-schematics.com/db/78/V%20series%20laptops%20(Lenovo)/ V110-14AST (14in) V110-15AST, V110-14ISK V110-15ISK 80TL (15&quot;)],  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E1-9000, A6-9210 to A9-9410 all dual core and intel 6006u, 6100u, 6200u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 2.5in sata most 7mm some 9.5mm || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R2, R3, R5 or R6 or Intel Gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 14in to 15.6in mostly 768p 220 nits - 20v 45W or 65W lenovo slim rectangle end ac - keyboard swap hard - integrated 24WHr battery - 4gb ddr4 ram soldered and 1 2133Mhz ddr4 slot max 12Gb - abs plastic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;
*ThinkPad A275 12in (1 ddr4 1866MHz sodimm) 
*Thinkpad A475 14in (2 ddr4 1866MHz sodimm) - both internal (main) and external (secondary) battery 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A10-8730B A10-9700B 2.500Ghz later A12-8830B A12-9800B all 4c4t (AVX2 on 9000s) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|7mm 2.5in sata with mbr and not gpt, setup in another machine - secure boot disabled, bios startup boot set to legacy then uefi - WWAN slot cannot use M.2 2242 sata with M and B key}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R5 or R7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi 0x1022, 0x157a with ALC3268 aka ALC298 codec 0x10ec, 0x0298 - VOID even with QUERY / QUERYD added}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|USB3 error on boot suspect AMD usb3 quirk}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8111EPV}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE WLAN whitelist locked cannot swap}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;{{maybe|AROSOne USB 32bit 1.8 with noacpi noapic noioapic added to grub2 boot line but Aros One 64bit 1.2 USB has krnPanic }} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit 12 or 14in 768p - 45W or 65w lenovo rectangle ac adapter - F1 enter bios and F12 boot order - 6 retained screws and snap on base - 2100 error message no solution except using only efi/gpt bios option - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;320S-15AST, 320S-15ABR, ideapad Slim 1-11AST-05 81VR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9220e, AMD A6-9225, A9-9425, A10-9600P 7th Gen || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe| Vesa 2D for AMD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6&quot; 768p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Ideapad S145-14AST S145-15AST 81N3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9225, A9-9425, A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6&quot; 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Ideapad V145-14AST V145-15AST, 81mt, Ideapad 310, Ideapad 320-15ABR, Ideapad 330-14AST 330-15AST 330-17AST || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9225, A9-9425 (2c2t), A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in with optional dvd}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with ALC3240-va3-cg aka ALC236? codec 0x10de, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 8106E 10/100 only}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6&quot; 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 45w 65w slim ac adapter - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V330-14ARR 81B1, V330-15ARR 81, 330-14ARR 81 330-15ARR 81D2 - battery internal about 30whr || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 2200U, 2300U or R5 2500U Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 nvme/sata, optional 2.5in sata but no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 6 or 8 up to 1Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1002, 0x15de with Realtek® ALC5682I-VD codec 0x10de, 0x or coxenant CX11802 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14&quot; 768p 20mm thick 1.8kg - 20v 2.25a 45w ac round barrel - chiclet keyboard - 4Gb soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm - TPM 2.0 in bios - 4GB soldered - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad 330s-14ARR, 330s-15ARR, ideapad 330S-14IKB, 330S-15IKB,  - battery internal about 30whr || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 2200U, 2300U or R5 2500U Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD or Intel 610, 620 up to 1Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14&quot; 20mm thick 1.8kg - 20v 2.25a 45w ac round barrel - chiclet keyboard - 4Gb soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm - TPM 2.0 in bios - 4GB soldered - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E485 E585 - internal battery only || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 2300U R5 2500U R7 2700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|m.2 nvme optional 1 2.5in sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Vega 3, 8 or 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with CX11852 codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in or 15.6in 768p or 1080p - USB-C 20V 2.25A 3.25A avoid knocking charging port as damages easily - 2 ddr4 sodimm slot max 2400Mhz 32GB - TPM 2.0 software - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad A285 - internal and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen PRO 3 2200U 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|m.2 nvme/sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC ALC3287 codec aka ALC257 }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Mini-Ethernet/Docking}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm - WLAN whitelist no more??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 12.5in 1080p - avoid usb-c port being lifted/moved whilst in use as damages laptop easily - soldered ram 8gb or 16gb  - WWAN whitelist - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad A485 bios setting [https://github.com/PSPReverse/PSPTool AMD PSP Platform Security Processor Key] - internal and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen PRO 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata port and m.2 nvme port || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC ALC3287 codec aka ALC 257 }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUL}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi - WLAN whitelist no more??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in 768p, 1080p or 1440p - avoid usb-c port being lifted/moved whilst in use as damages laptop easily - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 32gb - WWAN whitelist - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.diy-laptoprepair.com/forum/fix-Lenovo-V155-15-repair-guide-schematics.php Lenovo v155-15api 81V5] V155 (15&quot; AMD) budget all plastic build - MS new protocol, HID over I2C so [https://askubuntu.com/questions/1033033/elantech-touchpad-does-not-work-i2c-hid i2c] [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/drivers/input/mouse/elantech.c?h=v6.17 i2c] [https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.16/input/devices/elantech.html PS2 hybrid trackpad] [https://cgit.freebsd.org/src/tree/sys/dev/atkbdc/psm.c?h=releng/14.3 elantech] [https://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/sys/dev/pckbc/?only_with_tag=OPENBSD_7_8_BASE i2c-hid] 04F3:3140 touchpad not working - internal sunwoda battery L18D3PF1, L18L3PF1, L18C3PF2 35Whr most dead after 5 years || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' Ryzen 5 3500U and Ryzen 3 3200U - '''untested''' AMD Athlon 300U with bios winbond 25q64fwsiq soic 1.8v bios near nvme || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 M.2 nvme and usually 2.5in 7mm sata - install on mbr not gpt 2.5in in another compatible machine - mini sata dvd/cd da-8aesh11b will boot cd or dvd aros || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D to 1080p work for Vega 3 or 8 with up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken but hdmi 1.4b no output}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio add 0x1022, 0x15E3 with ALC3287 aka Realtek ALC257 codec 0x10ec, 0x0257 with 32bit on external speaker and most of the time works on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|2 USB3.0 usb-a, on left hand side, detected but not working}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS works well with 32bit and 64bit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 AROS One 2.8 DVD 32bit and AROS One x64 1.1 and 1.2 iso DVD burnt but not USB boot || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p 200nits tn panel - 4Gb ddr4 2400MHz soldered with 1 dimm slot max 20Gb - round ac 20V 65W psu 4.0mm x 1.7mm - Fn+F2 to enter bios and F12 boot order - no sd card slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V15-ADA 82C700E4UK- elan touchpad not working - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD r5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3, 8 with up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with R155189 ALC236 codec 0x10ec, 0x0236 on 32bit and on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 3500U with Aros One 32bit 2.8 installed to 2.5in drive on another machine and same for 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - noisy fan - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V15-ADA 82C7 - elan touchpad not working - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Silver 3020e, Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U, 3250U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD + 1x M.2 SSD NVme near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3, 8 with up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with RTS5119 R155119 ALC230 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3.0, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 Aros One 32bit 2.8 and 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - for this mbd bios ram disable doesn't work - noisy fan - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V14-ADA 82C6, - elan touchpad not working - if blank black display, bios bug going from uefi-&gt;legacy so reset bios rhs push in with pin, then Down, ent, Right x3, ent, up, ent, right, ent x2 - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' 3250U - '''untested''' AMD Athlon Silver 3020e, Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U - for this mbd GV451&amp;GV551 NM-D151 bios ram disable doesn't work || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD if cbl + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3 up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with Realtek ALC3223 RTS5119 R185199 aka ALC230 codec 0x10ec, 0x0230 on 32bit and on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 AMD 3250U with Aros One 32bit 2.8 installed to 2.5in drive on another machine and same for 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - F2 bios F12 select - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad 1 14ADA5 (low spec cpus) ideaPad 3 14ADA05, IdeaPad 3 15ADA05 81W100QVUK, IdeaPad 3 17ADA05 - elan touchpad not working - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Silver 3020e, Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U, 3250U, Ryzen 5 3500U on mobo NM-C821 REV 0.2 1.0 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD if cbl + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3, 8 up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with ALC230 codec 0x10ec, 0x0230 on 32bit and on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 Aros One 32bit 2.8 installed to 2.5in drive on another machine and same for 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - F2 bios F12 boot select - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo IdeaPad L340-15API 81LW001CUS L340-17API - elan trackpad not functioning - internal battery L18M3PF2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon 300U, Ryzen 3 3200U r5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 M.2 nvme and usually 2.5in sata if ribbon cable present - mini sata dvd/cd da-8aesh11b || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3 or 8 with up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken - hdmi 1.4b}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio add 0x1022, 0x15E3 with Realtek ALC236 0x10ec, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 not detected}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.8 USB - install on mbr not gpt 2.5in in another compatible machine || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p 200nits - 4Gb ddr4 2400MHz soldered with 1 dimm slot max 20Gb - round ac 20V 65W psu 4.0mm x 1.7mm - Return or F1 to enter bios and F12 boot order - no sd card slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.laptop-schematics.com/db/78/T%20series%20laptops%20(ThinkPad)/ ThinkPad T295 T495] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3300U, R5 Pro 3500U or R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe up to 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6, 8 or 10 up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111EPV}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE or Intel AC 9260}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14in 768p but mostly FHD 1080p 250 nits - internal battery - ram 8gb or 16gb 2400Mhz soldered with 1 ddr4 slot on T495 only - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging avoid knock whilst in use - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T495s (14in) X395 (13in) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3300U, R5 Pro 3500U or R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe up to 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6, 8 or 10 up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk| needs Lenovo ThinkPad Ethernet Adapter Gen 2 SC10P42352 or SC10P42354}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE or Intel AC 9260 wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 13in or 14in 768p but mostly FHD 1080p 250 nits - internal battery - ram 8gb or 16gb 2400Mhz soldered - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging avoid knock whilst in use - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 Gen2, E15 Gen 2 (AMD) 20T8,  - lenovo has a mobile phone PC Diagnostic App for error/beep codes || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, 5 4500U, 7 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 m.2 nvme, 1 2242 and 1 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Radeon up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 15.6in 1080p 220 nits - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging of internal 45Whr battery - 4gb ddr4 3200Mhz soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 20Gb - keyboard swap problematic - plastic bendy case - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad T14 Gen 1, ThinkPad P14s Gen 1 (AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300u, 5 4500U, Ryzen 5 Pro 4650U, Ryzen 7 Pro 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 0x10EC, 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111EPV (DASH models) or RTL8111HN}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - USB-C charging avoid moving whilst in use - 14&quot; or 15&quot; 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - 8gb or 16gb 3200MHz soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - sd card slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad L14 Gen 1, L15 Gen 1, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300u, 5 4500U, Ryzen 5 Pro 4650U, Ryzen 7 Pro 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 0x10EC, 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle RTL8111EPV (DASH models) or RTL8111HN}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - USB-C charger avoid moving whilst in use - 14&quot; or 15&quot; 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - 8gb or 16gb 3200MHz soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - sd card slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad X13 Gen1 AMD,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 4450U, 5 4650U or 7 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;One drive, up to 512GB M.2 2242 SSD or 1TB M.2 2280 SSD NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA Radeon up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| but USB-C ports can fail}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8111EPV, mini RJ-45 to RJ-45 via optional ThinkPad Ethernet Extension Adapter Gen 2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek Wi-Fi 6 RTL8852AE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 13.3&quot; HD 1366x768 to 1080p - USB-C port care needed as damages easily - Memory soldered to systemboard, no slots, dual-channel DDR4-3200 - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkBook 14 G2, 15 G2 Are || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 4500u, 7 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;14in has 2 m.2 nvme but 15in has 1 nvme and might have 2.5in sata metal caddy if smaller battery version || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC???? codec 0x10EC, 0x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14in or 15in 1080p - usb-c charging but high failure rate on the charging port - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot 3200mhz - hinge(s) issues - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad 5 14ARE05 (81YM), Ideapad 5 15ARE05 (), IdeaPad 3 17ARE05 (model 81W5) - elan touchpad MSFT0004:00 06CB:CD98 not working || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' 4500u - '''untested''' AMD 3 4300U (4c4t), 4600U (6c12t), 7 4700u (8c16t) on AMD Promontory Bixby FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1x M.2 2242 slot and 1x M.2 2280 NVMe which will take sata m.2 will boot to grub then laptop reset after choice}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 6 via hdmi output up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 6.36 0x1637 0x15e3 with Realtek ALC3287 aka ALC257 codec 0x10ec 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 or 3.2 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel ax200 wifi 6}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;4500u with AROS One 64bit 1.2 usb installed to m.2 sata on another machine || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 14inch 768p or 1080p - round lenovo ac - 4gb, 8gb, or 16gb ddr4 3200Mhz ram soldered with 1 slot - keyboard swap problematic - integrated battery  - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad Flex 5 81X2, Lenovo Yoga 6 13ALC6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD R5 4500u, R7 4800U, R3 5300 R5 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC? codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3.1 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek ac wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit abs plastic case 14in convertible 1080p touch low nits - 65w usb-c psu ac - possible wacom esr note taking pen supplied - ram soldered DDR4 - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 2, P14s Gen 2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with ALC3287-CG codec 0x10EC, 0x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 - usb-c power 90% failure rate on the charging port - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkBook 14 G3, 15 G3 ACL, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 14in or 15in 1080p - usb-c charging powered - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 G3, E15 Gen 3 (AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 5300U 5500U 5650U 5700U 5800U  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;up to 2 m.2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek or intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - - usb-c charging issues - keyboard swap problematic - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 3200Mhz sodimm slot - plastic bendy case -  
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V14 Gen 2 (82KA, 82KC)
*ALO 
*ALC 82KD
 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 5300U, 5 5500U, 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme 2280 and optional 2.5in sata after sourcing ribbon cable and connector, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 15.6&quot; FHD 1080p - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 65w round ac adaptor - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V15 G2 Gen2 (82KB, 82KD)
*ALO 
*ALC 82KD
 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 5300U, 5 5500U, 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme 2280 and optional 2.5in sata after sourcing ribbon cable and connector, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 15.6&quot; FHD 1080p - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 65w round ac adaptor - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L15 Gen 2 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 5000 series AMD Ryzen 3 5400U (4c8t), 5 5600U, 5 5650U (6c12t), 7 PRO 5850U (8c16t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle RTL8111EPV (DASH models) or RTL8111HN}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p - usb-c charging - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr4 3200Mhz sodimm slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 Gen 4, E15 Gen 4 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 3 5425u, 5 5625U, 7 5825u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 (14&quot;) or 2 (15&quot;) nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - usb-c charging - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 3200Mhz sodimm slot - L19M3PDA 45Whr battery - U24 TPS65994 and QB6 QB5 mosfet issues - plastic bendy case - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 3 Machine types MT 21AH 21AJ 21CF and 21CG, P14s Gen 3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| ALC3287-VA2-CG codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 14in 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14s Gen 3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| ALC3287-VA2-CG codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Ethernet support via optional Lenovo® USB-C® to Ethernet Adapter}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 14in 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V14 G3, V15 G3 Gen3 ALC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 6500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme and optional 2.5in sata if smaller 38Wh battery and after sourcing ribbon cable and connector, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15&quot;FHD - battery BYD L20B2PFO - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L15 Gen 3 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6000 series || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit- 15.6in 1080p - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Yoga 7 14ARB7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5, 6600U, 7 6800U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 660M or 680M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with ALC3306 aka alc287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 14in 1800p ips 300 nits - usb-c ac charging 71whr integrated battery - sd card slot - digital pen input - 8gb, 6gb or 32gb soldered ddr5 ram - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 4, P14s Gen 4 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen Pro 5 7540U, Ryzen Pro 7 7840U (AI NPU) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD 740M 780M|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 14in 1920x1200 - 8gb, 16gb or 32gb lpddr5 soldered - usb-c charging - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 g5, E15 Gen 5 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7000 series Ryzen 5-7530U, 7-7730U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit- 15.6in 1080p - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkbook 14 G6 ABP IRL, ThinkBook 16 G6ABP (21KK001CUK) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7530U 7730U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 untested}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 14in 1200p or 1440p - 100W USB-C AC power adapter - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad Slim 5 Light 14ABR8 Laptop || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 7330U (4c8t) 5 7530U (6c12t) 7 7730U (8c16t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 m.2 nvme slot - 1 2242, 1 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 14in 1080p - 8Gb or 16Gb soldered ram - usb-c charging only - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad X13 Gen 4 (13&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7480U 7040U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 - avoid usb-c port damage - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L14 (Gen4), L15 Gen 4 (15&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;MD Ryzen 5 PRO 7530U, 7480U 7040U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - elan trackpad - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Gen 4 V14 (82YT, 82YV, 83A0, 83A1, 83CC, 83FR, 82YX, 83FG), V15 (82YU, 82YW, 83FS, 82YY, 83CR), V17 (83A2),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD AMD Athlon™ Gold 7220U (2c4t), AMD Athlon™ Silver 7120U (2c2t), AMD Ryzen™ 3 7320U (4c8t), AMD Ryzen™ 5 7520U (4c8t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme and 2.5in sata if smaller 38Wh battery, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD 610M HDMI® and USB-C}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio  with ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Gigabit Ethernet, 1x RJ-45}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|wifi 6}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15.6&quot; FHD 1080p - 8 or 16Gb soldered - 65W round tip (3-pin) AC adapter or USB-C - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad e14 G6, e15 Gen 6 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7000 series AMD Ryzen™ 7 7735HS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit- 15.6in 1080p - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L16 (16&quot; AMD),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 8000 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB4}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 5, P14s Gen 5 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 8840U, AMD Ryzen™ 5 PRO 8540U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVME || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 14inch 1920 x 1200 - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt; Lenovo WinBook 300e SKU: 82GKS00000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 3015E  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit 4GB 64GB SSD 11.6 Inch Touchscreen Windows 10 Pro Laptop 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Yoga Slim 7a || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen AI 7350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 860M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with ALC3306 aka alc287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 14in 1800p ips 300 nits - usb-c ac charging 71whr integrated battery - sd card slot - digital pen input - 8gb, 6gb or 32gb soldered ddr5 ram - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Samsung====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-Q1 Q1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron-M 353 ULV 600Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1.8&quot; SFF HDD 20 / 60 GB }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D opengl1 tunnel 95 gearbox 68}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec - head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Yes|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit old style tablet UltraMobile PC UMPC - Wacom serial resistive pen or finger no support - 1 sodimm ddr2 max 1Gb - LCD 7&quot; WVGA (800 x 480) - CompactFlash port Type II - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP Q1U Ultra Mobile PC UMPC Q1F NP-Q1-F000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel A100 600 / A110 Stealey 800 MHz CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D and 3D opengl1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio 1986}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 1024×600 - sd card slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP P500 family P500Y || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Ati x1250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| Audio with  codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8039 yukon}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit possible - 15.4 tft display - cheap plastic okay build - 19v propriety end - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R505 R510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R520 R522 R610H R620 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Mobile Core i3 Intel PM45 82801M ICH9-M|| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (RV730)  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC272  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell Yukon 88E8057 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR5007EG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit possible 
|-
| NP-R530 ||  || {{N/A}} || {{partial|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Marvell}} || {{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung R730 17.3 Essential Notebook NP-R730-JA02UK, NP-R730-JA01SE, R730-JT06 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel HM55 Dual Core T4300 i3-370M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4500MHD and GeForce G 310M with 1 VGA, 1 HDMI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio ALC??? codec Realtek}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell Yukon 88E8059 PCI-E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Broadcom, Intel or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods ISO 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit - 17.3in HD 1280 x 720 pixels low contrast or some 1600x900 - 2 DDR3 sodimm slots - 2.84 kg 6.26 lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-305U1A-A01DE-Subnotebook.68246.0.html Series 3 Samsung 305u1a] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Zacate E350 or E450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC ACL 269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4313 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-RV415 NP-RV515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 or E450 plus A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 6470 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|RTL8169 Realtek RTL8111 8168B}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series 5 NP535U3C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4455M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow - 13.3in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;series 3 NP355V5C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4400M, A8-4500M, A10-4600M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;7640M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - 15.4in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung ATIV Book 9 Lite NP905S3G || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-1450 quad 1GHz Temash atom like || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;128gb || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8250 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek rtl8169 but only with mini LAN AA-AE2N12B Ethernet Adapter RJ45 dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 13.3 TN glossy 1366 x 768 200nits 60% srgb - plastic case - 26W battery built in with 4hr life - 19V 2.1A 3.0*1.0mm psu - 1 ddr3l slot max 4gb - 720p webcam - mini hdmi out - 1w speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Toshiba====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of Build Quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Equium 
Satellite (Pro) 
Libretto 
Portege
Tecra
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Tecra 8100 8200 9000 || 440BX || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Savage MX 3D (VESA only)}} || {{no|Yamaha DS-XG ymf744 ymf-754}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.5 || little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra 9100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;810 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|S3 Savage IX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ymf754}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;eeee pro100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PSU Adapter For Toshiba Tecra 9000 9100 A1 A10 A11 A3 A3X A4 A5 A7 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M7 M9 R10 S1 series 75 Watt 15V 5A
|-
| [http://tuxmobil.org/toshiba_sp4600.html Satellite Pro 4600] || i810 || IDE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Trident Cyber Blade XP (VESA only)}} || {{no|YAMAHA DS-XG AC97 ymf754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel e100}} || {{no|Agere (internal PCMCIA)}} || || little support 
|-
| Satellite 2805 S603 || Intel 815 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|nVidia GeForce2 Go}} || {{no|Yamaha Corp YMF 754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} || {{dunno}} || || little support
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A10 S167 S1291 - A15 A20 A25 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GM or Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 2100, Agere or Atheros PA3399U 1MPC minipci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;a few models came with antenna leads 
|-
| Satellite [http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/jsp/SUPPORTSECTION/discontinuedProductPage.do?service=EU&amp;com.broadvision.session.new=Yes&amp;PRODUCT_ID=76230 A30-714] || P4-M / 82845 i845 || {{yes|82801}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|RTL8139}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || nice laptop, drawbacks: heavy, really hot (P4-3.06 GHz!!) - A30 (EU) A33 (Australian) A35 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A40 A45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - A40 S161 A40-S1611 A40-2701, A45-S120 A45-S1201 S130 S1301 S1501  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a50 A55 a60-s156 Equium A60 PSA67E A65 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A70 A75-S206 A80 A85-S107 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron-M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| Toshiba Satellite Pro M30 || intel 855 || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100 VE}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.5 || nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Portege M300 - M200 tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855GM with 1.2GHz Pentium M 753 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d only - tablet with nvidia 5200 go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra M2 M2-S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855P Pentium-M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nvidia fx go5200 32mb or 64mb agp || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Pro || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - PSU 15V 5A - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L20 267 (PSL2YE PSL2XE) PSL25E L30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 370 1.4 1.5GHz, 1.73Ghz with RC410M SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati x200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861]}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Boots usb sticks}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8139 Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros mini-pci should work maybe not working with ATi chipset or need to swap??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 14&quot; pioneer dvd-rw - 19v 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L30 PSL30E L33 PSL33E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 or ATi RC410 x200 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 AD1981B or HD Audio ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;L30 PSL30L 101 PSL33E 113 115 134 00M019 - 
|-
| Satellite Pro M40 313 psm44e || AMD with Ati || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|}} || {{maybe|atheros askey ar5bmb5 mini pci}} || || 2005 32bit - nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L40 PSL40E PSL40L, PSL43E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with  U7700 1.3GHz ULV || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only -  - 12X 13G 139 14B 143 15J 19O  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L45 PSL40U S7409 S2416 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with Celeron M 440 1.86 GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia G72M Quadro NVS 110M GeForce Go 7300 / Ati (PSAA3E)|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC861 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A110 159 (PSAB0), Equium A110 (PSAB2E), Satellite A110 233 (PSAB6),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8136 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 PSAC0 PSAC1 PSAC1E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo GMA 950 to T2300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 or AC97 AD1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt;UHCI EHCI  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros Ar5001 or Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15V 4A charger - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo ATi RS480 + SB450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - ATI RC410 Radeon Xpress 200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OCHI UHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Atheros Ar5001 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15v 5a proprietary charger needed 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite A130 PSAD6U || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ST1311 s1311 ST1312 S2276 S2386  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A135 S2686 (Compal LA 3391P) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;S2246 S2346 S2256 S4477 S4666 S4827  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A200 PSAE1E (Inventec MW10M) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M with 945GM Express Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz or Pentium® Core Duo T2130 1.86 GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio ALC862}}|| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8101E rtl8139}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000 - FN,F5 or FN,F8 or switch}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Excellent 32 bit support! - make sure that your WLAN card is enabled, do this using the hardware switch and FN+F8 key combination 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; A210, Satellite A215 AMD (Inventec 10A) S5808 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati with SB690 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA HD2600 Mobility M76}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC268 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2018 AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;A215-S7422 A215-S7472 A215-S4697 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=62036 A215 S4757] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati X1200 with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Qosmio G30 (PQG31C-HD202E) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 with Duo T2500 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Nouveau Nvidia Go 7600 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 17&quot; UXGA 1920x1200, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra A10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel WiFi Link 5100}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64 bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L35 - L40 PSL48E - L45 S7423 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GL960 with Intel Celeron || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|X3100 some 2D but software 3d tunnel 9 gearbox 4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC660 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|REALTEK 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8187b replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1,73Ghz  M 520 or M 540 or Dual T2310 (1.46 GHz)  T2330 (1.6 GHz) - 14H 14N 15B 17H 17K 17R 17S 18Z - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a300 - inventec potomac 10s pt10s A300D 21H || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio - Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite L300D-224 PSLC8E PSLC9E, l305 (inventec ps10s) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD M780 with Turion RM70 or QL-64 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Radeon 3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC268}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros G XB63L or Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros Desktop Live 2.3 AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Wireless-handler crashing when using Atheros-Wireless-Card
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite P300 (PSPC0C-01D01C) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with Intel Core 2 Duo T5750 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap with Atheros 5k }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l300-1bw PSLBDE-005005AR, L300-148 PSLB0E, l300-20D PSLB8E-06Q007EN, l300-294 L300-23L PSLB9E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel GM45 + PGA478 socket Celeron 900, Pentium T1600, T2390, T3400 (Socket P) to Core2 Duo T6400 T6670 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{unk|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{unk|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Intel gma 4500M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC???}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{unk|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{unk|rtl8169 Realtek 810xE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64-bit  - new unfamiliar Bios called insyde H20 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l350d || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon (tm) X2 QL-60 + RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8187b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L450 12 13 14 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron, 2.1GHz with AMD RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3200 (based on HD 2400) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8172 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 12X 13P 13X 14V PSLY6E00C006EN 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L450 (Compal LA-5821P) 179 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel celeron 900 2.20 Ghz no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 4500m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101 /2 /6E PCI Express Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RTL8191 SEvB || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 39.6cm (15.6”) Toshiba TruBrite® HD TFT 16:9 768p 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Toshiba Satellite P775, P775-S7320 and P775-10K || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5 (2nd Gen) 2430M i7-2630QM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2D for Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 17.3&quot; - 1600 x 900 (HD+) - 2 DDR3 sodimm max 16Gb - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Toshiba Satellite C660D-19X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for ATi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio with Realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|r8169 rtl8101e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8188 8192ce rtl8192ce}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L755D (E-350) L750D (E-450) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E350 E450 no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6310 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro SP C640 C660D-15X (PSC1YE) C670D- () || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E350  no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6310G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Realtek ALC259 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;C70D-A C75D-A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E1-1200 no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|AMD HD8330}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HA Audio CX20751 11Z}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8162 alx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8188e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
|}

====Misc====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Time 500 Packard Bell EasyOne 1450 1550 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-3 500Mhz + VIA MVP4 vt82c686a || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|Issues}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 3058 with wolfson  codec WM9703 WM9704 WM9707 WM9708 or WM9717}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 3038 2 ports USB 1.1 untested || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit grub runs but stalls around [PCI] Everything OK 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX201/FX202 FX210/FX215 FX401/FX402 FX404/FX405 972M, FX501/FX502 FX504/FX505 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{partial|boot issue with 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Nightly 1st March 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;booting usb pendrive from Plop Boot Loader floppy (no bios USB boot). Can freeze coz hardware issue or a ram slot problem - no support for iLink firewire VT8363/8365 pci - vt82c686b 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX601/FX602, FX604/FX605 FXA53(US), FX701/FX702, FX704/FX705, FX801/FX802 FX804/FX805 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{partial|boot issue with 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Nightly 1st March 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;booting usb pendrive somes works
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX100 R505LE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i815 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA Intel 82815 CGC || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel ICH AC97 with ADI AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PCG-FX105 FX105K PCG-FX108 FX108K PCG-FX109 FX109K FX200 FX203/FX203K FX205 FX205K FX209 FX209K FX220 [http://juljas.net/linux/vaiofx240/ FX240] FX250 FX270 FX290 FX301 FX302 FX340 FX370 FX390 FX403 FX503 FX950
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Sony VAIO VGN X505VP || Pentium M ULV and Intel 855GM || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Intel 855 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{N/A}} || || 2004 32bit - 0.38 inches at its thinnest point - first laptop to feature a &quot;chiclet&quot; keyboard resemble Chiclets gum - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Z505LE Z505JE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Rage Mobility M1 AGP mach64 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;no Yamaha DS-XG PCI YMF744 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 8255x based PCI e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-18 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma for i915}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SigmaTel}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel swap for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' D02 test || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-29 CF-30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SigmaTel || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139C || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Microstar PR210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi RS690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio through speaker / head phones but not hdmi}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8111 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR242x AR542x aw-ge780 mini pci-e || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - ENE PCI based SD card with no bios boot option 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advent 7106 EAA-88 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.7GHz with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D tunnel 187 gearbox 67}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 Intel ICH6 with Conexant Cx20468 31 codec playback head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG Fn/F2 replaced with atheros mini pci in small base panel - startup errors in wireless manager}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; cheap rubbish sadly - fan noise through audio channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Motion Computing LE1600 PC Slate || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 SigmaTel STAC9758 9759  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 serial Wacom digitiser not usb
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 CF-P1 CF-T5 CF-Y2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio VGN-AR11S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ntel Core Duo T2500 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes| Nvidia Go 7600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 32bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 17&quot; 1920x1200 - blu-ray - 
|-
| Sony Vaio VGN SR29VN || Intel ICH9 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy}} || {{partial|ATI HD 3400 (VESA only)}} || {{partial|HD Audio (too quiet)}} || {{yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 8040}} || {{no|Intel 5100}} || Icaros 1.5 || 2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse XM Class DELL WYSE Xn0m LAPTOP || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD T-G56N 1.6 1.65Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;decased 2.5in ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only AMD 6320}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|EHCI 2.0 with NEC uPD720200 USB 3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek rtl8169 8111E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 93xx}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1366 x 768 14&quot; - 2 ddr3l slots max 16gb - 19v coax barrel plug psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Ge40 Ge60 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 860M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Killer}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GE62 2QF Apache Pro || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 5  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 970M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Killer }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GS65 Stealth || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i7-8750H and later i7-9750H || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce GTX 1060 or 1070 Max Q, GTX 1660 Ti, RTX 2080 Max-Q || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|US3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte P35X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 980M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughpad FZ-G1 MK2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core i5-3437U, 1.9GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ToughPad FZ-G1 Mk3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5-4310U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 4400 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio Codec ALC255 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://wiki.recessim.com/view/Panasonic_Toughpad_FZ-G1_MK4 Panasonic Toughpad FZ-G1 MK4] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel 6300U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 520 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC256 codec - o/c or s/c fails early || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 but options on the right hand side of screen case}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|intel ac 8260}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 10.1in 1600x1200 - 4gb ddr3l soldered - waterproof pen left hand side base - optional slot-in 4g lte and sdhc - 16v 4.06A 64.96W panasonic barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughpad FZ-G1 MK5 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel i5-7300U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 620 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC295 codec - o/c or s/c fails early || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 but optional usb2 plugin r.h.s. of screen casing}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 8gb ddr3l soldered - 10.1&quot; WUXGA 1920 x 1200 with LED backlighting  screen 2-800 nit - 10-point capacitive multi touch + Waterproof Digitizer pen l.h.s - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ToughPad FZ-M1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® Core TM m5-6Y57 vPro TM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 4200 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 7in 800p - 8gb ddr3l soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Any Razor Razer laptops || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;AVOID unable to remove secure boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Netbook=== 

[[#top|...to the top]]

* PC to write Aros image onto an USB pendrive with Raspberry PI writer, USB writer or Rufus for boot purposes on a netbook 
* SD card sometimes can boot like Dell 2100,  EeePC 1001P, ASUS EeePC 900, acer aspire one d150, MSI Wind U100, 


====Acer Packard Bell Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Aspire One AOA110 (A110) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D and 3D) tunnel 99 and gearbox 84 score}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8101E}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || 2016 AspireOS 1.8, 2025 Aros One 2.6 32bit USB || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel A13-045N2A 19V2.37A 45W 5.5x1.7mm - 
|-
| Aspire One AOA150 (A150) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D with tunnel 99 and gearbox 84.1 result}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8101E}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || 2016 AspireOS 1.8, 2025 aros one 2.6 32bit USB || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD150 D150 (Compal LA-4781P), AOD110 D110 (ssd) || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HDAudio with alc272}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 l1e}} || {{Maybe|AR5007EG AR5BXB63 works but Broadcom BCM4312 has no support}} || 2010 Icaros Desktop 1.3, 2024 Aros one 32bit USB || 2008 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One (ZG8) || Intel 945G and N270 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D}} || {{maybe|HD Audio }} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{No|Broadcom }} || {{no|Intel}} || 2014 AspireOS 1.8 || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD250 D250 emachines em250 || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|alc272 HD Audio}}  || {{Yes}} || {{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|BCM4312 or Atheros AR5B95}} || 2010 Icaros 1.3 || 2009 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire AO532H (Compal LA-5651p) 533H Pineview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k}} || [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=5968 Tested AspireOS June 2011] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM350 NAV51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with N450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with   codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Single core 64bit - 160GB HDD 1GB RAM 10.1&quot; LED backlit screen and  Webcam - 3 cell li-ion battery for 3 hours usage - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM355 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit support possible - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One 533 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D 0x8086 0xa011}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ALC272 codec ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v1.1 1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4313}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 and AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - f2 setup - 10.1inch 1024 x 768 - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD255 AOD255e AOD260 AOHAPPY (Compal LA-6221P) || N570 and Nm10 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|SATA}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 3150}} || Audio || USB || {{No|Atheros AR8152 V1.1 (1lc)}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || a little support 
|-
| Aspire One 522 AO522 (Compal LA-7072p) || 1GHz dual C-50 C50 or C-60 C60 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (ATI 9804) or 6290 || ATI SB CX20584 HD Audio || USB || Atheros 8152 v2.0 l1c || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros ath9k}} || ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AAOD270 Aspire One D270 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 Cedarview || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D on Intel GMA 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169 RTL8101E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 but swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit atom - ddr2 so-dimm 2gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO532G (Compal LA-6091p) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One D257 (Quanta ZE6) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire One 722 AO722 P1VE6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C-60 C60 with SB900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| use VESA Ati 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec but no Wrestler HDMI output}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR8152 v2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO721 (Wistron SJV10-NL) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AO751 AO751H (Quanta ZA3) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC272X || &lt;!--USB--&gt; USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Atheros l1e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .SE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC|| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S2 NAV50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel X3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot M/A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy mode? || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ATI SBx00 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 700 701 2G 4G 8G Surf || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 2D and 3D tunnel 68 gearbox 43 on 701 800x480}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR5007EG (AR2425 works}} || 2016 Icaros 2.1.1, 2.1.2, Aros One 2.5 32bit USB, || 2007 32bit - power supplies fail due to bad caps issue 9.5V 2.5A 24W Charger AD59930 4.8*1.7MM - 
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 701SD || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{No|RTL8187SE swap with Atheros 5k}} || 2014 AspireOS 1.7,  || 2007 32bit - boot issues but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll 
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 900 || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D, 3D in some models)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Maybe|depends on chipset AR5007EG (AR2425) works but not RaLink}} || 2014 AspireOS 1.7,  || 2008 32bit - boot issues but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. 900's may need BIOS upgrade to boot usb optical drives. 3D available in some model revisions - AD59230 9.5v 2.31a psu - 
|-
| eeePC 900A || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (3D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Atheros L1e [1969 1026]}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR242x}} || Nightly Build 2012, 2023 Aros One 32bit 2.4 || 2009 32bit 
|-
| eeePC 901 1000 || 945GM || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros L1E (AR8121 AR8113 AR8114)}} || {{No|RaLink Device 2860 swap with Atheros 5k}} || 2011 Icaros 1.4,  || 2009 32bit -  12v 3a psu - 
|-
| eeePC Seashell 1000HA 1000HE 1008 1005HA || N280 + Intel GMA950 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{Maybe|Realtek but not Atheros AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || 2014 Aspire OS 1.6,  || 2010 32bit -  12v 3a psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eeePC 1001ha || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Attansic Atheros AR8132 l1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT3090 swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 32bit  
|-
| eeePC 1001P T101MT 1005PX 1005PE 1015PE Pineview 1001PXD || NM10 and N450 N455 CPU || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || {{No|Atheros AR8132 (l1c)}} || {{unk|Atheros AR928x 802.11n}} || 2010 Icaros 1.3.3,  || 2011 64bit - 19V 2.1A 2.3x0.7 - 
|-
| EeePC 1015B 1215B || single C-30 C30 or dual C-50 C50 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{partial|AMD 6250 (VESA only)}} || ATI SBx00 HD Audio || USB || {{No|AR8152 v2.0 atl1c}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 [14e4 4727]}} || untested recently || 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare X101CH Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 6300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare 1025CE 1225CE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2800 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Inspiron 910 Mini 9 PP39S Vostro A90 || GMA945 || {{Maybe|STEC 8G 16G 32G IDE PATA Parallel ATA miniPCIE SSD 50MM / 70MM very slow}} || {{N/A| }} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D opengl1}} || {{yes|ALC268 HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2 boots and works}} || {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8102E}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4310 and 4312 swap with atheros 5k bx32}} || ICAROS 1.3 but Icaros 2.3 (pci issues), AROS One 2.6 and Tiny AROS (digiclock startup) mouse cursor vanishes || 2008 32bit - 9inch 1024x600 screen - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 2gig - 19v 1.58a - 0 boot disk select - cr2032 battery under laptop base cover, while mem 2GB max under base flap - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron Mini 10 1010 PP19S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom Z520 Z530 Intel US15W Poulsbo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel GMA 500 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or BCM4312}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - 10.10 inch 16:9, 1366 x 768 glossy - 28whr or 56wHr battery options - 
|-
| [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks#Dell%20Mini%2010v%20(Inspiron%201011) Mini 10v 1011] [http://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/Dell/InspironMini10v]|| Intel 950 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ide legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}}  || {{maybe|HDAudio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8102E 8103E}} || {{no|Dell 1397 Wireless}} || untested || 2008 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron Mini 1018 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Atom N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio head phones only - speaker and micro phone do not work}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|RTL8188CE or AR928X}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2011 Icaros 1.5.1,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 1 DDR3 max 2gb - 
|-
| Latitude 2100 || Intel Atom N270 N280 1.60Ghz GMA 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|set to IDE in bios as ahci not working || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D with tunnel 98 and gearbox 84)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC272 codec}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5764M}} || {{No|Intel 5100 or BCM4322 DW 1510 half height mini pcie use small Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 AspireOS 1.8, Icaros 2.1.1 and AROS One USB 2.4 || 2009 32bit ddr2 sodimm max 2G - [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/about-aspire-one Webcam and card reader not working] lcd cable over hinge an issue - f12 bios and boot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 2110 2120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N470 1.83Ghz, N455 1.6Ghz, N550 1.5Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|ATA mode in bios not ahci}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 3150 2D only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2014 Icaros 2.3,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - ddr2 sodimm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| HP Mini 2133 || VIA C7-M P4M900 / 8237 VX700 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|VIA Chrome 9 HC (VESA only)}} || {{no|VT1708/A HD Audio}} || USB || {{no|Broadcom Corp NetXtreme BCM5788}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || untested || 2008 32bit - 
|-
| HP mini 1000 Mi 2140 ks145ut || N270 + 945GM || {{N/A}} || SATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and opengl1 3d)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio (playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312 hard blocked}} || untested || 2009 32Bit - unable to change wifi card 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Mini 700 702 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT 92HD75B (111d:7608, only playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom hard locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| Compaq HP Mini 110 110-3112sa || 945GM Express || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio IDT STAC 92xx}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Atheros}} || {{no|Broadcom hard blocked Fn+F12}} || untested || 2009 32bit - unable to change wifi 
|-
| HP Mini 200 210 || 945GM NM10 Express || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA 950 || {{Maybe|HDAudio with }} || USB || RTL8101E RTL8102E || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard locked}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| HP Mini 311 DM1 (Quanta FP7) || N280 + ION LE || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia Geforce ION || {{maybe|HDAudio with }} || USB || eth || {{No|hard locked}} || untested || 2009 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Lenovo Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| IdeaPad S9 S9e(3G) S10 S10e(3G) || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{maybe|ALC269 or SigmaTel HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Broadcom NetLink BCM5906M}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| IdeaPad S12 || Intel Atom N270 + Nvidia ION LE MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || {{maybe|ALC269 HD Audio}} || USB || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel locked down}} || 2012 Icaros 2.0,  || 2009 32bit - does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| S10-2 || 945GME and N280 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{maybe|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || 2011 Icaros 1.3,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| S10-3 || NM410 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{maybe|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Atheros 9285 or Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || 2011 Icaros 1.3,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Samsung Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=616910&amp;topic_id=33755&amp;forum=28#616910 NC10] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|SigmaTel HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{maybe|rtl8169 works but not Marvell 88E8040 sky2}} || {{yes|AR5007EG}} || 2011 Icaros 1.4,  || 2009 32bit - Nano silver on keyboard and lcd ribbon cable over hinge issues 
|-
| [http://www.sammywiki.com/wiki/Samsung_NC20 NC20] || VIA VX800 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{maybe|VIA Chrome9 (VESA only)}} || ALC272 GR (VT1708A) HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{yes|Atheros AR5001}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| NP-N110 NP-N120 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC272 HD Audio or ALC6628}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Realtek rtl8187}} || untested || 2009 32bit - Namuga 1.3M Webcam none
|-
| NP-N130 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{yes|SATA in IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and opengl 1.x 99.5 tunnel 99 gearbox}} || {{yes|Intel HD with ALC272 ALC269 codec playback}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL 8169.device - 8101e 8102e}} || {{no|rtl 8192se rtl8187 too small an area to swap for atheros 5k}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 10.x inch 1024 x 600 - Namuga 1.3M Webcam - front slide power on and f2 setup bios - keyboard 17.7mm Pitch is made with Silver Nano (Anti-Bacterial) tech - small touchpad - 1 ddr2 2rx16 sodimm slot 2G max - 44Wh
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Go NP-N310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 32bit - N280 version changed specs 
|-
| NP-N510 || N270 euro N280 uk + ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || HD Audio || USB || Marvell 88E8040 || Realtek 8192E || untested || 2010 32bit - does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| NP-N145 Plus || n450 + NM10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || {{yes|Realtek HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || untested || 2010 some support but often the trackpad does not work 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Axx || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC269 codec A9M22Q2 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| NF210 Pineview || n455 or n550 + N10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA 3150 (needs retesting, VESA works)}} || {{yes|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || Wireless || untested || 2011 64bit - some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NS310 NP-NS310-A03UK || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N570 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use Vesa 2d }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 810xe }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|bcm4313 }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2022 AROS One 2.3,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom N570 or 1.5 GHz Intel Atom N550 dual core processor, 1 DDR3 sodimm slot memory, a 250GB hard drive, and a 10.1 inch, 1024 x 600 pixel 10.1&quot; W7St - 2300mAh short life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Samsung_N150 N150] NB30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;MN10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285 or Realtek 8192E}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 a little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.kruedewagen.de/wiki/index.php/Samsung_N220 N210 N220] N230 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit no sse4.1 or avx -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Pxx Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6000g}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
|}


====Toshiba Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NB100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini NB200 series NB205 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + GSE945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 300 series NB305 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 500 series NB505 NB520 NB550-10v || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8176 RTL 8188CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Toshiba-NB550D-AMD-Fusion-Netbook.46551.0.html Mini NB550D 10G] 108 (c30) 109 (c50) || C-50 + M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (VESA only) || HD Audio || USB || {{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111e}} || {{maybe|Atheros 9k}} || untested || 2011 64bit Realtek SD card reader 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Misc Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Cammy's A1600 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes}} || {{no|JMC 250/260}} || Wireless || 2010 Icaros 1.2.4,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Siemens Amilo Mini Ui 3520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit -  
|-
| Guillemot Hercules eCafe EC-900 H60G-IA], Mitac MiStation and Pioneer Computers Dreambook Light U11 IL1 || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RAlink RT2860}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E2 24 48 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;IDE legacy mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pineview Intel (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros l1c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| MSI Wind U90/U100 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio ALC888s (playback only?)}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RaLink RT2860 RT2700E or rtl8187se (u100x)}} || 2011 Icaros 1.3,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| Advent 4211 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || Intel GMA950 (2D) || ALC HD Audio || USB || rtl8169 || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || untested || 2009 32bit - MSI U100 clone
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit MSI U100 clone 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Vaio VGN-P11Z
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Partial|Intel (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{unk|Atheros AR928X}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2012 Icaros 2.0.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit Rarely boots!
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony VPC-W11S1E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 with 945GSE
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8132}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 10.1&quot; 1366 x 768 glossy - 3hr battery life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Archos 10 Netbook || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom with ICH7 NM10 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{No }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Wind U135 DX MS-N014 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only accelerated}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ALC662 rev 1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR 9K}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2015 Icaros 2.1,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - needs noacpi notls added to grub boot line to start up 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

===Desktop Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--May work--&gt;{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}


====Acer====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.acer.com/ac/en/ID/content/support-product/486;-; Veriton X270 VTX270] Intel Core 2 Duo ED7400C or Pentium dual-core UD7600C with 630i 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d Nvidia 7100 VGA and HDMI connections}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|  with realtek codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 rear and 5 front}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit capable but would not fully boot, DHCP address timeout too short and failed often. Put in a third party NIC, worked - 1 PCI Express x16 slot and a free PCI x1 slot - internal thin long psu with 12pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Imedia S1710 with Intel Dual Core E5200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{Yes|SATA/AHCI}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|Native IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia nForce 7100}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|NVIDIA MCP73 Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 14-09-2023, AROS One 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 2009 64-bit - Boot over USB not working on front - 2 DDR2 dual channel max 8GB - DEL for entering Bios - F12 for boot menu - Bus weird, could be reason for Ethernet issue 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Revo AR1600, R1600 AR3600, R3600, Packard Bell IMAX Mini N3600, ACER Veriton N260G N270G slim nettop subcompact 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9300M - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with alc662 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB boot usb2 stick issues and slower with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79 nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ArosOne 32bit very often boot stuck around ehciInit, 64bit ...
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 Intel Atom 230 N280 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v special barrel size 5.5mm/1.7mm psu - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - atheros 5k AR5BXB63 wifi - 3 wire CMOS coin battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo AR3610 R3610 3610 Atom 330 nettop subcompact dual core 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9400M LE MCP79MX 0x10de 0x087d - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek alc662 rev1 alc662-hd later ALC885 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB with 1% chance slow boot with usb2 sticks, more issues with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL8211CL MCP79 nForce 0x10de 0x0ab0}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 32bit 1.5, 1.6 and 2.4 usb around ehciInit or Kernel SATA, etc try ATA=off, and 64bit 1.2 USB boot often stuck at device 0x00000000b05228c8 interrrupt by using noacpi noiopica 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - non usb hub keyboard  - DEL bios setup, F12 BBS POPUP/drive boot - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu with smaller inner pin size 5.5mm/1.7mm - replace wifi RT3090 ver c (0x1814 0x3090) with atheros 5k - 3 wire CMOS coin battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo N281G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 2d for GMA 3100}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX and SSE 4.1 Atom D425 - 19v 65w barrel psu thinner inner pin - 2 DDR3L single channel max 4GB - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - 1lr or 1.5 ltr dvdrw case 209.89 mm, (D) 209.89 mm, (H) 35.35 mm - del enter bios - 3 wire CMOS coin battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;REVO AR3700 R3700 3700 - ACER Veriton N282G 
*one long beep with two short - bios damaged 
*looping one long two short - video card fault 
*two short beeps - CMOS damaged 
*got one long and one short beep - board error?
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE ready in Bios
* Known issue, boot into bios, set bios to UEFI and reboot, set bios back to defaults and reboot, blank display, repair with reflash of 8 pin Winbond W25Q socketed bios chip with ch341a using P01.B0L or P01.A4 renamed amiboot.rom}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia ION2 GT218 9400M class 0x10de 0x0a64 with vga fine but hdmi fussy over cable and display port used - 32bit nouveau 2d &amp; 3d gearbox 404 tunnel 292 teapot 48 - 64bit not detected}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDA Intel with Realtek ALC662 rev1 codec 0x10ec 0x0662, head phones only but nothing from NVidia HDMI 0x10de 0x000b}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® NM10 Express (NM10 is basically an ICH7 with a die shrink and IDE removed) USB boots usb, installs usb, accesses ok}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek rtl8111g}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS one 32bit USB 1.5 and 1.6 and ArosOne 64bit usb 1.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 Atom D525 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - early 2 ddr2 sodimm slots but later 2 ddr3 sodimm slots 1Rx8 max 4GB - 19v barrel psu thinner pin - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - cmos 3pin cr2032CL plastic wrapped - del bios f12 boot choice - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo 70 (RL70) with or without dvdrw 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6320 or 6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio ALC662-VCO-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2, 1.1 Hudson D1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD E450 1.65GHz - 19v 65w barrel psu thinner inner pin - 2 DDR3L single channel max 4GB - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - 1lr or 1.5 ltr dvdrw case 209.89 mm, (D) 209.89 mm, (H) 35.35 mm - del enter bios - 
|-
|}

====Asus====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;EEEbox B202
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel Azalia HDaudio with Realtek ALC662 or ALC888-GR CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 or JM250 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;internal 3 types of wifi chipset not supported 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Precision 340
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1 (UHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|3Com}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 2400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 82845GL Brookdale G/GE (VESA 640x480 by 16)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk|AC97 with ADI codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x 4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=832495 Icaros 1.4]
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Graphics chipset is capable of higher resolution.
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 4600
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 (use rear black port)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 170L
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX260
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX270
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX280
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{maybe|Intel GMA (only VESA tested)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Broadcom}}
| Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX520
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|Intel GMA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 745
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|HD Audio (no volume control)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{partial|Only keyboard mouse (legacy mode)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 755
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.5.1
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Around 25 second delay in booting from USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 990
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|non-RAID mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel HD (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|ordinary boot gives VGA mode only - VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio (Analog Devices ID 194a)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire Xenon 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;poor support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Vx0 (V90 V30), Vx0L (V10L V90L), Vx0LE (V30LE V90LE) from VIA C7 800GHz to Eden 1.2GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for S3 UniChrome Pro}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 VIA VT8233A with ?? codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 back and 1 front USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|early models work but later VT6102-3 do not}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.2  
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 to 2009 32bit - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm DDR 333MHz SO-DIMM later DDR2 - early V90s do seem to have a reliability problem - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.poppedinmyhead.com/2021/01/wyse-cx0-thin-client-notes-experiences.html Dell Wyse Cx0] C00LE, C10LE, C30LE, C50LE, C90LE, C90LE7, C90LEW VIA C7 Eden 1GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d VX855 VX875 Chrome 9}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|some VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with ?? codec work}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 outside 2 inside USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 to 2013 32bit - [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=815.0 boots and works] - 12V 2.5A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm ddr2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell RxxL Rx0L Wyse thin client 
*R00L	Cloud PC of Wyse WSM 
*R10L	Wyse Thin OS 
*R50L	Suse Linux Enterprise 
*R90L	Win XP Embedded 
*R90LW  Win Embedded Standard 2009 
*R90L7  Win Embedded Standard 7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128Mb IDE or 1GB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA Hyperdisk}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 690E RS690M Radeon Xpress 1200 1250 1270
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Sempron™ 210U SMG210UOAX3DVE 1.5GHz SB600, up to 4GB single slot 240-pin DDR2 DIMM, 19v barrel psu, DEL key bios - Late 2012 2 data sockets added but only CN18 be used with two white sockets (CN13 &amp; CN15) can used to power the SATA device &quot;4-pin Micro JST 1.25mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 390 sff small form factor - mt mini tower desktop - dt full desktop
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit dual i3 2xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - add nvidia gf218 gfx - error code 3 mobo or cpu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 3010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 57XX}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 7010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom or Intel 825xx}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx Q77 - kettle iec plug psu cable - add pci-e ethernet and nvidia gf218 gfx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5010 thin client ThinOS D class (D10D D00D D00DX, Dx0D), PCoIP (D10DP) or D90D7, 5040 
*username: Administrator, admin, [blank] 
*password: Fireport, DellCCCvdi, rappot, Wyse#123, Administrator, administrator, r@p8p0r+
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode may need 30cm ext cable as small area for half-slim sata ssd - decased new ssd??}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 1400x1050 HD6250E IGP by using DVI to hdmi cable and 1 display port, no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD 6.34 audio chipset detected but codec alc269 working from one case speaker -  none if v6.29 used}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|most 5010 have 4 USB 2.0 but D90Q7 has 2 USB3 instead}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8168 8169 - rev 1.?? 8111? - rev 1.91 8111E}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit no SSE4.1 or AVX slow AMD G-T44R 1.2Ghz later G-T48E 1.4Ghz Dual Bobcat Brazos BGA413 - Del for BIOS - p key to select boot with noacpi - single DDR3 sodimm slot max 4Gb, (8Gb hynix 2rx8 ddr3l)? (remove small board to upgrade) - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; small 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - PA16 19v barrel psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 7010 DTS thin client (Z class Zx0D) 
*2011 Zx0 Z90D7 2GF/2GR
*2013 Z10D 
*2014 Z50D 2GF/2GR 
*2012 Cisco VXC 6000 CVXC-6215-K9 white 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|Bios set Sata mode to IDE mode and grub boot add 'noacpi' for half slim sata2 ssd or/with 50cm sata ext cable}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d HD6310 HD6320 Terascale 2 through DVI and sometimes DP 1.1a - no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio 6.34 detected but ALC269VB codec works on the one case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0 works but NEC 720200 3.0 not working}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111e 8111F}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 and Aros One 32bit 1.5, 1.9 and 2.3 usb and 64bit 1.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 slow AMD G-t52R 1.5GHz later G-T56N 1.65 GHz Dual with A50M FCH - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless black plastic case with metal ventilated box inside - 2 desktop DDR3L DIMM slots max 16GB - PA-16 19v external psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - 2 40cm SMA female WiFi Antenna to IPEX IPX u.fl Ufl Cable pigtail needed - does not like uefi boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse 7020 Thin Client 
* 2013 Quad-core AMD GX-420CA 2.0 GHz (25W) - 
* 2018 Zx0Q Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz (15W) with Quad display 3dp and 1dvi 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only for AMD Radeon HD8400E radeonsi (dual display) or AMD Radeon HD 8330E IGP with AMD Radeon E6240 Seymour E6460 (quad display), no hdmi ports}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 quad eKabini Jaguar cores - two SODIMM sockets layered in centre of mobo DDR3L RAM - Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm ac psu 9mm plug is too short but 14mm length is fine - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Dx0Q (5020) D90Q8 NJXG4 AMD G-Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 8330E 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; with Realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz - 2 layered near edge of mobo 204-pin DDR3L SODIMM (bottom one tricky to insert) - 19v Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5060 N07D thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE bios mode for sata2 port}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d - AMD R5E GCN2 IGP Sea Islands thru dp1 with an hdmi adapter no output thru dp2 - no hdmi dvi ports}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC231 codec head phones only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111h}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 quad GX-424CC 19.5v external psu - CN-0Y62H1 mobo with 2 layered ddr3l 16Gb max sodimm slots at edge of mobo, bottom 0 one blocking - passive no fan so quiet - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Fujitsu Siemens====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Scenic [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/ProfessionalPC/Scenic/ScenicE/ScenicE.htm E600] (compact desktop)
| 
| 
| {{partial|VESA only}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| 
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| {{dunno}}
| Nice small, silent PC with good AROS support.
|-
| Scenic T i845
| {{dunno}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{dunno|Intel AC97}}
| {{dunno|UHCI}}
| {{dunno|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| AROS does not boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S200 S210 S220 and later S300 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| compactflash CF card max ??}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 315PRO PCI/AGP }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 via }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|via uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|via VT6102 [Rhine-II] (rev 74) }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - TR5670 Rev 1.4 mother with Transmeta TM5800 cpu - pci socket - single SODIMM socket for DDR memory PC2700S max 512MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| but swap with compactflash CF card already with AROS installed}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS741CX }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 SiS7018}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|sis uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz gets hot - SiS 963L / SiS 741CX chipset - 12V 4.2A 4-pin (DP-003-R) psu - single SODIMM socket for DDR PC2700S max 1G - large case 246 x 48 x 177cms torx screws - pci socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;FUJITSU Futro S700 and S900 Thin Client (based on mini-ITX motherboard D3003-A12, D3003-C1 lesser variant of [https://www.parkytowers.me.uk/thin/Futro/s900/TechNotes_V3.1_Mini-ITX_D3003-S.pdf D3003-S]) 
*G-T56N 1.65GHz
*G-T40N 1.00GHz
*G-T44R 1.20GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata data socket but mSata 18+8pins 1GB-16GB 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6320, HD 6250, HD 6290 dvi or displayport (DP runs higher) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|two USB2 front sockets and four on the rear}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit AMD slow atom-like and fanless - 20V 2A psu 5.5mm/2.1mm coax (S900) - 2 DDR3L SODIMM sockets max 8GB tricky to run 1333 MHz on the Futro S900 - proprietary X2 PCI-e - 1 PCI socket but need a right-angle adaptor - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo p420 e85 desktop case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or old Geforce in pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16 pin special psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo E420 e85+ SFF case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or low profile pci-e card 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111G 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16ish pin special psu - hd under front metal bracket, take front cover off first with 3 tabs - 3 slim pci-e slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S520 AMD dual 1.0Ghz codenamed &quot;Steppe Eagle&quot;
* GX-210HA @ 1.0GHz
* GX-212ZC @ 1.2GHz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;no sata - 4Gb or 16Gb flash memory soldered to the board
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 8210E (GX210HA) or AMD Radeon R1E (GX212ZC)
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - smaller than ITX 160mm x 160mm Fujitsu D3314-A11 - 19V 3.4A PSU standard 5.5mm/2.1mm coax plug - 1 ddr3 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Futro S720 ThinClient D3313-B13 D3313-F
*2014 64bit AMD GX-217GA 1.65GHz VFY:S0720P8009FR VFY:S0720P8008DE VFY:S0720P4009GB
*2015 64bit AMD GX-222GC 2.20GHz VFY:S0720P702BDE VFY:S0720P702BFR 
 all begin VFY:S0720P and end two digit country code
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Yes|up to 2 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata was running very well on AHCI and IDE-Mode and 2242 mSata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA 2D for AMD Radeon HD 8280E IGP ( islands) or later R5E IGP ( islands)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio ALC671 codec partially working, external audio speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0 but not front 2 USB 3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit supports AVX and SSE 4.1 - 1 ddr3 Sodimm slot max 8Gb - 19V-20V 2A 5.5mm/2.5mm coax - D3313-B13 stripped down Mini-ITX mobo D3313-S1/-S2/-S3 (eKabini) D3313-S4/-S5/-S6 - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the cpu heatsink is fanless - mPCIe socket for wireless card - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S920 D3313-E	D3313-G
*2016 AMD GX-222GC SOC 2.20GHz Dual 
*2017 AMD G-Series GX-415GA (1.50 GHz, Quad Core, 2 MB, AMD Radeon™ HD 8330E) 
*2017 AMD G-Series GX-424CC 2.40 GHz Quad
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|2242 mSata and 1 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata possible}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|use VESA 2D for Radeon R5E GCN2/3 IGP}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio ALC671 codec partially working}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0, front 2 USB 3.1 downgradable to 2.0 in BIOS setting}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AROS One USB 2.4
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 2 so dimm slot with max of 8 GB - 19v barrel psu 5.5mm 2.5mm - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the heatsink - mPCIe a e keyed socket for wireless card - propetary X2 connector with official raizer to X1 connector - almost silent background noise, not affecting sound quality in any way 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Thin Client Futro S5011 S7011 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3 on 2 dp 1.4}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ALC623 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear  }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - AMD Ryzen Dual Core R1305G or R1505G 1ltr case - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 19v 3.42amp round coax or usb-c 20c 3.25a external psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S9011 Thin Client VFY:S9011THU1EIN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3 on 2 dp 1.4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ALC623 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit Ryzen Embedded R1606G - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario 7360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Working}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 via}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq EP Series 6400/10
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|ISA}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Evo D510
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX2000 MT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel Extreme 2 (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|detects AC97 but no support for ADI AD1888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|OHCI/EHCI }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82526EZ e1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.51
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;boots ok but no audio 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX 2200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200] (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|OHCI/EHCI issues }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;issues 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; d230
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (speaker and headphones only, no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion a220n || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|VESA 1024x768 on nVidia GF4 MX with 64MB shared video ram}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC650 AC'97 comp.}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8201BL 10/100 LAN}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.5|| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit athlon xp 2600+ Socket 462 / Socket A - 2 dimm ddr pc2700 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t500 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|FX5200 (2D; 3D with older driver)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 ICH4 ALC658D}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8101L 8139}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2012-09-22
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DC7700
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ICH8}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|82566DM e1000e}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2013-??-??
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Some support at low cost 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP dc 7600 CMT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ACL 260}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO/1000 GT}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series t5500 t5510 t5515 PC538A or PC542A t5700 t5710 Transmeta Crusoe Code Morphing TM 5400 5600 800Mhz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128mb to 512MB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7000M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|Issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA Rhine 2
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - ddr max 1GB - F10 setup - all t51xx and some t55xx units will not include a SODIMM slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series CN700 
*HSTNC-002L-TC	t5135, t5530 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d 128Mb Via S3 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78) 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit t5135 appears identical to the t5530 except the CPU VIA Esther 400 MHz - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 3.33A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5720, t5725 HSTNC-001L-TC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d SiS741GX 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SiS SiS7012 AC'97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 8d)
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz socketed - RAM 512MB or 1GB, 256MB, 512MB or 1GB - 12V psu - sis DDMA support - custom 1.13 BIOS - pci low profile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series VX800 HSTNC-004-TC t5145, t5540, t5545, t5630 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio VIA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit (rev 82)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit   - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 4.16A Coax: 5.5mm/2.1mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5730w HSTNC-003-TC t5730 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a|ATA 44pin DOM Flash}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d ATI Radeon X1250 2048 x 1536 no 3D 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|6 x USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5707M tg3 10/100/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit AMD Sempron 2100+ 1GHz - 1 slot of ddr2 sodimm (Max 2GB) - 12V 4.16A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - F10  enter bios F12 boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HSTNC-005-TC gt7720, gt7725 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d AMD RS780G HD 3200 - 2560 x 1600 DVI-D &amp; DVI-H
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Turion Dual Core CPU 2.3GHz - 1 DDR2 200-pin SODIMM - 19V 4.16A Coax 7.4mm/5.0mm (gt7725) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5740 Thin Client HSTNC-006-TC t5740, t5745, st5742 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Intel CL40 VGA and DisplayPort connectors}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with IDT codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly build and Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit Atom N280 - F10 on power up to get into the BIOS screens. F12 brings up the boot options - hp 19V one with a coax connector, outer diameter 4.8mm with inner to be 1.7mm to 1.4mm - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 3gb due to 32bit - 1 pci-e slot completely non standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series HSTNC-012-TC VIA Nano u3500 VX900 
*t5550 512MB/1GB Windows CE6 R3
*t5565 1GB/1GB HP ThinPro
*t5570 2GB/1GB WES 2009 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 GPU Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 9170 VT1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit - 1 sodimm - 19V 3.42A supply connector standard yellow-tip coax plug 4.8mm/1.8mm &quot;Standard HP Compaq DC Power Plug 4.8mm x 1.5mm / 1.7mm Yellow Tip Connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t510 Via Eden X2 U4200 HSTNC-012-TC shares features with t5570e, t5565z 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2G ATA Flash DOM
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;one 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for Chrome9 VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 gfx}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|6 USB2 }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit - one slot ddr3 sodimm max 4GB - 19V 3.42A Coax 4.8mm/1.8mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T610 Thin Client and thicker PLUS version AMD G-T56N A55E 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 6320 1 dp port 1 dvi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;two USB2 on the front, two USB2 and two USB 3 ports on the rear 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit does not support AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 204-pin DDR3 1600MHz SODIMMs PC3-12800 under motherboard via removable panel - 19.5V 3A Coax male 7.4mm/5.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T420 Thin Client 
*AMD Embedded G-Series GX-209JA SOC (1 GHz, 2 cores) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 8180 dvi vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 front 2 rear USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - soldered in place 2GB DDR3 - smaller than usual 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - usb stick internal for storage - E15 BBR - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t520 TPC-W016 
*AMD GX-212JC 1.2Ghz (2 core)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 mounting holes for 2242 and 2260 SSDs SATA (not NVME) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E GCN2 IGP Sea Islands
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 2017 64 bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 1 204-pin DDR3 SODIMM - 19.5V 3.33A 7.4mm Coax with central pin 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t620 TPC-I004-TC  
*AMD G-Series GX-217GA 2 core APU 1.65GHz (65W)
*AMD GX-415GA 4 core (65W)
and t620 PLUS (PRO wider version) TPC-I020-TC
*AMD GX-420CA SOC 4 core (Plus 85W)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|single M.2 2280 socket sata3, mSATA socket removed end of 2014}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d for Radeon HD 8280E graphics 8330E  Islands GCN2 IGP - 2 dp ports no dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with Realtek ALC221 codec 0x10EC 0x0221}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|4 front, 2 back, 1 inside limited space}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 32bit with noacpi added to grub boot line 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 DDR3L SODIMMs side by side - mSATA ssd and M.2 SSD are M1.6 screws, M2.0 screws used on most SSDs - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm 5mm with centre pin - changed the network card to a Atheros 5000 compatible - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T530 
*AMD GX-215JJ (2 core) 1.5GHz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 sata ssd up to 2280 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;1 USB3.1, 1 usb-c front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64 bit does support AVX SSE 4.1 - 1 204-pin DDR4 SODIMM - 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm with centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T730 Wider &quot;Thin&quot; Client TPC-I018-TC Pixar RX-427BB (2c4t) - no display and fans blowing full speed caused by '''disabling internal gpu in bios''' flash L43_0116.bin onto smc MX25L6473F (3.3V 8-PIN SOP (200mil) SPI 25xx) ([https://www.badcaps.net/forum/troubleshooting-hardware-devices-and-electronics-theory/troubleshooting-desktop-motherboards-graphics-cards-and-pc-peripherals/bios-schematic-requests/96303-hp-t730-password-locked-bios in the rom rcvry socket under a delicate thin narrow surface flap]) with ch341a alike switchable from 5v, 3.3v to 1.8v 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|Storage bios option to IDE and not AHCI to prevent constant install error messages to DH0: - add noacpi to end of grub boot line - 1 M.2 SATA slot (Key B+M) up to 2280 with T8 torx secure stub}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for non-vulkan Radeon R7 GCN 2 UVD4.2 Sea Islands with 4 dp outs '''but too easy bricking''' if swapping with 1 PCIe 3.0 x8 slot 30W slim factor low profile 8400gs gt210 nvs295 nvs310 gt1030}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDaudio 6.34 realtek alc221 codec thru case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|'''Works''' for 4 USB2 in the back with 2 in the front, 2 USB3.0 ports on front and 1 more internal (not bootable)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG set up first in Prefs/Network}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;boots with AROS One 32bit and 64bit USB with added noacpi added to grub boot line - press e - Latest distros can select grub boot options with Aros One 64bit USB and Aros One USB 2.8 but system seems to freeze after choice 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 DDR3L sodimm stacked slots max 32GB - '''Larger''' 20cm/8&quot; high 3.5ltr case noisy fan - TPM2 - esc/F9 boot selector F10 enter bios - 2 serial and 1 parallel old ports - Key E Wireless - PCIe slot (x16 physical, x8 electrical) - 19.5V 4.36A 85w TPC-LA561 HP 7.4mm black-ring-tip power plug, red flashing power button, wrong psu or bad MotherBoard MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t630 Thin Client TPC-I020-TC 
*AMD Embedded G-Series SoC GX-420GI quad core 2Ghz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ahci.device mbr msdos partiton table for 2 Sata M.2, sata0 up to 2280 (1tb max), sata1 2242 (64gb max), both T8 torx secure stubs}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for Radeon AMD Wani R7E with 2 displayport 1.2 sockets, use one nearest to power jack - no dvi / hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio 6.36 0x1022, 0x157a and ALC255 aka ALC3234 codec 0x10ec, 0x0255, pins 0x17 as LFE and 0x1b as int speaker but not ahi 6.34}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2 2 front and 2 rear, 2 front USB3 and 1 inside}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111H}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.2, 2.8 and 64bit USB 1.0, 1.2, 1.3 with noacpi added to the end of the grub bootline (press e) 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 DDR4 SODIMMs side by side speed 1866Mhz limit - 19.5V 3.33A 65W TPC-BA54 Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - can be easily bricked, might reflash bios with M40 SP149736 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - esc f1 f9 f10 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Elite 7200 7300 8200 8300 SFF with kettle IEC psu cable 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE ata legacy only in BIOS}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;i pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|8200 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel or Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit dual core - add pci-e rtl8169 ethernet card and pci-e gf210 nvidia low height - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Pro 6305 Small Form Factor SFF AMD A75 chipset (FCH 6 SATA 6 Gb/s, 4 USB 3.0)
*AMD Quad A10-5800B
*AMD A8-5500B
*AMD Dual A6-5400B
*AMD A4-5300B
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 7000 Terascale iGPU series Radeon HD 7660D, Radeon HD 7560D, Radeon HD 7540D, Radeon HD 7480D 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD ALC221 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5761}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G1 - SFF
*AMD A10-8850B, Quad-Core A10 PRO-7850B, A10-8750B
*AMD A10-7800B, A10 PRO-6800B, A8-7600B
*AMD A8-8650B, A6-8550B
*AMD A6-8350B, Dual A6 PRO 7400B, A4-7300B
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D with Radeon R7 or 8000}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD audio with Realtek ALC221 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - T15 security torx psu with 6pin PWR 200W connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G2, 705 G3 Mini PC USFF thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in and m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5762 GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit AM4 socket with 35W TDP A10-8770E (4c), AMD PRO A6-8570E (2c), AMD Pro A6-9500E, or AMD PRO A10-9700E on AMD B300 FCH - ddr4 sodimm slots - 77 x 175 x 34mm (6.97 x 6.89 x 1.34in) 1L and about 3lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G4 Mini 1ltr USFF AMD Ryzen 3 2200G (4c t) or 5 2400G (4c t)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and 2.5in sata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru DP1.2 port 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant  codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit Am4 socket - 2 sodimm 16GB max - 19.5v hp socket ext psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G4 35w, HP Prodesk 405 G4 35W USFF - baseboard 83e9 35W - AMD Athlon PRO 200GE (2c 4t), 2200GE (4c t) or 2400GE (4c t) on AMD B350 FCH 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and older models 2.5in sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3, 8 or 11 with 2 dp1.2 ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with Conexant CX20632 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111EPH 1Gbe or Realtek RTL8111F 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - realtek wifi 8821 or 8822 - up to 1 ddr4 dimm slots - hp barrel external ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G5, HP Elitedesk 806 G6, Prodesk 405 G6 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2x NVMe or 1x SATA + 1x NVMe, but not all three drives at the same time without serious modding of hd caddie || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega with DP1.4 port || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 3400GE Ryzen 5 PRO 3350GE (4c 8t), Ryzen 3 PRO 3200GE 3150GE (4c 4t), AMD Athlon Silver PRO 3125GE (2c 4t) on AMD PRO 565 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t540 1ddr4 slot, t640 2 DDR4 SDRAM sodimm SO-DIMM 260-pin non-ECC max 32gb thin client USFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVM Express (NVMe) 2230 or 2280 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 VGA, DisplayPort 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 gen1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek Realtek RTL8111HSH or RTL8111E PH-CG 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit ryzen r1000 series Ryzen Embedded R1305G 1.5 GHz, R1505G dual (2c 4t) 2.0Ghz or R1606G ?.?Ghz (2c4t) - Realtek RTL8852AE wifi - 45W psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t740 SFF Thin Client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2, one is sata and other nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 DisplayPort or + optional pci-e 30W Radeon E9173
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E PH-CG 1Gbe
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - Ryzen Embedded V1756B 3.25Ghz quad - 90W 19.5V 4.62A psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - sodimm DDR4 max 64Gb - slightly noisy fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 805 G6 Mini 4750GE (8t 16t), Prodesk 405 G6 Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (6c 12t) or Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (4c 8t) on AMD PRO 565
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in carrier and 2 slots m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 with DP1.4 and HDMI flex io2 output options 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb a - gen 2 10gig and gen 1 5gig ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit AMD Ryzen 4000 SBC unlocked - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - wifi6 - 90W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Lenovo====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Nettop IdeaCentre Q150 (40812HU) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 10/100
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D510 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M625q Tiny (1L)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Stoney Radeon R2, R3 or R4 and later R5 with 2 dp ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  ALC233-VB2-CG codec 0x10EC 0x0233 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|3 usb3.1 Gen 1 and 3 usb2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit all dual cores - e2-9000e or a4-9120e later A9-9420e - heatsink covers 70% area covers wifi - 65w or 135w lenovo rectangle ac - 1 ddr4 2666MHz slot max 8gb - tpm 2.0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 1 AMD A6 A8 A10-9700E 9770E (2c2t) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 2 Ryzen 5 PRO 2400GE 4C 8T 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - f1 enter setup, esc device boot - fixed 1.8v ch341a needed to reflash 1.8v bios if no boot SOP8 DIP8 Winbond W25Q64, MXIC MX25U1635, MX25U6435 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCenter M75n nano Ryzen3 3300U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre M75q M75q-1 Tiny 1ltr TMM 
*AMD Ryzen 5 PRO Quad 3500 Pro 3400GE (4c 8t) 11a5 soe400
*AMD 3200GE (2c 4t) zen1+ 11a4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVMe 2280 1Tb max - untested 2.5inch}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek ALC222-CG codec ALC3287 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB3 Gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 65w 20v 3.25A to 135W rectangle psu - 2 sodimm ddr4 sodimm max 32GB locked 2666MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre Ryzen 7 PRO Tiny 1ltr Gen 2 AMD 4000 series 
*AMD 4650GE (6c12t) 4750GE (8c16t) 4350G (4c8t) Zen2 - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVme}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit vendor locked - 20v psu - 2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkcenter M75q-2 Gen2 refresh 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GigE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5650GE (6c12t) 5750GE (8c16t) - vendor/PSB can lock your AMD CPU - f12 boot devices
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkcentre M75q Tiny Gen5 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 780M dp1.4a or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 usb-c 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GBe port
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 Ryzen PRO 7 8700GE - 90W yellow rectangle connector psu - 2 DDR5 sodimm slots max 128Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Misc====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Impart impact Media Group IQ Box mini Digital Signage with MB896 mini itx 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 915 gme 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; via audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 1 ddr2 slot - pentium m 1.73GHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac_mini_cd_1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel MacMini1,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 [https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/alsa-driver/+question/186749 Sigmatel Stac 9221] [https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/msm/+/android-wear-5.1.1_r0.6/sound/pci/hda/patch_sigmatel.c codec][https://alsa-devel.alsa-project.narkive.com/Yt20W6cE/sigmatel-stac9221-mux-amp-out-0x02-microphone-not-working mic]}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit possible 1.83 GHz Intel “Core Duo” (T2400) - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - maybe hack with a 2,1 firmware - max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only with c key - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac-mini-core-2-duo-1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel Mac Mini2,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 Sigmatel Stac 9221 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 2.0/ Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - hacked with a 2,1 firmware and replaced the cpu for T7600 2.33 Ghz C2D and max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only via c key 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 5,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 1.83GHz 17&quot; T5600 MA710LL || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 with 64Mb || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 17.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1440x900 - polycarbonate 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 6,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 2.16 2.33 24&quot; only T7400 T7600 aka MA456LL/A A1200 (EMC 2111) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300GT with 128 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM PCI Express or GeForce 7600GT with 256Mb mini dvi, vga || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 24.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1920 x 1200 - polycarbonate plastic case iMacs of this generation are the most difficult iMacs to service due to their front bezel design 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA2 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;flash DOM 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;S3 Inc ProSavage PM133 (rev 02) vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA VT82C686 AC97 Audio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8139 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - VIA Ezra 800MHz - 2 PC100 sodimm slots - riser board carries an ISA slot and a PCI slot - external 12V power supply.with 4 pins - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA5 Capio One 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;44pin Disk On Module DOM 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;SiS550 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with SiS7019 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB1.1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8139 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - internal power supply with mains lead has a &quot;clover leaf&quot; style - 2 144-pin PC100 or PC133 SODIMM might have 24MB of RAM soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA10 
*E140 model BL-XX-XX (800MHz CPU) later 
*E100 model BK-XX-XX (1GHz CPU)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA VT8623 (Apollo CLE266) vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102/VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 74) 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004/5 32bit - 12v 5.5mm/2.1mm - 2 184-pin DDR DIMM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona thin client 
*TC3200, 
*TC3x41 (P3VB-VXL) TC3541 TC3641 TC3841, 
*TC3xx1 (6VLE-VXL0) TC3931, 
*TC43xx (Gigabyte C7V7VX) TC4321 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC'97 Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA USB 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100B 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 2006 32bit VIA Samuel 2, VIA C3 Nehamiah CPU, 1 DIMM slot, internal psu, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware Capio C50, model CA15 Thin Clients] 
*Login Administrator Password Administrator
*Login User Password User 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 flash Disk On Module
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA VT8623 (Apollo CLE266) vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with via codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit VIA Eden (Samuel II core) CPU - 1 ddr sodimm slot max 512mb - slot - internal psu clover leaf - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://etoy.spritesmind.net/neowareca21.html Neoware CA21 Thin Clients] Igel 3210 (and maybe the Clientron G270) 
*Login Administrator Password Administrator
*Login User Password User 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 flash Disk On Module DOM 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA CN700 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with via codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit VIA C3 Nehemiah instead of Ezra-T - made 2 version of the CA 21, one with an Award bios and one with a Phoenix bios - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 1gb - VT6656 wireless - slot - internal psu iec - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA22 (e140), part number DD-L2-GE with BCOM WinNET P680 (V4) as the Igel 4210LX (Igel 5/4) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 VIA VT82C586A/B VT82C686/A/B VT823x/A/C PIPC Bus Master IDE (rev 06)
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA CN700 P4M800 Pro CE VN800 Graphics [S3 UniChrome Pro] (rev 01) vga
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 VIA VT8237R Plus
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102/VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78)
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - VIA Esther to later C7 1GHz - 1 ddr2 sodimm slots max 512mb - +12V DC/4.16A/50W 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT402, Clientron U700, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Partial|VESA dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Optiplex FX170 D05U thin client, 10Zig 56xx range 5602, 5616v, 5617v, 5672v, Clientron U800, Devon IT TC5, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|GMA 950 dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 ddr2 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport - ps2 keyboard socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT-616V or Chip PC Technologies EX-PC (model number XPD4741)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit N270 on NM10 with ICH7 - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 4a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix GS-A21S-RH (rev. 1.0) SFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|X3100}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC883-GR codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566DC}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ICAROS 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit Intel GME965 chipset with Intel ICH8M - 2 DDR2 Dimm slots - GA-6KIEH2-RH Rev.1.x mini ITX Case 213mm(D) x 64mm(W) x 234mm(H) - custom psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona MD+24 MD27 MD54 MD64 MD76 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA Chrome 9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit VIA X2 U4200 - 12v-19v barrel psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Revo 100 RL100 AMD Athlon II X2 K325 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® ION™ 9300m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 1 front 2 back || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVIDIA nForce 10/100/1000 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit but no AVX - 4Gb DDR3 sodimm - 500 GB - 19v 3.42a 65W - dvd but later BD drive - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock ION 330 330Pro HT-BD, Foxconn NT-330i, Zotac ION F (IONITX mini itx), 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ION geforce 9400}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit slow atom cpu - 2.5L 8&quot; by 8&quot; plastic case - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - external 19v 65W 3.42A Plug 5.5mm X 2.5mm  - little whiny fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Zotac ZBOXHD-ND01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION1
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVidia
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Zotac ZBOX HD-ID11
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC888 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111D 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ZOTAC ZBOX Blu-ray 3D ID36 Plus 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC261}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT V2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC251}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 65 W AC, DC 19V~3.42A, 19.3L x 14.8w x 2.2H cm (1l), weight 530g, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nouveau ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AOPEN Digital Engine DE67-HA(I) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| Vesa 2d for Intel HD}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio for ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|usb3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel WG82579LM}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.jetwaycomputer.com/JBC600C99352W.html Jetway JBC600C99352W] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|C-Media CM108AH}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111DL 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D525 - DDR3 - 12v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn nT-A3550 A3500 AMD A45 Chipset DDR3 Nettop Barebones - White
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 back and 2 USB3 front 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD Dual-core E350 1.6GHz CPU - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus EeeBox PC EB1021 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - AMD® Brazos E-350 SFF or E-450 with A50M - 2 ddr3l so-dimm - 40W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xi3 Piston PC Athlon64 X2 3400e (X5A), AMD R-464L quad (X7A) Z3RO NUC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD mobility HD3650 to radeon HD 7660G 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 3 USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8161}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 - 2 sodimm 8GB max - 19v 3.3a round - Titan105 bios update - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD® Brazos E-450 with A45M -  ddr3l so-dimm - 65W ac - Wireless is Realtek 8191SU WiFi (802.11n) or AzureWave (802.11bgn) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung Syncmaster Thin Client Display TC-W Series 24&quot; LF24 TOWHBFM/EN TC220W LED LF22TOW HBDN/EN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8gb SSD || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| VESA mode only Radeon HD 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 thin Client C-50 C50 AMD® 1000 MHz and no wireless 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advantech TPC-2140 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 atom-like G-T56E 1.65Ghz up to SSE3, BGA413 soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab FIT-PC3 fitPC3 USFF PC AMD G-T56N || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RADEON HD 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC888 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64 bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 12v 3a - 2x sodimm DDR3 max 4GB - wifi rtl8188ce 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig 6872 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 atom-like G-T56N up to SSE3 BGA413 (FT1) soldered - DDR3l single channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG Technology 9972 1.6 GHz Linux 1.47 kg Black RX-216GD thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD RX-216TD - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 7800q thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD GX-424CC (Quad Core) 2.4GHz BGA769 (FT3b) - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
*Itona VXL MZE12 AMD a4-5000 thin client 
*VXL Itona LQ27 LQ+27 LQ44 LQ+44 LQ49 LQ+49 LQ50 LQ+50 LQ64 LQ+64 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati 8330 vga hdmi dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit quad BGA769 (FT3) soldered - 2 stacked sodimm ddr3 middle of mobo - 2 m.2 sata slots - 1 sata short cable half size space - limited 1ltr 8in case no fan - 19v hp style psu connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5212 21.5&quot; AIO Thin Client W11B 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 out from DP or vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit slow atom like dual core AMD G-T48E 1.4 GHz - dell type round ac needed 90W 19.5V 4.62A - 21 inch 1080p screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;LG 24CK560N-3A 24' All-in-One Thin Client Monitor, 27CN650N-6N 27CN650W-AC 27', 34CN650W-AC 34', 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AMD Prairie Falcon GX-212JJ 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab fit-PC4 fitPC4 4x 2Ghz AMD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64 - 2x DDR4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL Hedgehog M340C UD3 thin client 
*2016 V1.0 AMD GX-412HC 1.2GHz-1.6GHz Radeon R3E, normal bios DEL for Bios or F12 boot selector 
*2018 AMD GX-424CC 2.4GHz, Radeon R5E, UEFI hit DEL and choose boot or SCU icon 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SATA half slim version '''limited space''' with msata 8+18pins slot on earlier 2016 models
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Radeon R3E later R5E sea islands vulkan 1.2 with dvi dp output}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with codec ?? (412) and  Realtek ALC662-VD0-GR (424), both case speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;amd usb3 boot usb2 with bios &quot;disable usb&quot; entry 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111 (412) and (424)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One x86 USB 1.5, 1.8 and 2.2 but ArosOne 64bit 1.2 boot loop in usb2 port 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 20cm/8&quot; high case - 1 DDR3L sodimm slot max 8Gb 1600MHz - external '''12V 3A''' supply with 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial - IDE like interface under base stand is for legacy addon ports RS232 parallel etc - capacitive touch power on - case opening 3 stages, remove stand and narrow black plastic strip from the back, top cover slides off to the back and lifts off - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 6148v 6048qv (6100 series) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AMD Ryzen V1202B 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 7111q 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit AMD Ryzen R2514 2.1 GHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle DA320 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 R5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual realtek 1GbE 8111H 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit AMD 2200G 2400G - Robust metal 1.3-liter case - A320 chipset DDR4 - 19V 6.32A DC PSU - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H850C around december 2019 '''AMD Secure Processor''' is a built-in dedicated security system that checks if the BIOS has a valid signature and thus secures the next step in the boot process. This ensures that only devices with a signed BIOS will boot 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™  Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H860C - '''AMD Secure Processor''' is a built-in dedicated security system that checks if the BIOS has a valid signature and thus secures the next step in the boot process. This ensures that only devices with a signed BIOS will boot 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™  Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD3 M350C (UEFI issues) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™ R R1505G Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H860C AMD Ryzen R1605B Thin Client - '''AMD Secure Processor''' is a built-in dedicated security system that checks if the BIOS has a valid signature and thus secures the next step in the boot process. This ensures that only devices with a signed BIOS will boot 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 AMD Ryzen™ Embedded R1605B 2 – 3.6 GHz (Quad-Core) - 12v 5A psu - up to 16GB RAM DDR4 - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix Barebone Mini PC BSRE-1605
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 2 DDR4 sodimm slots
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM Deskmini UM250 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T-Bao MN25 Mini PC 2500U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Unk|Intel NVMe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA Radeon Vega 8}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek PCIe 1GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Atari VCS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit Ryzen Embedded R1606G - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum M200 Silver Athlon M300 3300U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum DeskMini UM300 3300U, UM350 DMAF5 3550H, UM370 and UM700 with 3750H  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MinisForum X300 with AMD 3400G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER3 GTR4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 3 or 10 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RJ45 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 3200u or 3750h 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock DeskMini X300 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 Ryzen 7 Pro 4750G 5600G 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MinisForum Besstar Tech X400 with AMD 4650G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - MP1584 - kill NB679 NB679GD-Z=ALTM=AL** QFN-12 IC-REG-DL buck/linear synchronous chip IC with bad usb cables - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER4 GTR5
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;cant boot from installed SSDs unless its an M.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 or 2 Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 4700U or 5900HX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI PRO DP20Z 5M Mini PC - AMD Ryzen 5 5300G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018-2021 R3 3200G Vega 8 - R5 3400G Vega 11 - Ryzen 5 5600G Vega 7 - Athlon 3000G
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM450 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - Ryzen 4500U - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix 
GB-BRR7-4800 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR7-4700 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR5-4500 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR3-4300 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN50 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN51-S1 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega thru dp or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 19v or 19.5v 90w psu round barrel - 32gb ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum Bessstar Tech EliteMini B550 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 x 2.5in and 2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|4 usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 8125 2.5GbE}}  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit AMD 4700G 5700G desktop cpu - 19v 120w round barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A300 and later X300 Mini itx with Desktop AM4 socket 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - choose your own AMD APU GE 35w based - DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 4x4 BOX-5800U Zen 3-based AMD Ryzen 7 5800U 15W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 slot gen 3 and sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 GbE and 1 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - WiFi 6E - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton S500+ Gaming Mini PC - Morefine S500+ 5900HX Mini PC - Minisforum UM590 Ryzen AMD Zen3 Ryzen 9 5900HX 7 5800H 45W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 1 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, and USB type-C 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 realtek rtl 8111h and 1 8125 2.5GbE bg-cg}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 sodimm ddr4 3200MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chuwi RzBox later Ubox 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 later to 660m vga, dp, hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|usb-c usb2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual gigabit 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 2025 64bit amd 5800h 4800h 6600H - 90w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC SER5, Trigkey AZW S5, Asus PN52, ZHI BEN MX-JB560, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe3 M.2 2280 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 6 with 1 or 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5500U 5560u 5600U to PRO 5600H 5800H - 19v 3.42W 65W psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NIPOGI Kamrui ACEMAGICIAN AM06PRO Dual LAN Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, 5 5500U or 5600U/5625U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE ports 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - plastic build - 90w usb-c power - loud at 25W setting - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton FU02 Fanless Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U 5600U 5800U 8 Core 16 Threads
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 3.0 with 2 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x 1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - fanless with copper cube from cpu to metal sheet which gets warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xuu XR1 Lite (5300u 4c 8t) PRO 5400U   MAX 5600U  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe 2242 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 6
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 3.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 quiet fan - very small case no expansions - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM UM690 Venus Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie4 nvme 2280 and 1 sata3 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|1 USB4 and 2 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|2.5G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C16T - 2 ddr5 sodimmm - 19v ???W - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR6 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 680M RDNA2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5GbE or intel i225}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit Ryzen 9 6900HX Zen3+ and a 2gb Radeon 680m 12CU ddr5 sodimm - 19v 120w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PN53, Geekom AS 6, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie gen4 nvme and ata 2.5in
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi and 1 dp
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|2 usb-c, 2 USB2.1 and 3 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C 16T - 2 slots ddr5 sodimmm (64Gb max) - 19v 120W - 4 retained base screws beware ribbon cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Micro Computer (HK) Tech Ltd MinisForum UM773 Lite later UM750L slim, GMKtec K2 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe PCIe4.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RDNA 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 2025 64bit - AMD Zen 3+ (8c 16t) Ryzen 7 7735HS, 7840HS and AMD Ryzen 9 7845HX AMD Ryzen™5 7545U (6c12t) - 19v up to 120w ac adapter - ddr5 sodimm 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.asrockind.com/en-gb/4x4 ASrock 4x4 SBC] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata or nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega or 680M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 or USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE or intel 2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR7 SER7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4 nvme 2280 up to 2Tb
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M RDNA3 GPU output on hdmi and dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1 or 2 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit AMD Phoenix APUs Zen 4 CPU Ryzen 7 7840HS or 9 7940HS (8c 16t) - 19v 5.26A 120w psu - del dios setup f7 choose boot - 2 usb-c on back - up to 64gb via 2 ddr5 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM BD770i Ryzen 7 7745HX (8c16t) or BD795i SE 790i 9 7945HX (16c32t) or F1FXM_MB_V1.1 795M LGA1700 mATX 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 610m over usb-c, dp or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 with 2 rear USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 2.5G 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 mini-ITX M/B is the first MoDT (Mobile on Desktop) with soldered AMD CPU - 2 dual PCIe4.0 M.2 slots - 2 ddr5 sodimm slots max 5200Mhz - 8pin cpu power - battery not easily replaceable underneath - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum ms-a1 MS-a2 
* 5700G to 8700G apu 
* 9955HX
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 610M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual 2.5GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 64bit - 19v ?A round barrel jack - 2 ddr5 so-dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AOOSTAR GT68 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 2.5Gb 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 Ryzen7 Pro 6850H, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NextSBC 7840HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M 12CU 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 and USB 3.2  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 32Gb soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Firebat A6 R7 6800H
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 680M
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM760 7640HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 760 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 and 2.5Gb 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Peladn WO4 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 760 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit 7640HS - 19v 5.26A 120W - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;BossGame M4 Neo 7840HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM870 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GEEKOM A8 Max AI Mini PC AMD Ryzen™ 9 8945HS, Ryzen™ 7 8845HS or 8745HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| USB4}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Dual 2.5 G Ethernet ports}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER 9 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 890M
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - Ryzen AI HX 370 strix point - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GMKtec EVO-X2 mini pc 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8060S iGPU RDNA3.5 RADV GFX1151 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - amd ryzen AI Max+ 395 (16c32t) strix halo - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;BosGame M5 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8060S iGPU RDNA3.5 RADV GFX1151 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - amd ryzen AI Max+ 395 (16c32t) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Steam Machine GabeCube 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;semi-custom 1080p amd 7600m like with 28cu 8gb ddr6 gddr 10GFlops 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;hdaudio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;usb3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit amd 1772 hawk point2 6c12t zen4 avx512 FP7 socket with FCH51 - 16gb ddr5 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AMD Ryzen AI Halo Developer Platform Workstation 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit - amd ryzen AI Max+ 395 (16c32t) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GMKtec EVO-X1 PRO 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 890M with HDMI 2.1 and DP 2.1 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 40G and USB3 10G 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2xIntel  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit - AMD Ai 9 HX 470 Gorgon Point 12c 24t - 19v 120w - DDR5 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8065S
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit - AMD Ai MAX+ 495 Gorgon Halo - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


===Server Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]

====IBM====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;xSeries 206m
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI RN50b (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0 (UHCI/EHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Motherboard===

[[#top|...to the top]]


* Late 2002, USB2.0 added and slightly better AROS sound support (AC97) appeared 
* 2002-2005 and still, to a limited extent, ongoing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague bad capacitors] 
* Late 2003, ATX PSUs moved from 5V to 12v rails (extra 4pin on motherboard for CPU) 


* Late 2005, PCI Express replaced AGP and HDAudio replaced AC97 
* Late 2007, ATX PSUs added extra 12V PCI-E connectors and 4+4pin for CPUs 
* Late 2010, USB3.0 appears on motherboards or needing a PCI-E motherboard slot 

* Late 2014 Hardware USB2 removed from USB3 chipsets 


====AMD Sockets====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 7 (1997/1999)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1997 VT82C586B (QFP-208) is the first from VIA with DDMA
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 VT82C686 has close to excellent DDMA support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;SiS 5581/5582
SiS 5591/5595
SiS 530 /5595
SiS 600/5595
SiS 620/5595
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket A 462 (2001/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2217921/ABIT-NF7-S-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Abit NF7-S] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SIL 3112A  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97 (Nvidia APU)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201LB  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Realtek RTL8801B 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7NF2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce2 ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMedia CMI 9761A AC'97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8201 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S8X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 746FX 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97 cmedia}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S41GX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 741GX + DDR 333
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|onboard sis does not work with vga or vesa but AGP 8x works}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SIS 7012}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS 900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works ok
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.asus.com ASUS A7N8X] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Silicon Image Sil 3112A
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ehci USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;first total support for AROS in 2004/5 - damocles and M Schulz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar M7NCD
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chaintech 7NJS Ultra Zenith
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Promise PDC 20376  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|CMI8738}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty NF2 Ultra
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|via ac97 VT1616}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8139C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ECS N2U400-A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Cmedia 9379A AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|VIA VT6103L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA7N400L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.gigabyte.lv/products/page/mb/ga-8siml Gigabyte 8SIML] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 650
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|working}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8100L LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Matsonic [http://www.elhvb.com/mobokive/archive/matsonic/manual/index.html Manuals] MS83708E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS730 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|SiS 5513}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|sis 305 no support use VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|sis7018}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|SiS 7001 USB 1.1 only}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SIS900}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=bph07585&amp;lc=en&amp;dlc=en&amp;cc=us&amp;dest_page=softwareCategory&amp;os=228&amp;tool=softwareCategory&amp;query=Pavilion%20742n&amp;product=89232 MSI MS-6367 HP 722n 742n (Mambo) (2001/2)] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nforce 220D (2001/2) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce2 AGP works 2D nouveau only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 ADI 1885 no volume control on Units 0-3}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB1.1 ports AMD based - front 2 ports iffy}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|nForce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested 20th Aug 2012 NB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 [http://us.msi.com/index.php?func=proddesc&amp;maincat_no=1&amp;prod_no=546/ Delta ILSR] Delta-L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 Delta2-LSR Platinum  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 ALC655}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2204281/Soltek-SL-75MRN-L-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Soltek 75FRN-L] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8201BL}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.3dvelocity.com/reviews/mach4nf2ultra/mach4.htm XFX Pine Mach4 nForce2 Ultra 400] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|3 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports VIA VT6240}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A7V266 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;via KT266A + 8233 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{no|issues}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with AD1980 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 8233 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6103 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 issues with booting 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A7V8X-X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|agp}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with ADI AD1980 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA 8235}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|Realtek 10/100}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 not booting for Socket A for AMD Barton/Thoroughbred/Athlon XP/Athlon/Duron 2.25+ GHz CPU - 3 x DDR DIMM Sockets Max. 3 GB - 
|-
|}


=====Socket 754 (2004/5)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit NF8-V2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB (2004/5)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot x8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 ac97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;a little support but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar CK8 K8HNA Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;VT6420 thru ide legacy only 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 ALC655}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/reviews/motherboards/Chaintech_ZNF3-150_3.html Chaintech ZNF3-150 Zenith] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|Sli3114 SATA via IDE emul}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA Envy24PT (VT1720) + VT1616}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom GbE 5788}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very little support needs PCI cards but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty UT nF3 250GB 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250gb
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports nForce3 and 2 Marvell SATA PHY}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC850}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;CK8S - Winfast NF3 250K8AA works and Marvell 88E1111 does not work
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 some support but no Firewire VIA VT6307
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8N
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI43AB23 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte K8NNXP
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata sil3512 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTl8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI STB82AA2 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8NSNXP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SiI 3512 CT128 Sata Sil3515
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvel 88E8001}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K8N Neo-FIS2R 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nVIDIA NF3-250Gb 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek 7.1 AC'97 ALC850 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E1111}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://techreport.com/articles.x/5748/1 Shuttle AN50R] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF3-150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sil 3112 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC650 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia nF3 (10/100) Intel 82540EM Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Foxconn WinFast K8S755A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SiS755 + SiS964 (DDR333) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Socket 939 (2005)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-LA GeForce 6150 LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Geforce 6150 (MCP51) + nForce 430 (PC-3200)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|two ATA 133}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|four 3.0GB/s SATAII ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;built in or PCI-E x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC883 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201CL 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-SLI Premium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVidia 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|PCIe slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce LAN but not Marvell}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI nF4 Ultra-D LanParty - Diamond Flower International sold to BenQ group 2010 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF4 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA 2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Gigabit Ethernet, PCIe by Vitesse VSC8201 PHY nee Cicada 8201, PCI by Marvel 88E8001
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit - Four 184-pin DDR Dual-Channel Slots - 1 pci on Ultra, 2 pci on sli, 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8V E SE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T890 +VT8237R CHIPSET ATX AMD Motherboard with Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX / Athlon 64 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe}} AC97 driver using Realtek ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} USB 2.0 only 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No}} Marvell 88E8053 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good base but needs additional PCI cards added for better support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A8V Deluxe (2004) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T800 Pro (DDR400)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;Promise 20378 2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 SATA2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA VT8233A 8235 8237 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;needs extra PCI cards
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock 939Dual-SATA2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali Uli M1695 PCIe with M1567 AGP 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 Sata with JMicron JMB360 chip 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e and 1 agp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8201CL PHY ULi 10/100 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;64bit pci-e and agp combo on board - 4 ddr slots - 
|}


=====Socket AM2 (2006/8) and AM2+ (2007-2010) =====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M61PME-S2 (rev. 2.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 6100 / nForce 430 chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio Realtek ALC662 Audio Codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N61-AR mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE via vga or 1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Nvidia
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit - 1 pci - 2 ddr2 dimm slots non-eec - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus m2n68-am se2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nvidia 630a 630/a MCP68SE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports MCP61 chipset is SATA over IDE, not SATA over AHCI and reports subsystem as 0x1 IDE, not 0x6 SATA 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nvidia 7025 2d and 3d thru vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|hd audio with realtek alc662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce chipset RTL 8201CP}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Phenom IIX2, Athlon 64 LE X2, Sempron, and Phenom FX processors - ddr2 667Mhz ram max 4Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM2+ / AM2 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M3A32-MVP Deluxe
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 790FX RD790 + SB600 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88SE6121 SATA II}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio ADI® AD1988}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8056}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASROCK N68-S N68C-S
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD based nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|slimline DVD drive works}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GF 7025 use vesa}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio for VIA 1708S VT1705}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|echi usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201EL / 8201CL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 unbuffered 1066Mhz ddr2 ram - N68C-S may need noacpi added to grub boot line to disable pci temporarily to run as it cannot get to [PCI] Everything OK - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N68-AM Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 64, Sempron, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX with nvidia 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;no vga, pci-e slot only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with ALC662 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8211CL Gigabit LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;adding &quot;noacpi noapic noioapic&quot; to the GRUB options - Dual channel DDR2 1066, 800, 667 MHz  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68M-S2 (1.0) S2P (2.3) S2L GA-M68SM-S2 (1.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025,  vga (s2 and s2p), dvi (s2l) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC883 (S2), ALC888B (S2P), ALC662 (S2L), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8201CL (S2), 8211CL (S2P), 8211BL (S2L), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit possible with AMD AM2+ CPU on AM2 motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0(5200MHz) to HT1.0(2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M2N68-VM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a (MCP68PVNT) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia GeForce ® 7050PV hdmi, dvi and vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio VIA 1708B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8211C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - ddr2 800Mhz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM3 White socket (2010/11)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA74GM-S2 GA-MA74GM-S2H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;740g with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|bios IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 2100 and pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 (r1.x),ALC888b (r2.0), ALC888B (rev4.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111C later 8111D
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 23.4cm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.vesalia.de/e_aresone2011.htm Aresone 2011]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;760g 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|no Radeon HD3000 driver yet&lt;br&gt;vesa driver works&lt;br&gt;and add PCIe card}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support - 4 DDR3 memory sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn A76ML-K 3.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760g rev3.0
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|4 in IDE mode }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC662-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 1.0 to 1.4) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|4 sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with Realtek ALC888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8168 rtl8111c/d}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64 - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 2.0 2.1)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM3 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A785TD-M PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;785G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|ide legacy}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4200 - use vesa}} or pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support with 1366 ddr3 ram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M4A88T-I Deluxe ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G with AMD SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Three SATA 3Gbps
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 4350 GPU with HDMI and DVI or One 16x PCI-Express 2.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB 2, 2 x USB 3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8112L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 2 SODIMM DDR3 slots max 8GB
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A88T-M Version E5907 E5826 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 4250 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek rtl8169 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte 890GPA-UD3H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890GX together with SB850
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use pci-e nvidia 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe - ALC892 rev. 1.0, ALC892 rev 2.1, ALC889 rev. 3.1 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well overall 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX with SB850 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 2.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|AMD USB2 but limited with NEC D720200F1 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111D 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - XL-ATX Form Factor 32.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 890GXM-G65 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;890GX + SB750
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI 4290 built-in (vesa)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 DD GR}} HD Audio crackles 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock N68-VS3 FX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 / nForce 630a
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA® VT1705 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek PHY RTL8201EL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x DDR3 DIMM slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GF615M-P35 MS-7597
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC888S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|freezes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8211CL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.3), ACL887 (3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit possible, AMD AM3 CPU on this motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0 (5200MT/s) to HT1.0 (2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.x 2.x), ALC889 (3.0), ALC888B/889 (3.1),  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4N78 PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 8300  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 xUltraDMA 133/100 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce® 8 series GPU with 1 PCIe 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA1708S 8 -Channel  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;12 USB 2.0 ports (8 ports at mid-board, 4 ports at back panel)  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVIDIA Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x DIMM, Max. 16 GB, DDR2 1200(O.C.)/1066*/800/667 ECC,Non-ECC,Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.6 inch ( 30.5 cm x 24.4 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket AM3+ Black socket (2012/15)=====

*095W FX-6300 FD6300WMHKBOX (bulldozer SSE4.1 AVX) 970 mobos with FX-8320E 8core Black Editions FD832EWMHKBOX  FX-8370E  (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*125W FX-6310 (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320 FX-8350 FX-8370 (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*220W 990FX mobos with FX-9000 FX-9370 FX-9590 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M5A78L-M LX3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G with SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC887, V? ALC892 codecs 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros 8161/8171 add realtek 8111? pci-e card}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - uATX Form Factor 9.6  inch x 7.4  inch ( 24.4  cm x 18.8  cm ) - 2 x DIMM, Max. 16GB, DDR3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-S2P
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|6 SATA2 ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 (r3.1), ALC??? (rev. 4.0), ALC887 (r5.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 8111E (r3.1), Atheros (rev4.0), Atheros (r5.x) }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 offers very poor control over its EFI vs. BIOS booting partition features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-USB3 (r3.0), (r4.1 Blue board), (r5.0 dark board), (rev6 dark mobo)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Bios IDE mode for SATA2 on early ones}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD HD3000, pci-e GT240 and a nv7900gs 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC??? (r3.0), ALC887 (r4.1), VIA VT2021 (r5.0), Realtek® ALC892 codec (rev6) }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not VIA® VL805 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 4 x DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 760GM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATI 760G plus SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 Use Vesa 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|P33 VT1705; P34, P21 and P23 (FX) MS7641 v3.0 ALC887,  E51 ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;P23 issues with audio ALC887 crackles thru earphones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigayte GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 3.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with Realtek ALC888/892 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111d/e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 890FX Deluxe5 Extreme3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX + AMD SB850 or SB950 (Extreme3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111E rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A97 R2.0 EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 and SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Asmedia SATA Controller 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;n/a
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (LE), ALC887 (Regular), ALC892 (EVO) codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 and 2 Asmedia USB3.0 Controller 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111F 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-970A-D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC??? (rev. 1.0/1.1), ALC887 (rev1.2), VIA VT2021 codec (rev 1.3 1.4 and rev3.0) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not Etron EJ168 chip (USB3)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 8111E (all revisions), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 64bit - ATX Form Factor 30.5cm x 22.4cm - 4 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 970 Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;970FX SB950
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1150 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 usb2 with 2 USB3 VIA VL806 Chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Killer E2205 Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A99X EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;990X - RD980 with SB920 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 pci-e gen ?
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-990XA-UD3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 990 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 1.x, 3.0, 3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 not 2 x Etron EJ168 chips for USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8169 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====AMD Fusion (2011/14)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| 1.2GHz single Bobcat Fusion C30 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| IDE
| SATA
| AMD 6250 
| Audio
| USB
| Ethernet
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| Asus E35M1-M PRO uATX
| 1.6GHz 18W AMD Fusion E-350 dual core + Hudson M1
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC887 VD2 
| USB
| RTL8111E 
| 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - EFI bios - pci slot - 
|-
| Asus E35M1-I Deluxe miniITX
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC892 
| USB
| Realtek 8111E 
| 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - no support for Atheros AR5008 on a Mini PCI-E - 1 pci slot - 
|-
| ASRock E350M1 / USB3 (also version with USB3.0 added) 
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA - 4 SATA3 
| {{Maybe|AMD 6310 - use vesa with hdmi and dvi}} 
| {{Yes|Audio ALC892 playback but no HDMI output}} 
| USB - 4 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 
| {{Yes|rtl8169 for Realtek rtl8111E}}
| 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1 pci-e 2.0 x4 slot - f2 or del bios, f11 boot select - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 mini-ITX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Hudson M1 FCH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; plus HDMI, DVI 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 NEC USB3.0 with 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 for Realtek rtl8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1 pci slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N Win8 V1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 FCH A45 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Use VESA - AMD 6310 plus HDMI, DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC887 playback through headphones but not thru hdmi}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|4 USB2.0 needs more testing}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 for Realtek 8111e}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - works well but need to test with sata hard disk 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI E350IA-E45 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;e-350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;no support 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata3 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 6310 gpu 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 through NEC 720200 chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-M PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E450 APU with Hudson M1 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-I Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E-450 together 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM1 (2011/13)=====

On board Graphic on CPU - HD6410D, HD6530D, HD6550D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS F1A55-M LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with AMD A55 FCH (Hudson D2)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s port(s), blue Support Raid 0, 1, 10, JBOD 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 2.0 slot or Integrated AMD Radeon™ HD 6000 in Llano APU 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 Audio CODEC  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - A-Series/E2- Series APUs up to 4 cores - 2 x DIMM, Max. 32GB, DDR3 2250(O.C.)/1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz Non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory Dual Channel Memory Architecture  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 White Socket (2012/13)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A75 A85X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 Plus Black socket (2013/15)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A88X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM1 FS1b socket (2014/1x)=====

5350 4 core Jaguar cores 2GHz with Integrated AMD Radeon R Series Graphics in the APU Kabini [Radeon HD 8400] 

Later Beema APU with 2/4 core Puma (slightly updated Jaguar) cores, GCN graphics and a compute capable Radeon core, along with a brand new AMD security processor and FT3 BGA packaging (probably best avoided for long term survival).

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AM1I-A 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek® ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111GR 8168 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit may support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1M 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;BGA FT3 AM1x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM4 FM3 Summit Ridge Zen Zen+ (2016/22)=====

Jim Keller’s group designed x86 Zen CPU - new and covering the same AM4 platform/socket for desktop 

Zen will also shift from Bulldozer’s Clustered Multithreading (CMT) to Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT, aka Intel’s Hyperthreading). CMT is the basis for Bulldozer’s unusual combination of multiple integer cores sharing a single FPU within a module, so the move to SMT is a more “traditional” design for improving resource usage

Trusted Platform Module, or fTPM, that Windows 11 requires. Ryzen processors using a firmware TPM are causing stutters, even when doing mundane tasks. To enable TPM 2.0 on your AMD system please follow the steps below.
&lt;pre&gt;
    Power on system and press DEL or F2 to get into the BIOS.
    Navigate to Advanced\CPU Configuration.
    Enable AMD fTPM switch.
    Press F10 to save changes.
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VI Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 (1x16 or 2x8) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SupremeFX audio features an S1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel I211 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 7 1800X 1700X 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar X370gtn Itx Am4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Dragon LAN RTL8118AS 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-AX370 K7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with 2 x Realtek® ALC1220 codec 0x10EC, 0x0295
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 intel and 1 E2500 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  4 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Xpower Gaming Titanium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;8-channel Realtek 1220 Codec 0x10EC, 0x0295
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;ASMedia® ASM2142 and amd cpu 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 x Intel® I211AT Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Prime B350 Plus ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 - 4 x DIMM Max 64GB, DDR4 up to 2666MHz ECC and non-ECC Memory - ATX 12 inch x 9.35 inch ( 30.5 cm x 23.7 cm )  - 2 pci 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME B350M-A/CSM Micro ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 3 1300x 1200 1100 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Pro4 AB350 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe 3.0 x16, 4 PCIe 2.0 x1 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock AB350 Gaming-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B350 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B350 Tomahawk Arctic Mortar 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCIe 3.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;white and grey colours - 2 pci-e and 2 pci slots - m.2 in middle - atx 12 in by 9.6 in and matx versions - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue M-ATX B350M-TI 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B350I-Plus ITX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A320M-ITX MINI ITX Rev1.0 Rev2 Rev2.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME A320M-C R2.0 rev1.1 A320M-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 A/B300 SFF 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek ALC887 alc897 CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 usb 3.1 gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 3rd/2nd/1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ / 2nd and 1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ with Radeon™ Vega 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A320M-A PRO MicroATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A320  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio Realtek® ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG X399 Zenith Extreme  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X399 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; supremefx s1220 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Threadripper 1950X 1920X 1900X TR4 skt 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Fatality X470 Gaming K4 mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e rebar possible 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Fatal1ty X470 Gaming-ITXac AMD AM4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS ROG STRIX X470-I GAMING AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B450-I Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;high VRM temps - raven ridge 14nm+ like 2200G 2400G 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B450 Gaming K4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; alc892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 4 ddr4 slots - low VRM thermals 3900x 3950x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B450 I Aorus Pro Wifi 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme pcie3 with 4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very high vrm temps 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B450i Gaming ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata3 - none nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64 2nd 3rd AMD - 2 ddr4 dimm slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b450 tomahawk max 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; b450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek® ALC892 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450 Pro Carbon 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450-A PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450I GAMING Plus AC ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 - 2nd and 3rd gen AMD - 2 ddr4 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450 GAMING PLUS MAX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC892/ALC897 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B450M M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock X570 PHANTOM GAMING-ITX/TB3 Mini ITX AM4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X570  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X570 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; SupremeFX7.1 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel® I211-AT and Realtek® RTL8125-CG 2.5G LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix X570-I Gaming Mini ITX AM4 Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG X570 Gaming Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  alc1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix B550-i AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue Jingyue B550i Gaming itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;3 with 1 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio alc
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit max of Ryzen 5500 (c t), 5600, 5600g (6c12t) - 2 ddr4 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock B550 PHANTOM GAMING ITX/AX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with alc1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel 2.5G}} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B550M-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 ALC897 Audio Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Gigabit LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock ASRock B550M-HDV
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme and sata3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 or ALC897 Audio Codec unknown 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek rtl8111h Gigabit LAN}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 2 ddr4 slots - 1 pcie x1 slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG STRIX B550-A GAMING
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe Gen4 x4 &amp; SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  supremefx S1220A
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel® I225-V 2.5Gb}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte AMD B550I AORUS PRO AX Mini-ITX rev 1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme pci-e3 with 4 sata3
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek® 2.5GbE LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021  2 x DDR4 DIMM sockets  1Rx8/2Rx8/1Rx16 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550 AORUS ELITE AX V2 ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 DP and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 USB 3.2 Gen1 Type-C 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|2.5GbE LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit- finer tuning than A520's - AMD Ryzen 5000 Series/ 3rd Gen Ryzen and 3rd Gen Ryzen with Radeon Graphics CPU - Dual Channel ECC/ Non-ECC Unbuffered DDR4, 4 DIMMs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550M DS3H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8118 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit - 4 ddr4 dimms - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG B550 GAMING PLUS ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Processors - 4 dimm ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MAG B550 TOMAHAWK ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (up to Type 22110) and 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280)
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 with dp and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 1 x USB 3.1 Type-C and 1 x USB 3.1 Type-A
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8125B and Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 4 Dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue A520M-H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; old bios with random issues with APU ryzens - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520M S2H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up - 2 ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520I AC mITX mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up 5600G (6c12t) or 5700G (8c16t) - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A520M-A PRO mATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Desktop and AMD Ryzen 4000 G-Series CPU 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


===== (Socket AM5 LGA1718 Zen4 Zen5 Zen6 2022/27)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Steel Legend 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 64Gb @ 6000Mhz or 128GB @ 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock TaiChi
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 with Thunderbolt 4 equivalent 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek killer E3000 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 7950x3d 120W, 7900 7800 7600 90W 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B650E-I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023  - better sound with an actual AMP, PCIe 5, USB-C display outs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B650M WIFI M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b650i mini itx
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023   - front panel connectors at the back of the board - dead rear nvme slot and a drained CMOS battery as the CMOS button being pressed during shipping - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M Zen4
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen5 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen6 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 FP8 Zen 6 Medusa Point 4bigC, 4 econC, 2lpC, 8coreGPU - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 FP10 Zen 6 Medusa Point 4bigC, 4 econC, 2lpC, 8coreGPU - 
|-
|}


===== (Zen7 AM6 2027/3x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


===== (Zen AM 203x/3x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


====Intel Sockets====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 370 (2000/2)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel D815EEA 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;866Mhz P3 and i815 chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia AGPx8 6200LE added}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 USB1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested AspireOS 1.7, simple basic board with useful 5 PCI slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket 478 (2002/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=zh-CN&amp;u=http://detail.zol.com.cn/motherboard/index46381.shtml&amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dc.865pe.l%2Bmotherboard%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DsZB%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official Colorful Technology C.865PE-L Silver Fighter Warrior V2.3] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865PE
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|tested with CDROM}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|AGP slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALC650 AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 1.1 and 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8100 8139}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Still testing with NB (Nightly Build) May 2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865P
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 800}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865GC 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 865 Extreme Graphics 2}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA775 s775 (2005/8)=====

an industry standard DDR2 module could in theory contain fallback JEDEC, intel XMP and AMD EPP configuration data 

Intel PC CL5 ram modules but an &quot;AMD&quot; CL5 ram module the BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD (Serial Presence Detect) but can recognize the CL5 timing info in the JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an AMD PC CL6 ram modules but an &quot;INTEL&quot; CL6 ram module the BIOS cannot read the INTEL XMP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL6 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an INTEL PC needs CL6 ram modules but have an &quot;AMD&quot; CL4 ram module. INTEL BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL4 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS recognizes module timings as incompatible an refuses to boot.  

entirely separate issue if the RAM module timing specs are incompatible.(i.e. CL4 RAM in a &quot;CL6 only&quot; PC) 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit AG8 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8110S-32 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 32bit - Firewire TI 4200R7T no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 915 Neo2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMI 9880L HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcomm BCM5751 PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6306 no 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5GC P5GC-MX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945GC Lakeport-GC + ICH7R northbridge
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 3.0 Gbit/s ports  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe 1.1 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|atheros L2}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 32bit - 3 pci slots - 4 x 240-pin DIMM Sockets max. 4GB DDR2 667/533 non-ECC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn PC45CM-SA 45CM-S 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|pcie 1.0 slot with gma950 integrated}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with aLC883 codec playback}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|realtek 8139 8100sc}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 dimm slots 667mhz max 4gb - can be found in Advent desktops - 2 pci-e and 2 pci - core 2 duo only e6xxx - Micro ATX (9.6” x 8.8”) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-81945GM MFY-RH
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® 945GM Express with ICH7M-DH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA950 VGA15 and PCI-e 1.0 slot}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC880 codec playback only rear port}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO1000PL 82573L Gigabit Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 MoDT term “Mobile on DeskTop.”, low TDP CPUs to work on desktop form-factor motherboards. mATX Micro ATX 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 2 DDR2 dimm 1.8v slots with 4Gb max - will not boot if PCI2 slot occupied - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-945 GCM S2C
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|8101E Rtl 8169 (1.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA945-GCM S2L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCi-E slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with ALC662 codec 2/4/5.1-channel (1.x)}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111c 8169 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM 4GB DDR2 memory max - 2 PCI-e and 2 PCI - Micro ATX form factor; 24.4cm x 19.3cm  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo-F rev 1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC662 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo2-F rev 1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P31-DS3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI Express x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111B 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;DDR2 800Mhz up to 4Gb 4 x 240 pin - 3 PCI - ATX 12.0&quot; x 8.3&quot; - 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL-AM /PS 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 1.1 with integrated Intel® GMA 3100 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT1708B with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8102EL 100/10 LAN with Realtek RTL8111C Gigabit LAN  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 2 GB DDR2 Non-ECC,Un-buffered DIMMs with 2 PCI - Intel Graphics Media Accelerator - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL/EPU 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pci-e 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169 Realtek 8111C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested - 4 240-pin DIMM, Max. 4 GB - 4 pci-e and 3 pci - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 8.2 inch ( 30.5 cm x 20.8 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G31M ES2L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 plus ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3100 2d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC883 (1.x), ALC883/888B (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL8111C (1.x), Atheros 8131 (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces DRAM capacity to 4GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r1.0  G31M-GS
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{partial|rtl8169 RTL8111DL 8169 (for -GS) RTL8102EL (for -S)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig AMI bios MicroATX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8111DL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig MicroATX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/apac/eng/products/desktop/bdb/dg31pr/feature/index.htm Intel DG31PR] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG31 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|3100 but can use PCIe 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111B Rtl 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel G33 Express Chipset with ich9 southbridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3100 powervr tile based 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - embedded on Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Duo, Pentium Dual-Core CPUS with Integrated GPU Intel GMA 3100 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P5G41T-M LX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH8 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X4500 some 2d only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros L1c AR8131}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces maximum supported memory ddr3 from 16 to 8GB 2 dimm slots non-EEC - demotes the PCIe controller mode from revision 2.0 (5.0GT/s) to revision 1.1 (2.5GT/s
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VT1708S (1.3), ALC887-VD2 (1.4), ALC887 (2.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros AR8151 l1c (1.x 2.x), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2PT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (1.0), VIA (2.0), ALC887 (2.1)
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111E (1.x), Atheros AR8151 l1c (2.1), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 Port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA X4500 2d only and pci-e 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888B}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports + headers
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111 D/E}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P41T D3P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7 with Intel Core 2 Duo (E6xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 889/892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111C or D/E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel DG41AN Classic 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG41 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888S ALC888VC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock P5B-DE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P965 + ICH8 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|works ide legacy}}
|&lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|with PCI-E 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio via VT1708S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5B SE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 intel 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well except ethernet 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5W DH Deluxe P5WDG2 WS PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;975X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC882 AND LATER ADI 1988B 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8052 88E8053}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI TSB43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IP35 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 Express + ICH9R  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;two RTL8110SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB43 AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P35 Neo F FL MS-7630 rev 1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel P35 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC888
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Base model of this range of P35 mobos 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-P35-DS3
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 and ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889A codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111B
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 - 4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-EP35-DS3 (rev. 2.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® P35 + ICH9 Chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|4 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|Realtek ALC889A codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes | }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8111B}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IX38 Quad GT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; HD Audio ALC888 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8110SC 8169SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB 43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte X38-DQ6
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;twin 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-EP45 DS3 (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 or ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s (SATAII0, SATAII1, SATAII2, SATAII3, SATAII4, SATAII5)  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E v2.0 x16 slots support splitting its 16 PCIe 2.0 lanes across two cards at x8 transfers 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888  or ALC889A codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111C chips (10/100 /1000 Mbit)  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets non-EEC 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P45 Platinum (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G45 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;adds Intel’s GMA X4500HD graphics engine to P45 Express features 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G43 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;removes HD video acceleration from the G45’s features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5E Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X48 with ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ADI 1988B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell 88E8001 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte GA-X48 DQ6 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X48 plus ICH9R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TSB43AB23 no - ICH9 pairs with Intel’s 3-series (X38, P35, etc.) chipsets, in addition to the X48 Express, but excluding the G35 Express 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte EP43-DS3L  and Gigabyte GA-EP43-UD3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P43 with ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s connectors 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCI Express x16 slot PCI Express 2.0 standard
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets - 4 pcie x1 - 2 pci - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 21.0cm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev.1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 7100 nForce 630i 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|3 ports SATA2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d GeForce 7100 (vga /hdmi/dvi), 1 PCIe x16 Slot }} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC889A MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|7 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL 8211B MCP73}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Not, tested with Icaros Desktop 2.0.3 MCP73 is a single chip solution in three different versions 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Nvidia 7150 630i 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel based nForce 630i (MCP73)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--GFX--&gt;GF 7150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO ALC883}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ohci echi}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;being tested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; the MCP73PV or the GeForce 7050/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73S or the GeForce7025/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73V or the GeForce 7025/nForce 610i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Atom SOC (2008/2x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945CLF 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N230 single core 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA945}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}} Skt 441
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works very well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.clusteruk.com iMica D945GCKF2 mobo]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Atom N330 Dual Core
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;wip
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945GSEJT + Morex T1610 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom 230 with 945GSE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA900 vga but issues with DVI output}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;small size, runs off 12V 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AT3N7A-I  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom N330 Nvidia ION
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|3 ports legacy IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|nouveau  cube  cube 2 45  quake 3 }}  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with VIA 1708S codec playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 device}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAiJpvu73iw&lt;/ref&gt; good but can freeze randomly at times 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D410PT 45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D410 and NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA3150}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 or ALC66x odd clicks}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D510 and NM10 + GMA3150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B or ALC66x 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111DL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-D525TUD (rev. 1.0 1.2 1.5)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D525 NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;gma 3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111f 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots max 8g - Mini-ITX Form Factor; 17.0cm x 17.0cm - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
|}


=====Socket 1366 (2009/10)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P6T DELUXE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x58 + ICH10 and Intel 1st gen. (Nehalem/Lynnfield) Core i7 (8xx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 (r2.0) slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ADI AD2000B HD Audio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8056 Gigabit}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6308 no
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;gigabyte ex58 ds 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; x58 + ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111D rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket 1156 (2010)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire M3910
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA intel HD}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk| Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALCxxx playback}} ALC888B (Rev1.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111D}} (Rev 1.x) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested but no support for WLAN Realtek 8188su 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H55M-E33 v1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E7636 M7636 H55 chipset so older i3/i5/i7 system
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC889}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|PCI-E Realtek 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P7P55D
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe | via codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe |rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111B/C  RTL8112L }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1155 H2 (2010/13)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P8H61-I LX R2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio via7018s codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111f}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit up to intel ivybridge cpus - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H61-I/RM/SI mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio via7018s codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111f}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit up to i3-2010 - OEM board from an RM machine but not ivybridge as the Asus BIOS isn't compatible with these, 0909 hacked one might work - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus p8h61-i lx r2.0/rm/si mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;h61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with VIA codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 sandy and ivy - oem from rm machine 2 x 240-Pin DDR3 DIMM sockets max DDR3 1333MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;‎Bewinner 63q9c7omvs V301 ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata with nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8106E 100M Network Card}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar H61 H61MHV2 H61MHV3 Ver. 7.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with Intel Pentium G 2xxx series CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC662 later ALC897
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61M-D2-B3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + Sandybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61MA-D3V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (Rev 2.0) ALC887 (Rev2.1) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0/1.1 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61N-D2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 and maybe 4 sata3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 slot wit 1 x DVI-I port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (Rev 1.0)}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0/1.1 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit- 2 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets up to 16 GB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-H61M-S2PV 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with 2400k 2500k 2600k 2700k 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (rev 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rtl8111E (1.0), 8151 (2.0) no, Rtl8111F (2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 20cm with 2 pci-e and 2 pci - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel Classic Series DH61CR Desktop 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82579V}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61M-P20 (G3) MS-7788 
*retail MSI board 
*OEM Advent, etc 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|four SATAII ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCI Express gen3 (retail) gen2 (oem) x16 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8105E 100M Network Card}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 22.6cm(L) x 17.3cm(W) M-ATX Form Factor - BIOS - [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=6009#post_6007 works well], 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61I-E35 (B3) MS-7677 Ver.1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 3gbps 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for hdmi and 1 pcie 2.0 x1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=5861#post_5861 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 and USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 rtl8111e}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H67-M
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H67 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8P67 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P67 with sandybridge and ivybridge cpus 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 realtek rtl8111}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8Z68-V LX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Intel 2nd generation (Sandy Bridge) CPU and possibly ivybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2 sata3 - 4 sata2}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio Intel HD with ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek® 8111E}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit SSE 4.1 and AVX - EFI bios - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Z68AP-D3 (B3) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Ivybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B75M-A 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B75 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ® ALC887-VD codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek ® 8111F-VB-CG }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H77-D3H 1.0 1.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 3.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit i5 3550 7 3770 - 4 DDR3 slots - 2 full pci-e 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z77 D3H with i3 3225 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1150 H3 (2013/2016)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://theretroweb.com/motherboards/s/asus-b85m-e-rev-1-02 Asus B85M-E]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B85 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ® ALC887-VD2 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8111F}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H87N-WIFI mITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H87 and Intel 4th generation (Haswell) Core i5 (4xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel Atheros}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS H81I-PLUS Mini ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 with intel 4590t 4690t
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata3 6gbps 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 x4 slot and with HD4400 HDMI vga mode works but other grub options no display just black screen - analogue DVI and vga untested  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio 6.34 with ALC8878 codec playback only}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB3 and USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 rtl8111g}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots max 16gb - f2 or DEL bios and f8 boot select - does not like unconnected gfx card in pci-e slot - deadwood 2026-09 DO3 build - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81M-C H81M-P-SI
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2x3g 2x6g}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;hdaudio alc887 vd
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111gr
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 skt 1150 - 2 ddr3 max 16g - mini atx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD4000 igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit intel 4th gen mini itx - external dc brick with 19v rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 ddr3 laptop sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H81M-S2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN chip 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit up to i7 4790K - 2 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H81M-D3V (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2 sata2 2 sata3 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| HDAudio Realtek® ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|intel and VIA® VL805}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 Realtek }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H81M-E34 (MS-7817) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 2.0 x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8111G}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z87-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t i5 4c4t CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD3H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 Express 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with Realtek® ALC898 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA H97M D3H r1.0 r1.1 with i3 4360 or 4370 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z97 A with i7 4790K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot for GTX 750, 960, 970 and 980 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan ethernet}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z97X UD3H rev1.0 1.1 1.2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with i5 4690K 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC1150
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GAMING 5 Z97 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS Q87M-E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Q87 lynx point 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887VD codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 4 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA2011V2 s2011-2  (2012/15)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x79 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 Xeon e5-???? W TDP, e5-2667V2 W TDP, e5-????V2 W TDP, Sandybridge and Ivybridge V2
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X79 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA2011V3 s2011-3  (2015/18)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 Xeon e5-1620v3 130W TDP, e5-1650V3 (i7-5930K) 140W TDP, e5-2640V3 90W TDP, Haswell-EP 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;most cheap Ryzens are better nowadays 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Huananzhi X99-CD4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel C612 and X99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 3 connectors and 1 m.2 nvme slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC897 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 quality might not be great outside of a simple setup - 2 ddr4 dimms - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Keyiyou X99 XD4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Machinist MR9A Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Machinist MR9A Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mogul 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Qiyida X99 H9S
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Soyo 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1151 Socket H4 (2015/2018)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Skylake CPUs have TPM 2.0 embedded 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110 Plus H110M-A/DP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with 6th Gen Core and 7th with bios update 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sunrise Point-H SATA [AHCI mode] [8086 a102] 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Skylake Integrated HD Graphics use PIC-E slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC887 Audio CODEC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI [8086: a12f] no usb2.0 fallback 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111GR or 8111H RTL8111 8168 8411}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;ATX with 3 pci-e and 2 DDR4 slots - uatx version smaller - turn off TLSF as it was causing AHI driver to corrupt. Turned off ACPI for errors but works fine once booted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS H110M-R M-ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 6th Gen Skylake Core™ i7 Core™ 6950X i7-6970HQ i7-6700K 4c8t hyperthreading, i5/Core™ i5-6600K 4c4t i3/Pentium® / Celeron® 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 DDR4 DIMMS Max 32GB 2133MHz - 1 full pci-e and 2 pci-e 1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Intel/Realtek GbE languard 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 - mini itx 12v / 19v laptop type rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - no pci-e slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H110M-S2H MATX Rev1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 (USB 3.1 Gen 1) ports with 4 us2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;   2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte ga-h110n 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| sata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d for Intel or PCI-e slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HDaudio for ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 mini-itx 6th gen 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Msi H110M-PRO-VH 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; Realtek® ALC887 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 6th gen intel -  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H170 Pro Gaming
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Asmedia USB3.1/3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Z170A TOMAHAWK 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sara, 1 x 2280 Key M(PCIe Gen3 x4/SATA), 1 x 2230 Key E(Wi-Fi) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit up to i7 7700k - 2 DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GIGABYTE GA-B250M-DS3H HD3P D3H D2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B250 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 coffee lake intel 8th gen
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Kaby Lake X Intel 7th Gen 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Z390 with Kaby Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Q370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; H370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B360M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Rampage 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x299 with  i9
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  - up to 24 to 44 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X299
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1200 (2020/2022)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H510M-A PRO (MS-7D22)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with 10th gen Comet Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit -  up to 16 pcie lanes rebar possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME H410M-E
Asrock H470M-HDV/M.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with 11th gen Rocket Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1700 (2023/ )=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Alder Lake / 14th gen Raptor Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 2022 64bit - QoS work to 2 level cpus, P down to E cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Meteor Lake ultra 5 7 1xxH series 1 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 2024 64bit 10nm - 3 level cpus, Low Power Island (SOC tile) to E onto P cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 15th gen Arrow Lake
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Lunar lake ultra 5 7 2xxV series 2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 64bit 7nm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nova Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Panther Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 64bit - either 44, 484, or 448 tiled cores 18A process - core ultra x9 288h, x7 358H, - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1954 (2027/ )=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nova Lake-S
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Serpent Lake, Titan Lake, and Razer Lake
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2027
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA (203x/203x)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


===Chromebooks===

For most (EOL) cromebooks, the recommended UEFI path forward is to:

*put the device into Developer Mode
*disable firmware write protection
*flash MrChromebox's UEFI Full ROM firmware
*install ChromeOS Flex, Linux, etc


See [https://mrchromebox.tech/#home MrChrome], [https://mrchromebox.tech MrChrome] and the [https://www.reddit.com/r/chrultrabook/ chrultrabook subreddit] for more info


ChromeOS has several different boot modes, which are important to understand in the context of modifying your device to run an alternate OS:

*Normal/Verified Boot Mode
        Can only boot Google-signed ChromeOS images
        Full verification of firmware and OS kernel
        No root access to the system, no ability to run Linux or boot other OSes
        Automatically enters Recovery Mode if any step of Verified Boot fails
        Default / out-of-the-box setting for all ChromeOS devices

*Recovery Mode
        User presented with Recovery Mode boot screen (white screen with 'ChromeOS is missing or damaged')
        Boots only USB/SD with signed Google recovery image
        Automatically entered when Verified Boot Mode fails
        Can be manually invoked:
        On Chromebooks, via keystroke: [ESC+Refresh+Power]
        On Chromeboxes, by pressing a physical recovery button at power-on
        On Convertibles/Tablets, by holding the Power, Vol+, and Vol- buttons for 10s and then release
        Allows for transition from Verified Boot Mode to Developer Mode
        On Chromebooks/Chromeboxes, via keystroke: [CTRL+D]
        On Convertibles/Tablets, via button press: Vol+/Vol- simultaneously
        Booting recovery media on USB/SD will repartition/reformat internal storage and reload ChromeOS

Note: The ChromeOS recovery process does not reset the firmware boot flags (GBB Flags), so if those are changed from the default, they will still need to be reset for factory default post-recovery.

*Developer Mode
        &quot;Jailbreak&quot; mode built-in to every ChromeOS device
        Loosened security restrictions, allows root/shell access, ability to run Linux via crouton
        Verified Boot (signature checking) disabled by default, but can be re-enabled
        Enabled via [CTRL+D] on the Recovery Mode boot screen
        Boots to the developer mode boot screen (white screen with 'OS verification is off' text), 

The user can select via keystroke 
&lt;pre&gt;
           ChromeOS (in developer mode) on internal storage ( [CTRL+D] )
           ChromeOS/ChromiumOS on USB ( [CTRL+U] )
           Legacy Boot Mode ( [CTRL+L] )
&lt;/pre&gt;
Boot screen displays the ChromeOS device/board name in the hardware ID string (eg, PANTHER F5U-C92, which is useful to know in the context of device recovery, firmware support, or in determining what steps are required to install a given alternate OS on the device.

*Legacy Boot Mode
        Unsupported method for booting alternate OSes (Linux, Windows) via the SeaBIOS RW_LEGACY firmware 
        Accessed via [CTRL+L] on the developer mode boot screen
        Requires explicit enabling in Developer Mode via command line: sudo crossystem dev_boot_legacy=1 
        Most  ChromeOS devices require a RW_LEGACY firmware update first
        Boots to the (black) SeaBIOS splash screen; if multiple boot devices are available, prompt shows the boot menu

Note: If you hear two beeps after pressing [CTRL+L], then either your device doesn't have a valid Legacy Boot Mode / RW_LEGACY firmware installed, or legacy boot capability has not been been enabled via crossystem.


https://www.howtogeek.com/278953/how-to-install-windows-on-a-chromebook/

Chromebooks don’t officially support other OSs. You normally can’t even install as Chromebooks ship with a special type of BIOS designed for Chrome OS. But there are ways to install, if you’re willing to get your hands dirty and potentially ruin everything 

[https://mrchromebox.tech/#devices Firmware Compatibility] 

[https://wiki.galliumos.org/Hardware_Compatibility Here is the list of hardware that the GalliumOS supports and information on getting Gallium OS on to those devices]

Development on GalliumOS has been discontinued, and for most users, GalliumOS is not the best option for running Linux due to lack of hardware support or a kernel that's out of date and lacking important security fixes.

Meet Eupnea and Depthboot, the successors to Galliumos and Breath [https://eupnea-linux.github.io This is the bleeding edge] 

Most older Chromebooks need the write-protect screw removed in order to install MrChromebox's firmware that allows you to install other operating systems. Most newer Chromebooks don't work in the same way as there is no write-protect screw on them. 


Very rough guide to '''total''' (i.e. all cores / threads) processor performance (AROS usually uses only the [https://gmplib.org/gmpbench one core]) 

[[#top|...to the top]]

&lt;pre&gt;

060000    AMD Ryzen 9 7900X (AM5 170W), 
056000    AMD Ryzen 9 5950X, 
055000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X3D, 
053000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X (AM4 105W), AMD Ryzen 9 3950X (105W), 
044000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800X3D, 
042000    AMD Ryzen 9 6900HX, AMD Ryzen 5 5600X3D (AM4 95W), AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5750GE (AM4 35W), 
039000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900HS, Intel Core i7-12700T, AMD Ryzen 7 7735HS (8c16t 45W), AMD 8840U, 
038000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800H (FP6 45W), AMD Ryzen 7 6800U, Intel Core i5-12490F, Intel Core i5-12500E,   
037000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800HS (FP6 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 8500G 8600GE (AM5 6c12t 35W), AMD Ryzen Z2 (8c16t), 
036500    AMD Ryzen 7 5700G (AM4 8c16t 65W), AMD Ryzen 9 6900HS, Intel Core i7-12800H, 
036200    AMD Ryzen 7 5700GE (AM4 8c16t 35W), AMD Ryzen Z1 Extreme (top TDP), AMD Ryzen 5 8600G (AM5 65W), 


036000    AMD Ryzen 5 3600X (Am4 95W), AMD Ryzen 5 5500 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 5600 (65W), 
035000    AMD Ryzen 5 6600H, Intel Core i5-12400F, 
031000    AMD Ryzen™ 9 8945HS, Ryzen™ 7 8845HS, AMD Ryzen 7 7840U, 
030000    AMD Ryzen 7 4800U, AMD Ryzen 4800H, Intel Core i5-11400F, Intel Zeon E5-2697A V4, 
029500    AMD Ryzen 5 4500 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3600 (65W), Apple M3 Pro 12c, AMD Ryzen 5 5600G, 
028500    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U, AMD Ryzen 7 1700 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 7 2700 (65W), Ryzen 3 7540U, 
028000    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650U, 5 5560U (FP6 25W 6c12t Zen3), Intel Core i5-13500H, AMD Ryzen 7 4800HS, 
027700    AMD Ryzen 9 PRO 7940HS (FP8 65W), AMD 8745HS, AMD Ryzen H255 AI, AMD Ryzen 3 7545U, 
027500    AMD Ryzen 3 7736U, AMD Ryzen 5 7640U, 
027400    AMD Ryzen 5 8540U, AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE (AM4 6c12t 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650G (AM4 45W), 
027300    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750GE, AMD Ryzen 5 5600H, AMD Ryzen 7 5825U (FP6 8c16t 15W), 
027200    AMD Ryzen 5 6600U, AMD Ryzen 7 2700X, AMD Ryzen 5 5600GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen Z1, 
027100    AMD Ryzen 7 7730U (FP6 15W 8c16t), AMD Ryzen 7 5800U (FP6 25W 8c16t), Ryzen 9 4900H, 
027000    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750U (8c16t), Ryzen 5 7430U (FP6 6c12t), Ryzen 5 PRO 6650U, Intel 10500H, 
026500    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 7840HS (FP7 65W), AMD Ryzen 7 8840HS, AMD Ryzen Z2 Extreme, 
025000    AMD Ryzen 5 4600HS (FP6 35W 6c12t), Apple M1 Pro, AMD Ryzen 5 5625U (FP6 15W 6c12t),
024500    AMD Ryzen 5 5600U (FP6 25W hot 6c12t Zen3), AMD Ryzen 5 2600 (65W), Ryzen 5 7530U, 
024000    AMD Ryzen 5 4600G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 1700X (AM4 95W), 
023700    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 5350GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 3500X (AM4 95W), Intel Core i7-9700, 
023500    AMD Ryzen 5 1600X (95W), AMD Ryzen 3 5300GE (AM4 4c8t 35W), AMD Ryzen 7 5700U (FP6 25W 8c16t Zen2), 
023200    AMD Ryzen 3 7330U (FP6 15W 4c8t), AMD Ryzen 7 4700U (FP6 25W 8c8t), AMD Ryzen 5 4400G, 
023000    Intel Core i7-1255U, Intel Core i7 13700H, Ryzen 7640HS, 
022000    AMD Ryzen Z2 Go (4c8t), AMD Ryzen 5 5500U (FP6 25W 6c12t Zen2), Snapdragon 8 Elite, 


020500    AMD Ryzen 3 4300G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 3 5450U 5425U, AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650U (6c12t), 
019500    Intel Core i5-1135G7, AMD Ryzen 5 5500H, AMD Ryzen 5 4600U (FP6 25W 6c), AMD Ryzen 5 2600 (65W), 
019250    Intel Core i5-1145G7, 
019000    AMD Ryzen 5 3400G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 2500X, AMD Ryzen 5 7520U, AMD Ryzen V3C18I (? 15W),
017750    AMD Ryzen 5 3400GE (AM4 35W), Intel Core i5-8400, AMD Ryzen 5 1500X (AM4 65W), Xbox One Series X, 
017500    Intel Core i7-6700K, Intel i5-10400, AMD Ryzen 5 4500U (FP6 25W 6c6t), AMD Ryzen 3 5400U, 
017000    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 3 5300U (FP6 25W 4c8t), Intel Core i5-11300H, 
016500    AMD Ryzen 7 3750H, AMD Ryzen Embedded V1756B (FP5 45W), AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4200GE, SD G3 Gen3, 
016250    Intel Core i5-1035G7, intel core i5 7600 (4c4t 65W), 
016000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3550H, Ryzen 5 PRO 3350GE (4c 8t), Intel Core i5-8500T, 
015500    AMD Ryzen Embedded R2544, Apple A19 Pro, Intel i7-4790K, 
015000    AMD Ryzen 3 7320U, Ryzen 7 3700U, Ryzen 3200G (AM4 65W), Intel Core i7-8550U, Intel Core i5-1035G1, 
014000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400GE (AM4 35W), Intel Core i7-6700T, AMD Ryzen 5 3550U, 
013500    AMD Ryzen 5 3500U (FP5 15W 4c8t), AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, AMD Athlon Gold 4150GE, AMD Ryzen 5 3450U, 
013250    AMD Ryzen 3 3200GE (AM4 45W), AMD Ryzen 3 1300X (65W), AMD Ryzen 3 2200G, Xbox One Series S, 
013000    AMD Ryzen Embedded V1605B (FP5 25W), AMD Ryzen 2700U, AMD Ryzen R2514, Apple A18, 
012500    AMD Ryzen 5 2500U (FP5 25W 4c8t), Intel Core i3-8300T, Intel Xeon X5680, Intel i3-1115G4 (2c4t), 


012300    Intel Core i7-8565U, Intel Core i5-8350U, Intel Core i7-8700, Allwinner A733 (2 A76, 6 A55), 
012200    ARM Cortex-X3 Prime Snapdragon SD8G2 Gen2 4nm 64-bit Kryo CPU, i5-8250U (4c8t), 
012000    AMD Ryzen 3 2200GE, AMD Ryzen 3 1200 (65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3500C, 
011500    AMD Ryzen 3 3300U, Intel Core i3-8100T, Intel Core i5-8265U, Intel i5-10210U, CORE i5-10310U, 
010500    AMD Ryzen 3 2300U (FP5 25W 4c4t), Allwinner A527 (8 A55), Intel i5 4690K, 
010300    Intel Core i7-3630QM, Intel Core i5-6600T, Intel Core i5-4670K, 
010200    Intel Core i5-6440HQ, Intel Core i7-3610QM, Snapdragon SD865, 
010000    AMD FX-8320E (AM3+ 125W 8c8t), Intel Core i5-7500T, Intel Core i5-4690, Intel i5 4690T, 
009000    Spectrum Unisoc Tiger T7280 (T620), Cortex-X2, MediaTek Dimensity 1300 (4 A78, 4 A55), 
008700    AMD FX-6130 (AM3+ 90W 6c6t), Intel Core i5-7400T, Intel Core i5-4590T, 
008500    Intel Core i5-6500T, AMD Athlon 300GE (AM4, 35W), AMD Athlon Gold 7220U, 
008000    AMD Ryzen R1606G (FP5 15W), AMD FX-6300 (AM3 65W 6c6t), Intel Core i5-2500K, 
007500    AMD Ryzen 3 3200U, AMD Ryzen 3 3250U, Intel Alderlake ULX N100 / N95, 
007200    AMD Ryzen 3 2200U (FP5 25W 2c4t), Intel Core i3-7100T, Intel Twinlakes N150 N200, Xbox(TM) One S, 
007100    AMD Ryzen R1505G (FP5, 15W), RK3576 4 A72, 4 A53, Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, Intel i7-6600U and 7600U, 
006600    Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 5G, AMD Athlon 300U (FP5 2c4t 15W), Intel Core i7-7500U, AMD V1202B, 
006500    Intel Core i7-6500U, AMD Athlon Gold 3150U, Intel Celeron N5105 (FCBGA1338 15W), SD 685, 
006300    Intel Core i3-8130U (15W), Intel Celeron N5095 (FCBGA1338 15W), Intel Core i3-6100T,
006100    Intel Core i5-6300U, Intel Core i5-7200U (2c4t), Intel i7-5500U, Intel Core i7-6600U (2c4t), 
006000    Intel Core i5-6200U (2c4t), Intel Core i3-7130U, Intel i7-4500U, Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 4G, 
005950    Intel Core i5-4570T, Intel Core i5-5257U, Rockchip RK3588 (4 A76, 4 A55), Snapdragon 7325, 


005900    Intel Xeon X5550, Intel Core i5-4300M, MediaTek Dimensity 1200 (4 A78, 4 A55), Unisoc 7255 (T616), 
005800    Intel Celeron J4125 J4105 (FCBGA1090 15W), Intel Core i5-3470T, AMD A8-6600K APU, AMD 3015E (2c4t), 
005600    Intel Core i5-3360M, Intel Core i7-3520M, Intel Core i5-4210M, Intel Pentium G4600T,
005400    MediaTek Dimensity 900 (2 A78, 6 A55), AMD Athlon Silver 7120U, Snapdragon 860, 
005300    AMD PRO A12-9800B 7th Gen APU (FP4 15W), AMD FX-4300 4c4t, AMD Ryzen R1305G, 
005250    Intel Core i5-3230M, AMD FX-7600P, Intel Pentium G4400, Unisoc T7200 (Unisoc T606 2 A76, 6 A55), 
005200    AMD PRO A10-8770E, AMD A10-9700E, AMD PRO A10-9700B (FP4 15W), Intel Core i3-4130T, BCM2712 Pi5, 
005100    AMD RX-427BB (FP3 15W), AMD A10-9620P, AMD A12-9720P, Intel Core i3-8145U, AMD A12-9830B, 
005050    AMD A8-5500 (FM2 65W), AMD A10 PRO-7800B APU, Intel Pentium Silver N5000, Intel Core i7-5500U, 
005000    Intel Core i5-5300U, Intel Core i5-3320M (2c4t), Intel Core i5-5350U, Unisoc T618 (2 A73 6 A53), 
004900    Intel Core i5-4300U, Intel Core i5-5200U, Intel Core i3-4100M, Snapdragon 662 (SM6115), 
004860    Intel Core i7-2620M, Intel Core i7-2640M, AMD Athlon Silver 3050U 3050e,  
004650    Intel Core i5-2520M (2c4t), Intel Core i5-3210M, AMD A10-9600P (FP4 4c 15W), Pentium 4415U, 
004625    Intel Core i3-7100U (FCBGA1356 15W), ARM A76 RK3588S, AMD A10-6800B APU, Intel i3-7020U, 
004600    AMD PRO A8-9600B, AMD PRO A12-8830B, AMD PRO A10-8730B, AMD A12-9700P, Intel Core i3-6100U, 
004200    AMD A10-8700P A8-8600P, Intel Core i5-4200U, Intel Core i5-2540M, Intel i3-6006U, Intel i3-4150T, 
004000    Intel Core i5-2430M, AMD PRO A8-8600B, AMD 3020e, Mediatek MT6797 Helio X20, 
003850    Intel Core i5-2410M (2c4t), Intel Core i3-2120 (LGA1155 65W), Mediatek MT8786, 
003800    AMD A10-4600M APU, AMD A10 PRO-7350B APU, AMD A10-5750M APU, Rockchip RK3399, 
003600    AMD A8-6500T APU, AMD A8-7410 APU, AMD PRO A6-8550B, AMD A8-5550M (4c4t), 


003500    AMD GX-424CC SOC (FT3b 25W 4c4t), ARM A75 Unisoc Tiger T610 (Spreadtrum) (8c 5W), intel i5-5250u, 
003400    AMD A10-7300 APU, AMD A6-7310 APU, AMD A8-6410, AMD A10-5745M APU, Intel Core i3-4000M, 
003350    Intel Pentium G2020, Intel Core i3-3120M (G2 2c4t), AMD R-464L APU, Intel® Core m5-6Y57 (2c4t),
003300    AMD GX-420CA SOC (FT3 BGA769 25W), AMD A6-9500E, Intel Celeron N4200, AMD A6-5200 ( 25W 2c2t), 
003200    AMD A6-6310 APU, AMD A6-6400B APU, AMD A6-8570E, AMD A8-4500M APU, AMD A6-7400K APU, 
003000    AMD A8-7150B, AMD A9-9410, A9-9420, A9-9425, AMD A6-8500B (FP4 15W), AMD A8-7100, Intel 5010u,  
002900    AMD PRO A6-8530B, AMD A6-8500P, AMD A8-3500M APU, Intel Core i3-2120T, Intel i5-4250u, 
002700    AMD Embedded GX-420GI (FP4 15W), AMD PRO A6-9500B, AMD GX-415GA, AMD A4-6210 APU, Intel i3-5005U, 
002600    AMD A6-9225, AMD A8-4555M APU, AMD A4-5000 APU (FT3 15W), AMD A6-9220, AMD A6-3420M APU,  
002450    Intel Celeron 2950M, Intel Pentium N3700, Intel Core i3-2350M, Allwinner A523 (8 A55), BCM2711 Pi4, 
002400    Intel Celeron N3150, Intel Core i3-2330M, Intel Xeon W3505, AMD A6-9210, Allwinner H618 (4 A53), 
002300    Intel Celeron N3350, AMD A4-9120, AMD A4-9125, Intel Core i3-2310M, Intel Celeron 3865U, 
002200    AMD A9-9420e, AMD A6-5350M APU, AMD E2-6110 APU, AMD E2-9000e, Celeron N4500, Intel N3710, 
002000    AMD GX-412HC, AMD A4-4300M APU, AMD A6 PRO-7050B APU, AMD A6-4400M APU, AMD A6-7000, 
001925    Intel Core2 Duo E6700, Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 965, Intel Core i3-370M, Celeron N4020, 
001750    Intel Core i3-2365M 2375M, AMD A4-9120C, Intel Core2 Duo T8300, Qualcomm MSM8939, 
001600    AMD GX-222GC (BGA769 FT3b 15W), AMD A4-9120e, AMD Embedded GX-215JJ, AMD A4-4355M APU,
001550    Intel Core2 Duo SL9400 T7600 T6600, AMD E2-3200, AMD A6-9220e, Mediatek MT8783, AMD E2-3800, 
001520    Intel Celeron N4000, 


001500    AMD GX-218GL SOC, AMD A6-4455M, AMD A4-5150M APU, ARM A55 RK3566 (4c 3W), Intel Core2 Duo T8100, 
001400    AMD GX-217GA SOC, ARM Cortex-A53 4c4t H700, AMD A4-3300M APU, Allwinner A133P A64 (4 A53), 
001300    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-64 TL-62, Intel Core2 Duo T7300, Intel Core2 Duo T5600, AMD RX-216TD, 
001250    AMD GX-412TC SOC, AMD A4-3320M APU, AMD Athlon 64 X2 QL-66, Intel Core2 Duo T7200, BCM2837 Pi3, 
001200    AMD Athlon 64 X2 2c TK-57,  AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-60 RM-74, AMD E1-2500, AMD E2-7015, 
001150    Intel Core2 Duo T5550, Intel Core2 Duo L7500, AMD E2-3000M APU, ARM A35 RK3266, AMD E2-7110, 
001100    Intel Core2 Duo T5300, AMD Athlon 64 X2 3800, Intel Core2 Duo E4300, Mediatek MT8127, 
001050    AMD E1-6010 APU, Intel Pentium T4300, Intel Celeron N2840, 
001050    AMD Athlon 64 FX-57, AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core TK-55, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-52
001000    Intel Core2 Duo T5500, Intel Core2 Duo L7300, Intel Core2 Duo SU9400, Intel Celeron 3215U,  
000950    AMD G-T56N, AMD Athlon 64 3100+, AMD E2-2000 APU, QorIQ T1042 quad-core,  
000950    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-50, AMD E1-2200 APU, Intel Celeron U3400,     
000925    AMD TurionX2 Dual Core Mobile RM-72, AMD Sempron 140
000920    Intel Celeron SU2300, Intel Core2 Duo T5200, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-56
000890    AMD E2-1800 APU, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58
000880    AMD G-T56E, AMD G-T48E, 
000860    AMD E-450 APU, AMD E-350 APU, AMD Athlon LE-1620     
000820    AMD A4-1250 APU, AMD Athlon LE-1600, 
000810    AMD E1-2100 APU, Intel Core Duo T2500, 
000810    Intel Atom D510, Intel Core2 Duo U7500, 
000800    AMD Geode NX 2400+, AMD Turion 64 Mobile ML-42, AMD Athlon II Neo K325, 
000760    AMD V140, AMD E1-1200 APU, AMD Athlon 64 3300+, 
000730    Intel Core Duo T2400, AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-38, AMD Sempron 3600+,  
000700    Intel Core2 Duo U7600 U7700, AMD Sempron LE-1200, AMD V120 
000680    AMD GX-212JC SOC, AMD E-300 APU, AMD A4-1200 APU, BCM2386 Pi2B, 


000670    AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-36 ML-37 ML-40, Mobile AMD Sempron 3800+
000640    Intel Atom N2600, Intel Atom N570, Mobile AMD Athlon 64 3200+
000640    Intel Core Duo T2300, Intel Core Duo T2050,     
000630    VIA Eden X2 U4200, AMD Sempron LE-1100, AMD Sempron 3100+ 3600+, 
000620    AMD C-70 C70 APU, Intel Atom 330, AMD G-T40N, AMD Athlon Neo MV-40, 
000610    Intel Core2 Duo U7300, AMD Athlon II Neo K125 K145,    
000600    Intel Atom N550, Intel Pentium 4, AMD Athlon 64 2800+,   
000580    AMD C-60 C60, AMD G-T40E, AMD Sempron LE-1250
000530    AMD C-50 C50, Intel Celeron M 723, AMD Sempron 210U, 
000490    AMD GX-210JA SOC, PowerPC 970 G5 IBM's 970 server CPU (2c), QorIQ T1022
000470    Mobile AMD Sempron 3500+, Mobile AMD Athlon XP-M 2200+, 
000460    AMD Athlon XP 2500+, AMD Sempron 3500+, Mobile Intel Pentium 4, 
000440    Intel Atom D425, Intel Atom N470, POWER 4 PPC, 
000410    Intel Pentium M, Intel Celeron M, AMD Sempron 2300+
000400    Intel Atom N450, AMD Sempron 2400+, 
000340    Intel Atom D410, AMD G-T52R, AMD C-30, AMD Sempron 2200+ 
000330    Intel Atom N455, Intel Atom N280, Intel Atom N270 (1c1t 2W), Intel P3, 
000320    Freescale NXP QorIQ P1022 
000310    PowerPC G4 7447 1Ghz (1c1t 15W), PPC440 core, 
000230    PowerPC PPC G3/PPC 750, 
000160    Pentium II, Motorola 68060 
000080    Intel 80486, Motorola 68030, 
000040    Intel 80386, 
000030    Motorola 68020
000008    Motorola 68000 
&lt;/pre&gt;


=== Recommended hardware (32-bit) ===

[[#top|...to the top]]

Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release.

If in future decision will be made to drop any of the recommended hardware from the list (for example due to it no longer being available for purchase), such hardware will move to list of legacy supported systems and will have an indicated end of life date so that users have time to switch to other hardware.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}

==== Virtual Hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| VirtualBox 7.x (Other/Unknown template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|PCNET32&lt;br/&gt;E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| VMware 16+ (Other32 template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| QEMU 8.x (&quot;pc&quot; and &quot;q35&quot; machines) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

==== Laptops ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ACER Aspire One ZG5 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || {{Yes|ATHEROS}}  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Dell Latitude D520 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|BCM4400}} || {{No|}}  || {{Yes|Atheros AR5BXB63}} || * select Intel Core 2 64-bit version, not Celeron 32-bit version &lt;br/&gt; * replace WiFi card to get wireless working
|-
|}

==== Desktop Systems ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Fujitsu Futro S720 || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * no 2D/3D acceleration&lt;br/&gt; * use USB ports at back
|-
|}

==== Motherboards ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ASUS P8Z68V LX || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770T UD3/UD3P || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
| ASUS M2N68-AM SE2 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|NVIDIA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|NVNET}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * connecting a disk via SATA connector is not supported at this time &lt;br/&gt; * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
|}

==== Legacy supported hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |EOL
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| iMica || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || 2026-12-31 || 
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770 UD3 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || 2026-12-31 || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
|}

=== Recommended hardware (64-bit) ===

[[#top|...to the top]]

Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release.

==== Virtual Hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| VirtualBox 7.x (Other/Unknown (64-bit) template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|PCNET32&lt;br/&gt;E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support
|-
| VMware 16+ (Other64 template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support
|-
| QEMU 8.x (&quot;pc&quot; and &quot;q35&quot; machines) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support
|-
|}

==== Motherboards ====

AROS 64-bit will work on most of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1155 LGA 1155] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1150 LGA 1150] boards. It will also work with newer hardware - see complete HCL list above.

Boards below are '''certified'''. If you can't get the exact board, try a variant of that board with the same chipset.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ASUS P8Z68V LX&lt;br&gt;ASUS P8Z68-M PRO || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce GTX 7xx/9xx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance 
|-
| ASUS H81M-K || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} 
|NOT APPLICABLE|| {{Yes|GeForce GTX 7xx/9xx}} 
|* add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-H81M-S2V || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} 
|NOT APPLICABLE|| {{Yes|GeForce GTX 7xx/9xx}} 
|* add external PCIe video card for better performance
|}

==References==

[[#top|...to the top]]

{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>rb6kuh30nrqsr7ss5rgx8yz1zppb7bx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aros/User/Applications</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>237399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673125</id>
      <parentid>4672905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:21:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="242730" sha1="dswr76vua07iund6qy9mzzbtadvajuu" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==


[[#Graphical Image Editing Art]]
[[#Office Application]]
[[#Audio]]

[[#Misc Application]]
[[#Games &amp; Emulation]]

[[#Application Guides]]

[[#top|...to the top]]


[[#top|...to the top]]

Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well 

If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here]

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Internet Applications 
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Web Online Browser [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Amelinium], Odyssey 2.0, [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&amp;highlight=odyssey&amp;rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://juen.in/ Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager], [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&amp;topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Netsurf], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;YouTube, Dailymotion website downloading videos audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [https://clipgrab.org/ clipgrab],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Old style E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Emailinium, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Emailinium, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SimpleMail, YAM, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt; SimpleMail, YAM
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IRC, ICB, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/charabaruk/WookieChat Wookiechat], AmIRC 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Wookiechat 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/ajabberwocky/ jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Torrents 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/p2p ArTorr], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CTorrent, Transmission 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;FTP 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], MarranoFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/wput-0.3.4c.i386-aros wput i386 c src]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/sana2-tftpclient sana2 tftpclient c src]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;WYSIWYG Web Site Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc], Mplayer (Icecast Client only), 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [https://github.com/boingball/MintAMP MintAMP], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiPhone with Speak Freely, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Weather Forecast 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench AWeather], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Clock and Date setting from the internet by network time protocol (NTP) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ old standard NIST Internet Time Servers], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc ntpsync], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/amitimekeeper.i386-aros.lha amitimekeeper with c src], [PiNTP], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ntpsync, [http://aminet.net/package/util/cdity/AmiTimeKeeper amitimekeeper], [http://aminet.net/comm/misc/netclock netclock], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/net/sntp sntp], [http://aminet.net/package/util/time/ScreenTime ScreenTime], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Newsgroups
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;RSS 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/Team-Boingo/AmiRSS AmiRSS src]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;AI
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/murinsel/AmigaAI Claude], [https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp AI on host machine], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BBS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Graphical Image Editing Art==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Image Editing
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Image viewing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum,
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm)  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit Photocrop]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Thumbnail Generator [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Icon Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Pixel Art Animation 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lunapaint
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D SVG based MovieSetter type 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MovieSetter*, Fantavision*
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Morphing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ GLMorph]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Cad (qcad-&gt;LibreCAD, etc.) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Xcad, MaxonCAD
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, [https://aminet.net/package/gfx/3d/Cycas178_EN Cycas]*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;POV-Ray
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D, [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0 Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Format Converter [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ 3doc.i386-aros], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen grabbing display 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record screen recorder], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Manage metadata of images [https://github.com/exiv2/exiv2 exiv2], [ EXIF/IPTC/XMP metadata manipulation], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Office Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Office
!width:10%;|AROS (x86)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Suite 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Softwood Final Office], [ Wordworth Office], [ Digita Office],  [ The Works!], [ Europress Mini Office], [], [ Papyrus Office Demo], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Word-processing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1995&amp;rowstart=20&amp;pid=12668#post_12668 Slovo], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&amp;forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Spreadsheets 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/spreadsheet ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Presentations
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [https://github.com/evaneykelen/mediapoint-amiga MediaPoint C and asm], PointRider, Scala*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS4--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Databases 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/database BeeBase], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/beebase/ BeeBase], Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;BeeBase, SQLite, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-foliopdf aros-foliopdf version of mupdf], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;APDF 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AmiPDF 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;APDF, vPDF, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App Filofax like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AOrganiser, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Accounting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Project Management Research 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SuperGantt, SuperPlan, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Desktop 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Wanderer, Scalos, Workbook, DOpus5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://github.com/zapek/Ambient Ambient Src]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Search 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ],  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], 
|Kuma K-Roget*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DTP Desktop Publishing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Printing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Postscript 3 laser printers, [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT MintPRINT AirPrint IPP], [ Ghostscript], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT MintPRINT IPP], [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirprint AmiAirprint], [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]*, [ GutenPrint], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;(some native drivers), 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;early TurboPrint included, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Scanning 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SCANdal], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FxScan*, ScanQuix*, [https://github.com/boingball/MintSCAN MintSCAN], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SCANdal (Sane)
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SCANdal
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OCR
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert gOCR] 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text Editing
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Drawing Vector
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG], [https://github.com/serk118/designworks-aros designworks aros 64bit]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit amifig], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;video conferencing (jitsi) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;source code hosting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Gitlab, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (server)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] 
|MorphVNC, vncserver
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc rdesktop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;notifications 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Ranchero 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Ringhio 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MagicBeacon 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Audio==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Audio
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib] [https://gitlab.com/kode54/psflib with pfslib], [], [], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [ RNOTunes], [ mp3Player], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, [https://codeberg.org/tygre/amimodradio amimodradio]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer
|AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Audio 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Audio Evolution 4] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], [ Samplitude], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] 
|[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Tracker Music
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already],  [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, [https://github.com/elindstrom/soundtracker soundtracker], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker
|MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and musical notes on manuscript [https://github.com/ratchov/midish midish] midi sequencer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David &quot;Talin&quot; Joiner &amp; Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction Set DMCS2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src] [https://github.com/kas1e/midi-sequencer-amigaos/tree/master/HornyGCC HornyGCC OS4 src] [https://github.com/capehill/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny OS4 fork src] [https://www.amigans.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=8143&amp;order=ASC&amp;status=&amp;mode=0 OS4 thread], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], [https://github.com/royaltm/Amiga-midiIn Amiga-midiIn], [ Aegis Sonix 2.0]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [https://github.com/gooofy/freeaction Horny OS4 src fork], Audio Evolution 4, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Bars'n'Pipes, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sound Sampling 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Advanced AHI Recorder all], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude]*, Audiomaster IV*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Processing like easyeffects so having limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD burn
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility IsoTools], [https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FryingPan, [ MakeCD], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FryingPan, AmiDVD, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD audio rip
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;cfid=0&amp;did=167 Quick CDrip],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Lame,  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Lame, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Lame,  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit mp3info], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Convert
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc Sox], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DJ mixing jamming 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/djh0ffman/PT1210 Hoffman PT1210 DJ tracker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled 
*2005 ZP100 with ZP80 
*2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp)  ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, 
*2009 ZonePlayer S5, 
*2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support),   
*2011 Play:3
*2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1,  
*2016 Arc,   Play:1,   
*Beam (Gen 2),   Playbar,  Ray,   Era 100,   Era 300,   Roam,   Move 2,   
*Sub (Gen 3),   Sub Mini,  Five,  Amp  S2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;SonosController 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SonosController
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Smart Speakers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Video Creativity and Production==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Video
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing Video 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DvPlayer, MPlayer 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing DVD 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AMP2, Frogger 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2,  
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Recording
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Screenrecorder, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Create Edit Individual Video - Amiga like OSs have no pro NLE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*] with [https://discreetfx.com/openvideotoaster.html some c src], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FFMpeg/GUI 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Subtitle editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Blogging like Lemmy or kbin
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR face recognition for Vtubers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting Live2D models with Cubism type editor or [https://github.com/AyagamiDev/ayagami ayagami] like with zipped moc3 with model metadata (model3, cdi3) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Model data (cmo3)
Basic motions (can3)
Background image (png)
Set of files for embedding (runtime folder)
• Model data (moc3)
• Motion data (motion3.json)
• Model settings file (model3.json)
• Physics settings file (physics3.json)
• Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json)
&lt;/pre&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for online live 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]


==Misc Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Management 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ FileMaster], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;DOpus2, DOpus 4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, DirWork 2*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], Filer, AmiDisk 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Verification / Repair 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility md5sum], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool asum], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2),  [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Par2, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Package Application Installer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak?tab=repositories Pkg manager], [https://aros-pkg.azurewebsites.net/search?arch=x86_64 Pkg], [ InstallerNG], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;InstallerNG, Grunch, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Jack
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Jack 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Binary Hexadecimal Editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Zaphod], [],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Partition Editor formatter Disk Management
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&amp;highlight=partition&amp;pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [ HDToolBox]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/stefanskotte/hdpart hdpart], [https://github.com/ChuckyGang/AmiPart AmiPart], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Repair and backups 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;ArSFSDoctor, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/disk/bakup/quarterback_src Quarterback Tools C and asm src], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Disk check, integrity and history [https://github.com/smartmontools/smartmontools smart tools], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Multiple File renaming
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus 4 or 5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Anti Virus
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;VChecker, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}


==Misc Application 2==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ IDE Integrated Development 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/aidea/ AIDEa], [ Murks], [],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, [ StormC], [https://github.com/jens-maus/amide amide], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ Text Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate] with [https://www.onyxsoft.se/files/annotate_src.lha src], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Protext], [ CED], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://www.onyxsoft.se/annotate.html Annotate], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Repository
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Git]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Git
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BASIC Computer Language 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3] with [https://github.com/AmiBlitz/AmiBlitz3 Asm src], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro] with [https://github.com/AmiDARK/AmosProfessionalUnity-Official-Releases Asm src], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], [https://github.com/gooofy/aqb aqb], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;sdlBasic
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/], [https://github.com/kermitfrog/Amiga-Re-Engineering Rust, Ghidra and FS-UAE], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Gui Creators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ MuiBuilder],  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Catalog .cd .ct Custom App Language Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;FlexCat, [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility Flexcat GUI], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Cross Development 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp amiga_mcp], [https://github.com/mbergmann-sh/AmigaED4-IDE AmigaED4-IDE], [https://lemonspawn.com/turbo-rascal-syntax-error-expected-but-begin/ Turbo Rascal], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Misc Application 3==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Terminals Shells CLIs 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://tomaszstaniak.com/aros-term/ aros-term], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OSK On Screen Keyboard
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Reader 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Converter 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Echo &quot; &quot; &gt;SPEAK:A1 inbuilt], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc flite], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.text2speech.com translator], [https://github.com/sidick/narrator.wyoming narrator.wyoming], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&amp;tool=simple FLite]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Display Blanker screensaver 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MultiCX, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;ModernArt Blanker, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc AFortune], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}


==Misc Application 4==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fractals mandelbrot, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ZoneXplorer, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Landscape Rendering 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Languages 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Fun School, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/scientific mathX] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Yacas 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Yacas 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Maths Graph Function Plotting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot],
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PCB design
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Digital Signage
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Hollywood, Hollywood Designer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;HAM radio, amateur radio, packet radio,  [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/punktniklas/NiKom NiKom], [https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;modern smart home network like Home Assistant Automation Yellow, Green, Mosquitto, EMQX,  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha HA], [https://github.com/sidick/midge mtqq.lib], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiHomeassist-0.7 AmiHomeassist], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Teaching classroom learning training [https://github.com/moodle/moodle moodle], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Games &amp; Emulation==

Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and 
[http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1]

Rom patching  https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php 

Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list.

[https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search]


{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Emulation]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Amstrad CPC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL &amp; pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Arcade 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Mame, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 7800
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Atari800], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Lynx
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Jaguar
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C64
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frodo, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Vice, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore Amiga
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer UAE], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo NES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem amines]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo SNES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo N64 
*HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], 
*LLE [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Wii U]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation NEC PC Engine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], 
|[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Saturn 
*HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast 
*HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast  flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum 
|[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair QL
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sony PlayStation
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS2]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS3]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Oricutron]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action BOH], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [https://github.com/QSPFoundation/qspgui Quest Soft Player QSP], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Cards 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/card], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=180&amp;pid=12934#post_12934 Balatro], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Doom, Quake, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games MMORG like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Platform like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Giana Sisters], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&amp;lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/driving/dethrace-0.10.1.x86_64-aros-v11.zip Carmageddon dethrace 64bit], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/index.php?downloads=yes maniadrive like trackmania], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 3rd third person action CRPG  [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [https://github.com/rwengine/openrw gta3], [https://github.com/gta-reversed/gta-reversed gta3 sa], [https://github.com/mrxenginner/reVC gta3 vc revc], [https://github.com/jakobharder/burntime/tree/main Burntime], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [https://github.com/ZeroK-RTS/Zero-K Zero-K multi player rts lua], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/game/strat/OpenDUNE_RTG OpenDUNE_RTG src]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], 
||&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [https://github.com/bohemiainteractive/cwr Arma Cold War Src], [https://github.com/endless-sky/endless-sky endless-sky], [https://github.com/pioneerspacesim/pioneer pioneer space command], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, [https://github.com/angree/openttd_amiga_68k openttd amiga_68k], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=180&amp;pid=12871#post_12871 Plants vs Zombies PvZ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/boingball/miggy-tower-defense miggy-tower-defense], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/diane1f0cd/VisualNovelTemplate Visual Novel Template], [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [https://github.com/tejasnayak25/vnsutra vnsutra], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES-Raylib https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES VNES in Raylib], [https://www.renpy.org/latest.html renpy ren'py python based], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D],  [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [https://github.com/bjornbytes/lovr Lua LOVE for 2D LOVR for 3D], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/alpyre/Sevgi_Engine Sevgi Engine], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library GLFW], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library Raylib 5], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games unpack unarc [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}


==Application Guides==

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Web Browser===

OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0.

This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. [https://www.bilibili.tv/en/search untested] 

This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). 

Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. 

Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc 


Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], 


DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], 

This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -&gt; Content Blocking and Windows -&gt; Messages and enter 

 https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads*
 https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview*
 https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads*

into your custom filters 


Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ],  


OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: 

So add this :
&lt;pre&gt;
copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL:
copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;
Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated 

Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …)
If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it.

 copy Extras:Internet/Amelinium/#? Ram:Amelinium/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL: 

Error messages 

SSL error &quot;cant verify with ca-certificates&quot;, check bios clock time date is correct 

Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros 


[https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&amp;udm=14 Google search without AI overview] 
[ DuckDuckGo]
[ Ecosia]
[ Qwant]
[ Swisscows]
[ Mojeek]
[ Brave Search]
[ PreSearch]
[ Startpage] 


===E-mail===

 Emailinium is now available for IMAP and POP3 based accounts 

YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections


====SimpleMail====

SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes.

Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list]


 GMail

Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first.

pop3: 
pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

smtp:
smtp.gmail.com (with authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 465 or 587


 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange

Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013.

If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way:

1. Email/Password
2. Manual
3. IMAP
4.

* Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked
* Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked
* POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL

 Yahoo  Mail

On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts.

Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well.


Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server

* Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 993
* Requires SSL - Yes

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server

* Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 465 or 587
* Requires SSL - Yes
* Requires authentication - Yes

Your login info

* Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com)
* Password - Your account's password
* Requires authentication - Yes


Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3

* Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
* “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
* “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
* “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

* Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.


====YAM Yet Another Mailer====

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections

This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists]

One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server.

Possible issues

Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue.


getting a &quot;Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error

Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library

 GMail 
Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL)
Port: 465 or 587

Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com')
Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com)
Password: your Gmail password

Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead.


 Outlook.com access

&lt;pre &gt;
Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com
Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias)
Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password
Outlook.com SMTP port: 587
Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes 
&lt;/pre &gt;


 Yahoo  Mail

&lt;pre &gt;
“POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
“SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.
“Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
“Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
“Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.
&lt;/pre &gt;

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3


 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 

1. Get the files to your PC.
By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received.

2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM.

3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too.

4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments.

5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format.


===FTP===

Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a &quot;thing of the past&quot;, its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort.

First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure &quot;FTP file transfer&quot; is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command:

ifconfig -a

Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan:

Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on &quot;New&quot;. 
You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine:

1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before.

2) click on Custom Options:


1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu;

2) Ensure &quot;Passive Transfers&quot; is NOT selected;

3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source:


1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and

2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's &quot;MyWorkspace&quot; contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes.

Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well.


===IRC Internet Relay Chat===

Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. 

Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying.

Other things to type in - replace &lt;message&gt; with a line of text and &lt;nick&gt; with a person's name

&lt;pre&gt;
/help

/list

/who
/whois &lt;nick&gt;

/msg &lt;nick&gt; &lt;message&gt;

/query &lt;nick&gt; 
&lt;message&gt;s
/query

/away &lt;message&gt;
/away

/quit &lt;going away message&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


[http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript].


Issue the command /me &lt;text&gt; where &lt;text&gt; is the text that should follow your nickname.
Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout

/nick &lt;newNick&gt;

/nickserv register &lt;password&gt; &lt;email address&gt;

/ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv

/nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;

Alternatives:
/ns identify &lt;password&gt;
/msg nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;


==== IRC WookieChat ====

WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities.


add smilies drawer/directory

 run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000

select a server / server window

* nickname 
* user name 
* real name - optional

Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in.


servers

* New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box 
* New Group
* Delete Entry
* Connect to server
* connect in new tab
* perform on connect

Change details

* Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: 
* Port number - no need to change
* Server password
* Channel - add #channel from below 
* auto join - can click this 
* nick registration password,

Click Connect to server button above


&lt;pre&gt;
Server: irc.freenode.net
Channel: #aros
&lt;/pre&gt;

irc://irc.freenode.net/aros

&lt;pre&gt;
Server: chat.amigaworld.net 
Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC)
Server:irc.superhosts.net
Channel #team*amiga  
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks
Server: im.bitlbee.org 
Port 6667 
Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers],

&lt;pre&gt;
#Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) 
twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net 
liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL)
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Multiple server support
&quot;Perform on connect&quot; scripts and channel auto-joins
Automatic Nickserv login
Tabs for channels and private conversations
CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND
Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers
Colours for different events
Logging and automatic reloading of logs
mIRC colour code filters
Configurable timestamps
GUI for changing channel modes easily
Configurable highlight keywords
URL Grabber window
Optional outgoing swear word filter
Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages
DCC CHAT support
Doubleclickable URL's
Support for multiple languages using LOCALE
Clone detection
Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection
Command aliases
Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style
Counter for Unread messages
Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IRC Aircos ====

Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. 


====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky====
 Servers are setup and close down at random 
You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. 

The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky
&lt;pre &gt;
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; XMPP -&gt; open and ad-free 
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; Transports (Gateways) -&gt; Proprietary closed systems 
&lt;/pre &gt;

The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead.

The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc.


You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list],

Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other.

Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password.

Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users.

Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's &quot;Windows&quot; menu and select the &quot;Agents&quot; option. The &quot;Agents List&quot; window will open.

Roster (contacts list)

[http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available

File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL.

Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN.

There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options.


 Facebook

If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway.

&lt;pre &gt;
1. launch jabberwocky
2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu
3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID
4. your password is your normal facebook password
5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field

6. click the 'add' button
7. click the 'close' button
8. click the 'connect' button
&lt;/pre &gt;

you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky.

[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&amp;forum=32 Read more here]

for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password


 Twitter

For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net],  and .

An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to]

:Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more]

 Instagram 

no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client

 ICQ

The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check.

Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/
Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window-&gt;Agents-&gt;&quot;Register&quot;. Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account.

 Yahoo Messenger

although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies

 MSN

early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time....

Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in.  You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again.  It may also take multiple tries to sign in.  (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.)

You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting.

msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window.

From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which  helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure.

1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address.

2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following:

* Select the &quot;Windows/Agents&quot; menu option in Jabberwocky.
* Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server.
* Click the Register button to open a new window asking for:
**Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address.
**Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list.
**Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address.
* Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window.

3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN.

4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works.

If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz..
then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz

or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com  You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com 
And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time...

 Google Talk

any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users.

implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format


===Video Player MPlayer===

Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using

4:3
 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi

16:9
 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi

if you want gui use;
 mplayer -gui 1 &lt;other params&gt; file.avi

&lt;pre &gt;
stack 1000000

; using AspireOS 1.xx 
; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 1.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 2.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

cd RAM:MPlayer
run MPlayer -gui &gt; Nil:
;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls &gt; Nil: 
&lt;/pre &gt;

$ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4


MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though.

AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP.

If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP

-rtsp-stream-over-tcp

If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol  server needs authentification:

-user -passwd


MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache

MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface


Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music 
 
http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls 

http://scenesat.com/

http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga

http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm

http://www.kohina.com/

http://www.remix64.com/

http://retrogamer.net/forum/

http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml

http://retrogamesquad.com/

http://www.retronauts.com/

http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/

http://www.retrogamingradio.com/

http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp


[[#top|...to the top]]

====ZunePaint==== 

simplified typical workflow

* importing and organizing and photo management
* making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time 
* exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata


Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes.


For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction.

For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common.  Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject.

Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking.

For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term.


* White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under &quot;Misc color effects&quot; tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green 
* Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery
* Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software
* Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations
* Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement
* Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) 
* Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) 
* Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - 
* Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) 
* Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size


White Balance - F12 and K

scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above.


Exposure correction

F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up

Workflows in practice

* Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z 
* Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R

First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. 
* Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. 
* Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. 
* After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK.


And save your picture


Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use

basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, 
* negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc.

adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, 
* reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon,  etc. 
* red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate,

effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) 
* blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc.

borders such as 
* dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc.

brushes e.g.
* frost, smoke, etc.

and manual control of

fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration -  lens and body profiles

perspective correction

levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows

curves -  Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast

color balance

one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc.

Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors

decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image

any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha 
If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later.

File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc.  contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr

Image Picture Formats
* low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace -  TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary.
* linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) 
An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert dcraw]

There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible.

A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values.

The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a &quot;downsampling&quot; - should prevent as much loss as possible.

Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured.

Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help 

File
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New	Ctrl+n	New
Open	Ctrl+o	Open
Close	Ctrl+w	Close
Save	Ctrl+s	Save
Save as	Shift+Ctrl+s	Save as
Revert	F12	Revert
Print	Ctrl+p	Print
Exit	Ctrl+q	Quit
 
Edit
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Undo/Redo (1 level)	Ctrl+z	Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z)
Cut	Ctrl+x	Cut
Copy	Ctrl+c	Copy
Paste	Ctrl+v	Paste
Paste Into	Shift+Ctrl+v	Paste Into
Fill with FG color	Alt+Backspace	Fill with FG color
Fill with BG color	Control+Backspace	Fill with BG color
 
Image/Colors
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Levels	Ctrl+l	Levels
Auto Contrast	Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l	Stretch Contrast (same?)
Curves	Ctrl+m	Curves
Color Balance	Ctrl+b	Color Balance
Hue/Saturation	Ctrl+u	Hue-Saturation
Desaturate	Shift+Ctrl+u	Desaturate
Invert	Ctrl+i	Invert
Default Colors	d	Default Colors
Switch Colors	x	Switch Colors
 
Layer
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New Layer	Shift+Ctrl+n	New Layer
Layer via Copy	Ctrl+j	Duplicate Layer
Bring (layer) to Front	Shift+Ctrl+]	Layer to Top
Send (layer) to Back	Shift+Ctrl+[	Layer to Bottom
Bring (layer) Forward	Ctrl+]	Raise Layer
Send (layer) Backward	Ctrl+[	Lower Layer
Select Top Layer	Shift+Alt+]	Select Top Layer
Select Bottom Layer	Shift+Alt+[	Select Bottom Layer
Select One Layer Forward	Alt+]	Select Previous Layer
Select One Layer Backward	Alt+[	Select Next Layer
Merge Down	Ctrl+e	Merge Down
Merge Visible	Shift+Ctrl+e	Merge Visible
Preserve Transparency	/	Keep Transparency
Cycle Modes Forwards	Shift+=	Next Layer Mode
Cycle Modes Backwards	Shift+-	Previous Layer Mode
 
Select
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Select All	Ctrl+a	Select All
Deselect	Ctrl+d	Select None
Inverse	Shift+Ctrl+i	Invert
Feather	Ctrl+Alt+d	Feather
 
View
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Zoom In	Ctrl+=	Zoom In
Zoom Out	Ctrl+-	Zoom Out
Fit on Screen	Ctrl+0	Zoom to Fit Window
Actual Pixels	Ctrl+Alt+0	Zoom 1:1
Show/Hide Extras	Ctrl+h	Toggle Show Selection (close enough?)
Show/Hide Guides	Ctrl+'	Toggle Show Guides
Show/Hide Grid	Ctrl+Alt+'	Toggle Show Grid
Show/Hide Rulers	Ctrl+r	Toggle Show Rulers
Snap	Ctrl+;	Snap to Guides
Scroll View Up	Page Up	Scroll Page Up
Scroll View Down	Page Down	Scroll Page Down
Scroll View Left	Ctrl+Page Up	Scroll Page Left
Scroll View Right	Ctrl+Page Down	Scroll Page Right
 
Window/Dialogs
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
?	F5	Tools Dialog
Color Tab	F6	Colors Dialog
Layers Tab	F7	Layers Dialog
Info Tab	F8	Image Information
 
Tools
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Rectangular Marquee Tool	m	Rect Select Tool
Elliptical Marquee Tool	Shift+m	Ellipse Select Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop	 
Move Tool	v	Move Tool
Lasso Tool	l	Free Select Tool
Magic Wand Tool	w	Fuzzy Select Tool
Crop Tool	c	Crop &amp; Resize Tool
Airbrush Tool	j	Airbrush Tool
Paintbrush Tool	b	Paintbrush Tool
Clone Stamp Tool	s	Clone Stamp Tool
Eraser Tool	e	Eraser Tool
Gradient Tool	g	Blend Tool
Paint Bucket Tool	Shift+g	Bucket Fill Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop	 
Blur Tool	r	Convolve Tool
Dodge Tool	o	DodgeBurn Tool
Type Tool	t	Text Tool
Pen Tool	p	Bezier Select Tool
Eye Dropper Tool	i	Color Picker Tool
Zoom Tool	z	Magnify Tool
Previous Brush	,	Previous Brush
Next Brush	.	Next Brush
First Brush	Shift+&lt;	First Brush
Last Brush	Shift+&gt;	Last Brush
Decrease Brush Size	[	Decrease Brush Size
Increase Brush Size	]	Increase Brush Size
Decrease Brush Hardness	{	Decrease Brush Hardness
Increase Brush Hardness	}	Increase Brush Hardness
 
Help
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Help	F1	Help
Context Help	Shift+F1	Context Help
 
Misc.
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Last Filter	Ctrl+f	Repeat Last Filter
?	Shift+Ctrl+f	Reshow Last Filter
Preferences	Ctrl+k	Preferences
Liquify	Shift+Ctrl+x	IWarp (close enough?)
Toggle Quick Mask	q	Toggle Quick Mask


Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape

Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. 
* Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by   and brushes for other areas. 
* Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. 
Remove fringe/halo

saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact.


Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. 
* RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) 
* YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video]


Histograms

White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. 
If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right.

RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter.  Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30%

RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) .  The alpha channel is used for &quot;alpha compositing&quot;, which can mostly be associated as &quot;opacity&quot;.  AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel.

The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph.  The highlights are represented by the right third.  And the midtones are, of course, in the middle.  The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). 
By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. 
By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .


RGB Curves

* Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens 
* Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens

Color Curves

* Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but 
* Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow.
&lt;pre&gt;
 Red &lt;-&gt; Cyan
 Green &lt;-&gt;Magenta
 Blue &lt;-&gt;Yellow 
&lt;/pre&gt;

YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e.  separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white.  A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram.   A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited.  By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .

The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much
Can be used to create a negative image but also 
With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow.
With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan.
e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green.

YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other.  
using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments

sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping.


====Lunapaint====

Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function

 Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail 

&lt;pre&gt;
b BRUSH
e ERASER

alt eyedropper 
v layer tool 

z ZOOM / MAGNIFY &lt; &gt; n 
spc panning 
m  marque 
q lasso 
w same color selection / region 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
, LM RM
v 
V
f  filter 
F 
.  size 

p 
,  pick color 
[] last / next color 
&lt;/pre&gt;


There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc.

Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software.

 author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added.

* add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del]
* whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble
* pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes.
* Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint.
* to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64.
* implement graphic tablet features support


**GENERAL DRAWING**

Miss it very much:
UNDO
ERASER
COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked.
BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from &quot;New project screen&quot;

Miss it somewhat:
ICON for UNDO
ICON for ERASER
ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often )
BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush

**ANIMATING**

Miss it very much:
NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project
ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush

Miss it somewhat:
ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame

In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day.


LAYERS
-Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames
-Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?).

EXPORTING IMAGES
-Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --&gt; My robot was blue now it's &quot;gold&quot; ) I think this only happens if you have layers.
-Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them)
-Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10

LOAD/SAVE (Preferences)
-Make a setting for the default &quot;Work&quot; folder.

* Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers 
* mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying)

&lt;pre&gt;
Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts 
    NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key

    [Technique]

    F1  - Paint
    F2  - Single Colour
    F3  - Replace
    F4  - Smear
    F5  - Shade
    F6  - Cycle
    F7  - Smooth
     M  - Colour Cycle

    [Brush]

     B  - Restore
     O  - Outline
     h  - Halve brush size
     H  - Double brush size
     x  - Flip brush on X axis
     X  - Double brush size on X axis only
     y  - Flip on Y 
     Y  - Double on Y
     z  - Rotate brush 90 degrees
     Z  - Stretch

    [Stencil]

     `  - Stencil On

    [Miscellaneous]

    F9  - Info Bar
    F10 - Selection Bar
    @o  - Co-Ordinates
    @a  - Anti-alias
    @r  - Colourise
    @t  - Translucent
    TAB - Colour Cycle

    [Picture]

     L  - Load
     S  - Save
     j  - Page to Spare(Flip)
     J  - Page to Spare(Copy)
     V  - View Page
     Q  - Quit

    [General Keys]

     m  - Magnify
     &lt;  - Zoom In
     &gt;  - Zoom Out
     [  - Palette Colour Up
     ]  - Palette Colour Down
     (  - Palette Colour Left
     )  - Palette Colour Right
     ,  - Eye Dropper
     .  - Pixel / Brush Toggle
     /  - Symmetry
     |  - Co-Ordinates
    INS - Perspective Control
    +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control)
     w  - Unfilled Polygon
     W  - Filled Polygon
     e  - Unfilled Ellipse
     E  - Filled Ellipse
     r  - Unfilled Rectangle
     R  - Filled Rectangle
     t  - Type/text tool
     a  - Select Font
    u/U - Undo
     d  - Brush
     D  - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon
    f/F - Fill Options
    g/G - Grid
    h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control)
     K  - Clear
     c  - Unfilled Circle
     C  - Filled Circle
     v  - Line
     b  - Scissor Select and Toggle
     B  - Brush
    {,} - Toggle between two background colours
&lt;/pre&gt;

====Lodepaint====

Pixel based painting artwork app

====Grafx2====

Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], 


====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG====

Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps


*Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping 
*Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide 
*Colour - fill stroke 
*Stroke - size 
*Brushes - 
*Layers - 
*Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows 
*Text    - 
*Transform - 


 AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) 

[[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]]

for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent

;Menu options
* Load - fig format but import(s) SVG
* Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png
* PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys 
* Deselect all points

There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted.

;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings

;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) 
* Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes,  polygon 
* Lines - polylines
* Text &quot;T&quot; button 
* Photos - bitmaps
* Compound - Glue, Break, Scale 
* POINTs - Move, Add, Remove 
* Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste 
use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s)
* Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square

;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives 
* Color
* Line Width
* Line Style
* arrowheads

;Modes 
Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc.

;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored 
* compound tools to add .fig(s) together

;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 
&lt;pre&gt;
Landscape
Center
Inches
Letter 
100.00
Single
-2
1200 2
4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01
&lt;/pre&gt;

# change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). 
# The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13.
# The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default).
# The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20.
# The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees).
# twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch.
# thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before.

* The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox.
* The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence.

; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation


[[#top|...to the top]]

===Audio===


# AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem.

# When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always).

# For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording.


====Music Mods====

Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI.

Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds.

Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock.

In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr])

If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon

*Sample
*Note - Effect 
*Track (column) - Pattern - Order

It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) 
The Note can be changed with an Effect.  A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song.

Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above).  Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head.

*Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. 
*Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of &quot;swing&quot; feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. 
*Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds.
*Moody - minor key

First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too.

This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song.

The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats.

Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section.

The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords.

Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave.

To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them.

For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth.


The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern &quot;00&quot;, then pattern &quot;02&quot;, then &quot;03&quot;, then &quot;01&quot;, etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song.

The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song.

The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D.

Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot; are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 &quot;Kick&quot;.

The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6.

The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the &quot;F&quot; effect, which is a tempo command. The &quot;04&quot; means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster).

Base pattern

When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In &quot;Wild Bunnies&quot; the base pattern is pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot;.

In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow.


Drums

Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The &quot;F&quot; command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of &quot;swing&quot; feel.

In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation.

In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The &quot;8&quot; command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix.


Bass line

There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more &quot;live&quot;.

The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key.


Chords

The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm.


Lead

Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention.

A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The &quot;461&quot; effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes.

Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 &quot;Square&quot;), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form.

Song structure

Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations.

A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus.

Other single sectional song structures are

&lt;pre&gt;
Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody 
AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s 
AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s 
Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form
ABAB Song Form
ABAC Song Form
ABCD Song Form
AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 
8-Bar Song Form
16-Bar Song Form
Hybrid / Compound Song Forms
&lt;/pre&gt;

The most common building blocks are:

#INTRODUCTION(INTRO)
#VERSE
#REFRAIN
#PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB
#CHORUS
#BRIDGE
#MIDDLE EIGHT
#SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK
#COLLISION
#CODA / OUTRO
#AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO)

The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember.

The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus.


 Playing

RCTRL:                           Play song from row 0.

LSHIFT + RCTRL:                  Play song from current row.

RALT:                            Play pattern from row 0.

LSHIFT + RALT:                   Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on '&gt;':               Play song from row 0.

Right mouse on '&gt;':              Play song from current row.

Left mouse on '|&gt;':              Play pattern from row 0.

Right mouse on '|&gt;':             Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on 'Edit/Record':     Edit mode on/off.

Right mouse on 'Edit/Record':    Record mode on/off.


 Editing 


LSHIFT + ESCAPE:                 Switch large patterns view on/off

TAB:                    Go to next track

LSHIFT + TAB:                    Go to prev. track

LCTRL + TAB:                    Go to next note in track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB:           Go to prev. note in track

SPACE:                           Toggle Edit mode On &amp; Off

(Also stop if the song is being played)

SHIFT SPACE:                     Toggle Record mode On &amp; Off

(Wait for a key note to be pressed

or a midi in message to be received)

DOWN ARROW:                      1 Line down

UP ARROW:                        1 Line up

LEFT ARROW:                      1 Row left

RIGHT ARROW:                     1 Row right

PREV. PAGE:                      16 Arrows Up

NEXT PAGE:                       16 Arrows Down

HOME / END:                      Top left / Bottom right of pattern

LCTRL + HOME / END:              First / last track

F5, F6, F7, F8, F9:              Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns

+ - (Numeric keypad):           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:    Next / Previous position

LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous instrument

LSHIFT + M:                      Toggle mute state of the current channel

LCTRL + LSHIFT + M:             Solo the current track / Unmute all

LSHIFT + F1 to F11:              Select a tab/panel

LCTRL + 1 to 4:                 Select a copy buffer


 Tracking 

1st and 2nd keys rows:           Upper octave row

3rd and 4th keys rows:           Lower octave row

RSHIFT:                          Insert a note off

/ and * (Numeric keypad)

or F1 F2:                        -1 or +1 octave

INSERT / BACKSPACE:              Insert or Delete a line in current track

or current selected block.

LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE:     Insert or Delete a line in current pattern

DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE):          Empty a column or a selected block.


 Blocks

(Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel).


LCTRL + A:          Select entire current track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern

LALT + A:          Select entire column note in a track

LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track

LCTRL + X:          Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer

LCTRL + C:          Copy the selected block into the block-buffer

LCTRL + V:          Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern

LCTRL + I:          Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection

LSHIFT + ARROWS

PREV. PAGE

NEXT PAGE: Select a block

LCTRL + R:          Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them)

LCTRL + U:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher

LCTRL + D:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower  (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + H:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher

LCTRL + L:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + W:          Save the current selection into a file


 Misc 


LALT + ENTER:     Switch between full screen / windowed mode

LALT + F4:        Exit program (Windows only)

LCTRL + S:         Save current module

LSHIFT + S:         Switch top right panel to synths list

LSHIFT + I:         Switch top right panel to instruments list


&lt;pre&gt;
C-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Volume 
B-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Jump to 
A#x  xh xx xx hhhh hhhh   Slide 
F-x    xh xx xx hhhh            Tempo 
D-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Pattern Break 
G#x  xh xx xx hhhh
&lt;/pre&gt;

h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13

d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume.

The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex.

Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly.
This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it...

The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary.

Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from.

Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. 
&lt;pre&gt;
   C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing
   ---      000
   C-3    330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30.
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
&lt;/pre&gt;
Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note.

This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up.
There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them.

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  02

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  05

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  08

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0A

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0D

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10

(You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..)  Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns.


The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa.

Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest.
Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use.

Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format.   vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) 

&lt;pre&gt;
 C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 &lt;-  Turn Arpeggio effect on
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B38 &lt;- Change datas
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B00 &lt;- Turn it off
&lt;/pre&gt;

Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21.

Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from.

Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order.
Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off.

Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well.

Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31.

Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart.

Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16.

Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop.

Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato.

Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged.

Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex).

Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work.

Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played!

Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for.

Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop &quot;movement&quot; is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000).

effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units

There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine.

It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel).

so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings.

for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top.

In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself.

For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud.

The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation.


&lt;pre&gt;
Support for the following modules formats:
669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), 
AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), 
AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), 
APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), 
FAR (Farandole Composer), 
GDM (General DigiMusic), 
IT (Impulse Tracker), 
IMF (Imago Orpheus), 
MOD (15 and 31 instruments), 
MED (OctaMED), 
MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), 
OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), 
S3M (Scream Tracker 3), 
STM (Scream Tracker), 
STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), 
ULT (UltraTracker), 
UNI (MikMod), 
XM (FastTracker 2),
Mid (midi format via timidity)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2],


====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface====

A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it).

'''Timidity'''

Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ 
 assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity
added to SYSːs/User-Startup

'''WildMidi playback'''


'''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)'''


*Sync Menu    - CAMD Receive, Send checked 
*Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup 


MCB Master Control Bus 
*Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&amp;P). 
*B&amp;P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&amp;Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes 
*CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE 


*MIDI Machine Control
*Midi Bar Display 
*Select CAMD MIDI in / out
*Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely 
 Channel   - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, 
 Subgroup  - Volume, Mute, Solo 
 Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward 
 Misc      - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up 


&lt;pre&gt;
q        - quit 

First 3 already opened when AE started 
F1       - timeline window
F2       - mixer 
F3       - control 
F4       - subgroups 
F5       - aux returns 
F6       - sample list 

i        - Load sample to use 

space    - start/stop play 
b        - reset time 0:00


s        - split mode 
r        - open recording window 
a        - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume 


[ / ]    - zoom in / out 
:        - previous track
*        - next track 

x c v f  - cut copy paste cross-fade 
g        - snap grid 


&lt;/pre&gt;


 '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]'''

 BarsnPipes debug ... in shell 

Menu (right mouse)  
*Song        - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 
*Track       - 
*Edit        -
*Tool        - 
*Timing      - SMTPE Synchronizing 
*Windows     - 
*Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option 

Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) 
*Workflow -&gt; Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, 
*Control  -&gt; Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, 

Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -&gt; Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them 

If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time 

Right mouse menu -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Environment... -&gt; ScreenMode  - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC 


'''Tracks'''

#Double-click on B&amp;P's icon. B&amp;P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&amp;P.
#Choose a track. The B&amp;P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup.
#Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record.
#Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration.
#Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel.
#Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features.


Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&amp;t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg  PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], 

Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help 


'''Tracks window'''

* blue &quot;1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group&quot; and transport tape deck VCR-type controls
* Flags 
* [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] 

Each Track has a 

*Left LHS  - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline 
*Middle    - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap 
*Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT 

Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times 


'''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)'''

After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc
 right mouse -&gt; Toolbox menu option -&gt; Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool 

Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms
[https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars &amp; Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group 


'''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' 

Accessories -&gt; Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support 


'''Song Construction'''
&lt;pre&gt;
F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Duplicator 
F5  Eraser 
F6  Toolpad 
F7  Bounding box 
F8  Lock to A-B-A 

A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, 

&lt;/pre&gt;


Bars&amp;Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations 

'''Tempo Map'''

F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Eraser 
F5  Curve 
F6  Toolpad 


Compositions

Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature 

'''Master Parameters'''

Key, Scale/Mode

'''Track Parameters'''

Dynamics 


'''Time-line Scoring'''


'''Media Madness'''


'''Mix Maestro'''


*ACCESSORIES         Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules 
*CLIPBOARD           Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks.
*INFORMATION         A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine.
*MASTER PARAMETERS   Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes.
*MEDIA MADNESS       A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc 
*METRONOME           Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required.
*MIX MAESTRO         Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software 
*RECORD ACTIVATION   Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc
*SET FLAGS           Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time 
*SONG CONSTRUCTION   Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections
*TEMPO MAP           Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves 
*TEMPO PALETTE       Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings.
*TIMELINE SCORING    Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance.
*TOOLBOX             Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available 
*TRACKS              Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools.
*TRANSPORT           Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes.


Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed.
Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory.

In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID &quot;NAME&quot; (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as &quot;NAME&quot;. On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as &quot;EMAN&quot;.  The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA).

If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard 

http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml


MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically &quot;note on&quot;, &quot;note off&quot;, &quot;program change&quot;, &quot;controller change&quot;, or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music.

* Channel     - 1 to 16 -
* Messages    - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs,  etc 
* Sequencing  - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, 
* Recording   - 
* GUI         - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes 

MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off 

MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc 

MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE 

Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. 

Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. 

Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations.

Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -&gt; PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors)

Preferences -&gt; Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF 

Prefs -&gt; Environment -&gt; screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) 

Customization -&gt; pics in gui drawer (folder) - 


Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi 

SMF is a “Standard Midi File”  ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], 

* SMF0        All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel.
* SMF1        The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels.
* SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels.


Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers?
On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality

BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. 

&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI can control 16 channels 
There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments 
handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present 
It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&amp;P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and 
MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system 
Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format 
Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Composers
&lt;pre&gt;
[https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] 

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc
1992 Bars&amp;Pipes Pro published 
November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&amp;Pipes Pro 2.5c beta
end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state 
end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 
2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Protrekkr

How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ?

First of all, midi in &amp; out capabilities of this program are rather limited.

# Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time).
# Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected).
# Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk.
# Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported.

Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row:

&lt;pre&gt;
    C-3 02 .. .. 0000....


    --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... &lt;&lt; This will set the value 
    --- .. .. .. 0000....    of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex)
    --- .. .. .. 0000....
&lt;/pre&gt;

So &quot;--- .. .. 90 2040....&quot; will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64).

You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages.

 N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal!

Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard.

Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible.

Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels.

Further devices can respond to, and transmit, &quot;breath controller&quot; data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it.

A controller keyboard may be capable of sending &quot;expression pedal&quot; data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message.

Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The &quot;voice&quot; or &quot;instrument&quot; is selected using a &quot;Program Change&quot; message on its own.

Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in &quot;banks&quot;, and the choice of instrument is made by responding to &quot;Bank Select MSB&quot; (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use &quot;Bank Select LSB&quot; (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List.


 MIDI Implementation Chart

But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart.

If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are &quot;compatible&quot;. In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart.

The chart is divided into four columns headed &quot;Function&quot;, &quot;Transmitted&quot; (or &quot;Tx&quot;), &quot;Received&quot; (or &quot;Rx&quot;), or more correctly &quot;Recognised&quot;, and finally, &quot;Remarks&quot;.

&lt;pre&gt;
The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described.
The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device.
The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to.
The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns.
&lt;/pre&gt;

There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra &quot;Notes&quot;. Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI &quot;modes&quot; and what the &quot;X&quot; and the &quot;O&quot; mean.
&lt;pre&gt;
Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; 
Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; 
Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; 
Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono.
&lt;/pre&gt;
O means &quot;yes&quot; (implemented), X means &quot;no&quot; (not implemented).

Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks &quot;**************&quot;, these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise).

Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail.

Basic Channel
But the very first set of boxes will tell us the &quot;Basic Channel(s)&quot; that the device sends or receives on. 
&quot;Default&quot; is what happens when the device is first turned on, &quot;changed&quot; is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. 
For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels.

On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be &quot;split&quot; with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel.
So we might see the default as &quot;1&quot; but the changed as &quot;1-16&quot;.

Modes.
We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes.

But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device.

If we send an &quot;Omni On&quot; message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, &quot;Omni Off&quot;.

So &quot;Omni Off&quot; (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel.

&quot;Poly&quot; (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords.

&quot;Mono&quot; (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a &quot;smoother&quot; transition.

So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4).

We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. 
Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono).

This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none.

Finally, in the &quot;Altered&quot; field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode.

Note Number
&lt;pre&gt;
The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127.
The second line, &quot;True Voice&quot; has the following in the MIDI specification: 
&quot;Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument.&quot;
My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Velocity
This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually &quot;O&quot; plus a range or &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.

After touch
This may have one or two lines two it.
If a one liner the either &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot;, yes or no.
If a two liner then it may include &quot;Keys&quot; or &quot;Poly&quot; and &quot;Channel&quot;.
This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither.

Pitch Bend
Again &quot;O&quot; for implemented, &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.
(Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.)
It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel.

Control Change
This is likely to be the largest section of the chart.
It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; respectively.
You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation.

Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers]

Program Change
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available.
True # (number): &quot;The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected.&quot;

System Exclusive
Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation.

System Common - These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation).
Song Position Pointer
Song Select
Tune Request
&lt;/pre&gt;
The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages.

System Real Time
These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
Timing Clock - often just written as &quot;Clock&quot;
Start
Stop
Continue
&lt;/pre&gt;
These three are usually just referred to as &quot;Commands&quot; and listed.
Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to.
&lt;pre&gt;
Aux. Messages
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; for implemented or not.
Aux. = Auxiliary.
Active Sense = Active Sensing.
&lt;/pre&gt;
Often with an explanation of the action of the device.

Notes
The &quot;Notes&quot; section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation.

Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification.
And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA.


 OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS

SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES
Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages

The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from &quot;MIDI by the Numbers&quot; by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete.

WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information.

MIDI 1.0 Specification

Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1000nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note Off event. 
This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1001nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note On event. 
This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1010nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). 
This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Control Change. 
This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as &quot;Channel Mode Messages&quot; (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1100nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ppppppp || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1101nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1110nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits.
|}

Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above)

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Mode Messages. 
This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are:
*All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off
*Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice.
*Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. 
c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off
c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On
* All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. 
c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.)
c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off 
c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On 
c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) 
c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off)
|}

System Common Messages

System Messages (0xF0)

The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category.

The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories.

System Common

If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes.

System Common Messages
Type Status Byte   Number of Data Bytes      Usage 
&lt;pre&gt;
Time Code Quarter Frame	0xF1	1	Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*.
Song Position	0xF2	2	Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song.
Song Select	0xF3	1	Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song.
Undefined	0xF4	0	
Undefined	0xF5	0	
Tune Request	0xF6	0	Requests that the receiver retunes itself**.
&lt;/pre&gt;
*MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification
**While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command.


System Exclusive

If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates.

System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format:

0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7
The message is bookended with distinct bytes.

It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0.
The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier.
Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning.
If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value.
&lt;pre&gt;
ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities.
ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message.
ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message.
&lt;/pre&gt;
After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes.
The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7.
The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios.

An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer.
System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer.
Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages.
 Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii]  0ddddddd  --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || &lt;!--Description--&gt;System Exclusive. 
This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0nnndddd || &lt;!--Description--&gt;MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame.
nnn = Message Type
dddd = Values
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Position Pointer. 
This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0sssssss || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Select. 
The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. 
|}


System Real-Time Messages

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Stop. Stop the current sequence.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. 
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up.
|}


Advanced Messages

Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0)

Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages.

Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages.

The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp
n is the status (0xA)
c is the channel nybble
kk is the key number (0 to 127)
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all.

Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xD)
c is the channel number
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Pitch Bend (0xE0)

Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends.

Pitch Bend Wheel

The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM
n is the status (0xE)
c is the channel number
LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value
MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value
&lt;/pre&gt;
You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000).

Control Change (0xB0)

In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below.


Continuous Controllers

These controls send the following message format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv
n is the status (0xB)
c is the MIDI channel
cc is the controller number (0-127)
vv is the controller value (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments.

The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers.

On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard.


Program Change (0xC0)

Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xc)
c is the channel
pp is the patch number (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change.

Audio &amp; Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ?
Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me:

 Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key)
 and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value
 that will make sound sync both audio/midi.

The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ?
You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the &quot;wav&quot; option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals.


Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment


====DAW Audio Evolution 4====

Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ.

Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware.

Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions

The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88.

sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extension). and 16bit WAV (pcm only)


Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. 
* Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom)


stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right

hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option


Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format 

 sox recital.wav recital.aiff

 sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm
 sox input.wav        output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k

performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16.

 rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00

records half an hour of stereo audio 

 play existing-file.wav


24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work 

*No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI.
*No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps.
*Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output.
*No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables.
*No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. 


select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.)
The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo.

Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz.


Channels

Monitor

Gain

Inout

Output

Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port


* Options -&gt; Soundcard In/Out
* Options -&gt; SampleRate
* Options -&gt; Preferences

F6 for Sample File List

Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track &quot;not in time&quot; ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway).

If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it).

AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording.


These are the usual features found in DAWs...

* Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer 
* virtual VST instruments and plug-ins 
* automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor


* different track views 
* mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) 
* traditional two windows (track and mixer)


Mixing - mixdown

Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect.

Take look at page17 of the manual.

When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu.

Menus-&gt;Windows-&gt; Aux Returns Window

or press F5

You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are &quot;prefade&quot; so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them.


Tracking


Effects - fade in

To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out.

To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal.

There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal,

You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so

Sample -&gt; Amplify -&gt; Delay

Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard.

Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out.

Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage.

Signal Processing -


Overdub

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Office===

====Spreadsheet Leu====

Support for some xlsx, and ods functions 


====Spreadsheet Ignition====

; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done

File formats supported 
* ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). 
* igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas.

There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment.

* Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells.
* copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -&gt; Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. 
* Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c)  to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively 
* Edit -&gt; Insert -&gt; Row  seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be...

Change Sheet name by  Object -&gt; Sheet -&gt; Properties

Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells.

Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. 
Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. 
View -&gt; Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet).

Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered.

* #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used.

;Graphs

use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents

* value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ...


;Dates 
* Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)'''
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put date in days


;Time 
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put time in seconds taken


;Database (to be done by someone else)

type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), 
* select a bunch of cells and Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) 
* Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?)
* Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ?

Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition().

Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax().

Table sorting -


;Scripts (Arexx)

;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions 
*SUM(), 
*AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(),
*IF(), AND, OR, NOT 
*LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), 
*LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(),
* DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), 
*TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), 
*EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), 
*NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(),
*DBSUM() becomes DSUM(),


;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files 
There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel)

*HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), 
*TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &amp;, PROPER(), REPT(), 
*[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), 
*PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, 
*MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), 
*DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(),


;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] 
&lt;pre&gt;
Ctrl Z - Undo

Ctrl D - Fill Down
Ctrl R - Fill right

Ctrl F - Find
Ctrl H - Replace

Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells
CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number 
Ctrl ; - Todays Date 

F2 - Edit cell
F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references

&lt;/pre&gt;


====Document Scanning - Scandal====

Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead.

Check in Trident Prefs -&gt; Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None)
If not found then reboot the computer and recheck.

Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device).

The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only
 or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx

* gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx.
* epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used

'''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes)

Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections.

Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected.

Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not.

In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. 
Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet.

In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage.


The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select &quot;NONE&quot; to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now.

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Emulators===

==== Amiberry ====


==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ====

With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app 

There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included 

Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script:
&lt;pre&gt;
cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator
changetaskpri -1
run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config &gt;nil:
cd sys:prefs
endcli
&lt;/pre&gt;
This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time.


===Miscellaneous===

====Screensaver Blanker====

Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker.

Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or  run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange &gt;NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h).

Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options 
&lt;pre&gt;
seconds=number 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup

e.g. for 5 minutes

 run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;NIL:


*[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor.


*[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver.

Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker.

&lt;pre&gt;
cx_priority=
cx_popkey=    ie CX_POPKEY=&quot;Shift F1&quot; 
cx_popup=Yes or No

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
 Qualifier String    Input Event Class
   ----------------    -----------------
    &quot;lshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT
    &quot;rshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT
    &quot;capslock&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK
    &quot;control&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL
    &quot;lalt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_LALT
    &quot;ralt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_RALT
    &quot;lcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND
    &quot;rcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND
    &quot;numericpad&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD
    &quot;repeat&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT
    &quot;midbutton&quot;        IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON
    &quot;rbutton&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON
    &quot;leftbutton&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON
    &quot;relativemouse&quot;    IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
    Synonym     Synonym
    String     Identifier
    -------    ----------
    &quot;shift&quot;    IXSYM_SHIFT    /* look for either shift key */
    &quot;caps&quot;     IXSYM_CAPS     /* look for either shift key or capslock */
    &quot;alt&quot;      IXSYM_ALT      /* look for either alt key */

Highmap is one of the following strings:
    &quot;space&quot;, &quot;backspace&quot;, &quot;tab&quot;, &quot;enter&quot;, &quot;return&quot;, &quot;esc&quot;, &quot;del&quot;,
    &quot;up&quot;, &quot;down&quot;, &quot;right&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;f1&quot;, &quot;f2&quot;, &quot;f3&quot;, &quot;f4&quot;, &quot;f5&quot;,
    &quot;f6&quot;, &quot;f7&quot;, &quot;f8&quot;, &quot;f9&quot;, &quot;f10&quot;, &quot;help&quot;.


&lt;/pre&gt;


[[#top|...to the top]]

==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ====

WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. 

Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris &quot;Xenon&quot; Hanson&quot; from Questar 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign &quot;WCSProjects:&quot; &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects&quot; 
Assign &quot;WCSFrames:&quot;   &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -&gt; Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj
OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening 
Render by pull down menu Modules -&gt; Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], 

Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj
Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par
Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. 
Then drop-down menu and select Save As (&quot;NewName&quot;.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name)


After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. 
It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu 

*Database   - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), 
*Data Ops   - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats  
*Map View   - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor 
*Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc 
*Render     - rendering terrain 

These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock 
*Motion Editor
*Color Editor
*Ecosys Editor 


Simple minimal workflow 
*Load database (1st icon - 1st)
*Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon)
*Render scene (5th icon) 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], 

&lt;pre&gt;
.proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files 

.binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff  conversion 
.Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats 
USGS 7.5MinDEM, 

.par 


&lt;/pre&gt;


Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the &quot;Mapview&quot; (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities:

* Loading of a demonstration project.
* The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the &quot;Database-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Color-Editor&quot;.
* The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing.


The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the &quot;Mapview&quot; window is active.

The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that &quot;Color-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; (creation of roads, railways, etc.) 


The Map View (MapView) window

*Database - Objects and Topos
*View     - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move 
*Draw     - Maps and distance 
*Object   - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate 
*Motion   - Camera, Focus, path, elevation 
*Windows  - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, 


You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height.
Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above
 

ZOOM button

Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map.
Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view.

PAN button

Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything.
There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details.

Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further...


Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS
If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape.
With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value.


Ecosys Ecosystem Editor

Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated).
Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters.
&lt;pre&gt;
Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5
Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000
Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water .
Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water.
Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor.
Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All'

EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model 


Color Editor

Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first.
Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations!
So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50
&lt;pre&gt;
'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30
'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60
'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80
' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30
&lt;pre&gt;
Now we can work on pre-existing colors
&lt;pre&gt;
'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130
'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170
'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190
'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200
'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170
&lt;/pre&gt;

Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0

So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep.
Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously.


Motion Editor

Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics:
&lt;pre&gt;
-Camera Altitude: 7.0
-Camera Latitude: 36.075
-Camera Longitude: 112.133
-Focus Attitude: -2.0
-Focus Latitude: 36.275
-Focus Longitude: 112.386
-Camera : 512 → rendering window
-Camera Y: 384 → rendering window
-View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees
-Sun Longitude: 172
-Sun Latitude: -0.9
-Haze Start: 3.8
-Haze Range: 78, 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear.
Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude...
Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one.


From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain.
While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision.
Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel.


The sun

Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box.

Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again.


Animation

The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions (&quot;slide&quot;, &quot;drag&quot;...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. 


A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...).

At the bottom of the &quot;Motion-Editor&quot;, a &quot;cam-view&quot; function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images (&quot;path&quot;), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer (&quot;zbuffer&quot;), the blur, the background image, etc.


Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the &quot;Render&quot; button.

For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program.


Strengths:

* Multi-window.
* Quality of rendering.
* Accuracy.
* Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen.
* Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats 
* The &quot;zbuffer&quot; function.

Weaknesses:

* No OpenGL management 
* Calculation time.
* No network computing tool.


====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan====

Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs

If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero)

Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file

If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. (&quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; is on the right).

You should use the &quot;Data/Audio tracks&quot; page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd.

Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button

Examples

Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page &quot;ISO Builder&quot; and &quot;ADD&quot; everything you need to burn.

On the &quot;Write&quot; page i have &quot;Masterize Disc (DAO)&quot;, &quot;Close Disc&quot; and &quot;Eject after Write&quot; set.

One must not &quot;Blank disc before write&quot; if one uses a CDR


AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks

Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page and &quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; and add the .iso


====odf====

Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document.

* content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content.
* styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves.
* meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action.
* settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information.


To read document follow these steps:

* Extracting .ods file.
* Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data).
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file).
* With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables.
* Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data.
* At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface.


To write document follow these steps:

* Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template).
* Getting content.xml file.
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file.
* Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements.
* Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file.
* Zipping that file as new .ods file.

XLS file format

The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records.

These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. 
All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records.

* Workbook stream 
**Globals substream
***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) 
**Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format)
***Blank cell record
***RK cell record 32-bit number. 
***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code)
***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number)
***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST)
***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself)
***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on)
***MulRK record 
***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook.

ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), 
COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), 
CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), 
DB(), DDB(), DISC(), 
DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), 
DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), 
INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), 
ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), 
PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), 
RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), 
VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(),


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>dswr76vua07iund6qy9mzzbtadvajuu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Multiple myeloma/Guidelines</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>240528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673372</id>
      <parentid>2983739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2801" sha1="04h0se91p5938x6hvtkank5hq5swja4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Multiple Myeloma Official Guidelines'''&lt;/big&gt;

'''''Classification, Diagnosis, and Staging'''''
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' -  Molecular classification of multiple myeloma
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19798094}} 
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' - Consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19421229}} [http://myeloma.org/pdfs/IMWG_consensus_imaging.pdf PDF]
*Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|18971951}} 
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' - Guidelines for serum-free light chain analysis in multiple myeloma and related disorders.
**'''2009''' [http://myeloma.org/pdfs/IMWF_FLC%20guidelines_Leukemia2008.pdf Official Guidelines] {{PMID|19020545}} 
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' - Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12780789}} 


'''''Allogenic Stem Cell Transplant'''''
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' - Consensus Statement Regarding the Current Status of Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma
**'''2010''' [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2010/09/17/JCO.2010.29.7929 Official Guideline] {{PMID|20697091}} 
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' - Consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current status of stem cell collection and high-dose therapy for multiple myeloma and the role of plerixafor
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19554029}} 


'''''Treatment'''''
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' - Recommendations for the treatment of multiple myeloma-related bone disease.
**'''2013''' {{PMID|23690408}}
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' - Guidelines for the management of multiple myeloma patients ineligible for standard high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19494840}} 


'''''MGUS'''''
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' - Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management.
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20410922}} 


'''''Response Criteria'''''
*'''International Myeloma Working Group:''' - Consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19421229}} 
*Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|18971951}} 
*International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16855634}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>04h0se91p5938x6hvtkank5hq5swja4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Structural Biochemistry/Membrane Proteins/The Evolution of Membrane Proteins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>242483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673362</id>
      <parentid>4667643</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:31:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4751" sha1="s7ks0it7xibkx2p5f3bf11okhl1qfpv" xml:space="preserve">=The Evolution of Membrane Proteins=
The evolution of membrane proteins and the structure of membranes remain unclear despite the advancement of our understanding of molecular membrane mechanisms and the complex topology of the membrane.  One model of understanding the origins of the membrane and membrane proteins is that the biological membrane was a co-evolution of three things: lipid bilayers, membrane proteins, and membrane bioenergetics.(Mulkidjanian, Galperin, Koonin)

The goal of this model is to provide an insight into what features would the &quot;LUCA&quot;(last universal common ancestor) have.  The premise for this model, relies on the idea that the division between archaea and bacteria was the first among cellular organisms.  Using this then one can come to compare these two organism's components and try to deduce common features present in their ancestor.  

==Possible Molecules for the Formation of the First Membranes==
There are two proposed arguments for the nature of the &quot;LUCA&quot; membrane.  One is that fatty acids are molecules that are simple and able to from abiogenetically to be used by primordial organisms as their membranes.  The other argument is that polyprenyl phosphates are a viable molecule for the first membrane due to the fact that they have the ability to form vesicles in the presence of sodium.  This would then be a primitive mechanism for cation transport.

==F-Type and V-Type membrane ATPases==
Both F-type and V-type ATPases thought to be present(or some form of these proteins) in the LUCA for the reason that these are common in all of modern cellular life.  Both F and V-type ATPases use energy from ATP hydrolysis to transfer cations across membranes.  The however do require impermeable membranes to establish ion gradients. It is postulated that sodium gradients were used in primordial membranes for the production of ATP.  This is deduced from the observation that F- and V-type ATPases possess the ability to use both proton-motive force(PMF)  and/or sodium-motive force(SMF) for the synthesis of ATP.  However, only sodium ATPases can translocate protons and sodium but proton ATPases can only translocate protons.  This is due to the fact that the binding site for sodium requires six ligands where a proton onl requires one ionisable group.  This signifies that proton ATPases were evolved from sodium ATPases and therefore the common ancestor of F- and V-type ATPases had a sodium binding site.  Therefore it is deduced that utilization of sodium gradients was a means for the LUCA to synthesize ATP.  Along with the common sodium binding site is the structural similarity among both F- and V-ATPases in where amino acid sets are almost identical.  However these ATPases' subunits of their central stalk are not close to being homologous but the catalytic hexamer are homologous to hexameric helicases.  Hence, the possible ancestor would enable passive transfer of biomaterial across the cell.  This with a ATP-driven helicase could potentially give rise to a protein translocase(membrane pore).

==Integrating a Protein into a Membrane==
One probable theory of proteins inserting into a lipid membrane is using an amphiphilic alpha-helix which dimerizes at the surface of the membrane and the oligomerizes using other alpha-helices and subsequently making a pore.  This idea stems from the fact that there is spontaneous insertion of alpha-helices into a lipid-bilayer.  The weakness in this theory lies in the fact that alpha-helices would stabilize onto the surface of the membrane by spreading out on the surface and not producing a pore but instead something resembling an F-type ATPase.

==Primordial Membrane and Membrane bioenergetics==
Using the understanding the charge inside a cell should be negative, the porous primeval membranes would be sufficient to keep charge separation intact.  This could also lead to voltage dependent membrane proteins. The cell through its historically low levels of sodium inside the cell due to a compliance to keep sodium levels similar to the start of life and through a changing environment, where the ocean becomes really sodium concentrated, the cell develops mechanism to make energy from the sodium concentrations.  This in essence leads to an adoption of a coupled membrane ion translocation.  This mechanism would not arise until ocean salinity would rise and as a consequence would lead to sodium-tight membranes.  The development of a proton-tight membrane is more complicated and although there are theories regarding this phenomena nothing is conclusive.

==References==
Armen Y. Mulkidjanian, Michael Y. Galperin, and Eugene V. Koonin.(2009). &quot;Co-evolution of primordial membranes and membrane proteins&quot;. {{PMID|19303305}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>s7ks0it7xibkx2p5f3bf11okhl1qfpv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/CNS Metastases</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>242612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673394</id>
      <parentid>2175072</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:10:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673394</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="596" sha1="e5rp6877t61qq5qh9tcppshx145a1eg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Lymphoma Metastatic to the Central Nervous System'''&lt;/big&gt;

== Outcomes ==
* '''MDACC, 1998''' - {{PMID|9454747}} -- &quot;Risk factors, treatment, and outcome of central nervous system recurrence in adults with intermediate-grade and immunoblastic lymphoma.&quot; (Van Besien K, Blood. 1998 Feb 15;91(4):1178-84.)
** Incidence of CNS recurrence 4.5% at 1 year from primary lymphoma treatment. Risk factors for CNS recurrence: elevated LDH, multiple extranodal sites.
** 24 pts developed CNS recurrence. Median survival 88 days. 1 yr OS 25.3%. RT provided symptomatic relief in 6 of 9.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>e5rp6877t61qq5qh9tcppshx145a1eg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks talk:Welcome</title>
    <ns>5</ns>
    <id>245060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673330</id>
      <parentid>4672590</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T03:09:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52196-32|~2026-52196-32]] ([[User talk:~2026-52196-32|talk]]) to last version by MarcGarver</comment>
      <origin>4639285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="250" sha1="dfcg0w6mr6hkxsm9n0cqnhe5kir17uw" xml:space="preserve">{{metatalk}}

== Semi-protected edit request on 7 June 2026 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Wikibooks:Welcome|answered=no}}
 [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33769-62|&amp;#126;2026-33769-62]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-33769-62|talk]]) 18:29, 7 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dfcg0w6mr6hkxsm9n0cqnhe5kir17uw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673331</id>
      <parentid>4673330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T03:09:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>respond</comment>
      <origin>4673331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="428" sha1="ip4uvipldo51le6ajvryhlh8ffo7sqh" xml:space="preserve">{{metatalk}}

== Semi-protected edit request on 7 June 2026 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Wikibooks:Welcome|answered=yes}}
[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33769-62|&amp;#126;2026-33769-62]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-33769-62|talk]]) 18:29, 7 June 2026 (UTC)
:{{not done}} No change is requested. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:09, 1 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ip4uvipldo51le6ajvryhlh8ffo7sqh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lewis Carroll/Ancestry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>263431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673358</id>
      <parentid>4526780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T07:27:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52755-04</username>
        <id>3627306</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Typo in the year. It's 1746, not 1846.</comment>
      <origin>4673358</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9741" sha1="7ryxmb9rrbu103796xn2x36bi4lhgll" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Archdeacon Dodgson.jpg|thumb|right|Archdeacon Dodgson, Lewis Carroll's father]]
Many of Lewis Carroll's family in the 18th and 19th centuries were clergymen in the Church of England.

== Father's Father's Father's Father Christopher Dodgson ==
'''Christopher Dodgson''' (1686?-20 June 1750) was a clergyman and was Rector of Howden, Yorkshire.  On 9 January 1721 he married Elizabeth Coulton; she died on 17 February 1744.  Both are buried at Airmyn St David, Yorkshire.  They had two sons, Charles (see below) and Christopher (b. &amp; d. 1730).

== Father's Father's Father Charles Dodgson ==
'''Charles Dodgson''' MA (born in Howden, Yorkshire in 1721/1722, baptised on 10 January 1722) was educated at Westminster School and St. John's College Cambridge.

He became a clergyman and was appointed to the parish of Bintry, Norfolk in 1746.  He moved to the north of England, keeping a school at Stanwix, Cumberland and becoming Rector of Kirby Wiske in 1755.  He was tutor to Lord Algernon Percy, the son of the then Duke of Northumberland; in 1762, the Duke gave him the parish of Elsdon, Northumberland.  Rapidly promoted, he became a bishop in 1765.  His first diocese was Ossory and Ferns in Southern Ireland and in 1775 he was promoted to the more important see of Elphin, County Roscommon.

In 1768, he married Mary Frances Smyth (1749-1796).  Among their children were Capt. Charles Dodgson (1771 - 1803) and 2nd Lieut. Percy Currer Dodgson RN (1782 - 1807).  He died on 21 January 1795 ‎in Dublin.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1762.  (The Duke had been a fellow since 1736.)

Stuart Dodgson Collingwood quotes from letters that Charles Dodgson wrote to the Duke and his family, apparently while he was at Elsdon.

:I am obliged to you for promising to write to me, but don't give yourself the trouble of writing to this place, for 'tis almost impossible to receive 'em, without sending a messenger 16 miles to fetch 'em.

:'Tis impossible to describe the oddity of my situation at present, which, however, is not void of some pleasant circumstances.

:A clogmaker combs out my wig upon my curate's head, by way of a block, and his wife powders it with a dredging-box.

:The vestibule of the castle (used as a temporary parsonage) is a low stable; above it the kitchen, in which are two little beds joining to each other. The curate and his wife lay in one, and Margery the maid in the other. I lay in the parlour between two beds to keep me from being frozen to death, for as we keep open house the winds enter from every quarter, and are apt to sweep into bed to me.

:Elsdon was once a market town as some say, and a city according to others; but as the annals of the parish were lost several centuries ago, it is impossible to determine what age it was either the one or the other.

:There are not the least traces of the former grandeur to be found, whence some antiquaries are apt to believe that it lost both its trade and charter at the Deluge.

:... There is a very good understanding between the parties [he is speaking of the Churchmen and Presbyterians who lived in the parish], for they not only intermarry with one another, but frequently do penance together in a white sheet, with a white wand, barefoot, and in the coldest season of the year. I have not finished the description for fear of bringing on a fit of the ague. Indeed, the ideas of sensation are sufficient to starve a man to death, without having recourse to those of reflection.

:If I was not assured by the best authority on earth that the world is to be destroyed by fire, I should conclude that the day of destruction is at hand, but brought on by means of an agent very opposite to that of heat.

:I have lost the use of everything but my reason, though my head is entrenched in three night-caps, and my throat, which is very bad, is fortified by a pair of stockings twisted in the form of a cravat.

:As washing is very cheap, I wear ''two'' shirts at a time, and, for want of a wardrobe, I hang my great coat upon my own back, and generally keep on my boots in imitation of my namesake of Sweden. Indeed, since the snow became two feet deep (as I wanted a 'chaappin of Yale' from the public-house), I made an offer of them to Margery the maid, but her legs are too thick to make use of them, and I am told that the greater part of my parishioners are not less substantial, and notwithstanding this they are remarkable for agility.

Collingwood notes that when Mr. Dodgson was translated to the see of Elphin, &quot;he was warmly congratulated on this change in his fortunes by George III., who said that he ought indeed to be thankful to have got away from a palace where the stabling was so bad.&quot;

The bishop had four children: Charles (see below), Elizabeth Anne (see below), Thomas (1775-1794) and Percy Currer (see below).

== Father's father Charles Dodgson ==
'''Charles Dodgson''' (1769?-1803) was educated at Westminster School and St. John's College Cambridge.  Forsaking the family career of the Church, he joined the army in 1795; he was commissioned in 1797 and was promoted to captain in December 1798.  He married Lucy Hume (born 1775, daughter of James Hume, Chairman of the Board of Customs) on 16th February 1799.  He was killed in action at Philipstown, Kings County, Ireland (now Daingean, County Offaly) and was buried there.  Lucy died at Wandsworth in September 1818 and is buried at Chichester cathedral.  They had two sons, Charles and Hassard (see below).

== Father's father's brother Percy Dodgson ==
'''Percy Currer Dodgson''' (1782-1807) joined the Royal Navy and became a 2nd lieutenant, serving on HMS Diamond.  He died off Havre-de-Grace, officially from 'consequence of a cold'.  However, it has been claimed that he was in fact &quot;killed by a man falling on him from the ship's superstructure&quot;.

== Father Charles Dodgson ==
'''Charles Dodgson''' MA (2 November 1800 – 21 June 1868) was born in Hamilton, Lanark, Scotland.  He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, earning a Double First in Mathematics and Classics in 1821.  He received his MA in 1825.  In 1827 he became Perpetual Curate of Daresbury, Cheshire and married his first cousin, Frances Jane Lutwidge.  In 1843 the Prime Minister, Robert Peel, made him rector of Croft, Yorkshire.  In 1852, he also became Archdeacon of Richmond and in 1853 a canon of Ripon Cathedral.  He died in 1868 and was buried at Croft.  In 1897, Lewis Carroll wrote to a friend who had just lost her father &quot;The greatest blow that has ever fallen on ''my'' life was the death, nearly thirty years ago, of my own dear father&quot;.

A close friend of Edward Bouverie Pusey, Dodgson translated the works of Tertullian into English for Pusey's &quot;The Library of the Masters&quot; series; it was published in 1842.

Dodgson and his wife had eleven children, four boys and seven girls.  Lewis Carroll was the third child and first boy.

== Father's brother Hassard Dodgson ==
'''Hassard Hume Dodgson''' (30 December 1803 - 3 September 1884) was born at Mayborough, Port Laoise, Ireland, two weeks after his father's death.  He was educated at Westminster School (where he was a King's Scholar) and Christ Church, Oxford, earning a BA (1826) and an MA (1829).  He entered Lincoln's Inn in 1827 and the Inner Temple in 1844.  He was a Master of Common Pleas (1871-9).  He married his first cousin, Caroline Hume (1809-1875; her father, James Deacon Hume, was the brother of his mother Lucy) on 27 August 1833.  He is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

They had ten children, five boys and five girls.  The two oldest boys (Francis Hume, 1834-1917 and Percy, 1838-1886) both emigrated to Australia.

== Mother's mother Elizabeth née Dodgson ==
'''Elizabeth Lutwidge, née Dodgson''' (1770 - 17 April 1836) was the daughter of Bishop Charles Dodgson (above).  She married Major Charles Lutwidge (15 June 1768 - 7 September 1848).  They had eight children, two boys and three girls.  The first, Elizabeth (1798-1883), married Thomas Raikes; the second, Rev. Charles Henry Lutwidge (21 March 1800 - 15 January 1843), married Anne Louisa Raikes.  Thus Lewis Carroll was connected in two ways with the Raikes family.  For the next three (Skeffington, Frances and Lucy) see below.  The youngest were Charlotte (1807-1857), Margaret (1809-1869) and Henrietta (1811-1872).

== Mother Frances née Lutwidge==
'''Frances Dodgson née Lutwidge''' (13 July 1803 - 26 January 1851) married Charles Dodgson (above) in 1827.  She died suddenly of &quot;Inflammation of the Brain&quot; (maybe meningitis or a stroke) only two days after Lewis Carroll went up to Oxford (and the day before his 19th birthday), and he had to rush home for the funeral.

== Mother's brother Skeffington Lutwidge ==
'''(Robert Wilfred) Skeffington Lutwidge''' (17 January 1802 - 28 May 1873) went to St. John's College Cambridge (BA, 18th Wrangler 1824, MA 1827) and became a barrister in 1827.  He was a Commissioner in Lunacy, 1842-5, ceasing to be one when he became Secretary to the Lunacy Commissioners.  He resumed being a Commissioner in 1855 to replace another commissioner, James Williams Mylne, who had died.  In 1856 he was Commissioner of Inquiry into the state of lunatic asylums in Ireland.  He died after being attacked by a lunatic.

He was responsible for inspiring Lewis Carroll's long interest in photography.

== Mother's sister Lucy Lutwidge ==
'''Lucy Lutwidge''' (1805-1880) was very close to Lewis Carroll and his brothers and sisters.  She was a contributor to their childhood magazine ''The Rectory Magazine''.  After the death of Lewis Carroll's mother, she spent the rest of her life caring for his family.

{{Lewis Carroll/Navigation|Introduction|Descended from Royalty}}</text>
      <sha1>7ryxmb9rrbu103796xn2x36bi4lhgll</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>On 2D Inverse Problems</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>279393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673321</id>
      <parentid>3693073</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DVD206</username>
        <id>724793</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>second part</comment>
      <origin>4673321</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="488" sha1="oij9c14f7dgh9v2nbsnc64sw6n4gi4o" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Book cover.jpg|thumbnail|DVD cover]]
&lt;!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --&gt;
'''ON VERSE PROBLEMS'''
DVD version
== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Preface|Pretty preface]] ==
== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Body|Theory &amp; &quot;no problems...&quot;]] ==
== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Bibliography|Bubbles]] == 
=== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the author|&quot;who is talking?&quot;]] ===
The volume II: AI DVD!?{{Shelves|Mathematical collections}}
{{Alphabetical|2}}
{{status|25%}}
{{reading level|Beginner}} 
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>oij9c14f7dgh9v2nbsnc64sw6n4gi4o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aros/Platforms/Arm Raspberry Pi support</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>286123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673359</id>
      <parentid>4673081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T07:51:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="101354" sha1="rtekam36dun76rjhsbdt4upn3ddizbb" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}

[[#Native]]

[[#Hosted]]

[[#Build]]

[[#Hardware]]

[[#References]]

[[#Future]]


==Introduction==


[[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]]

Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running 


Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. 
*With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb.
*With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c 
*With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c 


* Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working 
* Pi500 wedge - untested 
* Pi 5  - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - untested 
* Pi 5  - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) - untested 
* Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - 
* Pi 4  - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 
* Pi 3  - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling 
* Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], 


* Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 


===Native===

* 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work
* 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb
* 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi]  
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] 
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5]
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM]


'''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. 

[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD or SSD as appropriate. 

64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely (once fault found, FAT 0x0FFFFFF7 bad cluster so no files written after that, no repair). Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] 

Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 

Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested 

Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card 

Speed write wise (top faster) 
&lt;pre&gt;
*NVME Pi5 untested    &gt;1000MB/sec  or faster if matched correctly 
*Sata3 ssd              500MB/sec
*SD        V90           90MB/sec  4K maybe 8K 
*SD        V60           60MB/sec  1080p 
*SD     U3 V30           30MB/sec  720p 
*SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2     10MB/sec  minimum should be used now 
*SD C06                   6MB/sec  
*SD C04                   4MB/sec 
&lt;/pre&gt;


As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -&gt; View -&gt; All files

Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. 

Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc 


Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. 
Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop 

In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works 

For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage 

If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. 


Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually 

Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++  or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice 


For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off
*if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again 
*...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect 
Until, Connected to &lt;router&gt; - 192.168.x.x 


For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is 
*lan9514  Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment 
*lan7515  Pi3b+ type into Device  usblan78xx.device as net0:  remove other device(s) 
*bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device  
 (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) 


Summary
*3b    ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works 
*3b+   wifi working but ethernet untested 
*4     untested 
*400   wifi and ethernet untested 
*5     
*500   
*500+  


[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&amp;page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d WebGL or WebXR support. 

Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. 

You may have to delete the cache (Menu -&gt; Page -&gt; Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 

1.27, 1.28, 1.29  youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded 
*if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? 
*if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? 
*choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? 
*choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? 
*This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? 


*audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens 
*stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? 
*
 identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary where ArosOne has Pictures/MP4, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC 


There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] 

*Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W 
*Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd  Pi3B+, Pi4 
*Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd  Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 

*bthid    keyboard mouse support 
*btserial serial 
*btpan    short range wireless connecting devices 


Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g.  date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59  but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] 


It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. 

USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process 
*usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w 
*[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], 


Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones
*[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games 
*[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] 
*[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] 


[https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] 

Some exceptions:

*Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used
*The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V
*For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15).

With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented.

Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi.

In the shell 

 GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K

Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' 

*PIN   -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12).
*SET   -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH).
*GET   -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1).
*MODE  -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate).
*PULL  -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN.

EXAMPLES
&lt;pre&gt;
GPIO 12 MODE OUT
GPIO 12 SET 1
GPIO 12 GET
GPIO 13 PULL UP
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] 


Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&amp;pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] 


The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. 
vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. 
VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. 

Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] 

A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. 

The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called &quot;the firmware&quot;. Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. 


Youtube 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&amp;pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], 


[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&amp;t=612s&amp;pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Pi
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 2D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 2D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 3D 
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Pi--&gt;Pi3 
| &lt;!--Single Core 2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Single Core 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Single Core 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD 


===Hosted===


AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&amp;pid=13910#post_13910 here] 


[http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] 


==== Hosted ====

=====64bit=====

[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80&amp;pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] 

[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], 


=====32bit=====

Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013]

 ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf  --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib

arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux)

*armel - many of the &quot;android&quot; machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. 
*armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP)

Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI.

Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets.

*needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target 
*as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes.

with—disable-crosstools  $AROS_CC  is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC  ?  If  so,  this  is  wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. 
Yes,  Android  port  will  build.  And  even  work. But it's not good because  the  port  will  not  be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example:

&lt;pre&gt;
enum test {foo, bar};
enum test testvar;
&lt;/pre&gt;

sizeof(testvar)  will  be  equal  to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS)  and  sizeof(short)  on  Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example.

Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts.

Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS.

compiler=kernel  is  appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or  barebone  hardware,  if  we  talk  about  native).  This includes bootstraps,  their  linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations.

No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows,  Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work.

If  you  want  to  compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append  the  following  to  USER_INCLUDES  (or  USER_CFLAGS,  this  is effectively the same):

 -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

$(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to:

 -isystem  &lt;your_os_includes&gt;  -isystem  &lt;host_OS_gcc_private_includes&gt;
 -nostdinc

This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs.

If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH).

Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one.

Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types.

Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but &quot;./configure --target=raspi-armhf&quot; is enough to start, then &quot;make arosboot-raspi&quot; will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc).  It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output.

*armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, 
*armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise,

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armel' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
 ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \
             --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
    ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \
                --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is:

 make


==Build==

===64bit===


===32bit===


# download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/
# make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports
# make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf
# cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -:

&lt;pre&gt;
&gt;cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf
&gt;/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports
&gt;make
&gt;make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it.

You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi.

The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows ..
&lt;pre&gt;
./configure --target=raspi-armhf
make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder.

NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first

arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console &quot;emulation&quot; via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library

arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS.

The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom).

the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO)


Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM

Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device.
Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error:

&lt;pre&gt;
    Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic
    configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x
    checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no
    checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no
    checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu
    checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
    checking whether build environment is sane... yes
    checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip
    checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
    checking for gawk... no
    checking for mawk... mawk
    checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
    checking whether make supports nested variables... yes
    checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc
    checking whether the C compiler works... no
    configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic':
    configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables
    See config.log' for more details
    make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77
    [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512
    [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory
    make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10
    make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2
&lt;/pre&gt;


looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic

found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi
so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick
and the missing lib was built.

now the next stop is at
fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory
and
fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory
in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed?

fixed with adding
-I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
to where is missing on mmakefiles like
USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles.


Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again.

My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a &quot;template&quot; to compare to native compilation under arm linux.


Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild).
The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC.

For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script.

Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config&quot; and do make on &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build&quot; dir.

Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh


Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there:

#MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm

Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this.

Try adding this line (and the variant &quot;linklibs-armhf&quot; instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do &quot;linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick&quot;.
Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile

To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case.

With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with
&quot;cannot find -laeabi &quot; so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok.


== Hardware ==

===64bit===


====BCM2712====

With the Pi5 

Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. 

*Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board 
*Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe
*Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 
*Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 
*Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme
*GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2
*


*2024 RPI AI HAT    - Hailo  20TOPs  no LLMs 
*2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo  40TOPs  slightly better? 


[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi]
*Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor
*Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor
*Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels


====BCM2711====

With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 

the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c 

*2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues 
*2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design 
*Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE 

*[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different 
The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles.
The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same.

Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes.
Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation)
With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register.

the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions 

the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of &quot;one read port, one write port&quot; to one &quot;two read ports, one write port&quot; block)

The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. 
*vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers.
*vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread.
*vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads.

With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible 

The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer)

A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver.

Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats.

h264/x264 as Pi3 

All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 

H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1
HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates 

Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs
If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised 

Possible maximum performance 
&lt;pre&gt;
VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s
VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s
VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s
&lt;/pre&gt;

Faster LPDDR4 memory.


====BCM2837==== 

With the Pi3 
* Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&amp;nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] 

The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. 

Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help 


ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. 


===32bit===

=== Core Kernel ===


====BCM2708(family)====
which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&amp;nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM)

*Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox 
*IRQ scheduler, etc 
*Arasan based SD Card controller 
*Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&amp;catid=45:raspberry-pi&amp;Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf],  [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], 
*[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip 
*CMOS RAM 
*VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc 
*Audio Driver 
*Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) 
*[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers]
*I2S 
*Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) 
*[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO]

BCM2836 
* For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board

*[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features],


 Implemented so far... 

# Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target.
# Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display.
# Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function.
# Implemented serial debug support
# Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc)
# Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers.
# Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer.
# Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media.
# Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The &quot;rom&quot; image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot.
# Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else.
# fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi ..


Improvements...

# Implement a USB chipset driver &quot;OR&quot; finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the &quot;virtual&quot; hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) 
# Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) 
# Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI]
# fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code
# Graphics depend on having a decent &quot;bcmdma.resource&quot; implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for &quot;blitting&quot;. 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver  - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 
# The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate.


 Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards 

On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition.

The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks

*On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf 
*The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it
*configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU
*reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings)
*loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition
*activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image

The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU.

RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named &quot;kernel.img&quot; at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem)

Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf.

You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling.

At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
?          - alias for 'help'
mtest      - simple RAM test
autoscr    - run script from memory
base       - print or set address offset
bbm        - BBM sub-system
bdinfo     - print Board Info structure
boot       - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootd      - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootm      - boot application image from memory
bootp      - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol
cmp        - memory compare
coninfo    - print console devices and information
cp         - memory copy
crc32      - checksum calculation
echo       - echo args to console
fatinfo    - print information about filesystem
fatload    - load binary file from a dos filesystem
fatls      - list files in a directory (default /)
go         - start application at address 'addr'
help       - print online help
iminfo     - print header information for application image
itest      - return true/false on integer compare
jade       -
loadb      - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
loads      - load S-Record file over serial line
loady      - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode)
loop       - infinite loop on address range
md         - memory display
mm         - memory modify (auto-incrementing)
mtest      - simple RAM test
mw         - memory write (fill)
nfs        - boot image via network using NFS protocol
nm         - memory modify (constant address)
pci        - list and access PCI Configuration Space
ping       - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv   - print environment variables
rarpboot   - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol
reset      - Perform RESET of the CPU
run        - run commands in an environment variable
saveenv    - save environment variables to persistent storage
saves      - save S-Record file over serial line
setenv     - set environment variables
sleep      - delay execution for some time
tftpboot   - boot image via network using TFTP protocol
USB        - USB sub-system
usbboot    - boot from USB device
version    - print monitor version
&lt;/pre&gt;


And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way...  u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot.

Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1,

the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for
hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS  routed  only  raw  hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt.  1:1 relationship between CPU  and hardware interrupts is present only on PC.

IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class.  PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant  to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain &quot;Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means&quot;. They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system.

Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No.  A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was &quot;abstract timer interrupt&quot;, used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea.

Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work?
 
Poseidon.library creates its &quot;Poseidon Event Task&quot; during RTF_COLDSTART -&gt; then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example.

You miss what happens next...
 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch().
 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible:
 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run.
 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list.

My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop.

There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures.

The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table.

The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :)

Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this:

        movw r0, #:lower16:label

        movt   r0, #:upper16:label

In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations.

There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to &quot;fake&quot; executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need.

Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. 


 GPU 

VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU.   Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute.

The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API.   The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf).   That's also the bad news.  Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much.  It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly.

The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated.   It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later.

Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC.  If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected.
 
have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled.

If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work.

L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled.

Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics.
 Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever.
 I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp).

    #warning &quot;TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory&quot;
        /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */
        for(x = 0; x &lt; 4096; x ++)
        {
            pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04);
        }

Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages?

Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device).

You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached)

    So ..
     
     pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | 2;

     
    should be enough?

No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80'

tell dosboot the correct defaults to use

Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead,  display  drivers  should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=&gt;instantiate itself. This   should   make  things way simpler. With this approach you only need  to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. 
Currently  VESA  and  VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it.

they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context).

AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM
marked as chip.

BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code?

Also, IIRC we have support for &quot;external memory allocators&quot;. Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox.

All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats.

trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET).
Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units.
The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ.

Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port?
It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port.  You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource.

You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs.

So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work.

Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this.

That should have done it.

If you set &quot;#define DEBUG 1&quot; in  arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output?

have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display?

Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting?
The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot

Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm.
 
To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen.
 
Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks).
 
have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress..

was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression.
Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. 
it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks.

Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. 
It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right)

The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place.  If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur.  I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian.  It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary.  They were both little-endian.
The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode).

 
What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest?

Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems?
You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it.
So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -&gt; so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer &quot;bitmap object&quot; myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback.  In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) 

So far have -:

vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well
vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object.
vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise
vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer,

vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. 

RasPi has to speak to the &quot;operating system&quot; which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls.

The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required.

The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and  composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied.

The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds).
must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. 
For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says &quot;interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer.&quot; so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data.

The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out).

openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface

To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits.


Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons.
This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP.
Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting.

As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there.

struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi.  AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol.

&lt;pre&gt;
redmask: 0x0000F800
greenmask: 0x000007E0
bluemask: 0x0000001F
alphamask: 0

redshift: 16
greenshift: 21
blueshift: 27
alphashift: 0
&lt;/pre&gt;

It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE

This stuff is a bit confusing.  The &quot;names&quot; of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory,
ignoring endianess. So for example:

ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines.

The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending
on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and
stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/).

With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine
to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag.
(RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to
be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG).

The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31).

The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered,
the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt-&gt;stdpixfmt) already in the system,
and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one.

In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the
gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use
HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt
tag list based on that.
15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5
(or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped).
 aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count.
But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses
in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc.

Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you
are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be.

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B.

read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment .
 
Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening.

The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red.


 Kickstart 

The  idea  is  to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's  life  easier.  So,  the kickstart was split into 'base' (which  does  not  contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This  way,  for  example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and  make  CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's.

Next  there  was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are   filesystems.  Hosted  ports  do  not need them to boot up, so on hosted   they  are  left  out.  At  the  other  hand,  they  are  also architecture-agnostic.  So  i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem').


 USB 

Poseidon  is  one  more  big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run  on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is  hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard).

AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code.  Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running.  Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong.

Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side.  Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode &amp; switching modes once it's up and running.

Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup.

* Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. 
* Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub.

Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components.

Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the &quot;virtual&quot; root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals.


The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”).

There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg].

The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code.

The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port).

Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider....

* Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile
* Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) )
* Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start.

the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB.

Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. 

After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. 

The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have &quot;prefixed&quot; it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. 


Trident saw this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

and this:

    Product     : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 255
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 1
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 60416
    DevVers   : 0200

and even this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;)

So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. 

[http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio]


 Audio 

The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. 

The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI.  HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface.

Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. 

[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] 

The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality

the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures

Analogue audio

Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 &amp; 1.4


 Ethernet 

10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket


 GPIO 

GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins)

Probably a resource rather than a device...

Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p


 GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration 

Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... 


 Miscellanous

hdmi issues

Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there.

You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal.

If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to &quot;set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode

Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options.

Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA.
If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost

composite video

changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box

Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't?

Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat  What's the result?

Put back config.txt What's the result?

for PAL mode   sdtv_mode=2

dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached
hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected

&lt;pre&gt;
# NOOBS Auto-generated Settings:
#hdmi_force_hotplug=1
#config_hdmi_boost=4
#overscan_left=24
#overscan_right=24
#overscan_top=16
#overscan_bottom=16
#disable_overscan=0
start_x=1
gpu_mem=128
&lt;/pre&gt;

tvservice -c &quot;PAL 4:3&quot;

&lt;pre&gt;
/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s   or tvservice -s 
state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA
Group CEA has 1 modes:
(native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT
Group DMT has 0 modes:
&lt;/pre&gt;

sudo amixer cset numid=3 1

forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in

config.txt

the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says

There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others.

What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground.


The wiring for the 4 pole are:

TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH)

RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW

Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way.

Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug.

Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one.


External devices

* Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&amp;nbsp;nm, peak at 880&amp;nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths 
* Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - 
* Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle

N.B.  dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles.  It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board.  the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. 
The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible.  currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219.  The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd  be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. 
Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board.


== References ==


===Good sites to visit===

*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] 
*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] 
*[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] 


Linux only
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] 
*[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] 
*[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore]
*[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] 
*[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] 


*[ FydeOS]
*[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] 
*[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] 


*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] 
*[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] 
*[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] 
*[ retropie pi1 and 2] 


Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS 
*[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] 
*[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4]
*[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] 
*[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] 
*[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] 
*[ HaikuOS]
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] 
*[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot]

*[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] 


Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc 

[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] 

*Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested 
*Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested 
*Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 
*Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested 
*Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested 
*Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested 
*Box  Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested 
*Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested 


*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux]
*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - 
*Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested 
*Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested 


*Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested 
*Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested 
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] 
*Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested 
*[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted 
*Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? 


CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 
*Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' 
*Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested 
*Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob 


*[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested 
*[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested 


*[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed 
*[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3&quot; HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, 
*[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS 
*[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor 
*[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 


&lt;pre&gt;
2008 Trustees collected for Foundation
2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 
2010 
2011 First Raspberry prototypes 
2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835
2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 
2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 
2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 
2013 Over two million sold 
2014 Over three million sold 
2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 
2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 
2015 Over four million first gen pis sold  
2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 
2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 
2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 
2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 
2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 

2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 
2015 Over a million pi2s sold 


2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 
2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 
2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 
2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 
     1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 
2017 12 million pis sold in total 
2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 
2019 Over 15 million sold 
2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 
2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 
     1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 
2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 
2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge
 

2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 
2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 
2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 
2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board 
     CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM 
     CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite 
     CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite 
     CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules 
     CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc 
     CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite 
     CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc
2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - 
     CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite
     CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash
     CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite
     CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite
     CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 
2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 
2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 


2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 
2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 
2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 
2024 Pi 5 v1.1 
2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board 
     CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 
2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 


2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 
2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 


2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom  
2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 
2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 
2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 
2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 
2026 
2027 


2028 Pi 6 
&lt;/pre&gt;


==Future==


[https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] 


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>rtekam36dun76rjhsbdt4upn3ddizbb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/NHL/Guidelines</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>289986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673399</id>
      <parentid>3116756</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:19:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1377" sha1="5v8zv1g9s058i046pdwu7pgr3p0kwr8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Official Guidelines'''&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;br&gt;
'''''General Management:'''''
*'''ESMO'''
**'''2011:''' {{PMID|23175624}} -- &quot;ESMO Guidelines consensus conference on malignant lymphoma 2011 part 1: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).&quot; (Ghielmini M. Ann Oncol. 2013 Mar;24(3):561-76.)

&lt;br&gt;
'''''Radiotherapy Management:'''''
*'''ILROG''' - International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group
**'''2014''' [http://redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(14)00064-9/fulltext Link] -- &quot;Modern Radiation Therapy for Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma—Target Definition and Dose Guidelines From the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group.&quot; (Illidge T, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014 May 1;89(1):49-58.)
*'''UK National Cancer Research Institute'''
**'''2013:''' {{PMID|22889569}} [http://www.clinicaloncologyonline.net/article/S0936-6555(12)00214-2/fulltext Full text] -- &quot;Recommendations for the use of radiotherapy in nodal lymphoma.&quot; (Hoskin PJ, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013 Jan;25(1):49-58.)
***Note: For both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

==Primary CNS Lymphoma==
*'''British Neuro-Oncology Society:'''
**[http://www.bcshguidelines.com/documents/PCNSL__bcsh_2007.pdf Link] -- &quot;Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of primary CNS and intra-ocular Lymphoma (PCNSL)&quot;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>5v8zv1g9s058i046pdwu7pgr3p0kwr8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Neuroendocrine/Overview</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>292294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673390</id>
      <parentid>3349051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:07:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2505" sha1="p31xlm79oz755zvqjc9pwtbm5w5nlwu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Neuroendocrine Overview'''&lt;/big&gt;

==Background==
'''''Pathology:'''''
*NANETS
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20664470}} [http://nanets.net/pdfs/pancreas/02.pdf Full text] -- &quot;The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems.&quot; (Klimstra DS, Pancreas. 2010 Aug;39(6):707-12.)

==Official Guidelines==
*NANETS [http://nanets.net/research/articles/nanets-guidelines Website] - North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society
**Diagnosis:
***'''2010''' {{PMID|20664471}} [http://nanets.net/pdfs/pancreas/03.pdf Full text] -- &quot;NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor.&quot; (Vinik AI, Pancreas. 2010 Aug;39(6):713-34.)
**Treatment: Stomach and pancreas
***'''2010''' {{PMID|20664472}} [http://nanets.net/pdfs/pancreas/04.pdf Full text] -- &quot;NANETS treatment guidelines: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach and pancreas.&quot;
**Treatment: Jejunum, Ileum, Appendix, and Cecum
***'''2010''' {{PMID|20664473}} [http://nanets.net/pdfs/pancreas/05.pdf Full text] -- &quot;The NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the Jejunum, Ileum, Appendix, and Cecum.&quot;
**Treatment: Distal colon and rectum
***'''2010''' {{PMID|20664474}} [http://nanets.net/pdfs/pancreas/06.pdf Full text] -- &quot;The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (nets): well-differentiated nets of the distal colon and rectum.&quot; 
**Treatment: Pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, medullary thyroid cancer
***'''2010''' {{PMID|20664475}} [http://nanets.net/pdfs/pancreas/07.pdf Full text] -- &quot;The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer.&quot;
**Treatment: Thorax (lung and thymus)
***'''2010''' {{PMID|20664476}} [http://nanets.net/pdfs/pancreas/08.pdf Full text] -- &quot;NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the thorax (includes lung and thymus).&quot;
**Treatment: High grade extrapulmonary
***'''2010''' {{PMID|20664477}} [http://nanets.net/pdfs/pancreas/09.pdf Full text] -- &quot;The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of poorly differentiated (high-grade) extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas.&quot; (Strosberg JR, Pancreas. 2010 Aug;39(6):799-800.)

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>p31xlm79oz755zvqjc9pwtbm5w5nlwu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Mortality</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>293194</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673368</id>
      <parentid>2551904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T08:43:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1513" sha1="rg2vyultdspdwmemwwhks7kgo6kadi7" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Radiation Mortality'''&lt;/big&gt;

*'''Royal Sussex County Hospital, UK; 2013''' {{PMID|23727432}} -- &quot;A national standard for early mortality after external beam radiotherapy?&quot; (Osborne GE, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013 Sep;25(9):565. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2013.04.011. Epub 2013 May 31.)
**Retrospective. 2 month period. Curative intent 57% versus palliative intent 43%
**Outcome: 30-day mortality palliative cases 12.9%. Fractionation in patients who died &lt;30 days: single 57%, 2-5 fractions 38%, 6-10 fractions 5%, none &gt;10 fractions. 90-day mortality curative cases 2.3%

*'''Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; 2012''' -- &quot;Mortality following palliative radiotherapy - are we overusing fractionated treatments?&quot; (Treece SJ, Jephcott CR) [https://www.rcr.ac.uk/docs/oncology/pdf/Posteraudit_Treece_SJ_2012.pdf Conference abstract]
**Retrospective. 124 patients completing palliative therapy in 01/2011. 
**Outcome: 30-day mortality 8.9%; 6-week mortality 19.3%

*'''St James Institute of Oncology, Leeds, UK; 2012''' (2004-2010) -- &quot;30 and 90 day mortality after 40,670 courses of external beam radiotherapy in unselected patients (Sebag-Montefiore D, et) [http://conference.ncri.org.uk/abstracts/2011/mobile/mobile_abstracts/A21.html Conference abstract]
**Retrospective. 7 years. Treatment intent radical 30%, adjuvant 29%, palliative 41%
**Outcome: 30-day mortality radical 3.0%, adjuvant 0.8%, palliative 12%; 90-day mortality radical 4.8%, adjuvant 17%, not given for palliative</text>
      <sha1>rg2vyultdspdwmemwwhks7kgo6kadi7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Structured Query Language/SELECT: Fundamentals</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673277</id>
      <parentid>4660921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:01:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LBuwBsCY15V$</username>
        <id>3627287</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>update 21st century question text and answer</comment>
      <origin>4673277</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23602" sha1="6cmbzljmq1d58omsdndzfbz0enfr6ql" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Nav}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;nonumtoc&quot;&gt;
__TOC__
&lt;/div&gt;

The SELECT command retrieves data from one or more tables or views. It generally consists of the following language elements:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot; style=&quot;background:LightGreen;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);&quot;&gt;
SELECT   &lt;things_to_be_displayed&gt;  -- the so called 'Projection' - mostly a list of columnnames
FROM     &lt;tablename&gt;               -- table or view names and their aliases
WHERE    &lt;where_clause&gt;            -- the so called 'Restriction' or 'search condition'
GROUP BY &lt;group_by_clause&gt;
HAVING   &lt;having_clause&gt;
ORDER BY &lt;order_by_clause&gt;
OFFSET   &lt;offset_clause&gt;
FETCH    &lt;fetch_first_or_next_clause&gt;;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

With the exception of the first two elements all others are optional. The sequence of language elements is mandatory. At certain places within the command there may start new SELECT commands - in a recursive manner.

== Projection (specify resulting columns) ==
In the projection part of the SELECT command, you specify a list of columns, operations working on columns, functions, fixed values, or new SELECT commands.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- C/Java style comments are possible within SQL commands
SELECT id,                          /* the name of a column   */
       concat(firstname, lastname), /* the concat() function  */
       weight + 5,                  /* the add operation      */
       'kg'                         /* a value                */
FROM   person;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The DBMS will retrieve ten rows, each of which consists of four columns.

We can mix the sequence of columns in any order or retrieve them several times.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT id, lastname, lastname, 'weighs', weight, 'kg'
FROM   person;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The asterisk '*' is an abbreviation for the list of all columns.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT * FROM person;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For numeric columns, we can apply the usual numeric operators +, -, * and /. There are also many predefined functions depending on the data type: power, sqrt, modulo, string functions, date functions.

=== Uniqueness via keyword DISTINCT ===
It is possible to compact the result in the sense of unique values by using the keyword DISTINCT. In this case, all resulting '''rows''', which would be identical, will be compressed to one '''row'''. In other words: duplicates are eliminated - just like in set theory. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- retrieves ten rows
SELECT lastname
FROM   person;
-- retrieves only seven rows. Duplicate values are thrown away.
SELECT DISTINCT lastname
FROM   person;
-- Hint:
-- The keyword 'DISTINCT' refers to the entirety of the resulting rows, which you can imagine as
-- the concatenation of all columns. It follows directly behind the SELECT keyword.
-- The following query leads to ten rows, although three persons have the same lastname.
SELECT DISTINCT lastname, firstname
FROM   person;
-- again only seven rows
SELECT DISTINCT lastname, lastname
FROM   person;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Aliases for Column names ===
Sometimes we want to give resulting columns more descriptive names. We can do so by choosing an alias within the projection. This alias is the new name within the result set. GUIs show the alias as the column label.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- The keyword 'AS' is optional
SELECT lastname AS family_name, weight AS weight_in_kg
FROM   person;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Functions ===
There are predefined functions for use in projections (and at some other positions). The most frequently used are:
:* count(&lt;columnname&gt;|'*'): Counts the number of resulting rows.
:* max(&lt;columnname&gt;): The highest value in &lt;column&gt; of the resultset. Also applicable on strings.
:* min(&lt;columnname&gt;): The lowest value in &lt;column&gt; of the resultset. Also applicable on strings.
:* sum(&lt;columnname&gt;): The sum of all values in a numeric column.
:* avg(&lt;columnname&gt;): The average of a numeric column.
:* concat(&lt;columnname_1&gt;, &lt;columnname_2&gt;): The concatenation of two columns. Alternatively the function may be expressed by the '||' operator: &lt;columnname_1&gt; || &lt;columnname_2&gt;
Standard SQL and every DBMS offers many more functions.

We must differentiate between those functions which return one value per row like concat() and those which return only one row per complete resultset like max(). The former one may be mixed in any combination with column names, as shown in the very first example of this page. With the later ones, there exists a problem: If we mix them with a regular column name, the DBMS recognises a contradiction in the query. On the one hand it should retrieve precisely one value (in one row), and on the other hand, it should retrieve a lot of values (in a lot of rows). The reaction of DBMS differs from vendor to vendor. Some throw an error message at runtime - in accordance with the SQL standard -, others deliver suspicious results.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- works fine
SELECT lastname, concat(weight, ' kg')
FROM   person;
-- check the reaction of your DBMS. It should throw an error message.
SELECT lastname, avg(weight)
FROM   person;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- a legal mixture of functions resulting in one row with 4 columns
SELECT min(weight), max(weight), avg(weight) as average_1, sum(weight) / count(*) as average_2
FROM   person;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== SELECT within SELECT ===
If we '''really''' want to see the result of a result-set-oriented-function in combination with columns of more than one row, we can start a very new SELECT on a location where - in simple cases - a column name occurs. This second SELECT is an absolutely independent command. Be careful: It will be executed for '''every''' resulting row of the first SELECT!

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- retrieves 10 rows; notice the additional parenthesis to delimit the two SELECTs from each other.
SELECT lastname, (SELECT avg(weight) FROM person)
FROM   person;
-- Compute the percentage of each persons weight in relation to the average weight of all persons
SELECT lastname,
       weight,
       weight * 100 / (SELECT avg(weight) FROM person) AS percentage_of_average
FROM   person;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Table Names ==
The Keyword FROM is used to specify the table on which the command will work.  This table name can be used as an identifier. In the first simple examples prefixing column names with the table name identifier can be used but isn't required. In the later more complex command, the table name identifier is a needed feature.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT person.firstname, person.lastname
FROM   person;
-- Define an alias for the table name (analog to column names). To retain overview we usually
-- abbreviate tables by the first character of their name.
SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname
FROM   person AS p;  -- Hint: not all systems accept keyword 'AS' with table aliases. Omit it in these cases!
-- The keyword 'AS' is optional again.
SELECT p.firstname, p.lastname
FROM   person p;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Restriction (specify resulting rows) ==
In the WHERE clause, we specify some 'search conditions' which are among the named table(s) or view(s). The evaluation of this criteria is - mostly - one of the first things during the execution of a SELECT command. Before any row can be sorted or displayed, it must meet the conditions in the clause.

If we omit the clause, all rows of the table are retrieved. Else the number of rows will be reduced according to the specified criteria. If we specify 'weight &lt; 70', for example, only those rows are retrieved where the weight column stores a value less than 70. The restrictions act on '''rows''' of '''tables''' by evaluating '''column values''' (sometimes they act on other things like the existence of rows, but for the moment we focus on basic principles). As a result, we can imagine that the evaluation of the 'where clause' produces a list of rows. This list of rows will be processed in further steps like sorting, grouping, or displaying certain columns (projection).

=== Comparisons ===
We compare variables, constant values, and results of function calls with each other in the same way as we would do in different programming languages. The only difference is that we use column names instead of variables. The comparison operators must match the given data types they have to operate on. The result of the comparison is a boolean value. If it is 'true', the according row will be processed furthermore. Some examples:
:* 'weight = 70' compares the column 'weight' with the constant value '70' whether the column is equal to the constant value.
:* '70 = weight': same as before.
:* 'firstname = lastname' compares two columns - each of the '''same''' row - for equality. Names like 'Frederic Frederic' evaluate to true.
:* 'firstname &lt; lastname' is a fair comparison of two columns according to the lexical order of strings.
:* 'LENGTH(firstname) &lt; 5' compares the result of a function call to the constant value '5'. The function LENGTH() operates on strings and returns a number.

=== Boolean Logic ===
Often we want to specify more than a single search criterion, e.g., are there people born in San Francisco with lastname Baker? To do this, we specify every necessary comparison independent from the next one and join them together with the boolean operators AND respectively OR. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth = 'San Francisco'
AND    lastname = 'Baker';
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The result of a comparison is a boolean. It may be toggled between 'true' and 'false' by the unary operator NOT.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT  *
FROM    person
WHERE   place_of_birth = 'San Francisco'
AND NOT lastname = 'Baker'; -- all except 'Baker'
-- for clarification: The NOT in the previous example is a 'unary operation' on the result of the
--                    comparison. It's not an addition to the AND.  
SELECT  *
FROM    person
WHERE   place_of_birth = 'San Francisco'
AND (NOT (lastname = 'Baker'));   --  same as before, but explicit notated with parenthesis
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''precedence''' of comparisons and boolean logic is as follows:
:# all comparisons
:# NOT operator
:# AND operator
:# OR operator

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- AND (born in SF and lastname Baker; 1 hit as an intermediate result) will be processed before
-- OR  (person Yorgos; 1 hit)
-- 1 + 1 ==&gt; 2 rows
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth = 'San Francisco' -- 4 hits SF
AND    lastname = 'Baker'               -- 1 hit Baker
OR     firstname = 'Yorgos'             -- 1 hit Yorgos
;

-- Same example with parentheses added to make the precedence explicit.
-- AND gets processed before OR.
-- results ==&gt; same 2 rows as above
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  (place_of_birth = 'San Francisco' -- 4 hits SF
AND    lastname = 'Baker')              -- 1 hit Baker
OR     firstname = 'Yorgos'             -- 1 hit Yorgos
;

-- AND (person Yorgos Baker; no hit as an intermediate result) will be processed before
-- OR  (born in SF; 4 hits)
-- 0 + 4 ==&gt; 4 rows
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth = 'San Francisco' -- 4 hits SF
OR     firstname = 'Yorgos'             -- 1 hit Yorgos
AND    lastname = 'Baker'               -- 1 hit Baker
;

-- Same example with parentheses added to make the precedence explicit.
-- AND gets processed before OR.
-- results ==&gt; same 4 rows as above
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth = 'San Francisco'  -- 4 hits SF
OR     (firstname = 'Yorgos'             -- 1 hit Yorgos
AND    lastname = 'Baker')               -- 1 hit Baker
;

-- We can modify the sequence of evaluations by specifying parentheses.
-- Same as the first example, adding parentheses, one row.
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth = 'San Francisco' -- 4 hits SF
AND   (lastname = 'Baker'               -- 1 hit Baker
OR     firstname = 'Yorgos')            -- 1 hit Yorgos
;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Two abbreviations'''

Sometimes we shorten the syntax by using the BETWEEN keyword. It defines a lower and upper limit and is primarily used for numeric and date values, but also applicable to strings. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  weight &gt;= 70
AND    weight &lt;= 90;
-- An equivalent shorter and more expressive wording
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  weight BETWEEN 70 AND 90; -- BETWEEN includes the two cutting edges
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For the comparison of a column or function with several values, we can use the short IN expression.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  lastname = 'de Winter'
OR     lastname = 'Baker';
-- An equivalent shorter and more expressive wording
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  lastname IN ('de Winter', 'Baker');
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== FETCH: Pick and Choose certain Rows ===
Sometimes we are not interested in all resulting rows, e.g.: we may want to see only the first 3 or 10 rows. This can be achieved with the OFFSET and FETCH clauses. OFFSET specifies the number of rows to be skipped (counting from the beginning of the result set), and FETCH specifies the number of rows, after which the delivery of rows shall stop.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth = 'San Francisco'
ORDER BY firstname
FETCH FIRST 2 ROWS ONLY  -- only the first 2 rows
;

SELECT *
FROM   person
ORDER BY id              -- the WHERE clause (and the ORDER BY clause) are optional
OFFSET 5 ROWS
FETCH FIRST 2 ROWS ONLY  -- only the 6th and 7th row (according to the ORDER BY)
;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Please notice that the OFFSET and FETCH clauses are separate parts of the SELECT command. Some implementations handle this functionality as part of the WHERE clause or with different keywords (ROWNUM, START, SKIP, LIMIT).

The functionality of OFFSET and FETCH can be achieved likewise by [[../Window functions|window functions]] with their more general syntax.

== Grouping ==
We will offer the GROUP BY clause in combination with the HAVING clause in a [[../SELECT: Grouping/|later chapter]].

== Sorting ==
The DBMS is free to deliver the resulting rows in an arbitrary order. Rows may be returned in the order of the Primary Key, in the chronological order they are stored into the database, in the order of a B-tree organized internal key, or even in random order. Concerning the sequence of delivered rows, the DBMS may do what it wants to do. Don't expect anything.

If we expect a particular order of rows, we must express our wishes explicitly. We can do this in the ORDER BY clause. There we specify a list of column names in combination with an option for ascending or descending sorting.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- all persons in ascending (which is the default) order of their weight
SELECT *
FROM   person
ORDER BY weight;
-- all persons in descending order of their weight
SELECT *
FROM   person
ORDER BY weight desc;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In the above result, there are two rows with identical values in the column ''weight''. As this situation leads to random results, we have the possibility to specify more columns. These following columns are processed only for those rows with identical values in all previous columns.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- All persons in descending order of their weight. In ambiguous cases order the 
-- additional column place_of_birth ascending: Birmingham before San Francisco.
SELECT *
FROM   person
ORDER BY weight desc, place_of_birth;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In the ORDER BY clause, we can specify any column of the processed table. We are not limited to the ones which are returned by the projection.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- same ordering as above
SELECT firstname, lastname
FROM   person
ORDER BY weight desc, place_of_birth;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&amp;nbsp;

== Combine the Language Elements ==

Only the first two elements of the SELECT command are mandatory: the part up to the first table (or view) name. All others are optional. If we also specify the optional ones, their predetermined sequence must be kept in mind. But they are combinable according to our needs.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- We have seen on this page: SELECT / FROM / WHERE / ORDER BY
SELECT p.lastname,
       p.weight,
       p.weight * 100 / (SELECT avg(p2.weight) FROM person p2) AS percentage_of_average
FROM   person p
WHERE  p.weight BETWEEN 70 AND 90
ORDER BY p.weight desc, p.place_of_birth;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Further Information ==
There is more information about the additional options for the SELECT command.
* [[../SELECT: Join Operation|Join Operation]]
* [[../SELECT: Grouping|Grouping]]
* [[Structured Query Language/SELECT: IS NULL Predicate|IS NULL Predicate]]
* [[Structured Query Language/SELECT: Predefined Functions|Predefined Functions]]
* [[../SELECT: Set Operations|Set Operations]]
* [[Structured Query Language/SELECT: Case Expression|Case Expression]]
* [[../Like Predicate|Like Predicate]]
* [[Structured Query Language/SELECT: Subquery|Subquery]]

== Exercises ==
&lt;!-- -----------------------   Columns / order by -----------------  --&gt;


&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Show hobbyname and remark from the hobby table.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT hobbyname, remark
FROM   hobby;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Show hobbyname and remark from the hobby table. Order the result by hobbyname.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT hobbyname, remark
FROM   hobby
ORDER BY hobbyname;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Show hobbyname and remark from the hobby table. Choose 'Hobby' as first columnname and 'Short_Description_of_Hobby' as second columnname.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT hobbyname as Hobby, remark as Short_Description_of_Hobby
FROM   hobby;
-- columnname without underscore: Use quotes
SELECT hobbyname as &quot;Hobby&quot;, remark as &quot;Short Description of Hobby&quot;
FROM   hobby;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- -------------------------  where clause ------------------  --&gt;
&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Show firstname and lastname of persons born in San Francisco.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT firstname, lastname
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth = 'San Francisco';
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Show all information items of persons with lastname 'de Winter'.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  lastname = 'de Winter';
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- ----------------------  predefined functions --------------- --&gt;
&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
How many rows are stored in the contact table?
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT count(*)
FROM   contact;
9
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
How many E-Mails are stored in the contact table?
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT count(*)
FROM   contact
WHERE  contact_type = 'email';
3
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
What is the mean weight of persons born in San Francisco?
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT avg(weight)
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth = 'San Francisco';
71.25
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- -----------------  boolean logic ------------------------- --&gt;
&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Find persons born after 1979-12-31, which weigh more than / less than 50 kg. 
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  date_of_birth &gt; DATE '1979-12-31'
AND    weight &gt; 50;
--
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  date_of_birth &gt; DATE '1979-12-31'
AND    weight &lt; 50;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Find persons born in Birmingham, Mumbai, Shanghai or Athens in the order of their firstname.
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth = 'Birmingham'
OR     place_of_birth = 'Mumbai'
OR     place_of_birth = 'Shanghai'
OR     place_of_birth = 'Athens'
ORDER BY firstname;
-- equivalent:
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth IN ('Birmingham', 'Mumbai', 'Shanghai', 'Athens')
ORDER BY firstname;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Find persons born in Birmingham, Mumbai, Shanghai or Athens within the 21st century. 
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  (   place_of_birth = 'Birmingham'
        OR place_of_birth = 'Mumbai' 
        OR place_of_birth = 'Shanghai'
        OR place_of_birth = 'Athens'
       )
AND    date_of_birth &gt;= DATE '2000-01-01'
AND    date_of_birth &lt;= DATE '2099-12-31';
-- equivalent:
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth IN ('Birmingham', 'Mumbai', 'Shanghai', 'Athens')
AND    date_of_birth &gt;= DATE '2000-01-01'
AND    date_of_birth &lt;= DATE '2099-12-31';
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}


&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Find persons born between Dallas and Richland ('between' not in the sense of a geographic area but of the lexical order of citynames)
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
-- strings have a lexical order. So we can use some operators known
-- from numeric data types.
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth &gt;= 'Dallas'
AND    place_of_birth &lt;= 'Richland'
ORDER BY place_of_birth;
-- equivalent:
SELECT *
FROM   person
WHERE  place_of_birth BETWEEN 'Dallas' AND 'Richland'
ORDER BY place_of_birth;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- -----------------  unique ------------------------- --&gt;
&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Which kind of contacts are stored in the contact table? (Only one row per value.)
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT DISTINCT contact_type
FROM   contact;
fixed line
email
icq
mobile
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
How many different kind of contacts are stored in the contact table? (Hint: Count the rows of above query.)
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT count(DISTINCT contact_type)
FROM   contact;
4
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- -----------------  advanced  ------------------------- --&gt;
&lt;div style=background:gold;{{Text default color}};&gt;
Show contact_type, contact_value and a string of the form 'total number of contacts: &lt;x&gt;', where &lt;x&gt; is the quantity of all existing contacts. 
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ExerciseSolution|width=100%|text=
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;sql&quot;&gt;
SELECT contact_type, contact_value,
       (SELECT concat('total number of contacts: ', count(*)) FROM contact)
FROM   contact;
-- Some systems need explicit type casting from numeric to string
SELECT contact_type, contact_value,
       (SELECT concat('total number of contacts: ', cast(count(*) as char)) FROM contact)
FROM   contact;
-- The '||' operator is some kind of 'syntactical sugar'. It's an abbreviation for the concat() function.
-- The operator is part of the SQL standard, but not implemented by all vendors.
SELECT contact_type, contact_value,
       (SELECT 'total number of contacts: ' || count(*) FROM contact)
FROM   contact;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Nav}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6cmbzljmq1d58omsdndzfbz0enfr6ql</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Danielravennest/papers/Mars21</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>296327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673383</id>
      <parentid>4672293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:25:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Danielravennest</username>
        <id>13526</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 9.0 - Phase 5 - Planetary System Locations */  Update through 9.1 Lunar Transport</comment>
      <origin>4673383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="210960" sha1="fp6mjnon9x7ymoge9xd9zkrfpeddau6" xml:space="preserve">{{DISPLAYTITLE:&lt;span style=&quot;display:block;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#d0f0f0;line-height:2.5em;font-family:'Georgia', serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;Building Better Worlds in the 21st Century&lt;/span&gt;}}


&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:125%;font-family:'Georgia', serif;&quot;&gt;

:'''Dani Eder,'''

:''The Seed Factory Project,''

:''6485 Rivertown Rd, Fairburn, GA, 30213''

:''email: danielravennest@gmail.com''


:'''Aug 2026'''


'''Note:''' This report is an introduction to the ideas and work of the Seed Factory Project to date, which are covered in more  detail in the two volume '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Better Worlds]''' set.


&lt;div class=&quot;nonumtoc&quot;&gt;{{TOCright}}&lt;/div&gt;


=='''0.0 - Summary'''==
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp; National space programs to date have been based on the idea of going to one place at a time, like the Moon and Mars, for reasons like science and national prestige.  Missions have finite goals and end when they are reached, so they don't include full development of the destinations.  Instead, equipment and supplies have come from Earth, which kept costs high.  Limited goals and high cost resulted in poor return on effort.

&amp;emsp;Our project proposes a broader approach of upgrading and extending civilization on Earth first, then full development of the entire Solar System, and eventually beyond it.  It is based on the idea self-improving production systems that grow from a starter set of core equipment called a '''[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Seed Factory]'''.  Seed factories make more equipment for themselves mostly using local energy and raw materials.  This is in addition to making finished products like any other factory.

&amp;emsp;Each location follows a growth cycle of self-improvement, making products for local use, trade with the rest of society, and becoming economically self-supporting.  Once matured, a location sends elements of new starter sets to new locations.  Locations are developed in logical progression from easier to harder and more distant.  With proper planning locations can be sustainable, and even reduce unwanted side effects on the environment.

&amp;emsp;The very large physical space, materials, and energy resources beyond Earth enable large total returns.  Since locations grow to support themselves, the net cost of such a program is only the initial start-up, so the return on effort is high.

&amp;emsp;It isn't in the scope of this report to provide detailed plans and hardware designs.  What we describe is a possible path that leverages self-improving production methods.  This is a step towards solving existing problems and building a better future, but much more work is needed for this idea.

=='''1.0 - Problems of Past Space Programs'''==
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Governments have pursued space projects and programs, individually or in groups, for purposes like research, exploration, advancing technology, and prestige.  While the results can be large, these efforts often suffer from outdated assumptions, high absolute costs, low relative return on effort, and a focus on single destinations.  They have also often not leveraged new knowledge and technology.


:'''Outdated Assumptions'''


&amp;emsp;Sending people to the Moon and Mars are stated goals of '''[https://www.space.commerce.gov/policy/national-space-policy/ US National Space Policy]'''.  Significant annual budgets are being spent towards these goals, primarily on the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System Space Launch System]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft) Orion Spacecraft]'''.  The program concept to reach these goals is directly descended from plans first made in the mid-20th Century, such as '''[http://launiusr.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/mars_high.jpg Von Braun, 1954]'''.  In the decades since, the technologies to be used have advanced, but the overall concept has not.  In NASA's '''[https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/journey-to-mars-next-steps-20151008_508.pdf Journey to Mars]''' (pdf file Oct 2015), the &quot;mission&quot; approach includes a number of assumptions:


* It is a round trip for the crew, from Earth to Mars and back, with limited duration on the Martian surface. 
* Because the number of missions is small and they are short, it is not economic to develop many local resources.
* Most or all equipment and supplies are launched from Earth.
* High cost limits mission mass.  So crews have to accept risks from radiation exposure, equipment failure, and lack of fallback positions.


&amp;emsp;Other goals like the Moon and orbiting stations have similar limiting assumptions, and are considered separately from each other.


:'''High Cost'''


&amp;emsp;Government-funded and contractor-built space programs have little incentive on either side to finish promptly or keep costs under control.  Project-oriented agencies want to continue their existence, but getting approval for new projects is hard.  Contractors want to earn as much as possible, but winning new contracts by competitive bidding is uncertain.  Politicians who decide on budgets want to preserve jobs in current locations, which works against cost savings.  

&amp;emsp;The incentives on all sides have led to low cost estimates to get project approval.  The tacit understanding is real costs will gradually be revealed as the work progresses.  Spent funds deter cancellation as the full costs are revealed, because the funds would then have been wasted on an unfinished project.  This pattern avoids frequent approval for a new project or competing for new work.  The project schedules are instead stretched to fit real cost to available annual budgets.  The result is a few big &quot;can't fail&quot; projects.  Public failures risk losing funding or even an agencies' existence.  So projects must be conservative, slowing progress.


:'''Low Returns'''


&amp;emsp;In terms of exploration and science, a trip going to one place like Mars, and bringing back perhaps a few hundred kg of samples, is not much return for the effort expended.  Relatively short round trips do not allow for full exploration of a landing site, much less a planet with the land area of Earth.  Lack of refueling stations and reusable vehicles limits sample mass that can be returned to Earth, where researchers and laboratories can fully analyze them.

&amp;emsp;If most items have to be launched from the deep gravity well of Earth, then delivery costs will be high, and increase linearly with the number of missions.  High transport cost limits weight, and in turn safety features like adequate radiation shielding, backup vehicles, and spare parts and supplies.  To minimize risk, what is built must be both lightweight and near-perfect, which is also expensive.  Despite that, crew risk is still high in absolute terms.  The combination of low return and high cost have delayed going to the the Moon and Mars for decades.  Such a program is now moving forward, but very slowly.  


:'''Focus on the Moon and Mars'''


&amp;emsp;The Moon is nearby, big, and obvious to everyone on Earth.  So it was a natural first destination for human exploration.  Venus and Mars are the closest major planets.  Venus was originally thought a suitable destination because of similarity of orbit, mass, and gravity.  However it turned out to be very hot from a thick CO2 atmosphere.  Mars then became the next focus of human exploration by being the most Earth-like and nearby destination.

&amp;emsp;The focus on Earth-like conditions ignores that on Earth, even the best places require some technology to survive, and more of it to be comfortable and flourish.  At a minimum clothing, shelter, and agriculture, are needed, with their underlying technologies.  For most of the Earth technology like ships, planes, and snow crawlers are needed to reach places, and more technology if you intend to stay.

&amp;emsp;Mars, or anywhere else in space, also require technology to survive and flourish.  But Mars does not require dramatically more than harsh places on Earth.  For example the temperatures on Mars overlap those of cold places on Earth, such as Siberia and Antarctica.  At the same time, the surface of Mars is harder to reach than other regions in space.  Getting there needs more work than high orbits near Earth.  The colder surface temperatures and 80% lower solar flux require more equipment than near Earth.  A primary focus on the Moon and Mars over everywhere else is a mistake.  They are large, interesting, and can be useful.  So they should be part of future programs, but not to the exclusion of other places.

&amp;emsp;A new approach is needed that remedies the problems noted above.  It should be based on up-to-date knowledge of the Solar System and new technologies developed since the mid-20th century.  It should explore and use all of the many places in the Solar System.  That includes the orbital and interplanetary spaces around and between natural objects.  Finally, it should have high science and economic returns for the effort expended, including direct returns to people on Earth.

=='''2.0 - New Knowledge and Technologies'''==
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Our new approach starts with a modern overview of the Solar System and its resources.  We then introduce technologies to access and use those resources.  Self-improving production systems that become highly efficient with &quot;Smart Tools&quot; is key among these.  Our intent is to use these to benefit civilization and the Earth's environment.  
 

==='''2.1 - The Modern Solar System'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;The Solar System as of 1950 included 9 planets and their moons, plus about 2,000 asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter.  Materials would be available on the surfaces of the Moon and Mars, but required significant fuel to take elsewhere.  So they would only be used locally.  Energy would come from solar-powered steam turbines, or a little later from fuel cells.  These ideas are quite outdated and becoming more so each year.

&amp;emsp;Today we can inventory the known Solar System in terms of its material and energy resources.  Such '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource Natural Resources]''' on Earth are well-studied and understood.  Most people today know about the Moon, the other major planets, and that some of them also have moons.  So here we will mainly review the more recently found and less familiar parts Solar System.

&amp;emsp;In terms of resource access, the smaller members of the Solar System all take less energy to land on and remove materials from than Earth.  They also have greater surface area relative to mass and lower gravity, making extraction easier.


:'''Material Resources'''
  

&amp;emsp;'''[[w:Near-Earth_object|Near Earth Objects (NEOs)]]''' are those which come closer than 1.3 AU to the Sun, where 1 AU is the Earth's average solar distance.  Mars' orbit ranges from 1.38-1.67 AU, so NEO's are &quot;on the way there&quot; in terms of solar distance.  In 1950 time there were 55 such objects known, of which only 13 were asteroids.  The rest were comets, which are easier to find when they have large tails.  The asteroids were ignored because their orbits were not ideal, and mining them was still a subject for science fiction.

&amp;emsp;This has changed dramatically.  As of August 2026 there are over '''[https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/totals.html 42,000 known NEOs]'''.  The number has increased exponentially since about 1980 as better telescopes have been used to find them.  These searches are partly driven by the impact risk such objects pose to Earth.  Of those found so far, 875 are asteroids 1 km or larger in size, a nearly full count.  11,700 are larger than 140 meters out of an estimated 27,000 total.  The rest are smaller, with perhaps 4 million to be found larger than 10 meters ([https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/aa8036 '''Trilling, 2017''']).  124 of them are comets, which lose material when close to the Sun.  Just the largest handful of NEOs have a combined mass of 50 trillion tons, which is roughly a thousand years of mining activity on Earth.  

&amp;emsp;The much larger numbers known today means more of them are in orbits easy to reach from Earth or on the way to Mars.  Very efficient '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion Electric Propulsion]''' and other technologies unknown in 1950 time now exist.  They make it possible to reach NEOs and work with them remotely from Earth, as recent asteroid and comet probes have done.  Early research has been done on '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_mining Asteroid Mining]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_manufacturing Space Manufacturing]''' to make use of their materials.  Using NEOs as sources of propellants, supplies, and other products would greatly reduce what you need to bring from Earth for space projects.

&amp;emsp;Beyond those that come close to Earth, the '''[https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpc/summary Total Number]''' of known objects in the Solar System, as of August 2026, is 1.56 million.  This is about 780 times what was known in 1950.  The list of such '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets Minor Planets]''' has grown rapidly as new dedicated telescopes and search techniques were applied, and is expected to increase by another factor of 10 now that the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory Rubin Observatory]''' has begun operating.

[[File:Inner_solar_system_objects_top_view_for_wiki.png|thumb|right|600x600px|Figure 2.1-1 - Inner Solar System objects.]]  

&amp;emsp;91.7% of known objects are in the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt Main Asteroid Belt]''' between Mars and Jupiter (Figure 2.1-1), but many thousands of others are in orbits throughout the Solar System.  The '''[https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/lists/MPLists.html Minor Planet Center]''' maintains information about all of them.  The high proportion in the Asteroid Belt is a function of distance, not absolute numbers.  Brightness decreases as square of both distance from the Sun and the telescope.  So discoveries are strongly biased to nearby objects, and to only finding the largest ones at greater distances.  But total number of objects goes up about 3,500 times when the size goes down by 100 times.  So there are many more smaller objects still to be found.

&amp;emsp;Many of the objects discovered beyond Neptune, at 30-80 AU, have '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity Eccentric Orbits]'''.  These objects tend to be found at the close end of their orbits, when they are bright enough to see.  This additional discovery bias means there are many more like them waiting to be found, but are currently in more distant parts of their orbits, or never come close enough to find with current telescopes.  The August 2026 count of about 8300 such distant objects is limited to those larger than 100 km for the farthest ones.  As search methods improve, many more such objects will be found at all distances and more of the smaller ones.   

&amp;emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets Near-Parabolic Comets]''' can reach distances measured in light-years, or even escape the Solar System entirely.  Aside from them, the known size of the Solar System has increased 168 times since 1995, from 49.3 AU for Pluto to 8285 AU for the maximum distance of Centaur object '''[https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2015%20FW539&amp;commit=Show 2015 FW539]'''.  Some of these objects are quite large (Figure 2.1-2), and there is even a suspected major planet still to be found.  Although the absolute distance of these objects is very large, the energy to reach them has a finite limit. The five planetary probes '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System Leaving the Solar System]''' already have more energy than needed to reach anything in the Solar System.  The practical limit is set by how long it takes to reach and use them.

[[File:Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg|thumb|right|512x249px|Figure 2.1-2 - Large Trans-Neptune Objects.]] 

&amp;emsp;The inventory of Solar System objects is now known to be incomplete, especially for small and distant ones.  Despite this, there is detailed knowledge of the history, composition, and geology of some of its members, and this is constantly improving.  We expect this to continue, especially from future mass-produced probes with efficient propulsion and refueling capability.  Many more objects can then be visited than the current handful per decade.  As more is learned about these objects, better plans on how to use them can be made.  But even with current knowledge, a start on such plans is possible.    


:'''Energy Resources'''


&amp;emsp;The Sun is an immense energy source, producing 20 trillion times what human civilization uses today.  That energy streams in all directions, not just at the objects which orbit it.  Mining and building on the surface of Solar System bodies is convenient, but they typically gather half or less of the available solar energy.  This is because of day-night cycles, geography, and in some cases atmospheres and eclipses from other bodies.

&amp;emsp;It takes significant energy to move materials from the larger bodies to open space, but once there, solar energy is available up to 100% of the time.  For example, with current rockets it takes about 480 MJ (134 kWh) to raise 1 kg from Earth to an orbit in full sunlight.  Once there, 1 kg of modern space solar panel can extract that much energy in 56 days, but lasts about 100 times longer.  Most solar system bodies are smaller than Earth, and there are more efficient ways to lift materials than today's rockets.  So from a net energy standpoint it often makes sense to work in open space. 

&amp;emsp;Solar cells were only 6% efficient in the mid-20th century, so solar-driven steam turbines were part of the original Mars mission concepts.  Solar cells are now 47.6% efficient in the laboratory and 31% for space power applications, and continue to '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency Improve]'''.  Using lightweight concentrating reflectors, they can be useful even in the outer Solar System.  Where heat, rather than electricity, is needed, direct solar exposure or using mirrors can can reach 80% collection efficiency or higher.

&amp;emsp;In addition to solar, there are various energy sources that are more limited in scale and availability.  These include nuclear fission and potentially fusion, geothermal, and wind.  On Earth we use hydroelectric and chemical combustion, but those are not generally available elsewhere.  The orbital motion and gravity fields of bodies are not energy sources, but their potential and kinetic energy can be used in various ways.  The Sun's output alone, which will last for billions of years, plus raw materials found all over the Solar System, are enough to sustain civilization and the Earth's environment.


:'''The Illusion of Scarcity'''


&amp;emsp;Current civilization is actually quite limited, even on Earth.  The urban, forest, and farm land used in any significant way amounts to only 13.5% of the planet's surface.  The remainder are oceans, deserts, and ice caps that are only traveled through or barely used.  Of the part that is used, the average depth is equivalent to a thin surface layer.

&amp;emsp;The world's biosphere (about 2000 Gigtons) plus the human built environment (about 1100 Gigatons) averages about 6 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, while the Earth's total mass to area is 11.71 billion kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or a ratio of one part in 2 billion.  At the density of water, the biosphere plus civilization amounts to a 6 mm (1/4 inch) thick layer across the planet's surface.  If we only consider the fraction of the planet used, the equivalent thickness is 7.4 times higher, or 4.4 cm (1.75 inches).  If this number seems small, it is because most of us live in places that are built up.  Life and civilization are very unevenly distributed.  Cities and river dams, for example, have much higher built mass per area, while tropical forests can reach 25 times the average biosphere density per area.

&amp;emsp;The perceived scarcity of resources is thus an illusion, because we as observers live in the more built up places. Current civilization actually uses only 2 billionths of the planet's mass and one ten-thousandth of the available energy flow.  Photosynthesis uses about 13 times more of the available energy, but still only about 1/8% of it.  In a literal sense we are only scratching the surface of our own planet.  When we consider the whole Solar System, the available resources increase by hundreds of times in mass, and two billion times the energy that reaches Earth.

&amp;emsp;A larger fraction of smaller bodies is accessible.  On Earth pressure and temperature limits going too deep.  Bodies with lower gravity and less hot interiors can be accessed more deeply or all the way through.  The much higher total energy across the Solar System would also allow reprocessing and reusing what we consider waste products today.  Scarcity would not be a problem if these vast untapped resources could be used.

==='''2.2 - New Technologies'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;For our approach we want to use the best available production and space technologies, plus some new ones that can be developed in the near future.  These include seed factories, production networks, space technologies that are already in use but not yet in government plans, and new ones for space not yet fully developed.  This is in addition to more standard existing technology.
  

:'''Seed Factories'''

 
&amp;emsp;Production systems which use part of their output for self-improvement can grow exponentially.  Production can start with simpler tools, but modern technology like computers, communications, automation, robotics, software, and artificial intelligence lets them become more efficient.

&amp;emsp;We call a starter set of tools and machines capable of self-improvement using human labor and other energy inputs a '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Seed Factory]'''.  They grow to become mature factories by analogy to plant seeds, which grow into mature plants that can produce more seeds.  Seed factories can improve in several ways:
 

* Making parts for additional copies of current equipment.
* Making new types of items not in the starter set, and 
* Making different versions of existing equipment (larger, more accurate, etc.).
  

&amp;emsp;While modern technology can reduce the labor needed, some people are still needed today to operate the factory.  Like any other factory, some part of its output is for sale or trade. This helps cover the initial cost and paying for items it can't make internally.

&amp;emsp;The improvements increase production capacity and the range of products that can be made.  Since the capacity to grow increases with the size of the factory, the growth is exponential.  The starter or added equipment can include power generation, mining, and materials processing, so the factory can eventually self-supply and self-power from local resources.  A seed factory may not use any local sources to start with, but can approach 100% as it matures.  Some parts and materials would likely be too hard to make, or too rare locally. So even for a mature factory those would still come from elsewhere.

&amp;emsp;When production at a given location is mature enough, it can start supplying parts for, or complete new starter sets.  These can be set up in the same area, or sent to new locations, repeating the growth process.  Internal growth and making new starter sets highly leverages the initial cost.  It fundamentally changes the return/cost ratio of projects for the better.


:'''Locations and MakerNets'''


&amp;emsp;When we refer to &quot;locations&quot; we mean a single environment type, with equipment and people that are close enough that they can work together and trade physical items easily.  On Earth that might be a single metropolitan area.  In less developed places it might be smaller in size from lack of easy local transport.  Equipment in a given location may have different owners or control systems, but can still coordinate their work and cooperate on larger projects.

&amp;emsp;The collection of coordinating operations forms a network, which we call a '''MakerNet''', after the modern '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker_culture Maker Subculture]''', who make things.  The network has multiple communicating nodes, each of which includes a set of equipment and people who can do tasks.  A MakerNet can extend over multiple locations, since data transfer and remote control can operate over long distances at low cost.

&amp;emsp;Physical transportation of people and supplies is not as easy, so we distinguish separate locations within a larger network.  To the extent local sources can be used, it would lower transport costs.  So there is an incentive to ship lightweight items like information over bulk materials.


:'''Space Technologies'''


&amp;emsp;New or improved space technologies have been developed since the mid-20th century, but not fully included in existing program plans.  These include:


* '''Electric propulsion''' - which uses many times less propellant than chemical rockets.  Using large tanks of propellant to deliver relatively small payloads has strongly limited space projects in the past. 
* '''Better Materials''' - There are new and significantly improved engineering materials, including high strength fibers, and composite materials that use them.  Production methods for them have also improved.
* '''Closed Loop Life Support''' - has been developed which recycles supplies using mechanical equipment or biology.


&amp;emsp;Additional technologies that were not specifically developed for space, but can be used for it, include small and powerful computers, their software, other kinds of electronics, robotics, automation, high speed communications, and most recently artificial intelligence (AI) applications.

&amp;emsp;Many other space technologies have been proposed, but not yet fully developed.  This is either from lack of money and resources, or not enough scale yet to justify them.  MakerNets and seed factories can potentially overcome these limitations.  Our second volume on '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Space_Transport_and_Engineering_Methods Space Systems Engineering]''' collects current and future space technologies that we know of, so they can be considered for future planning and projects.  Some new transport examples are ground-based accelerators and air-breathing engines for reaching orbit, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_(structure) Rotating Skyhooks]''' for artificial gravity and orbit transfer.

&amp;emsp;
=='''3.0 - New Program Concept'''==
&amp;emsp;


&amp;emsp;For discussion purposes we refer to this as a program, with component phases and projects.  But we do not expect it to be under centralized government direction.  Instead it would include independent businesses operated for profit, public/private partnerships, incentive prizes, some government effort, and other project methods.

&amp;emsp;This section summarizes our goals and approach.  The rest of this report, and our other documents, provide more details.  This is a work in progress.  It is by no means a finished proposal or a final design.  It likely never will be, as the future brings new discoveries and technologies.  We have identified new goals and methods, and made a start at the details, but much more work is needed.  Our work is open-source, so feel free to build on it, provide feedback, and contribute your own ideas.


:&lt;u&gt;'''Goal 1 - Benefits on Earth'''&lt;/u&gt;


&amp;emsp;Existing government space program goals are mainly for defense, science, exploration, and national prestige.  They have limited budgets because they compete with other government priorities.  Our approach is to go beyond these limits, to include the full range of civilized activities, both on Earth and in space.  About billion times more people live on Earth right now than in space, and their needs are much larger and more immediate.  So our first goal is to address problems on Earth, starting with easier ones, then moving towards the more difficult.

&amp;emsp;Competition and the profit motive have often demonstrated faster and cheaper results, so we want to take advantage of them.  If there is money to be made, there is a vast pool of capital available beyond government budgets.  The $429 billion '''[https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/ Global Space Economy]''' in 2025 was already mostly commercial activity, and 17.6 times NASA's budget.

&amp;emsp;The original '''[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19830007077 1982 Version]''' of the seed factory idea was intended to enable large space projects by production in space.  But the laws of nature and how technologies work are the same everywhere.  If networks of exponentially improving and multiplying systems can work in space, they will work on Earth too.  The operating environments, local raw materials, and energy sources may differ by location, but the underlying principles are the same.  

&amp;emsp;The early versions of seed factories would most likely be built in higher income areas.  These are the easiest places to start because equipment, materials, and energy sources are readily available, as are people who know how to work with them.  Conventional jobs have always been at risk from economic and business changes.  In the future they may be permanently replaced by the same kinds of advanced technologies seed factories can use.  Self-built and self-owned production can supplement or replace conventional work for hire.  

&amp;emsp;As the owners of production capacity, people can more securely meet their basic needs.  They get the benefit of the output regardless of how much labor is replaced by technology.  Self-improving systems can grow to mostly copy themselves, so they would become low cost to build.  They can also become highly automated and use renewable energy, making them low cost to operate.  

&amp;emsp;A growing network of productive systems can then be extended to lower income areas on Earth.  This allows bypassing fossil fuel development and the problems it creates, while gaining the comforts, health, and safety found in higher income areas.  The systems can be further extended to difficult and extreme locations on Earth that are currently unused or barely used.  This would lessen scarcity of raw materials, further lowering cost of operation.  These expansions and upgrades should be done with planning and care to prevent new environmental side-effects. 

&amp;emsp;Although we describe a progression from easier to harder locations, a given type of location does not have to be completely developed before starting the next category.  Rather, their starting points are staggered in order of difficulty, and their development then continues in parallel.  


:&lt;u&gt;'''Goal 2 - Benefits from Space'''&lt;/u&gt;


&amp;emsp;Economic and environmental reasons are enough for building self-improving systems on Earth.  Once experience with them is built up, such systems can then be used in a series of locations in space.  There are several reasons for this: 
 

* Access to materials on Earth is limited vertically because temperatures and pressure increase with depth.

* Solar energy in nearby space outside the Earth's shadow averages 7 times more than the Earth's surface because there is no night, weather, or atmospheric absorption.  Close orbits range from 0 to 40% shade, so still have at least 4.2 times the available energy  

* Different and much larger amounts of materials are accessible, which can be used without affecting the Earth's environment.  

* There are a variety of risks to civilization on Earth, both natural and self-created.  Some of them can be reduced by projects in and expansion into space.


&amp;emsp;So our second goal is to make use of space to bring benefits to Earth, and later extend civilization and the biosphere into the space environment.

&amp;emsp;Space projects would logically start with easier and nearby locations, then move to farther and more difficult ones in sequence.  Developing a new location begins with imports of equipment and starter materials from Earth or previous locations.  Core production and resource extraction is built up, then expands to other kinds of industry.  Later deliveries of materials, products, and services helps expand operations.

&amp;emsp;Remote control is feasible when distances are short, otherwise command-response times can be long.  So some people may be needed on-location to set up and maintain equipment.  Suitable locations can build up habitats beyond this for other reasons.  Once built up enough, an existing location, along with previous ones, can serve as staging points for the next ones, supplying transportation, starter sets, and other items as needed.

&amp;emsp;Space locations vary in environment, raw materials, and energy resources.  So a trade network among them and the rest of civilization makes sense, just like it does on Earth.  Each location takes advantage of local conditions to do what it can do best, and trade with others as needed.  Through trade, locations can become economically self-supporting and not a cost sink for society.


:&lt;u&gt;'''Program Advantages'''&lt;/u&gt;


&amp;emsp;Our new approach has a number of advantages:


* It addresses the frequent criticism of space programs that there are problems here on Earth that need solving.  So we place solving economic and environmental problems first, ahead of large space projects.

* Self-improving and highly automated production lowers the cost of rocket factories and launch sites on Earth.  It also lowers how much you need to launch by using local resources already in space.  The combined result is much cheaper space projects.  Activities that are currently uneconomic can become viable.

* In terms of science and exploration, access to the whole Solar System is better than just the Moon and Mars, as interesting as they may be.  Locations develop their local resources, so they can sustain long-term operations, rather than being limited to short term missions and single landing sites.

* A continuing development program much safer than isolated missions.  A network of many locations can keep backup supplies and equipment available, and they can be delivered more quickly.  Automated and remote controlled transports can deliver supplies and equipment before the first people arrive, and regularly afterwards, providing a buffer against problems.

* Lower production and transport costs means more robust designs can be used.  Current space systems minimize weight to save on launch from Earth.  Robust designs will have better safety margins, lowering crew risk.  Bulk mined materials, either in raw form or as end products, can provide radiation shielding during long missions.  Production capacity at the destination, such as the Martian surface, enables making spare parts and replacement supplies on the spot, bypassing long delivery times from Earth.


==='''3.1 - Program Sequence'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Our program concept is organized into a number of phases and smaller individual projects.  There are several reasons for this:


* The phases have different scales of operation, or use locations with different operating environments, raw materials, and energy resources.  They will need different designs suited to them.

* We intend each phase to economically justify itself, and provide revenue and benefits to support later ones.  It would take too much funding for such a large program otherwise.

* New technologies need more development before using them for seed factories, makernets, and various space projects.  This will not happen all at once.  Splitting up the research and development across phases and projects is more manageable.

* We can lay out a long term program now, but we don't know what new technologies will be invented in the future, or when.  Later phases can be identified for guidance and direction, but it makes sense to concentrate on the early ones for now.  Details of later phases can be left flexible until their time approaches.


[[File:Phase Starts vs Time.png|thumb|right|768x480px|Figure 3.1-1 - Program Phases vs Time.]]  

&amp;emsp;In general, phases don't end, but rather build on previous ones and operate in parallel once started (Figure 3.1-1).  For example, mature industrial factories will continue to operate once new locations are set up elsewhere.  The phases have a logical sequence, where later steps generally depend on earlier ones.  We have identified seven main ones numbered 0 to 6, shown in different colors, with a number of sub-phases indicated by an added letter (4A, 4B, 4C, ...).  

[[File:Program Phases.png|thumb|right|768x480px|Figure 3.1-2 - Logical sequence of program phases.]]  

&amp;emsp;Figure 3.1-2 diagrams the logical relationship of phases.  It does not show all their relationships, since that would make the diagram too complicated to read.  Their general order is from easier to harder, and from local to more distant.  Each phase typically involves multiple projects and locations.  For example Phase 5B - Mars Surface Locations, would eventually include many projects across the planet.  Most locations will evolve across time by expansion and upgrade.  The phases are summarized in the next two headings (3.2 and 3.3), and then in more detail in report sections 4 through 9 below.  
 

==='''3.2 - Phases 0 to 3: Earth Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Our program in the broadest sense changes the goals from specific destinations, like a mission to Mars, to improving and extending civilization and the biosphere throughout the Solar System and beyond.  We start with our own planet first, because there are large and immediate needs here.  So the first four phases apply to Earth.

&amp;emsp;Much of human civilization is unevenly developed and unsustainable, and the vast majority of people will live here for many decades.  Starting on Earth allows getting experience with technologies that will later be used in space.  It is easier and less expensive to apply them here first, and they can produce economic benefits to sustain themselves.

&amp;emsp;This program would widen participation from national space programs, to the much wider base of all of civilization.  Government space programs are only about 0.08% of gross world product, and only part of that is devoted to exploration and science beyond Earth.  Being more inclusive increases the available inputs for projects, and makes faster progress in the end.  The first four phases are:


:&amp;emsp;&lt;u&gt;'''Phase 0: Research and Development'''&lt;/u&gt; - The first major phase performs necessary research and development (R&amp;D) for production technologies to be used on Earth, later adaptions to space, and ones used only in space.  It also develops transport, habitation, and service technologies as needed for the particular conditions of different locations.  The R&amp;D work is spread out in time according to which phases, locations, and projects particular designs are needed for.  Some later R&amp;D, such as testing hardware in the operating environment, would occur in space.  Since a lot of production technology already exists on Earth, the earliest R&amp;D will mainly be selection of what to use and in what order.  Modified and completely new tech will be worked on later as needed.


:&amp;emsp;&lt;u&gt;'''Phase 1: Starter Locations &amp; Network'''&lt;/u&gt; - This phase builds the first sets of seed factory equipment and begins the self-improvement process.  Phase 1 equipment can start small, such as home and hobby use, which makes it affordable.  Individual equipment items or small groups of them can be located at home or shared work spaces.  A network of people directly or electronically coordinate their work to make items for each other, build new network nodes, and start to accumulate larger shared items.  New locations may start with less than full starter sets, and build up to making internal improvements.  Phase 1 locations are typically in developed and populated areas with access to the materials, energy sources, and equipment needed.


:&amp;emsp;&lt;u&gt;'''Phase 2: Distributed and Industrial Locations'''&lt;/u&gt; - One of the ways a seed factory can grow is to use existing equipment to make parts for larger ones.  This leads from home and hobby size, to small business, commercial, and industrial scale equipment and locations.  At smaller scales it is reasonable to gather the full range of equipment and people in one place, and make a wide range of products.  At larger scales, the equipment and their operators tend to become more distributed and specialized, and serve larger markets.  But they can still coordinate on projects and products.


:&amp;emsp;&lt;u&gt;'''Phase 3: Difficult and Extreme Locations'''&lt;/u&gt; -  This phase begins extending life and civilization to the parts of the Earth where there is very little or none today.  They are unoccupied partly because the environment conditions are more difficult.  Self-improving production allows operating affordably in such places.  New systems would be set up and grow serially from moderate to difficult and more extreme environments.  Technologies like automation and remote control allows machines to operate where it is not feasible for people to stay.     

:&amp;emsp;A major direction for expansion is vertically, to access additional resources and physical space.  This goes beyond the fairly thin current layer of activity near the Earth's surface.  We can expand the total active area by 7.4 times, but height can be increased hundreds or thousands of meters both up and down.  This enables many times more usable volume and materials.


==='''3.3 - Phases 4-6: Space Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;The later parts of our program involve developing and using space to benefit Earth.  It would be based on experience gained in the earlier phases with self-improving systems, which can make more such systems.  It is also based on the larger production capacity developed in Phases 2 and 3.  This capacity enables building transport systems like rocket factories and launch sites, and plus equipment and starter sets to be used at the new locations.  The experience in working in remote and hostile environments in Phase 3 can also be applied to the remote and hostile environments of space.

&amp;emsp;At a civilization level this accesses the much larger physical volume, energy, and material resources beyond Earth.  Some heavy industry can eventually be moved to space locations, protecting the Earth's environment.  It can also decrease societal risks by, for example, diverting hazardous asteroids, or filter parts of the solar spectrum to reduce overheating the planet.

&amp;emsp;As in the earlier phases, we propose a step-by-step approach: extracting local resources, building up core production, diversifying industries, then sending starter sets to the next locations.  Locations become physically and economically self-supporting, allowing moving forward to new ones.  The three later main phases are:


:&amp;emsp;&lt;u&gt;'''Phase 4: Orbital Locations'''&lt;/u&gt; - Locations in this phase share being in orbit around Earth, or in open space between large bodies.  This is in contrast to the the surface or closely bound bound orbits around those bodies.  The sub-phases progress from lower to higher Earth orbits, then in distance from the Sun from closer to more distant.

:&amp;emsp;The main local raw materials are from asteroids and other small bodies, but we can import additional material from Earth, the Moon, and other places.  We can also mine a limited amount of the Earth's upper atmosphere and the &quot;debris belt&quot; of discarded space hardware.  Solar energy is abundantly available in the open spaces near the Sun, but other solutions become more important in the farther areas.  The limit to this phase is the farthest orbits bound to the Sun.


:&amp;emsp;&lt;u&gt;'''Phase 5: Planetary System Locations'''&lt;/u&gt; - These locations are orbits tied by gravity to the Moon, major planets, and their larger moons, or on their respective surfaces.  The sub-phases are by distance starting with the Moon, then to the inner and outer planets.  Although orbital and planetary locations share features like vacuum or atmospheres we can't breath, they differ in having significant gravity wells or surface gravity, and in having night or time in shadow from the Sun.  These differences require different designs, so we place them in a separate phase.  Mars is part of this phase, but compared to current space programs it has long-term and larger scale exploration and development, rather than a few short missions to specific spots.


:&amp;emsp;&lt;u&gt;'''Phase 6: Interstellar Locations'''&lt;/u&gt; - The last major phase of extending life and civilization includes the space between stars and locations bound to other stars.  This is mostly speculative right now because it is far away in time.  A lot new technology will likely be needed, and what will already be developed by then is unknown.  But we see no reason to stop just because the edge of our Solar System is reached.  For now, technical feasibility limits how far projects can go.  But that may change in the future, so we include this final phase as a place-holder, and to provide a direction to plan for.

&amp;emsp;

=='''4.0 - Seed Factory Technology'''==
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Our program leans heavily on the idea of &quot;seed factories&quot;, which are self-improving production systems which grow from starter sets.  We note some details in this section, but more on the subject can be found in '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Volume I]''', and in information about '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Danielravennest/SFP Our Project]''', which is attempting to develop the technology.


&amp;emsp;'''Tools and Growth''' - Our ancestors used tools to make more tools at least as far back as the Paleolithic, 2.6 million years ago, when '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerstone Hammerstones]''' were used to flake other stones to produce an assortment of tools.  Locally found objects like rocks and sticks were likely used even earlier, but left no identifiable evidence.  In modern times we use metal-cutting '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool Machine Tools]''' to make parts for more machine tools, plus all the other kinds of machines used to make other products.

&amp;emsp;Any collection of tools and machines can be used the conventional way to provide products and services to others.  The income can then be used to buy new equipment.  What is new about seed factories is using starter sets purposely designed to make parts for more tools and equipment to improve the set.  A starter set can produce its own energy and extract raw materials, or rely on outside supplies to operate.  Once set up, the starter set can improve itself internally in several ways:


* &lt;u&gt;Replication&lt;/u&gt; - making copies of existing parts and equipment,
* &lt;u&gt;Diversification&lt;/u&gt; - making parts for new equipment not in the current set,
* &lt;u&gt;Quality&lt;/u&gt; - making items stronger, more accurate, or from different materials, and
* &lt;u&gt;Scaling&lt;/u&gt; - making different size parts (usually larger) than the current ones.


&amp;emsp;A relatively small starter set can then grow to produce a wide range and large quantity of products.  This can optionally include parts for new starter sets.  A starter set may not be able to copy most of its original parts at first, because it lacks the right equipment.  But after following a planned series of upgrades it can gain the ability to reproduce all or most of the original set.  Biological plant seeds follow a similar growth cycle to make more seeds, which is why we call the starter sets &quot;seed factories&quot;.  Biological plants can even be part of a starter set, such as using trees to provide lumber and also grow more trees. 

&amp;emsp;The seed factory approach substitutes information, like plans and instructions, for some part of a mature and more capable factory.  On Earth this reduces the cost to get started.  For space projects it reduces the starting weight and size, making delivery to distant places easier.  With modern technology, the information can be stored and transmitted efficiently, and '''Smart Tools''' (software, robots, etc.) can do much of the work.  However, growing from a starter set will take more time than immediately building a finished factory.


:'''Self-Replication and Distributed Production'''


&amp;emsp;A seed factory is not the same as a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_machine Self-Replicating Machine]'''.  First, a number of different materials and production processes are needed to make modern equipment.  These are best carried out by separate tools and machines designed for each task.  For large-scale production the set of equipment will be closer to commercial building size, and better described as a factory than a single machine.  

&amp;emsp;Second, a starter set can be much smaller and simpler than the mature factory.  We think of it as the seed from which a factory grows.  But a plant seed is not the same as the mature plant, so this is not direct replication in the sense of making an exact copy.  If a mature factory can produce new starter sets, it is indirect replication by a cycle of growth and then making copies.  This is more like plants and animals reproducing by way of smaller and simpler offspring.

&amp;emsp;Third, starter sets and the mature factories are not generally able to make everything they need by themselves.  At first they will lack all the right equipment.  Even when mature there will likely be items too hard to make, or the materials too rare locally.  Those need to be supplied from elsewhere.  Since they cannot do it all by themselves, they are not fully self-replicating.

&amp;emsp;Traditional factories and workshops had to bring the equipment and people to one place, because it was the only way to coordinate the work.  With modern computers, software, and communications this is no longer required.  Equipment in different places can work together, and people can operate them remotely.  So a modern view of factory capacity is the ability to make things on a regular basis.  The people and equipment may be in one place for efficiency, but they don't have to be - they can be partly or entirely distributed.  What's important is they can work together to make desired products.
 

:'''Operations and Functions'''

 
&amp;emsp;Production in general involves a number of processes, which turn can require multiple steps.  A seed factory may not be able to do all of them at the start, but they can be added in steps as it upgrades.  Process categories include:  


* &lt;u&gt;Control of operations&lt;/u&gt; - collecting data and sending instructions to the various people and equipment.
* &lt;u&gt;Supply power&lt;/u&gt; - this includes electricity, thermal heating, and other sources.
* &lt;u&gt;Extract materials&lt;/u&gt; - mining and harvesting raw materials.
* &lt;u&gt;Process materials&lt;/u&gt; - converting raw materials to usable inventory.
* &lt;u&gt;Fabricate parts&lt;/u&gt; - use inventory stock to produce finished parts.
* &lt;u&gt;Storage and protection&lt;/u&gt; - house inventory in various stages of production, plus protect equipment and inventory from local conditions when needed.
* &lt;u&gt;Assemble elements&lt;/u&gt; - combine finished parts and materials to produce completed products.
* &lt;u&gt;Grow organics&lt;/u&gt; - such as food and timber.  These can grow on their own given the right conditions, making it different from other kinds of production.


&amp;emsp;Most production flows need materials and energy to work with, in addition to tools and machines.  In developed areas these can come from outside sources.  In less- or undeveloped areas, this may be difficult.  Even in developed areas it may be more economic to self-supply.  Production systems can start with or build their own mining and processing equipment for materials.  They can also start with or build energy sources, such as wind turbines and solar farms.

&amp;emsp;Once operating, production generally uses up supplies like lubricants and drill bits, and needs replacements for parts that wear out.  These can either be part of the starter set inventory, or supplied from outside as needed.  Over time, a growing system can start to make these items for itself.  In order to keep growing and improving, a given system has to make or import items faster than old ones wear out.  It also needs enough outside supplies of energy, materials, parts, and other items that it can't make internally.

&amp;emsp;We don't expect mature factories to reach 100% self-sufficiency.  Some items will likely come from other places, in exchange for surplus products and services supplied to others.  We also don't expect fully automated production at current levels of industrial technology.  Some people will be needed to use the equipment and do tasks only people can do.  Those people can be physically present, or in some cases control operations remotely.
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;
=='''5.0 - Phase 0: Research and Development (R&amp;D)'''==
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;The rest of this report provides more detail on our program phases and sub-phases.  It does not provide complete plans and hardware designs both for length and because they haven't been defined yet.  We also can't claim this is the best possible program.  We present it as a ''&lt;u&gt;possible&lt;/u&gt;'' path that leverages self-improving production methods.  Much more work is needed on this idea, and we invite other people to help.  Where next steps have been identified, we note them below, in our two volumes on seed factories and space systems, and our other documents.

&amp;emsp;A vast amount of knowledge, technology, skills, and products already exist.  Where they do, we can simply select and use them.  When new arrangements of existing items, or modified or completely new items are needed, '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development Research and Development]''' (R&amp;D) is the technical method to create them.  It is a set of innovative activities undertaken by groups of individuals, corporations, industrialists, or governments. This program phase is numbered zero because it is preparation needed to make the later phases possible.  The R&amp;D sub-phases are numbered according to the later phases the work applies to.  So sub-phase 0.1 would be R&amp;D work that applies to Phase 1: Starter Locations.


:'''R&amp;D Goals'''


&amp;emsp;Our program needs research and development because we are attempting a new way to organize projects using starter sets and self-improvement.  This will likely need some new equipment and processes for particular environments, especially those in space.  So the goal of this phase is to supply ready-to-use technology and designs.  Since R&amp;D is the first program phase, it can't evolve from previous ones.  Instead it must start with existing items like buildings, tools, machines, design methods, and skills.

&amp;emsp;Developing new locations is not the main purpose of this phase, like it is for later ones.  Places like offices, industrial space, and test areas will be needed for the R&amp;D work, but can start with existing ones.  In later phases, testing for unique environments may be easier to do in those environments rather than building simulators.  So some later R&amp;D work may move to difficult locations on Earth, or to locations in space.


:'''Production by R&amp;D Phase'''


&amp;emsp;Some production will happen in the course of setting up R&amp;D locations, testing new equipment designs, and figuring out the best operating flows.  But that is not the main goal. Such outputs can be used later, but they are secondary to the main goal to provide usable designs and processes for later phases to use.

&amp;emsp;Some of the newly designed equipment that is built for testing may be kept and used internally afterwards. This would help expand and upgrade the R&amp;D locations themselves, and serve as a demonstration of the self-improvement process.  Other finished equipment, products, and services generated during R&amp;D can get sold or traded to fund further R&amp;D work.  Feedback from practical use of such items can help improve the designs. 

&amp;emsp;Final designs should have a long operating life if they are to be useful.  So early prototypes should aim for longer lives than the time needed to test them.  Prototypes with remaining useful lives can be delivered and used in other locations for later phases and projects.  Lastly, the R&amp;D phase may produce some final versions of starter set equipment.  These can be used directly in later phases.  


:'''Sharing Our Results'''


&amp;emsp;We want our work to have the most benefit for the most people.  So we plan to eventually open-source the designs, so that anyone can use and improve on them.  They may be temporarily kept private to help finance additional R&amp;D.  In general individual machines, factories, and the products they produce, would be separately owned, either privately or institutionally.

&amp;emsp;The R&amp;D Phase may develop new methods and technology to use for itself in the course of working towards later phase designs.  We would also make such new developments available for others to use.  An example is full resource accounting, a method to track all the inputs and outputs of a system the way financial accounting tracks money.  In order for projects to be functional and sustainable, they should account for everything, including scarce resources and all process wastes.  If possible these should be recyclable or usable elsewhere, but you can't do that if you don't identify and track them. 


:'''R&amp;D Tasks and Projects'''


&amp;emsp;The R&amp;D work is divided up according to the later phases and projects that need it.  Items used by  multiple phases are assigned to the first one they are needed for.  Later phases start at different times.  So the R&amp;D work for each one is started far enough ahead that it is ready when needed.

&amp;emsp;New designs and technology are likely needed even for the last phase.  So we expect R&amp;D work will continue for the whole life of our program.  In addition to internal R&amp;D work, we expect technology to make progress outside our program.  So part of the R&amp;D phase is staying current with outside developments, so that improved designs and methods can be developed within the program later.  New and expanded locations within a phase, and unique conditions found there, may require design updates, new hardware models, and customization.  Lastly, we expect feedback from using the items in later phases and suggestions for improvements.  All of these are reasons to continue the R&amp;D process.

&amp;emsp;The R&amp;D work is logically grouped into smaller projects according to the technologies being developed or type of end use.  So far we have started this Seed Factory Project to develop the basic ideas for self-improving systems, and started working on what will be needed for Phase 1 locations and networks.

&amp;emsp;Future R&amp;D project examples are ocean mining platforms or interplanetary tugs.  Such systems would be used in later phases, so we have not yet identified specific ones.  There is a lot of science and technology work happening elsewhere in civilization.  We do not expect to duplicate that work, but use their results where it makes sense, and contribute back our own results to the general fund of knowledge.

&amp;emsp;
=='''6.0 - Moderate Locations'''==
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Once the R&amp;D phase starts providing plans, designs, and technology, the core self-improvement methods stay the same in all later phases.  But equipment sets must be adapted to local environments, material and energy resources, and available people and their skills.  Finished products and services also need to be adapted for local and export use.  So our program concept has multiple later phases to account for all these differences.

&amp;emsp;Phases 1 and 2 are for the easiest environment conditions, which we call &quot;Moderate&quot;.  This includes temperatures, water supply, and a number of others.  The ranges we consider moderate are listed in section 7.1 which covers conditions that are more difficult.  Moderate ones are the kinds of places where most people currently live.  Among them are locations with significant population and physical development, such as around cities.  These locations have enough people, supply sources, and transportation to get started.  So they are the easiest ones to build the first projects in.  The three phases/sub-phases for these areas are mainly distinguished by scale of operation.  They are phases 1:Starter, 2A: Distributed, and 2B: Industrial.


==='''6.1 - Phase 1: Starter Locations and Network'''===
&amp;emsp;

:'''Goals'''


&amp;emsp;The main goals of this phase are (1) provide products and services at the personal and community level, (2) develop experience with starter sets and self-improvement, and (3) develop trade networks among people in local sites and different locations.  By site we mean an individual place like a home or commercial building, while a location is at the scale of a city or metropolitan area that travel and transport across is reasonably easy.  Network members can trade physical items, labor, information, and other items as needed.  They can also coordinate work on larger or more complicated projects, despite being in different places.

&amp;emsp;Networks would be used in all later phases.  This is because (1) locations vary in the material and energy sources available.  (2) Individuals and groups have variable skills and interests.  They also may not want to travel too far to work on projects.  (3) Physical space, utilities, safety, and local rules may limit the work done at a particular site.


:'''Starting Points'''
 

&amp;emsp;Projects in general need Tools, Resources, Energy, and Knowledge to complete.  We call this the &quot;TREK&quot; principle for short.  Early projects won't have the benefit of a lot of finished R&amp;D work.  To start with they can use already developed tools and machines, existing sources of materials and parts, available electric power and fuels, and the many books, online videos, and other information sources on how to do what is needed.

&amp;emsp;Early project examples are (1) setting up for a hobby that needs working space and equipment and (2) improvements to an existing home.  Such projects don't have to be completed all at once.  They can be started with minimal equipment for the first steps, and gradually add more items as skills accumulate.  Eventually an owner can start building custom items like a work table or storage for themselves.  If they can find other people interested in similar projects they can share knowledge, trade items, and help each other when extra people are needed.  Like other parts of our program, people's skills and the equipment they work with are not intended to reach a static end point, but to grow and develop over time.  So self-education, training, and practice are encouraged.

&amp;emsp;Equipment for this phase starts at the hobby and home use level, for personal and local community products and services.  Their duty cycle (percentage of time in operation) is less than full time, and the equipment is smaller and less expensive.  This puts the equipment in reach of ordinary people or small groups.  Groups of people can afford a number of these smaller items.  They can be housed in space they already have, or they can build or rent space without too much difficulty.  
  
&amp;emsp;Equipment may be distributed at people's homes, or grouped into clusters on one property, such as a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackerspace Community Workshop]''' or small scale production cooperative.  Individual sites may be limited in size and cost, but the network as a whole can grow and improve by adding more sites and upgrading existing ones.


:'''Later Improvements'''


&amp;emsp;Improvements can come from new R&amp;D work. personal experience, more copies of existing items, scaling to larger (and sometimes smaller) sizes, and purchases funded from sales.  As the network expands and upgrades itself, it can produce more items internally for further upgrades, and more products for network use or to sell.  Network production can be logically grouped into (1) tools and machines intended to make more tools and machines, (2) items intended for production but not for making more equipment, such as a sawmill or greenhouse, and (3) finished products to be used, traded, or sold, like furniture and food.

&amp;emsp;The R&amp;D phase would gradually develop plans, designs, and instructions for starter sets, upgrade paths, and custom equipment.  These would be shared as information, and can start to be provided as physical packaged sets.  Later projects can then start self-improving faster.  A trading network can grow as more sites in more locations are built.

&amp;emsp;Examples of future R&amp;D-developed equipment include a 1x2 meter bridge mill, with replaceable heads and bits so it can perform different tasks, and a 15 kW solar furnace with replaceable focus targets.  The furnace can directly heat items in a crucible, or generate steam for an electric generator.  Such starter set equipment is designed for flexibility, rather than maximum efficiency and speed.  That way a smaller starter set can be used for a variety of tasks at lower cost.  Later equipment, built with the help of the starter set, can be dedicated to single tasks with higher efficiency and performance.  Starter equipment may be supplied finished and ready to operate, as kits with some level of assembly and supplies needed, or purely as plans and instructions.

==='''6.2 - Phase 2A: Distributed Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

:'''Goals'''


&amp;emsp;The goals of this phase are (1) increased scale of sites and locations, and (2) relief from job insecurity and displacement by automation.  


:'''Evolution'''


&amp;emsp;Phase 1 locations in general would accumulate skills and equipment.  Some sites within the location will move beyond hobby and home use, towards more regular small business and commercial activity.  This involves part or full time operation, and selling more products outside the self-improvement network.  The larger scale and more intense uses will need different equipment sets.

&amp;emsp;When running a business, speed and efficiency become more important, so equipment is chosen or built to do particular tasks well.  This results in a larger collection of more specialized equipment.  Skills and training also become more specialized and take longer to learn.  Particular sites will tend to do a few things well, and trade for other things they need.  A comprehensive large site (general purpose workshop or factory) that does many kinds of work is still possible in this phase, but less common.  So working sites will tend to be distributed in multiple places.

&amp;emsp;Business and commercial scale operation is not limited to production only, but can also serve the full range of habitation, transport, and service industries.  For example, a restaurant is a service business, but it needs a building, furniture, and kitchen equipment first.  So the logical progression is from core equipment to make more equipment, then finished products like building materials and furniture, and finally industries that don't produce items, but use them to operate.


:'''Ownership'''


&amp;emsp;In the current economic system, separation of ownership and labor results in the problem of job insecurity.  The owners of a for-profit business have the incentive to remove workers as soon as possible to save on labor costs.  The removal may be due to lower production and sales, or changes in business methods and technology that need less labor or different skills.  

&amp;emsp;When a person or group has built and expanded their own equipment and business, the owners and workers are the same people.  They don't have the same incentive to remove themselves.  To the extent they make items for their own use, production would remain constant.  If outside sales decrease, they own the equipment to build and start doing something else to make up the difference.  Automation is a threat to conventional jobs by needing less labor.  But owners who use the same automation for themselves are not threatened with unemployment.  Rather they just work less time or more efficiently.

&amp;emsp;By diversifying into different industries, self-owned production can integrate with the rest of civilization and be self-supporting.  New network members can become owners by first building or buying into a share of core production.  They can then use that production to make or trade for what's needed in other industries.  Alternately they can start out working for others in their chosen industry, and buy or trade for production shares.  Either way they have more security as owners.

==='''6.3 - Phase 2B: Industrial Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

:'''Goals'''


&amp;emsp;The main goal of this phase is to reach the most efficient production levels by additional growth in scale and specialization.  Industrial locations are in the same kind of developed areas and moderate environments as Phase 2A Distributed Locations, so we group them together under Phase 2.  


:'''Growth and Specialization'''


&amp;emsp;Industrial sites can evolve from distributed small business or commercial sites by continuing self-improvement and growth.  They can also be built as new sites of the final size, where the equipment is supplied by other parts of the network.  In that case, supplying the larger equipment and space to house them will likely need outside capital, because individuals or a small group typically won't have enough funds.  Gradual evolution from a smaller size by self-production would not require as much, or any, outside funding.

&amp;emsp;Larger work spaces with larger input and output flows will tend to limit industrial locations to fewer products.  For example, if you are processing scrap metal on an industrial scale into new metal stock, it helps to be near a rail line to transport the scrap and the finished metal.  The more products, factory space, and specialized needs you have, the less likely you will find one big site that can satisfy all of them.

&amp;emsp;The larger production scale means more outside customers for the products, or larger scale customers.  The market area for a site will likely reach beyond a single location, to a region or even world-wide.  Since outputs are sold to a wide range of customers at greater distances, transport capacity becomes more important in this phase.

&amp;emsp;A narrow product range and large scale markets means demand can be more variable from general economic circumstances or competition.  Distributed finance and ownership makes sense in this case.  Demand may be low for a particular product, but may be high for something else.  In a distributed portfolio these tend to average out.  Owners can then reassign their labor and equipment as needed to meet the higher demand products.

&amp;emsp;The overall production network has a high capacity to recycle and self-produce what it needs.  So modifying equipment to meet changing needs is easier to do.  This is a somewhat different business model than investors and workers, with managers in between.  It more a network of active owner-operators who can change the mix of what they own and what they produce as needed.

&amp;emsp;Like distributed locations, industrial ones can serve the full range of industry types.  A combination of industrial, distributed, and individual scale industries can meet most of the needs that people have.  If they own their own equipment, or shares in them, because they collectively built and grew them themselves, those needs are met securely, despite higher levels of automation.

&amp;emsp;
=='''7.0 - Other Earth Locations'''==
&amp;emsp;

:'''Goal'''


&amp;emsp;The main goal of this phase is a better quality of life through sustainable development.  The Earth's population is growing, and most people want a better lifestyle.  This needs more physical resources and energy.  But the Earth is already being stressed by human impact on the environment, and future growth will only increase the stress.


:'''Method'''


&amp;emsp;One way out of this dilemma is to produce abundant renewable energy with self-improving systems.  These systems make more of themselves exponentially, including more power sources.  Renewable energy will have much less impact on the planet's heat balance.  Large amounts of energy allow increased reprocessing of wastes, and extraction from lower grade ores or even common rock and ocean water.  Rapid expansion brings material goods to the rest of the world faster.  Self-production and automation lowers the relative costs of products, energy, and materials.


:'''New Locations'''  


&amp;emsp;Increased supply of raw materials and energy will likely need access to more difficult and remote locations.  So Phase 3 covers working in areas that are thinly or completely uninhabited, or that have difficult or extreme local environments.  New designs and processes will be needed for such areas.  So a new program phase with added R&amp;D is started.

&amp;emsp;Harder conditions are a matter of degree, rather than absolutes with a clear dividing line.  Sections 7.1 and 7.2 list the ones we have identified.  We define the &quot;normal&quot; (moderate) range as those where the middle 90% of of people live.  Difficult and extreme conditions are then significantly above or below the moderate range.

&amp;emsp;If at least one of the eleven parameters is well beyond the moderate range, then the location is assigned to the difficult category.  Extreme locations are even farther from moderate, and can be hostile to people living and working there.  More remote-control and automated operations will tend to be used, instead of trying to build controlled environments for people. 

&amp;emsp;We want to preserve the Earth's total environment, and the parts that are still in a natural state.  So developing the difficult and extreme locations must consider sustainability, renewable energy, and environmental impact.  An example would be building offshore fisheries to replace wild fish catches.  The latter are putting a strain on the ocean food chain, so it is desirable to minimize that impact.  But the fisheries must consider all their inputs and outputs in a total system approach to avoid unintended side-effects.

&amp;emsp;The mechanics of building in these locations is somewhat different than previous phases.  These areas are less populated, with fewer supply sources and utilities available.  So growing from a minimal set of tools and machines is harder to do.  Instead, more finished equipment is sent from previous locations to start basic functions like mining and producing energy.  A set of production equipment then uses these resources, plus some level of imported supplies, to increase capacity.  

&amp;emsp;That capacity then supplies products and services for local use.  Surplus output is traded with the rest of civilization to make the locations self-supporting economically.  Once built up, a location can also contribute to starting additional ones.  The experience gained in working in difficult or extreme conditions, working remotely, and building up resource extraction and production in such places will be useful for later phases beyond Earth.


==='''7.1 - Phase 3A: Difficult Earth Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;We define moderate conditions as those where the middle 90% of the Earth's population lives, with 5% at the upper or lower ends for a given parameter.  This definition is somewhat arbitrary, but we think reasonable from a design standpoint.  The &quot;Difficult&quot; environments are then those that are at least 10% beyond the moderate range in at least one parameter.  10% is measured either linearly or as a logarithmic factor, depending how wide the normal range is.  The parameters and moderate and difficult ranges are:


&amp;emsp;'''Temperature''' - This is measured by winter average daily lows and summer average daily highs.  The moderate range is 260-310K (-13 to 37C).  A given location is likely to exceed either the high or low limit, but not both.  The difficult range is therefore below 255K (-18C) or above 315K (42C).  Examples of difficult temperatures include Chelyabinsk, Russia, where average winter lows are -19C, and Death Valley, California, where summer highs are up to 47C.  The lower limit ie more likely to be reached at high altitudes and latitudes.  The high limit is more likely to be reached deep underground, because the Earth's internal temperature rises 25 Kelvin/Celsius on average per kilometer of depth.

&amp;emsp;'''Water Supply''' - This is measured by fresh water supply in meters or tons/m^2 per year from rain, rivers, snow, ice, moisture condensation and freshwater aquifers.  Salty surface water and aquifers are not included, as they aren't drinkable without desalination.  Aquifers are limited to natural replenishment rates, as they are not sustainable if drawn from faster.  The moderate range is 0.25 to 2.5 meters/year.  Since this is a large range, we use a logarithmic scale, and define difficult as 26% below or above the moderate limits, or &lt;0.185  and &gt;3.15 meters/year.  The world's drier deserts fall below the 18.5 cm rainfall level, and places like the east coast of Nicaragua exceed the 315 cm upper limit on rainfall.  Too much water is difficult because it can cause problems like flooding, erosion, and decay.

&amp;emsp;'''Atmosphere Pressure''' - This is measured by average local air pressure in kiloPascals (kPa).  For reference, standard sea-level pressure is 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi).  The moderate range is assumed to be from 80-100 kPa (near sea-level to 2000 meters altitude)  Difficult pressures are below 70kPa (2750 meters altitude) or above 110 kPa (750 meters below sea-level).  These correspond to high mountains or plateaus, and deep underground at low altitudes, since the lowest surface elevation is -413 meters.  Low pressures and rapid changes in pressure can cause medical problems for people, so pressure-control is needed where people are.  Effects on equipment are mostly minor in this range.

&amp;emsp;'''Ground Pressure''' - This is the ground/soil strength at the surface, or surrounding water or rock pressure below the surface, in MegaPascals (MPa).  These affect the design of structures, and values that are too low or too high become difficult.  For reference, average household floors are designed for 0.275 MPa loads.  The moderate range is 0.25 to 2.0 MPa.  Difficult conditions are then below 0.19 MPa or above 2.5 MPa.  The high limit is reached at ocean depths of 250 meters, and underground at depths of 100 meters in average rock.  High surrounding pressures require closed containers to lower them for people, or support structures to prevent collapse.  The low limit is reached in open waters (zero strength), fine sand or moist clay (low strengths).  Low ground strength requires larger building foundations, or floating construction in the case of open waters

&amp;emsp;'''Energy Supply''' - This is measured by average energy supply from renewable natural sources in W/m^2.  Wind and solar are available in most places, and are rapidly renewable.  Ocean thermal and geothermal are widely available if you go deep enough, but take long periods to renew once depleted, so we only count their renewal rate, not the stored energy.  Sources like hydroelectric or tidal energy are not available everywhere, but counted if they are.

&amp;emsp;Fossil fuels are not sustainable because of finite supply and the waste products they produce.  Biofuels may be produced sustainably.  Fuels for nuclear fission and fusion (which is still being developed) are in large enough supply to be considered sustainable but require mining or separation.  They can be used to produce energy, but we don't count their contribution to local supply.

&amp;emsp;Low energy supply is difficult because some is needed for almost every kind of human activity.  If it is not available locally, it must be imported by methods like fuel delivery or power lines.  High levels of energy supply are not considered difficult.  The range of energy flux is roughly 150 to 900 W/m^2 on Earth, so a difficult low value is 125 W/m^2.  Any significant depth below the surface is cut off from wind and solar sources, so are likely to be difficult and require energy supplied from elsewhere.

&amp;emsp;'''Gravity Level''' - This is mainly one of the conditions for space environments.  On and near the Earth's surface it does not vary by more than 10% unless you are in a centrifuge or accelerating vehicle, so there are no natural places on Earth beyond moderate conditions.  Low gravity causes biological problems for people, and may for animals and plants.  High gravity is difficult to work in for people, and requires extra structural support for physical items.

&amp;emsp;'''Radiation Dose''' - This is measured by unprotected background radiation in milliSeivert (mSv)/year.  Industrial exposure, such as to medical imaging staff, or from mining, using, and disposing of radioactive materials, is not considered an environment condition.  But such exposure needs its own designs for safety and shielding.  Natural background radiation varies by location, according to altitude, magnetic field, and what materials are in the ground below.  In most places on Earth it varies from 1 to 13 mSv/year.

&amp;emsp;A few places have high radiation levels from concentrations of radioactive elements and their decay products, up to 135 mSv/yr.  People have lived in such locations for many generations, with no apparent ill effects.  Since adaption may have occurred for long-term residents, we will be conservative and consider high radiation levels a hazard to the general population.

&amp;emsp;Levels above 17 mSv/year would be considered difficult.  Depending on sources, they might require shielding, sealing, or air circulation.  Low radiation levels are not considered hazardous, so background levels below 1 mSv/year are not considered difficult.  Note that the human body contains some radioactive elements naturally, so there is no zero background level.  Even the highest natural radiation levels on Earth are not significant for most equipment designs.

&amp;emsp;'''Ping Time''' - This is the round-trip communication delay to the next nearest 5% of world population, in milliseconds (ms).  Long delays create difficulty in voice communications or real-time remote control, and slow down any computer network-based activity.  There is no lower limit for this parameter, since short ping times are not a difficult condition.

&amp;emsp;On or near the Earth's surface we consider ping times above 100 milliseconds to be difficult, as this much delay starts to be noticeable to people.  There are few locations that have such high values to reach 5% of the world's people.  The 5% value is because you can choose to do tasks like remote control from reasonably nearby, and not from the farthest place on Earth.  This parameter becomes more important in space.  The speed of light limits operations to within 15,000 km to stay under 100 ms.  That only reaches moderately high Earth orbit, and most of space is far beyond that distance.

&amp;emsp;'''Travel Time''' - This is the maximum one-way normal travel time for people, to reach the nearest 5% of other people.  Travel time for cargo is assumed to be proportional to that for people.  High travel times makes it more difficult and expensive to bring in people with special skills, or necessary parts and materials.  Densely populated areas can usually be reached in 5 hours or less.  Most of the world's populated areas can be reached within 48 hours, so we set this as the upper limit for moderate (developed) travel.  The worst case travel time is 10-20 days for parts of Tibet which lack roads, and ocean locations distant from any airports, requiring ship travel to reach.  Very low travel times are not a difficulty, so we set no lower limit for this parameter. We define difficult travel as needing more than 2.5 days.

&amp;emsp;'''Stay Time''' - This is the average stay time per person per location, in years.  People stay in the same location if they live and sleep there the majority of the time, and make trips to other locations less than half the time.  Short stay times are more difficult because of increased transportation needs and staff turnover.  The short times may be caused by a harsh environment, lack of habitation and services, or the location is simply undesirable.  It can also be caused by a rapidly growing population lowering the average residence time.  In that case, the difficulty is caused by having to rapidly build new habitation and services.

&amp;emsp;Long stay times are not considered difficult, and their upper limit is the human lifespan.  Rapidly growing areas provide the shortest average times on Earth, 7 years if normal turnover is added to growth.  Since the upper bound is ~70 years, we will set the difficult limit at 25% below the shortest average, at 5 years.  Examples where such low values occur are mining and construction camps in remote locations.

&amp;emsp;'''Transport Energy''' - This is the total energy to reach a location from the nearest 5% of population, by the most efficient method, in MegaJoules per kilogram (MJ/kg).  For reference, 3.6 MJ = 1 kiloWatt-hour of electricity.  Transport energy includes kinetic, potential, and frictional energy.  High transport energy is difficult because of increased need for equipment, and their higher cost of operation.

&amp;emsp;On Earth, potential and kinetic energy of transport are generally low, and friction dominates.  Rail and water transport are currently the most efficient bulk methods, and range from 0.225 to 2.25 MJ/kg between densely and sparsely populated areas.  Low transport energy is not considered difficult, but we set values above 2.85 MJ/kg to be.  Such values can occur when rail and water transport are not available, and part of the trip must be by less efficient methods.  It can also happen when there is a lot of altitude change on the route, increasing frictional losses so as not to exceed speed limits.


&amp;emsp;Some of these parameters change with time, due to technology and development.  For example, parts of Alaska had long travel times when the only available transport was by dog sled.  Once small airplanes and a network of landing fields were available, it became less difficult.  It may be a specific goal to upgrade a location to less difficult status, but we define it for phases and R&amp;D by the pre-existing conditions that have to be dealt with.


==='''7.2 - Phase 3B: Extreme Earth Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;We define extreme locations as an additional 10% beyond the difficult range.  This is again in linear or logarithmic amounts, depending on the span of moderate conditions most people live in.  The more extreme parameters will need further design modifications, and therefore supporting R&amp;D to develop them.  We define no upper bound on how extreme things can get, they are only limited by the natural environment and general state of civilization.  The parameter values are:


&amp;emsp;'''Temperature''' - average daily lows below 250K (-23C) or average daily highs above 320K (47C).  The lows might be found in Antarctica or at high altitudes. The highs are found deep underground or in the hottest deserts.

&amp;emsp;'''Water Supply''' - The lower range is less than 0.12 meters/year (4.75 inches), which is a very dry desert.  The upper range is more than 3.8 meters/year, which is found in the wettest rain forests.

&amp;emsp;'''Atmosphere Pressure''' - The extreme ranges are below 60 kPa or above 120 kPa, which correspond to altitudes above about 5500 meters or below -1600 meters.  These correspond to very high mountain tops and deep underground.

&amp;emsp;'''Ground Pressure''' - The ranges are below 0.12 MPa or above 3 MPa.  These correspond to soft clay or open water at the low end, and depths of 300 meters in water and 120 meters in rock.

&amp;emsp;'''Energy Supply''' - The low range is below 90 W/m^2 from wind and solar, which is mainly encountered below the surface.  High values of energy supply are not a difficulty.

&amp;emsp;'''Gravity Level''' - This parameter does not vary by more than a few percent on Earth, so extreme conditions more than 20% beyond normal do not occur.

&amp;emsp;'''Radiation Dose''' - The extreme range is more than 21 mSV/year, which occurs in some natural high radiation areas, or if spending a lot of time (&gt;25%) at high altitude near the magnetic poles, where cosmic radiation can come down vertically.

&amp;emsp;'''Ping Time''' - The range for extreme ping time is more than 125 ms round trip.  This is nearly around the world at the speed of light, so accessing 5% of the population only takes this long if radio or fiber communications routes are very indirect or unavailable.

&amp;emsp;'''Travel Time''' - The range for extreme travel time is more than 3 days to reach.  This is found only in very remote areas without conventional transportation.

&amp;emsp;'''Stay Time''' - The lower range is average stay times below 3 years 4 months, which mainly would be found in temporary work locations.

&amp;emsp;'''Transport Energy''' - The upper range for extreme transport energy is above 3.5 MJ/kg.  This is reached mainly when inefficient transportation has to be used.

&amp;emsp;

=='''8.0 - Phase 4: Orbital Locations'''==
&amp;emsp;

[[File:Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg|thumb|right|640x446px|Figure 8.0-1 - 1952 space station concept by Wernher von Braun and Chesley Bonestell.]]

:'''Goals'''


&amp;emsp;The main goals of phases 4 through 6 are using space to bring benefits to Earth, and to help with some long-term problems and risks that can't be handled any other way.  

&amp;emsp;Figure 8.0-1 is an early concept for a rotating '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station Space Station]''', made 5 years before the first orbital launch of Sputnik 1. Note the ring-shaped solar collector on top.  This would heat a fluid to produce power, since the first practical silicon solar cell would not be made until 2 years later.  We show this concept as a reminder that plans can only be made from what is known at the time.  Our approach to developing space may look equally out of date 75 years in the future.  Despite that, we have to start somewhere and then make updates as needed.


:'''Approach'''


&amp;emsp;This section (8.0) 9.0, and 10.0 cover Phases 4, 5, and 6 in that order.  Sub-phases for each are grouped together because they involve working in similar space environments.  We expect the various sub-phases to have different starting times due to relative difficulty in reaching their locations and distance from Earth.  But once started the sub-phases would overlap and continue in parallel.

&amp;emsp;Orbital locations (Phase 4) come first, because Earth orbit has to be reached before going anywhere else in space.  Planetary system locations (Phase 5) come next.  They share being on or tied by gravity to the larger Solar System bodies other than Earth.  Their gravity wells take more work to travel to and from than orbital locations in similar solar orbits.  The local environments are also different on and around these bodies.  Phase 6 (Interstellar Locations) involves places beyond the Sun's gravitational dominance.  It is expected to be last in time.  It is hard to predict what technology will be available by then, and how such distant locations would be used.  So the last phase is mainly included as a placeholder and to provide some direction for future work.


:'''Current and Near-Term Space Industry'''
 

&amp;emsp;Working on long-term problems doesn't have an immediate economic return.  So the first uses of our approach for places beyond Earth would be to support existing and near-term space industry.  According the '''[https://orbitalradar.com/how-many-satellites-in-orbit Orbital Radar]''' site there were over 18,000 active satellites orbiting the Earth in September 2026.  There were also about 10,700 pieces of debris and leftover rocket parts.   There are a smaller number of spacecraft and other items that have been sent beyond Earth orbit, some of which are still operating.  The inactive equipment, plus other discarded items and fragments, make up artificial '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris Space Debris]'''.  The increasing amount of debris is one of the long-term problems that need solving.  

&amp;emsp;'''[https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/ Total Economic Activity]''' related to space was $429 billion as of 2025, split between government and private projects.  But nearly all of the people involved, and most of the physical tasks, happen on Earth.  This provides a starting point for using our self-improvement methods and other advanced technology.  In turn that should lower costs.  

&amp;emsp;Reaching space is generally industrial-scale activity.  Rockets themselves are large, and so are the places and equipment to build and launch them.  So it would be part of or follow Phase 2B's other industrial locations.  What is sent to space can be as small as hobby scale.  '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite Amateur Radio Operators]''' have sent satellites into orbit, and over 3,000 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat Cubesats]''' based on 10 cm modular sizes have been sent to space.  Building and operating equipment sent to space more typically ranges from Phase 2A's small business and commercial scale up to the industrial level.  

&amp;emsp;Reaching space was very expensive until recently because some or all of a rocket was discarded after one use.  The high cost limited space activity to large nations or groups of them at first.  Over time, commercial space activity has grown to be about 75% of the total.  Lower cost transportation and satellite equipment is actively being pursued.  The methods include adopting mass production, and discarding less or none of the rocket each flight.  

&amp;emsp;Most equipment sent to space is also discarded when it fails or reaches the end of its useful life.  Replacing the equipmwnt adds to the cost of operating in space.  Refueling, maintenance, and repair of space hardware is very limited.  New production, upgrades, and recycling in space is limited to non-existent.  Total cost can be lowered by changing how space projects are built, delivered, and operated.  In turn this would expand existing uses, and open up new ones like private space stations and space tourism.  


:'''Long-Term Sustainability'''


&amp;emsp;As of 2025 fossil fuels supplied 81.9% of global primary energy.  Since about 1900 their rapid growth powered most of the development of modern civilization.  But that comes with a number of unfortunate side effects.  They include environmental damage, pollution, and adding greenhouse gases, mainly CO2, to the atmosphere far faster then natural processes remove it.

&amp;emsp;These gases reduce infrared radiation back to space, altering the balance between incoming sunlight and outgoing heat.  Venus' surface temperature of 462 C (864 F) shows why this is a bad idea.  Only 50C of Venus' higher temperature is due to being closer to the Sun.  The rest is primarily heat trapped by a thick CO2 atmosphere.  Society must transition this century to renewable non-carbon energy sources, so Earth doesn't become more like the hell that Venus is.

&amp;emsp;Despite the large-scale use of fossil and other energy sources, current civilization can't afford to capture and reprocess all waste materials, nor extract new materials from abundant but low-grade sources.  New materials come from '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore Ores]''' instead.  These have higher concentrations of desired products, which take less work to extract.  However, high-grade ores are in limited supply.  If used materials are not fully reprocessed, those ores will eventually run out.  So the current state of civilization is unsustainable.  It is heading towards severe problems from increasing temperature, running out of affordable materials, or both.  

&amp;emsp;At the same time, the world's population is growing, and not everyone has the benefits of high income economies.  Full development of such economies would demand even more energy and materials.  It's unfair to deny these benefits to some people because others were the first to get them.  A growing population with a high standard of living will put more stress on the remaining natural world, and deplete accessible resources faster.  Self-improving factories and other advanced technologies can be used to build more renewable energy sources and reprocess more wastes.  This would have less impact on Earth, but it would not reduce it to zero.  


:'''Civilization-Level Risks'''


&amp;emsp;Another problem is preserving civilization and the biosphere in the face of large-scale risks.  One such risk is runaway greenhouse warming due to positive feedback loops.  This is different than the temperature rising a certain number of degrees from higher CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; levels.  Melting ice caps can expose darker water or land, increasing the absorbed sunlight and causing further melting.  Another feedback loop is release of methane from frozen ocean hydrates and organic matter in permafrost.  Methane is a strong greenhouse gas, and so can lead to accelerated release.

&amp;emsp;Another risk is from asteroids.  Large asteroids fly past Earth fairly frequently, and occasionally hit it, causing widespread damage.  There are enough craters, recorded impacts, and near misses to know it is a low probability event, but can be catastrophic if it does.  So it is worth trying to reduce that risk.  Note that small objects either burn up in the atmosphere or only cause local damage, and don't require civilization-level action to prevent.

&amp;emsp;There are other large-scale risks besides these two.  Examples include '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano Supervolcano]''' eruptions, genetically engineered plagues, and nuclear war.  It is worth some effort to identify these risks, and reduce them if possible.  Backup locations beyond Earth can be a last resort if such efforts fail, but most efforts should likely be directed at prevention rather than recovery.


==='''8.1 - Using Space to Solve Earth's Problems'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;There are abundant energy and material resources in space.  If the cost of using them can be brought low enough, then that becomes preferable to, for example, putting more solar panels in climates unsuited to them, or digging ever deeper underground to find high quality ores.

&amp;emsp;There is seven times more solar energy available in space near the Earth than the average on the ground.  Atmospheric absorption, night, and weather account for the difference.  The equipment to collect that energy is also about seven times lighter because it doesn't need to handle gravity and weather.  So the energy output to equipment mass ratio is roughly 50 times higher.

&amp;emsp;There is also a wide variety of accessible materials in space, starting with the Moon's surface and nearby asteroids.  These have been &quot;pre-mined&quot; in the sense that impacts have left them broken up and loose.  Extracting them doesn't need heavy equipment, so the tons mined per ton of equipment is high.  The combination of high energy and low equipment could allow rapid bootstrapping of space industry.  The products can then help solve the problems and risks we noted above.


:'''Lowering Space Operations Cost'''


&amp;emsp;Reaching and working in space has been very expensive, especially beyond the lowest Earth orbits.  But that is an engineering problem, not one set by basic physics.  For example, wholesale potatoes are on the order of $300/ton, and the wholesale electrical energy to put those potatoes in Earth orbit (8.7 MWh) is on the order of $550, less than twice as much.  Sending even cheap bulk commodities to space would be affordable if done with high efficiency.  Current launch costs are quoted at $1.52 million/ton or more (Falcon Heavy, 2022), 2750 times as much.  This shows how much room there is for improvement.  

&amp;emsp;There are a number of ways this cost can be reduced.  Reaching space today requires a good deal of equipment on Earth, like rocket factories, the rockets themselves, and launch sites for them.  Self-improving automated production can lower the costs of these.  As with other industries, you can begin with a starter set, and grow it until you have mature factories that produce the space hardware you need.

&amp;emsp;A large amount of rocket and satellite hardware is discarded after use.  This is a major contributor to high costs.  Improved designs can allow reuse and repair.  Conventional rockets are also inefficient.  They require about 40 times the payload mass in fuel (for '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellant#Current_cryogenic_types LOX/RP-1]''') containing 387 MJ/kg of fuel energy.  The payload ends up with 32 MJ/kg of kinetic and potential energy, so the fuel efficiency is only 8.3%.  Alternate launch methods can dramatically improve on this value, but there has to be enough traffic to space to justify their development. 

&amp;emsp;Advanced production methods in space, using materials and energy already there, can ultimately reduce mass launched from Earth by 98-99%.  The transportation component of operating in space can then be reduced by a similar ratio.  If in-space production costs are less than the launch savings, then overall costs go down.  

&amp;emsp;More efficient space technologies, like electric propulsion and closed life support, further reduce the mass from Earth needed to operate.  The closer we can source supplies to the desired destination, the less effort is needed to move them there.  So a Lunar or Mars base would ideally get most of what it needs locally, or from not too far away, and only get from Earth what can't be found or made otherwise.  The combination of all these methods would get much closer to &quot;potato cost&quot;.


:'''Space Development Process'''


&amp;emsp;Our approach would follow the same general path in space as it does on Earth.  In particular the methods used for difficult and extreme locations on Earth are relevant, although the details will differ.  Space is nearly undeveloped and barely populated.  So early tasks include delivering equipment to supply energy and gather raw materials.  A core set of processing equipment would be used to turn raw materials into basic supplies like propellants, and production inventory like metal stock.

&amp;emsp;Other equipment takes these products, plus some amount of imported items, and fabricates parts for more production equipment, plus finished items like habitats for people and food production.  Metals for machinery and construction are likely the majority of first generation production, since that is the foundation of industry on Earth.  Second and later generation equipment can then produce other materials and products in an expanding sequence.  

&amp;emsp;In the early stages there is less equipment available at a given location.  So a larger percentage of parts and materials has to be imported from previous places, or from Earth.  As more equipment accumulates, a higher percentage can be produced locally.  Once a given location has matured enough, it can start to make items for new starter sets.  These can be used in the same region, such as other parts of the Moon, or sent off to start developing new regions.

&amp;emsp;Once a location can export a surplus of locally made items, they can be traded for those it can't make, or needed materials that are locally rare.  Such trade would be based on '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage Comparative Advantage]''' like it is on Earth.  By export and trade a location can become economically self-supporting, and not a cost burden.  This is in contrast to a station or base that can't make things locally, which has to be supplied from elsewhere at a continuing cost.

&amp;emsp;Self-supporting locations can produce an expanding wave of civilization and life as far as people want to carry them - throughout the Solar System, and in the long term, beyond it.


:'''General Space Environment Features'''


&amp;emsp;Orbital locations in Phase 4 begin at 200 km altitude above the Earth's surface, where atmospheric density is low enough for stable orbits.  They extend beyond that to the limits of stable orbits bound by gravity to Earth, then to interplanetary orbits at all distances from the Sun.  The planetary system locations of Phase 5 are embedded within the larger interplanetary region, and move with the major bodies and the gravity fields they produce.

&amp;emsp;The environment conditions, raw materials, and available energy vary widely across the different regions.  So we divide Phase 4 into six sub-phases by region, and Phase 5 into five sub-phases.  We expect their development to start mostly in order by distance from Earth.  Orbital locations include smaller bodies like asteroids found there, and planetary systems include an area of stable orbits around them and the smaller bodies tied to them by gravity.

&amp;emsp;The environment parameters for Phases 4 and 5 are generally more difficult than extreme ones on Earth (Phase 3B).  The added difficulty in many cases is incremental, not orders of magnitude steps, and not in all parameters.  Proper design and operation can deal with most of these conditions, but some places are so extreme that current technology has no way to handle them.  The general ranges are noted here.  Some details for sub-phases and particular locations are noted below.  Extensive and growing knowledge about them comes from the field of '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_science Planetary Science]'''.


* '''Temperature''' - Distance from the Sun, and the percent field of view of the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation Cosmic Background]''', which is at near absolute zero temperature (2.7K) are the main determinants of local temperature.  It can range anywhere from above 700K to below 50K (+425 to -225 C).  Partly shadowed orbits, or night on a surface, can produce wide temperature swings.  Reflection from the surface of a body, or underground surroundings, will modify the ambient temperature.

* '''Water Supply''' - Orbital locations don't have a weather system that delivers a renewable water supply like Earth.  But some bodies have water in the form of hydrated minerals or ice.  Liquid water layers may exist inside dwarf planets and moons, and water in general is abundant beyond the &quot;frost line&quot; around 3 times Earth's distance from the Sun (3 AU), where temperatures are low enough for ice to be stable in a vacuum.

* '''Atmosphere Pressure''' - Vacuum is the normal condition in open space and on the surface of most bodies.  Some of the larger dwarf planets and moons have non-zero pressures, and all the major planets except Mercury have significant to dominant atmospheres.

* '''Ground Pressure''' - This doesn't exist in open space, and is generally low even for larger asteroids, either because of low gravity or low surface strength.  Ground pressure can become significant if you go deep enough into larger asteroids.  It becomes very high inside large moons and major planets.

* '''Energy Supply''' - Varies from above 10 kW/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in close solar orbits to below 1.5 W/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; beyond Neptune.  Orbits with time in shadow lose a percentage of this.  Surfaces in vacuum reduce solar energy by about 50% from nights, with variations from topography like mountains and craters.  Atmospheres can further reduce solar energy.

:&amp;emsp;Other sources like wind, precipitation, and geothermal may be available on some bodies.  Nuclear power is possible using fuel delivered from Earth or mined from places with radioactive elements like the Moon.  Power can be transmitted over moderate distances using conductors and beams, or even simple reflectors.

* '''Gravity Level''' - Natural gravity ranges from zero in free orbits, to about 3% of Earth's on dwarf planets, and up to 2.4 times Earth on larger moons and major planets.  Artificial gravity can be supplied by rotation where biology or industrial processes need it.  Artificial gravity is only limited by structural materials and practical issues like arrival and departure.

* '''Radiation Dose''' - Most orbits and surface regions have high natural levels of radiation from galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events (flares), and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Radiation Belts]''' like the ones around Earth.  Devices like solar panels and electronics are generally less sensitive to radiation than living things, but can still be damaged or temporarily upset.

:&amp;emsp;Radiation can be lowered to safe levels using bulk mass as shielding, or possibly artificial methods like magnetic fields.  Shielding mass in orbital locations can come from asteroids or imported from moons.  On substantial bodies their mass provides partial natural shielding, and going underground and arranging local materials can provide the rest.  Space transport vehicles can use fuel, water, or other supplies as shielding.  Large habitats may get enough shielding from their outer structure, equipment, and storage tanks.

* '''Ping Time''' - Round trip communication time varies greatly from milliseconds in low Earth orbits to hours or even days in the outer Solar System.  Essentially all the communication time is due to speed of light delays.  On Earth, fiber-optic cables transmit at about 2/3 the speed of light, and follow indirect paths from geography and a spherical planet.

* '''Travel Time''' - This also varies greatly according to orbit region.  It can take a few hours to reach low Earth orbit or return from it to the ground, plus some travel time to other population on the Earth's surface.  Travel to the outer Solar System using known propulsion systems will take a number of years or even decades.

* '''Stay Time''' - This is currently very short because there are no permanently inhabited locations in orbit.  Astronaut crews typically stay about 6 months aboard the International Space Station.  With the development of larger, more permanent locations, with artificial gravity, food supplies, etc. the stay times can increase to a number of years.

* '''Transport Energy''' - Much less than 5% of civilization is in space, so transport energy is measured from the Earth's surface to an orbital location.  This is a minimum of 33 MJ/kg, set by the physics of reaching low Earth orbit.  It is a lot higher using current rockets, because their operating efficiency is low.  More distant orbital locations require additional energy to reach, and currently this reduces cargo mass dramatically, producing even higher transport energy/kg. 


==='''8.2 - Phase 4A: Low Orbit Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Sections 8.2 to 8.7 cover sub-phases 4A to 4F.  We limit the a amount of detail to keep the size of this report reasonable, and in some cases is limited by the current state of knowledge about the regions.  Each region would be developed using the general approach in Section 8.1, with some methods adapted to local conditions.  The start of each successive sub-phase is staggered in time, but a region does not have to be fully developed before starting on the next one.  They would develop in parallel once started.  

&amp;emsp;We suggest some economic uses for these regions, how to reach them, and how to develop them.  We don't know enough to say if these are the best or only uses for them, and we certainly don't know what ideas other people will come up with in the future.  So consider this report as a starting point for others to improve upon.


:'''Low Orbit Features'''


&amp;emsp;Earth orbits exist in a continuous range from 200 km, the minimum set by atmospheric drag, to the maximum set by Sun's gravity becoming dominant.  We divide that range in half by the transport energy required to reach it, at 2700 km average altitude.  Conditions are different enough between low and high orbits to get their own sub-phases.  Orbits can be elliptical and constantly vary in altitude, so we use the average between the high and low points, which is called the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes Semi-Major Axis]'''.

&amp;emsp;Objects in low orbits are in the Earth's shadow about 22-40% of the time, reducing available solar energy.  The Earth fills a large part of the field of view, which affects thermal balances, and lighting when over the sunlit side.  Orbit periods are 2.5 hours or less, so travel time to a particular orbit location from the Earth's surface is fairly short.  Ping time by way of ground stations is under 20 ms, so not difficult.  But low orbits have a limited view of the Earth's surface at one time.  So multiple ground stations are needed, or communications are relayed by a higher satellite.  This can add up to 500 ms to round-trip communications, which is a noticeable delay.

&amp;emsp;The Earth's magnetic field traps particles into '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Radiation Belts]''' that begin at low orbit height and extend past them to high orbits.  Unprotected people and electronics can be damaged by the high radiation levels.  So spacecraft have to be designed to withstand radiation, avoid these belts, cross them quickly, have sufficient shielding, or the belts depleted artificially.

&amp;emsp;Material resources are relatively scarce in low orbit.  They include the upper edge of the Earth's atmosphere, and debris from inactive satellites and rocket stages.  The mass of particles in the radiation belts is very small.  Other materials have to be imported from Earth or higher locations.


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;We would like all regions in space to become economically self-supporting.  Earth orbits already are, with 75% of total space activity being commercial.  Low orbits are occupied by a large number of active satellites serving the people below.  Current uses include Earth observation, such as weather, mapping, and agricultural monitoring.  Many satellites are now used for communications relay between points on the surface.  Government uses include research, such as the International Space Station and Hubble Telescope, and national security.

&amp;emsp;Future uses may include tourism, orbital assembly and maintenance, payload transfer, and refueling for more distant destinations.  Further development of low orbits would start with existing markets.  It would expand to new ones as transportation costs are reduced and local industry built up.  We discuss some options in this section, but it is an area with projects being worked on by many others.

&amp;emsp;We don't expect large-scale production and habitats in low orbits, because more materials and energy are available higher up.  We do expect low orbits to become transit points, because below the radiation belts is the nearest place to Earth that is reasonably safe and doesn't need constant propulsion to maintain position. 


:'''Transport from Earth'''


&amp;emsp;Low orbit has few available materials, so most items have to be imported.  Rockets and space hardware have existed for decades, but they are still too expensive for many future uses.  As noted in section 8.1,  self-improving and automated production can help lower the cost of building and running aerospace factories and launch sites.

&amp;emsp;Reusing rocket hardware can improve costs substantially, but conventional rockets have low energy efficiency.  They are limited by the energy in chemical '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellant Propellants]''' and the mass of the Earth requiring a minimum energy to reach orbit, neither of which is changing.  A shift to different launch technologies can can improve efficiency and cost.  But there has to be enough traffic to justify the added R&amp;D cost in the face of existing rocket systems.  There are many possible launch technologies.  See Part 2 of our volume on '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Space_Transport_and_Engineering_Methods Space Systems Engineering]''' for an extensive list.  We provide one example here to illustrate the possibilities:  

[[File:AEDC_Range-G_Launcher_facility.jpg|thumb|800x599px|Figure 8.2-1 - AEDC Range-G Hypersonic Research Gun (on left, 20cm interior diameter of barrel).]]


&amp;emsp;'''Hypersonic Guns''' - Hypervelocity gas guns have been used in research for decades (Figure 8.2-1).  They are inexpensive to build compared to most aerospace hardware.  This is because they don't have to fly, so can be made of heavy industrial parts, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-gas_gun Light Gas Guns]''' are basically simple devices.

&amp;emsp;A larger version of such a gun, on a mountain with the correct slope, can supply 50-70% of orbit velocity for bulk cargo which is not sensitive to high g-forces.  These include fuel, water, structural parts, even frozen food.  Outdoor barrels measured in kilomdeters rather than meters lower g-forces and operating pressures.  But the forces are still generally too high for delicate cargo and people.  Those would use other kinds of transportation.  Industrial factories grown from starter sets could be a low-cost source for the construction equipment to build on a mountain, the high pressure pipe, other parts for the gun, and an energy source to compress and heat the gas for launch.  

&amp;emsp;Muzzle velocities much higher than ~4 km/s (half of orbit speed) become increasingly less efficient.  This is because of limits on expansion rate of the working gas, and increased drag and heating while climbing through the atmosphere.  The remaining part of reaching orbit is supplied by an internal rocket engine on the projectile or by other methods.  Because the rocket engine only supplies half or less of the velocity, it is many times smaller relative to cargo than conventional rockets.

&amp;emsp;The fuel-to-payload energy efficiency is roughly two-thirds, much better than conventional rockets.  The gun also uses energy, but it is relatively cheap to operate.  It is stationary on the ground, uses inexpensive materials, and can be used many times.  The projectiles are rugged and durable, and can also be used many times.  Re-entry is much gentler than the initial launch.  The operating cost per ton to orbit should therefore be lower than conventional rockets.  A gun-type launcher could deliver a large portion of the mass to orbit.  There is no requirement that everything going to space has to travel the same way, any more than it does here on Earth.


&amp;emsp;'''Other Launch Methods''' - Hypervelocity guns are just one example.  Other technologies with reasonable prospects include high-speed air-breathing engines for the early part of flight, and orbiting structures with suborbital landing platforms for the later part.  Both are more efficient than chemical rockets in their respective velocity ranges.  Unfortunately neither can easily serve the whole job of transport to orbit.  A combination of systems, each operating where it works best, is likely the better option.

&amp;emsp;High speed jet engines and orbital platforms would require substantial R&amp;D, and are therefore not likely to be the first things built.  Instead, lowering the cost of conventional rockets is the first step.  It would then be supplemented with a low R&amp;D system like a hypersonic gun.  Once new markets are opened up by the lower costs, the more advanced technologies that need more R&amp;D can then make economic sense.


:'''Mining and Production'''


&amp;emsp;Low orbits are not ideal places to process raw materials.  That requires a lot of energy, and sunlight is blocked a good percentage of the time.  But there is enough energy to fabricate parts and assemble them to finished items.  For example, spools of high strength fiber and metal wire are rugged enough to be launched by bulk systems.  The fiber and wire can be wrapped and plasma-sprayed in layers around inflatable or collapsible forms, to build up large, lightweight structures.  Large pressurized volumes built this way can then house other production and assembly equipment and people to work there.

&amp;emsp;There are some material resources in low orbit that don't require a lot of processing.  At altitudes of around 200 km it may be possible to &quot;scoop mine&quot; the upper atmosphere.  A collection scoop funnels incoming air, which is very thin at this altitude, to a vacuum pump and compressor.  A portion of the air is expelled by electric engines at much higher velocity than the incoming flow.  This makes up for drag from the scoop.  The remaining air is stored in tanks.

&amp;emsp;When the tanks are full, the mining ship climbs higher and unloads to storage tanks at a depot.  The reason to mine like this, rather than launching gases directly from Earth, is the solar arrays that power the mining ship can produce 1000 times the energy needed to put themselves in orbit over their operating life.  As long as the gas mining can be done with reasonable efficiency, launching solar arrays rather than tanks of gases results in much more usable product in the end.

&amp;emsp;A steady supply of air (or nitrogen and oxygen if separated) obviously can be used to support people in orbit.  It can also fuel tugs that collect dead satellites and debris from the Earth's &quot;debris belt&quot;.  This both reduces the hazard they create, and supplies useful resources.  The collected materials can be scavenged for usable parts or recycled into new products.  Dead satellites and empty rocket stages are made of aerospace materials, so they should not need a lot of processing to reuse.

&amp;emsp;Mining the debris is only feasible with a cheap source of propellant and efficient electric engines.  The pieces are in random orbits, and would consume too much propellant to gather otherwise.  Air plus debris mining can provide enough materials to support some production in low orbit.  The larger sources available from the Moon and asteroids, and the full-time solar energy in higher orbits, leads to the majority of production being done elsewhere.  It can be efficiently delivered &quot;downhill&quot; using gentle '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobraking Aerobraking]'''.  Low orbit mining and production then ends up supporting local uses, and this region functions as a transfer point between the ground and elsewhere.

==='''8.3 - Phase 4B: High Orbit Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

:'''High Orbit Features'''


&amp;emsp;We define high orbits as extending from 2700 km average altitude to the limit of the Earth's dominant gravitational influence, or '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_sphere Hill Sphere]'''.  For Earth this is about 1.5 million km, but towards the outer edges orbits become less stable.  This is a large range of distances, but it only represents the upper 25% of energy between the Earth's surface and escape.  That's because gravity is an inverse square force and weakens rapidly as distance increases.

&amp;emsp;The Moon is the most prominent feature in high orbit.  It has its own area of dominant gravity, with a radius of about 60,000 km, and reasonably stable orbits with semi-major axes to about 35,000 km.  Additional energy is needed to descend through the Moon's gravity field to low orbits or the surface.  Conditions are also different enough near and on the Moon that we assign the region within 35,000 km to Phase 5A - Lunar Locations.

&amp;emsp;High orbits are in sunlight 85-100% of the time, reaching the highest values when farther from the Earth and Moon.  Temperature is determined mostly by the Sun and the cold '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background Cosmic Microwave Background]''', but at lower altitudes the Earth contributes a significant amount of reflected light and infrared heat.  Orbit periods range from 2.5 hours to 7 months, so travel times by the most efficient routes can be long.  Direct paths can be much faster, 12 days or less, at the expense of additional energy.

&amp;emsp;Ping time varies from as little as 25 ms, which is not difficult, up to 10 seconds, which has a large impact on voice, real-time control, and electronic data.  The upper part of the Earth's radiation belts, solar, and cosmic radiation create high to dangerous levels for people and equipment.  Energy resources are abundant in this region, but material resources are low in their natural state.  The Moon and Near Earth Objects can supply materials with fairly low transport energies.


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;One orbit in this region, geosynchronous, at 35,000 km altitude, is already heavily used.  This orbit has a period of 24 hours, which matches the Earth's rotation.  So satellites appear to stay above a fixed ground location, and ground antennas can be stationary rather than having to track satellite motion.  Synchronous orbit is in the outer fringe of the radiation belts.

&amp;emsp;Future production and human habitation would likely start higher up.  One set of such locations are near the Earth-Moon L4 and L5 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_point Lagrange Points]'''.  These are stable regions, but not singular points.  The Sun's gravity varies with the Earth's distance from the Sun, and the Moon's orbit is not circular or in the same plane as the Earth and Sun.  So uncontrolled objects will move around the region.

&amp;emsp;Delivery, refueling, and maintenance of high orbit satellites from Earth are current and near-term activities for this region.  Future activity can begin with transporting fuel and other items up or down through the region, to or from more distant early interplanetary locations and low orbit.  This and other possible future activities depend on bringing transport costs down to affordable levels.  This would happen incrementally as self-improving production for early markets bootstraps to larger levels.

&amp;emsp;There are some civilization-level problems that high orbit activity can help with.  If climate change solutions on Earth are not enough, orbiting sun filters can be used.  They would let wavelengths used by plants through, but block other parts of the solar spectrum.  This would help cool the planet.  Hazardous solar system objects that pose a risk to Earth could be diverted or put to use instead.  This requires finding them far enough in advance to change their orbit.  An active civilization and biosphere off-planet could restore Earth if catastrophes happen despite our best efforts.

&amp;emsp;The solar energy flowing through this region is nearly 500 million times what civilization uses today.  The Moon and nearby asteroids can supply 750 million years of raw materials at Earth's current mining rate without recycling.  With abundant energy and recycling a small fraction of these resources could make civilization sustainable as long as the Sun lasts.


:'''Transport from Other Orbits'''


&amp;emsp;Excluding the Moon, the high orbit region is nearly devoid of raw materials.  So they must be imported from elsewhere.  Current transport from Earth uses a rocket to reach orbit, then chemical or electric propulsion to reach higher orbits.  Electric propulsion is about ten times more fuel-efficient than chemical rockets, and is being used more in recent years.

&amp;emsp;Electric engines need large amounts of power to operate, but efficient and lightweight solar panels have been developed in the last few decades (see '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Best_Research-Cell_Efficiencies.svg Solar Cell Efficiency Chart]''').  The engines are low thrust, which would expose unprotected people and some other items to too much radiation while crossing the Van Allen belts.  So some early transport will use less efficient but faster rockets.  Once propellants and bulk mass for shielding are available from space sources, protected or more advanced transport methods can be used.

&amp;emsp;Bulk materials mined from NEOs (Section 2.1 Material Resources) are not time- or radiation-sensitive.  They can be transported entirely by electric engines on tugs that make multiple trips.  Since part of the product from these objects is more fuel for the tugs, the transport becomes self-sustaining once started. A tug can return about 750 times its hardware mass over a 15 year working life, while consuming about 17 times its mass in propellant over the same period.  Tugs can also efficiently deliver hardware and finished products to other orbits as needed.

&amp;emsp;The Moon is small enough that bulk materials can be thrown directly into orbit by electric catapults.  Assuming 50% efficiency and 50% duty cycle from lunar night, a solar panel can power throwing 1000 times its own mass per year for a 15 year operating life.  If the catapult is not too heavy relative to the total mass it can throw, the overall mass return ratio is high.  From low Lunar orbit, electric tugs take over and deliver the materials for processing.  There are about five major &quot;ore types&quot; of different compositions on the Moon and NEOs: highlands, maria, carbonaceous, stony, and metallic.  Using all these types would supply the widest range of raw materials to make the widest range of products.


:'''High Orbit Production'''


&amp;emsp;Energy is needed to convert raw materials into finished products.  High orbits have abundant '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_constant Solar Energy]''', up to 11,930 kWh/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/year.  It can be converted to electricity by solar panels or used directly for heating using concentrating reflectors.  Modern space solar panels and reflectors are very light weight relative to their power output, since they don't have to withstand gravity or weather.  Excess heat can be disposed of by radiators or natural '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_exitance Emittance]'''.  Low temperatures can be reached with '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_sunshade Thermal Shades]''' to block the Sun and other heat sources, plus active refrigeration if needed.

&amp;emsp;A set of solar panels can supply enough power to start production, since electric power has many uses.  Early processing, fabrication, and assembly equipment would come from Earth or low orbit.  The first set of products are simple items to be used directly, such as shielding mass, fuel, and basic construction materials.  The early production equipment would be supplemented over time by items made in orbit.  Over time high orbit industry would transition from importing everything, to making items locally, then exporting products to other destinations. 

&amp;emsp;Given sources of raw materials and energy, the simplest product of all is radiation shielding for people and equipment.  This only requires crushing and sorting, then packing into containers around areas that need protection.  Shielding also acts as thermal insulation and impact protection.  Shielded modules allow extended crew stays in high orbit.  Crews can operate production equipment and perform economic tasks for others, like satellite maintenance and refueling.  To some extent the crew can be helped by remote control from Earth.

&amp;emsp;Next in difficulty, but not necessarily in priority, are water and carbon compounds, extracted from '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-type_asteroid Carbonaceous-Type Asteroid]''' material.  This requires 200-300 C temperatures, which reflectors can supply, and a container and condenser to capture the vapors.  Water and carbon can be chemically reformed to oxygen and hydrocarbons, which are common high-thrust rocket propellants.  This is useful when transporting people through the radiation belts or for landing on the Moon.  They can also be used in electric engines for higher efficiency at lower thrust.  Water, carbon compounds, air mined from low orbit, and possibly rock for soil can supply greenhouse modules, so that crews can produce their own food and recycle life support supplies.

&amp;emsp;Metallic or '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-type_asteroid M-Type Asteroids]''' are thought to be the source '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_meteorite Iron Meteorites]''' found on Earth and Mars.  They make up about 5% of known asteroids, with the metal portion being an iron-nickel alloy.  A high temperature furnace can melt the alloy, and a small amount of carbon added to make a steel alloy, and then cast into basic shapes.

&amp;emsp;Steel makes up about 90% of all metal used on Earth.  Being able to produce it from space sources would allow a much higher percentage of self-production in space.  Subtractive and additive '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool Machine Tools]''' are used to turn basic metal shapes into finished parts.  Those can be assembled, along with some imported items, into new machines, including more machine tools.  New machines and constructed metal items can then work with other materials. 

&amp;emsp;Other space-made products can include '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt_fiber Basalt Fiber]''' made from lunar basalts, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibers Carbon Fibers]''' from asteroid carbon compounds.  These are are very high strength-to-weight.  Fiber-reinforced metal structures are strong and relatively light weight. They would be useful for all kinds of construction.  

&amp;emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_deposition Vacuum Deposition]''' is relatively easy to do in high orbit since vacuum is the natural state of that region.  Products can include lightweight reflector sheets, and parts for radiator panels.  These can be combined with high-concentration solar cells from Earth to supply power with less mass than complete panels.  '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory Refractories]''' are a class of materials that can withstand high temperatures.  Some were formed in high-temperature environments in space, and others can be made artificially.  Reflectors and shades can be used in all kinds of industrial processes for thermal processing of materials.

&amp;emsp;In the long term, in-space production can supply up to 98-99% of the mass for space projects, greatly reducing what needs to come from Earth.  The remaining 1-2% includes materials too rare in space to usefully mine, and products too hard to make relative to importing from Earth.  Examples are electronics and drugs, which are already mass produced and high value for their weight.  Importing is easier than trying to make them locally in space.


:'''Living in High Orbit'''
   

&amp;emsp;After science and and supporting existing satellites, the first people to spend much time in high orbits would be there to build up industry.  But ultimately large, comfortable space habitats can be built as permanent living space, like towns and cities on Earth.  Like the ones on Earth, they don't have to be built all at once.  The first ones can be small, and attached to industrial production facilities.

&amp;emsp;Larger residential habitats can also start small, but be designed to grow over time.  Growth can be linear by adding at the ends, or in layers, like an onion.  Linear growth can start with modules attached in a ring, with solar panels attached to each.  The ring can be spun for artificial gravity.  Additional rings can be stacked with the first one, with a ring of reflectors to direct sunlight to all the panels.

&amp;emsp;Layered growth adds new pressure shells with compartments outside the previous ones.  The outer shells are in vacuum, and provide radiation, meteor impact, and thermal shielding.  Inwards of that are pressurized areas for storage and mechanical equipment.  Then comes living quarters and a central open space.  The entire habitat rotates for artificial gravity.  As new layers are added, items are moved or added to fill the larger space.  Compared to building a large habitat all at once, this spreads the construction cost over time, and the habitat is only expanded when extra space is needed.

&amp;emsp;
==='''8.4 - Phase 4C: Inner Interplanetary Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

:'''Inner Interplanetary Features'''


&amp;emsp;These are orbits detached from the Earth's dominant gravity and orbit the Sun instead, though they may pass close to the Earth at times.  They range from as close as equipment can function to the Sun and out to 1.8 times the Earth's average distance from the Sun (1.8 AU).  This is just beyond Mars' greatest distance from the Sun (1.666 AU) and where the Main Asteroid Belt starts.  It excludes Mercury, Venus, and Mars, and orbits around them, which are part of Phase 5 - Planetary Locations (Section 9.0 below).

&amp;emsp;Solar power is available 100% of the time in these orbits, but the intensity varies from 31% to many times that near Earth, depending on Solar distance.  Exposed temperature correspondingly varies from 244K (-29C) to very hot for dark objects, and less for bright or reflective ones.  Travel time from Earth can range from months to years depending on orbit and propulsion method, and whether gravity assists from the planets are used.  These save fuel, but usually require extra time.

&amp;emsp;Solar and cosmic radiation are a moderately high background, with occasional flares/solar particle events that are much more intense, up to lethal human levels without shielding.  Ping time ranges from a few seconds for orbits crossing near Earth, to over 45 minutes at 1.8 AU on the far side of the Sun, by way of a relay satellite.  The Sun interrupts direct communication to the opposite side.  

&amp;emsp;As noted in section 2.1, there are over 42,500 known near Earth Objects (NEOs) as of September 2026, and the number is currently increasing by 3,200 a year.  There are another 1500 which don't come closer than 1.3 AU to the Sun and orbit within 1.8 AU on average.  The largest among both sets, '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1036_Ganymed 1036 Ganymed]''' isn't particularly easy to reach, but has about 100 times the mass of all the rock ever mined on Earth.  So total material resources in this region is large.

&amp;emsp;Asteroid orbits vary in size, are typically not circular, and somewhat tilted with respect to Earth's, so the energy required to reach a particular one varies.  Timing also matters, since everything moves at different speeds in solar orbits.  Efficient travel depends on a vehicle and the target arriving at the same place at the same time.  The composition of asteroids vary across about a dozen spectral classes, indicating different chemical compositions.  

&amp;emsp;There are not many active comets in this region because the Sun's heat evaporates their ices in a short time.  About 25 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft Minor Planets and Comets]''' have been visited by spacecraft so far.  Most of our knowledge is from telescopes and examining meteorites that have fallen to Earth, and sometimes radar if they come close to us.


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;There are only a few spacecraft currently in this region.  They are mostly scientific probes in transit to other places, or stationed at the Earth-Sun Lagrange points 1 and 2 (ESL-1 and ESL-2).  Future use is likely to start with asteroid mining and delivery to Earth orbit with electric tugs.  About 75% of discovered  asteroids in this region are more than 30 meters in size.  This is due to limits of current telescopes rather than actual numbers, and may change with time.  30 meters implies a mass of 20-100 thousand tons depending on composition.  This is too heavy to move whole with near-term propulsion.  A method that should work with all sizes is scraping loose material or grabbing boulders from asteroid surfaces.  

&amp;emsp;Prior to mining, prospecting missions should visit multiple candidates for geologic mapping and sampling.  Mining would start with asteroids that are easy to reach from Earth orbit, and return bulk ore there to be processed.  As Earth orbits become more developed, they can start to send production and habitat equipment to this region in addition to mining.  Since raw materials and full-time solar energy are available, this can grow in time to full size factories and produce habitats, vehicles, and whatever else is needed locally.


:'''Inner Interplanetary Transport'''


&amp;emsp;The early transport in this region would be mainly slow but efficient electric tugs.  They can haul large loads of rock relative to their mass, up to 1000 tons for a 10 ton vehicle and 23 tons of propellant.  This will vary with the orbit destination and velocity changes needed.  Smaller cargo loads can be moved faster with the same propulsion.

&amp;emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist Gravity Assists]''' can be used if the Moon and inner planets are in the right positions.  Chemical rockets would be used when fast velocity changes are needed. Solar sails may be effective in moving things even more slowly but with no propellant use.  This depends on large lightweight reflectors delivered to or made in orbit.

&amp;emsp;Over time, a network of &quot;transit habitats&quot; can be built up.  These are stationed in repeating orbits between planets and particular destinations.  They would be larger, safer, and more comfortable than individual passenger vehicles.  They can self-supply from nearby asteroids.  This reduces having to send life support equipment and supplies each time for the relatively long trips in the region.

&amp;emsp;Rotating platforms called '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_(structure) Skyhooks]'''  can be built to provide both comfortable gravity and fast velocity changes.  The platform mass stores momentum from very efficient propulsion that can be exchanged with payloads arriving and departing.  The platform needs to be relatively heavy relative to each payload, so it doesn't change its own orbit much in use.  Natural asteroids, production &quot;slag&quot; (leftover material not used in products), and the platform's own structure and equipment can serve this purpose.  If traffic is balanced in direction, the net orbit change will be minimal.

&amp;emsp;Skyhooks can serve as a space equivalent to airports - mainly used to get from one place to another.  Like airports, they need enough traffic to justify their construction, and can be developed and upgraded over time.  Building them is easier if high strength materials can be produced locally in space.


:'''Inner Interplanetary Production'''


&amp;emsp;Global artificial primary energy consumption on Earth was 20.3 TeraWatts in 2025.  Note that primary energy does not include sunlight used by plants.  This includes mining, processing, and manufacturing about 2 million kg/s of materials.  So the energy intensity of civilization is 9 MJ/kg on average.  We will double this to allow for recycling of materials in space, and add 8 km/s of orbit velocity change, requiring 300 MJ/kg of electric tug power.  That covers a reasonable range of interplanetary orbits.

&amp;emsp;Transportation rather than production is then the dominant energy use in this region for new materials that need delivery.  Modern space solar arrays typically product about 100 W/kg near Earth, and would take 36.8 days to produces the required 318 MJ.  With a useful life of 20 years, their total energy output is 200 times that needed to transport their own mass in raw materials and all other energy needed to make replacement panels.  Concentrating reflector and nuclear power sources are not yet developed enough for space to do calculate energy return ratios.  They may turn out better or worse than solar panels, but as long as we have one known energy source with a high return ratio, we can base space industry on it.

&amp;emsp;The same process of bootstrapping production in Earth orbits can be used in interplanetary space.  This starts with mining for export, then simple products made locally, and gradually growing to make more complex ones.  As distance from Earth increases, fewer raw materials would tend to from the Moon, and more from nearby asteroids.  These asteroids are of different types, which provides a reasonable variety of materials to work with.

&amp;emsp;If we restrict ourselves to within 20 degrees of the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic Ecliptic]''', to maintain access to the planets and keep velocity changes lower, we have access to 1/3 of the Sun's total energy, or 1.3 x 10^26 Watts.  This is 7 trillion times our current energy use, a number so large it is hard to imagine it could not sustain a civilization.


:'''Living Beyond Earth Orbit'''


&amp;emsp;Once methods of living in orbits around Earth are developed in the previous phases, doing so in solar orbits beyond the Earth-Moon region can use the same basic technologies.  The main adjustments would be for available solar energy and temperature with distance from the Sun, and the kinds of materials found relatively nearby in velocity terms.  In space, velocity changes take work, while coasting to a destination merely takes time.

&amp;emsp;It isn't yet clear if a &quot;hunter-gatherer&quot; or &quot;sedentary&quot; lifestyle would be more effective.  The first means moving equipment to new asteroid locations as needed, while in the second the equipment stays in a particular orbit, and materials are brought to it.  Since everything is in relative motion around the Sun, opportunities will change with time.  So choosing a particularly useful asteroid as a home location may be a good strategy.

&amp;emsp;
==='''8.5 - Phase 4D: Mid-Interplanetary Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Living and working in the next region out from the Sun is a smooth continuation of the previous phase, but is different in having lower levels of solar energy and much larger amounts of raw materials.


:'''Mid-Interplanetary Features'''

[[File:InnerSolarSystem-en.png|thumb|600x600px|Figure 8.5-1 - Main Asteroid Belt and Jupiter Trojan region.]]


&amp;emsp;This region includes orbits from 1.8 to 6.0 AU in semi-major axes (Figure 8.5-1).  As of 2026 this includes dwarf planet '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet) Ceres]''', 1.44 million other Main Belt asteroids, over 7300 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_asteroid Hildas]''', which are in 3:2 resonance with Jupiter, and over 16,700 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_trojan Jupiter Trojans]''' that occupy the Lagrange regions ahead of and behind the planet.  New discoveries of mostly smaller objects has been about 80,000 a year.  The region does not include Jupiter itself and the region within 20 million km of the planet (see Section 9.4).

&amp;emsp;There are also around 500 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet Comets]''' that cross the region.  The '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics) Frost Line]''' for water is in this region at 2.7-3.2 AU.  So this is where many comets become active (give off gas and dust), making them easier to find.  Hydrogen and oxygen are the 1st and 3rd most common elements in the Universe, and helium (2nd) doesn't make compounds.  So water is the most common compound of two elements.  Objects beyond the frost line tend to have have large amounts of water ice, and if their orbits don't bring them closer can hold them permanently.

&amp;emsp;Solar power is available 100% of the time except shadowed areas on and around objects.  Intensity varies from 31 to 2.78% of that near Earth.  Temperature varies from 244 to 217K (-29 to -56C) for black objects, and less for lighter colored ones.  Travel time from Earth is months to years for minimum energy transits, with high to lethal radiation levels for unprotected people.  Ping time varies from 13 to 120 minutes, including relays to avoid direct communication paths through the Sun.

&amp;emsp;The vast and growing number of known objects in the region have a total mass of about 3 billion Gigatons, which far exceeds the Earth's total mining output of about 60 Gigatons/year.  About half the total mass is in the four '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids Largest Asteroids]''': 1 Ceres, 4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, and 10 Hygeia.  Composition varies considerably between asteroids due to differences in their formation and history.  Velocity to reach orbit from the largest body, Ceres, is only 270 meters/second, or 860 times less kinetic energy than from Earth.  So all these objects are easy to access once you are near them.  The main energy cost is in adjusting your orbit around the Sun.


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;This region has very few of spacecraft at present, so most uses are in the future.  Abundant raw materials of diverse composition, and adequate amounts of solar energy when concentrated, will enable starting with mining and transport to previous locations.  Previous locations have higher solar intensity for production and habitation.  When it makes sense to do so, seed factories and other advanced technologies can help bootstrap a full range of local industry, and eventually large scale habitation.  There is enough material and energy in this region to support a full civilization.


:'''Mid-Interplanetary Transport'''


&amp;emsp;The same transport methods can be used in this region as for the inner interplanetary region.  The main difference would be adding lightweight reflectors to solar panels if needed to make up for the lower solar intensity.  Electric catapults and skyhooks are somewhat more efficient for injecting bulk cargo to transfer orbits, because they do point acceleration rather than spiral orbits.  If a large asteroid absorbs the reaction force, those methods also don't need propellant.  Gravity assists from the inner planets and Jupiter can also increase efficiency.


:'''Mid-Interplanetary Production'''


&amp;emsp;The inner parts of this region have enough sunlight for solar panels to produce power directly.  In the outer regions, solar panels can benefit from reflectors to increase the light intensity like they do for transport/  Concentrating reflectors can produce higher temperatures at all distances, either for industrial processes or habitats.  Increasing amounts of reflectors are needed as you get farther from the Sun, but they are inherently lightweight in a zero gravity environment with no weather.  Note that the total amount of solar energy available in this region is the same as for the Inner Interplanetary region.  It has simply traveled farther and is more spread out.  The difference is access to larger amounts of raw materials that are not at the bottom of gravity wells of large bodies.

&amp;emsp;Many asteroids are covered with a mixture of rocks and dust of varying sizes.  This is the result of repeated impacts over their life and gravitational attraction.  In fact, some asteroids are so low in density that they must be &quot;gravel piles&quot;, with no solid central body.  Since most asteroids are small, the rocks and dust are easily disturbed and can become a hazard to mining and production operations.  So material has to be removed carefully without too much disturbance.  Alternately the mining area can be covered to contain loose material.

&amp;emsp;More distant asteroids and comets contain water and other volatile compounds.  These can be extracted separately by heating.  Bulk or separated products are then moved by tugs if needed to factories for later production steps.  For larger operations, a shell can surround the whole asteroid or comet, keeping gas and dust contained.  Processing equipment can then be attached to the outside of the shell, and materials delivered continuously until the asteroid is consumed.  The mining and production unit can then move to another target, or the target moved to the unit, whichever is lighter.

&amp;emsp;
==='''8.6 - Phase 4E: Outer Interplanetary Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;This region is again a continuation of the previous one, with even less solar energy and about 40 times more available materials.


:'''Outer Interplanetary Features'''


&amp;emsp;Outer interplanetary orbits range from 6 to 60 AU in semi-major axis.  The areas close to Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are excluded.  They are accounted for in Phase 5E (Section 9.5}.  As of 2026 there are over 700 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body) Centaur]''' objects.  These have orbits among the four giant planets, whose gravity makes them unstable over a few million years. There are also 4,470 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object Trans-Neptune Objects]''' with orbits beyond that planet, making a total of about 5,170 in this region.  Some, like Pluto and Eris, are large enough to be considered '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet Dwarf Planets]'''.  The remainder are in the range of 15 to 850 km, with the lower end set by our current telescopes' ability to find them.  There are undoubtedly smaller ones that are undiscovered.  

&amp;emsp;Available solar power is low, from 2.78% to 0.0278% of near-Earth values.  This requires large reflectors to increase intensity, nuclear fission or fusion (if developed), or beamed energy from closer to the Sun.  Ambient temperatures are extremely cold, from -113 to -223C for black objects, and lower for lighter ones.  Travel time from Earth is typically many years, with high to occasionally lethal radiation levels for unprotected people. Ping time is 1.4 to 17 hours.

&amp;emsp;The number of known objects is much smaller than the Mid-Interplanetary region, but their mass is roughly 40 times larger - about 2% of Earth or nearly double the Moon.  With increasing distance from the Sun, gases and ices with lower boiling points condensed from the original Solar Nebula.  So there is more water, ammonia, nitrogen and other frozen materials, along with rocks and metals.  The distinction between asteroid and frozen comet becomes fuzzy, so we call all of them 'objects' and the larger ones 'minor planets'.


:'''Outer Interplanetary Activities'''


&amp;emsp;This region is likely too far to use with current technology.  Activities beyond science and exploration are far enough in the future that technology is likely to change in unexpected directions.  When  other activities would start and what they will be is uncertain, but we can speculate based on what we know today.  The raw materials in the region are different than those closer to the Sun.  So the first activities are likely to be mining materials scarce closer to the Sun, and bringing them to where there is more energy to process them.  

&amp;emsp;Due to weak sunlight in this region, nuclear propulsion and gravity assists from the larger bodies are likely to be major transport methods.  The solar system has a limited amount of natural '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide Radionuclides]''' that can produce useful power levels.  If '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_power Fusion Power]''' is not developed enough, radioactives can be made artificially near the Sun where abundant energy is available.  If nuclear fusion is well developed, there is abundant hydrogen from which fusion fuels can be produced.

&amp;emsp;As distance increases from the Sun, orbit velocities and required velocity changes decrease as the square root of distance.  Solar flux decreases faster, as the inverse square of distance.  So solar sails become less effective than for closer regions.  Beamed energy from close to the Sun is a possibility.  It requires large optics to focus the beam to a reasonable size at destinations in the region.

&amp;emsp;We don't expect a lot of production here at first.  Water and nitrogen are very useful and found in large amounts.  Transport would be slow using minimum energy trajectories.  If there is enough demand, a &quot;pipeline&quot; of bulk cargoes in transit could be set up, with vehicles at each end to set them on course and collect them at the end.  The cargo can coast in between, saving on vehicle use.  Once the pipeline is filled, then cargoes arrive on a regular schedule.  

&amp;emsp;If lightweight solar reflectors or fusion are developed enough, a full economy based on them may develop, with full production and habitation.  We don't see a strong reason to live this far out rather than the warmer and brighter inner regions, but such reasons may develop.

==='''8.7 - Phase 4F: Distant Orbit Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;The previous three phases are called 'interplanetary' because they are among or near the eight known major planets.  This last region is beyond all of them so we call it 'distant'.


:'''Distant Orbit Features'''


&amp;emsp;Distant orbits range from 60 AU in semi-major axis to the limits of the Sun's gravitational dominance at about 100,000 AU.  As of 2026 there are about 1900 known asteroids and comets in the region.  It includes about 650 '''[https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_centaurs.html Scattered Disk]''' and '''[https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_tnos.html Trans-Neptune]''' objects, and a larger number of 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets Long Period]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets Near Parabolic]''' comets.

&amp;emsp;A few of these objects belong to much larger and more distant populations known as the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hills_cloud Hills]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud Oort Clouds]'''.  For our purposes we define these as orbits with axes from 2000-10,000 AU and from 10,000 to where passing stars, gas clouds, and galactic tides make orbits unstable.  This is roughly 100,000 AU.  The existence of comets whose orbits extend to these distances argues for the cloud's existence.  Otherwise no active comets would be left after billions of years.  Their total number and mass is only guessed at, but may be billions to trillions and multiples of the Earth's mass.  There is some evidence to suspect a major planet is also in this region.

&amp;emsp;Current telescopes are limited to finding objects within about 80 AU from the Sun.  So only the ones that come within the 60-80 AU range at their closest ''and'' are currently at the near end of their orbits have been found to date.  We expect to find many more objects in the region as telescopes improve.  Active comets from distant orbits which come close to the Sun give us some information on composition from the gas and dust they emit.

&amp;emsp;Solar energy is very weak in this region, below 0.0278% of that near Earth, and temperatures are extremely cold, from 50K down to near the cosmic background of 2.7K.  Travel time with current propulsion technology is many years to centuries.  Ping time ranges from 14 hours to 3 years.  


:'''Distant Orbit Activities'''


&amp;emsp;Our current information about objects in this region is poor.  So any uses beyond science and exploration are deferred to the far future.  When that time comes, though, there is a very large reserve of materials that can be put to use.  One identified use is the Sun acting as a gravitational lens, with a focus around 800 AU from the Sun, in the Scattered Disk region.  Placing telescopes directly opposite a star of interest would allow much more detailed observations than otherwise possible, because of the 2 million km optical diameter of the Sun as a lens.

&amp;emsp;To keep transport times within reason, very high energy propulsion would be needed, such as nuclear fusion.  Since the light elements needed for fusion are common in these outer regions, this could be self-fueling once set up.  Unfortunately, fusion is not yet a viable technology.  Transport that uses it remains speculative for now.  Due to the low to nearly non-existent solar energy in this region, nuclear energy sources would likely be needed to even consider local production.  Production must also remain speculative for now.

&amp;emsp;
=='''9.0 - Phase 5 - Planetary System Locations'''==
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;The planetary systems of Phase 5 are different in several ways from the orbital locations in Phase 4 and from each other.  Specific designs are needed to handle the differences, so we identify separate sub-phases for each.  First are their gravity fields, which require energy to travel through and create significant surface gravity.  Second are their large sizes relative to objects in the orbital regions, and third is the diversity of conditions found on and around the planets.

&amp;emsp;Reasons to use planetary systems include access to the different raw materials available, relief of Earth's biosphere by moving industry off-planet, and some people's preference for natural environments.  As with orbital locations, the start of each sub-phase is staggered from nearest to furthest from Earth, and is preceded by orbital transport that can reach the locations carrying useful amounts of equipment.  So Phase 4 and 5 projects will overlap in time.


==='''9.1 - Phase 5A: Lunar Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Earth is one of the eight major planets in the Solar System.  It is already occupied and developed. We covered using the self-improving systems approach here earlier in this report.  We also covered most orbits around Earth in Sections 8.2 and 8.3.  The exception was the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon Moon]''' and the area around it.  We place it here among other planetary systems since lunar activities will be more similar to those for smaller planets and the larger moons of the other planets.


:'''Lunar Features'''


&amp;emsp;The Lunar region includes the Moon itself, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit Lunar Orbits]''' with semi-major axes less than 35,000 km in size.  These are close enough to the Moon to be relatively stable.  Lunar orbits in general are somewhat unstable.  The Moon has mass concentrations from past impacts that create an uneven gravity field.  The Earth and Sun are also much more massive than the Moon, and their gravity has significant effects on objects orbiting the Moon.

&amp;emsp;The Moon has the same average distance from the Sun as the Earth, so available solar energy and basic temperatures ranges are the same.  Sunlight is partly blocked in lower Lunar orbits, and blocked about 50% of the time on the surface over a 29.5 day cycle.  Surface gravity averages 1.62 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or 1/6th of Earth, with a total variation of 0.025 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; by location (Figure 9.1-1).

&amp;emsp;Escape velocity from the Lunar surface is 2380 m/s, or 21% of Earth.  So escape energy is only 4.5% of Earth's.  Low orbit velocities are 1680 m/s or less, and 700 m/s more is needed to escape from them.  Circular orbit velocity at the upper edge of the region is 375 m/s, and escape is an added 155 m/s.  Surface area of the Moon is 37.93 million km^2 measured horizontally, or about one quarter of the Earth's land area.  Sloped terrain increases the total exposed surface area.

[[File:Moon_gravity_acceleration_map_LGM2011.jpg|thumb|right|800x450px|Figure 9.1-1 - Lunar surface gravity map.  Near side on left, far side on right.]]

&amp;emsp;Earth is only 81.3 times the Moon's mass.  So the center of mass of both averages 1/4 of the way down from the Earth's surface to it's center.  Both move around this center every 27.3 days with respect to the stars.  Since both also orbit the Sun, the Moon's orbit and day lengths are not the same.  

&amp;emsp;The Moon is '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_lockingt Tidally locked]''' to Earth, and keeps approximately the same side facing us.  It is not exact because the Moon's orbit is not circular, it has a slight residual pendulum motion, and we have different vantage points from the Earth's surface.  So about 59% of its surface can be seen from Earth over time.  The two hemispheres are called the &quot;near&quot; and &quot;far&quot; sides.  There is no &quot;dark&quot; side, since both get sunlight during a lunar day.  

&amp;emsp;Orbits around the Moon vary from 108 minutes close to the surface, to 6.8 days for the largest ones in the region.  Travel time from Earth is 3-4 days for direct transfer orbits.  Electric propulsion is much more efficient, but also much slower.  Without shielding, travel to and staying on and around the Moon can expose people to lethal radiation levels.  This is from Earth's radiation belts, solar, and cosmic sources.  Ping time from Earth to the Lunar region varies from 2.2 to 2.94 seconds, depending on where in the region, and the Moon's distance in it's orbit.  This includes satellite relay time if communicating with areas that can't be seen directly from Earth.

&amp;emsp;The Moon has a somewhat variable and reasonably well understood '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon Geology]'''.  This is known from a number of lander and orbital missions, some of which returned samples, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_meteorite Lunar Meteorites]''' thrown to Earth by impacts.  Broadly, the surface is oxide minerals with silicon, iron, calcium, aluminum, and magnesium, in order of abundance, and 3-4% other elements.

&amp;emsp;The Moon is too small and warm to keep an atmosphere.  With nothing to stop incoming objects, the surface has been heavily cratered and broken up by repeated impacts of all sizes.  The result is a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_soil Regolith]''' or lunar soil that has been tossed around many times.  It is a mix of the original crust and the remains of impacting objects.  There is no weathering like on Earth, but the solar wind can charge dust particles which then move, and temperature cycles can cause rocks to crack near the surface.


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;The Lunar region is embedded in the High Orbit region, and reaching it from Earth is possible with current and near-term transport.  Science and exploration activities are already in progress.  Further development can start as soon as there are economic reasons for it.  The first uses are likely to be local on the surface, and from the Moon's relative closeness to populated satellite orbits and low energy to reach these orbits.  For example, some '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_water Water ice]''' appears to be trapped in cold polar craters on the Moon.  It has multiple uses, and could be delivered relatively efficiently to high and low Earth orbits.    

&amp;emsp;Regolith mining can supply enough materials for much larger projects on the Moon and nearby orbits.  The loose surface layer averages 5 meters thick across the whole Moon.  It can be collected without heavy mining methods and totals about 300,000 Gigatons, or 7,000 years of Earth's total stone and sand mining in 2020.  Projects that use lunar (and asteroid) materials are not as limited by launch mass and cost from Earth, so they can use simpler and heavier designs.  In the future, production that uses lots of energy, or have hazards and side effects, could be moved to space to reduce the burden on Earth's environment.

&amp;emsp;Satellites that beam energy to Earth is one possibility.  If this can be done economically, it might become the largest export market from orbit.  Renewable energy on Earth is now relatively low cost, but it is variable and some places have poor conditions for using it.  There is 10 times more solar energy in space than such places and it is more predictable.  So it may prove useful, despite the extra cost of building in space.


:'''Lunar Transport'''


&amp;emsp;Early landings on the Moon would not have the support of local infrastructure.  They would use current high thrust chemical rockets to access the surface.  At first, all propellants would come from Earth.  Water from polar lunar craters can supply 83.5% of methane/oxygen propellant, and and also life support supplies, reducing the mass needed from Earth to support activities.  '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-type_asteroid Carbonaceous]''' type asteroids contain up to 20% carbon compounds and water.  These can be reformed chemically to CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and fully replace Earth supplies.  How much would come from each source will depend on cost and availability. 

&amp;emsp;Over time, chemical propulsion can be replaced by more efficient methods.  As mentioned in Section 8.3, an electric catapult can deliver 1000 times a solar array's mass per year from the surface to Lunar orbit.  Electric propulsion can then move lunar and asteroid materials to a common orbit for processing.  High orbits around the Moon or Earth are preferred for their near-full time sunlight and a combined low velocity to reach.  Both propellants and other products can be made with processing and manufacturing equipment in the same location.  
 
&amp;emsp;Lunar basalt and carbon from asteroids can be used to make high strength fibers.  These can be used to build an efficient skyhook system in lunar orbit.  Such a system makes sense if there is enough traffic to the Moon.  If the tip velocity is equal to orbit velocity they cancel, and trips to and from the lunar surface would need very little fuel.  A lander can be dropped off and picked up at low altitude.  This can't be done directly on the surface because the variable gravity field and heights of lunar mountains and crater walls can cause collisions.

&amp;emsp;If the skyhook is in near-polar orbit, it can access any point on the surface every 15 days as the Moon rotates below it.  Using other angles of the skyhook's rotation, and by climbing to different distances from the center, arrival and departure directions and speeds up to 1.41 times lunar escape are possible.  Catching and releasing vehicles affects the skyhook's orbit.  If traffic is balanced in direction and mass, and the skyhook is massive enough, it is a temporary change.  If traffic is more in one direction than the other, the difference can be made up by electric propulsion at high efficiency.

&amp;emsp;Low gravity is known to be harmful to people. If the skyhook radius is about 250 km, the tip acceleration will be about 1 g, which avoids this problem.  A large supply of local lunar materials can provide shielding.  With these people can live comfortably and safely.  They would be close enough to the lunar surface to operate equipment by remote control in real time.  Alternate solutions to low gravity are using rotating habitats on the surface or limiting stay times.


:'''Lunar Production'''


&amp;emsp;The advantages of using the Moon are relative closeness to high orbits, and low energy to move cargo.  But there are few low boiling-point materials left on the Moon, because it formed in a molten state, suffered many high energy impacts and early tidal heating, and is too small to keep an atmosphere.  A fully-developed space economy would need to supplement lunar materials with those from nearby asteroids and from Earth.  Some materials are too rare to usefully mine in space, and some products are too hard or expensive to make there relative to delivery from Earth.  So two-way trade can develop for lunar activities to support themselves.

&amp;emsp;Early Lunar production can start with mining bulk regolith for radiation/thermal/impact protection, and polar ice for propellant and life support.  These don't need a lot of complex equipment.  More energy-intensive and complex processes like vacuum oxide reduction and  '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbothermic_reaction Carbothermic Reactions]''' can separate oxygen and various metals from the regolith.  Seed factory equipment can be used to bootstrap making other products for local use and export.  As better transport systems are installed in sequence, the cost of delivery elsewhere will decrease.

&amp;emsp;Solar energy will likely be the dominant energy source for lunar production.  Silicon for solar cells, aluminum for reflectors, and other metals for structures are widely available from the regolith to provide solar power.  However some craters with water are permanently shadowed, the lunar night is two weeks long, and large solar plants are not very portable.  So other energy sources may be useful.

&amp;emsp;Some regions of the Lunar surface contain ~10 parts per million Uranium and Thorium.  The ore has an energy content of about 800 MJ/kg (20 times that of coal on Earth).  Helium-3 has been proposed as a fusion fuel to be mined from the Moon.  Although the energy content of pure He-3 is 200 TJ/kg, the concentration is only 15 parts per billion or less, resulting in an ore content of only 3 MJ/kg.  So fissionable elements are a better energy source on the Moon in terms of energy produced per ton of mined ore.

&amp;emsp;Other energy sources for the Moon can include the rims of shadowed craters, where sunlight is highly available, microwave or laser beamed power across terrain or from orbit, and even fuel cells or batteries for portable power.  Thermal energy storage is an option using the vast amount of rocks and dust as the storage medium, and the natural vacuum as insulation.  The material is heated during the day by sunlight, and the heat used to generate power during the Lunar night.


:'''Living in Lunar Locations'''


&amp;emsp;Low gravity is known to be harmful, so long-term habitats on the Lunar surface may require rotation to create artificial gravity.  An example would be a large habitat dome for spaciousness, and a centrifuge built around the rim for living quarters.  Residents would spend enough time in the centrifuge to maintain health, but could work and enjoy the low gravity the rest of the time.

&amp;emsp;We have essentially no data on how much gravity is enough between zero and 1.0.  We know the body deteriorates over time in zero gravity.  So as a worst case, people would need to spend most of their time in a one gee environment of some type, but this subject needs more research.  Another option is limiting permanent stay times on the surface.  People would live mostly in orbit with artificial gravity and operate most equipment by remote control.

&amp;emsp;The other requirements for people to live and work in the lunar region have mostly been solved by existing space stations, and using bulk materials for shielding.  One exception is lunar dust, which is abrasive, toxic, and is everywhere on the surface.  Various methods to deal with it have been proposed, but R&amp;D is needed to figure out which work best.


==='''9.2 - Phase 5B: Mars Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Mars]''' is next among planetary locations in terms of velocity and time to reach, and the environment conditions there.  It is a large step beyond the Moon, but Mars is within the inner interplanetary region (Section 8.4) that Earth also occupies.  So we expect Martian activities to start after some level of development of the region in-between.


:'''Mars Features'''


&amp;emsp;The Mars region includes the planet, two small moons, and reasonably stable orbits with semi-major axes  up to 340,000 km (100 radii).  Its orbit around the Sun is 9.3% eccentric, varying from 1.38 to 1.67 AU in distance.  Solar flux varies with distance from 494 to 716 W/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or 36 to 52.5% of that near Earth.  Surface gravity varies from 3.683 to 3.743 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, a 1.6% range, with a reference value of 3.711 (3/8ths of Earth).  Lower values are near the equator and atop tall mountains, while higher values are at lower altitudes in the north polar region and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Planitia Hellas]''' basin.

&amp;emsp;Ping time from Earth varies from 6 to 45 minutes, depending on relative orbital position and need for a relay satellite to avoid the Sun.  Unprotected radiation levels range from high to lethal, but the Mars surface and its moons provide ample material for shielding.

&amp;emsp;Escape velocity from the surface is 5,027 m/s, and is 502 m/s at the upper edge of the orbital region.  Circular orbit velocities are 70.7% of escape.  This ratio holds for orbits around any body.  Escape energy is 20% that of Earth.  Orbits around Mars vary from 100 minutes for low ones to 70 days at the edge of the region.  Surface area of Mars is 144.8 million km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or 97% of Earth's land area.  Day length is 24h 40m, slightly longer than Earth, and the Martian year is 1.881 Earth years.  Travel times vary according to the relative positions of Mars and Earth, and the transport method used.  When aligned, minimum energy orbits average 7 months one way.

&amp;emsp;The moons '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon) Phobos]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deimos_(moon) Deimos]''' have near-circular orbits of with 9,377 and 23,460 km radius.  They have mean diameters of  22.5 and 12.4 km, but are irregular shapes.  They have a combined mass of 12,800 Gigatons, or 290 years of Earth's rock and sand mining.  This is a significant orbital resource.  They are likely collected impact debris, so similar to Mars in composition.

[[File:Generalised_Geological_Map_of_Mars.jpg|thumb|700x1024px|Figure 9.2-1 - Generalized geologic map of Mars.]]

&amp;emsp;The atmosphere is 96% CO2, a bit under 2% each Argon and Nitrogen, and an assortment of trace gases.  Surface pressure varies from 30 Pascals at the top of Olympus Mons to 1155 Pascals in the Hellas basin.  The high value is 1.14% of sea-level pressure on Earth.  Pressure varies by 30% annually, as some of the CO2 freezes and evaporates at the poles.  Surface temperatures vary from 120 to 293K (-153 to 20 C), depending on latitude and season.  Typical day-night variation is 70K/C because the atmosphere does not have much thermal mass.

&amp;emsp;Mars has quite a varied surface geology, as a result of internal melting and vulcanism, impacts, and much higher levels of water and atmospheric pressure earlier in it's history (Figure 9.2-1 from '''[http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/ USGS Map 3292, 2014]'''). There is significant amounts of water in the soil as hydrates, permafrost, and in thick dusty ice caps.


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;Human activity in the region can begin with a scientific outpost.  It would be an extension of existing robotic exploration, and Phase 4C activity among asteroids in the surrounding region (Section 8.4).  The outpost and relay satellites are placed in orbit close enough to Mars for real-time remote control.  Surface robots carry out science and sample collection at first, with some samples returned to the outpost for further analysis.  Most outpost supplies can come from Mars' moons and nearby asteroids.  

&amp;emsp;Over time, other robots and equipment are delivered to the surface to start to preparing for people.  Once enough supplies and basic production are in place, they can start to visit.  This approach delays risking people on the surface until a supply chain and reliable two-way transportation is available.

&amp;emsp;As more production capacity is built up on Mars and surrounding orbits, it can start to transition from science to prospecting for unique resources, building up local habitation, and a full economy.  Since Mars has almost the same land area as Earth, there is plenty of room to do this.  Building up activities in the Mars region would be a relatively small extension from previous regions.  So it is not a large cost burden, but rather an investment in further growth.


:'''Mars Transport'''


&amp;emsp;In Phases 4B and 4C (sections 8.3 and 8.4 above), electric tugs were used to move asteroid materials back to Earth/Moon orbits for processing.  To expand towards Mars, the same type of tugs move materials from Near Earth or Near Mars orbits to specific '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_cycler Mars Cycler]''' orbits.  These orbits allow repeat flybys of Earth and Mars using gravity assists.  Given the many thousands of asteroids in the interplanetary region, some of them have low velocity to and from a cycler orbit.

&amp;emsp;Other tugs deliver habitat modules and initial processing equipment from near Earth to the same orbit.  The raw asteroid materials are distributed around the habitat for radiation shielding, and used as a counterweight for artificial gravity.  At the next opportunity a crew meets up with the new &quot;Mars Transfer Station&quot;, and begins to process the raw materials into fuel, air, water, metals, etc.  They also establish a greenhouse to produce food.  When raw materials run low, a tug is sent to another nearby asteroid to get more.

&amp;emsp;Whenever the Transfer Station is near Earth, new crew, equipment, and supplies can be delivered.  Crew aboard the transfer station are safe from radiation hazards, have gravity to maintain health, and can eventually produce most of what they need themselves.  The Station can be used multiple times to bring new crews to Mars, saving mass over carrying a life support system and supplies for every trip.  Cargo besides people can travel to the Mars region directly with tugs.

&amp;emsp;When the transfer station is built up enough, a set of crew detach and inject into Mars orbit.  The Martian moons then become a source of materials in addition to nearby asteroids.  Eventually enough propellants are produced locally for trips to the planet's surface.

&amp;emsp;Chemical rockets consume a lot of propellants traveling back and forth from the surface.  In the longer term, some combination of skyhook and surface catapult can replace most of that.  These would be large projects, but the propellant savings for each trip makes up for it.  Carbon from asteroids or the moons, and basalt from Mars, can be used to make the strong fibers for such systems.

&amp;emsp;Skyhooks can start small with low capacity, but their orbit parameters and timing would be shifted from bulk going up.  Linear or rotary electric catapults on the surface are attached to the planet and not affected this way.  To limit drag losses they would be built on the large Martian volcanoes.  Mixed use of both systems is also possible.  It is too early to choose among these or other options, but chemical rockets are inefficient.  In the long run something better would be preferred.


:'''Mars Production'''


&amp;emsp;Like other phases of our program, the production in the region starts with mining raw materials for basic products with ready-to-use equipment.  Seed factory equipment is delivered to orbit and the surface as needed.  This bootstraps more diverse, larger scale, and advanced production.  The supply chain from Earth and intermediate regions supports this with regular deliveries.

&amp;emsp;Mars has a different history than asteroids, so it likely has sources of volatile compounds and minerals not common in the orbital regions.  Very efficient bulk transport is desirable for an export market to develop.  Because the gravity well of Mars requires large-scale systems to do this, exports may not be economic right away, but rather need a build-up period in the region first.


:'''Living in Mars Locations'''


&amp;emsp;Living in the orbital region around Mars would be similar to high orbits around Earth or the interplanetary region that surrounds both.  There would be minor differences in available solar energy and local material sources.  Living on the surface would require adapting designs to local conditions of gravity, temperature, and other parameters.  Since gravity is 3/8 Earth normal, that includes how to maintain health for people and other living things.  Example methods are body weights and rotating habitats.

&amp;emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming Terraforming]''' Mars has often been suggested because it is already the most similar place to Earth.  Doing this for a small population is likely too much effort for the amount of use it would get.  When the population gets large enough or technology has advanced enough the local population (Martians) can decide if terraforming makes sense.  Self-improving production systems can make such a project easier.

&amp;emsp;An alternate approach is to use habitat domes to provide a feeling of being outdoors.  Internal pressure would be much higher than outside.  So lightweight domes need a lot of structure and anchoring to avoid lifting off the ground.  Domes can be weighted down by bulk soil and rock, or using thick glass.  These also provide radiation, temperature, and impact protection.  


==='''9.3 - Phase 5C: Venus and Mercury Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus Venus]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet) Mercury]''' are the next in difficulty after Mars.  They have abundant solar energy available, but as a result are mostly very hot.  There are relatively few nearby asteroids to start orbital development with.


:'''Venus and Mercury Features'''


&amp;emsp;The Venus and Mercury regions include the planets, and relatively stable orbits within 600,000 and 100,000 km of their centers, respectively.  Like Earth they are embedded in the Inner Interplanetary region (Section 8.4). They have no known moons.  So the main interest is the planets themselves and activity around them.  Venus' orbit is nearly circular at 0.723 AU, while Mercury's is 20% eccentric and varies from 0.307 to 0.467 AU.

&amp;emsp;Solar flux is 1.9 times higher than near Earth at Venus, and 4.6-10.6 times higher at Mercury. Equilibrium temperatures in sunlight are 17% and 46-80% higher in Kelvin.  The surface temperature is 735K (462 C) for Venus, from a thick atmosphere with a strong greenhouse effect.  Mercury ranges from below 100K in shadowed polar craters, to as high as 700K at the sub-solar point at perihelion.  A given location can vary nearly this whole temperature range due to a 58.6 day rotation period.  Venus's rotation takes 243 days, but the atmosphere mostly eliminates temperature changes.

&amp;emsp;Venus' surface gravity is 8.87 m/s^2 (90% of Earth), and Mercury's is 3.7 m/s^2, the same as for Mars.  Escape velocities are 10.36 and 4.25 km/s from their surfaces and 1,041 and 664 m/s from the outer edge of their regions. Orbits range from 90 minutes to 59 days around Venus, and 85 minutes to 15.5 days around Mercury.  Ping times from Earth vary from 4.3 to 30 minutes for Venus, and 9 to 25 minutes for Mercury.  Travel times by least energy transfer orbits are 4.8 and 3.5 months respectively.

&amp;emsp;The '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Venus Geology of Venus]''' appears to be mostly volcanic, and it has lost most of its water to space.  The atmosphere has a surface pressure of 9.2 MPa (90.8 times Earth), and is composed of 96.5% CO2 and 3.5% Nitrogen, with some trace gases.  While it is very hot at the surface, moderate pressures of 0.5 times Earth and temperatures around 27 C exist at 55 km altitude.  Mercury has only a trace atmosphere, and a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineral Silicate]''' surface about 40% O, 25% Si, 11% Mg, 6% Al, 4% each Ca and Fe, and 2% S.  Polar regions can have surprisingly moderate average temperatures, and water ice has been found in shadowed polar craters


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;Near-term use of Venus and Mercury is more difficult because of the higher velocity to reach them and generally hostile temperatures.  Scoop-mining gases from the upper reaches of Venus' atmosphere is a possibility.  In the mid-term, floating habitats are possible at altitudes where temperature and pressure are reasonable.  Polar stations on Mercury can take advantage of lower average temperatures with proper insulation.  In the long term asteroid iron or aluminum can be used for orbiting sunshades to cool both planets where needed.

&amp;emsp;Reducing temperature lowers the scale height of Venus' atmosphere, and preferentially lowers the pressure of the high altitude regions of the planet, making them more accessible.  There is the possibility that low enough temperatures will promote carbonation of the volcanic surface minerals, further lowering pressures, and that this process can be enhanced artificially.  If the surface conditions can be made more tolerable, then large scale access to raw materials plus high energy available in orbit could promote industry.

&amp;emsp;It takes 7 to 12 km/s velocity change to travel from near Earth to the Venus and Mercury orbit regions, and therefore 0.15 and 0.27 kg of propellant per kg cargo using electric thrusters.  This does not account for gravity assists or skyhook transfers.  These require 263 and 474 MJ of solar power respectively.  If the cargo is all solar arrays, or equivalent thermal power generation, they will produce an additional 13.75 and 91.5 MJ/day added power output, and repay the extra energy use in 19 and 5.2 days respectively.  So energy-intensive processes highly favor going closer to the Sun.


:'''Venus and Mercury Transport'''


&amp;emsp;Higher orbit speeds as you get closer to the Sun means more velocity changes are needed to reach them.  Like elsewhere, gravity assists and skyhook systems can help do this more efficiently.  Solar-powered electric propulsion is quite viable closer to the Sun.  Solar flux increases faster then velocity changes, so this introduces the possibility of solar sails as an additional transport method in the inner regions.  The advantage of solar sails is they do not consume propellant.  But in the outer Solar System low solar energy makes them very slow.

&amp;emsp;For example, reflected sunlight provides 15.5 Newtons/km^2 at Venus, and a 1 micron thick Magnesium-Aluminum sail would mass 2400 kg/km^2.  This generates 558 m/s/day acceleration for the bare sail.  This is reduced by the remaining structure and cargo mass, and by angling the sail to control thrust direction.  This acceleration is comparable to that for electric propulsion using solar array mass near Earth.  A combined system can take advantage of reduced propellant use from a sail and wider thrust angles from the electric engines.  


:'''Venus and Mercury Production'''


&amp;emsp;Production in the Venus and Mercury regions would likely start in orbit as an extension of Inner Interplanetary activity.  The higher solar flux relative to energy needed to reach inner orbits favors processes that need lots of energy.  Raw materials can come from nearby and imported asteroid sources, and possibly scoop mining gas from Venus orbit.  There are only 59 known asteroids whose orbit is entirely inside Earth's, and less than 2500 others whose orbit is smaller than Earth's and cross inside of it.  This is only 0.2% of the total known, so many materials may have to be imported from farther away.

&amp;emsp;Habitats to support production, with artificial gravity, thermal, and radiation shielding can be built in more developed regions and transported to Venus and Mercury orbit to start with.  Surface catapults are possible from Mercury's polar regions, where temperatures are more moderate.  The combination of materials delivered at least partly by solar sailing and abundant solar energy should allow production to grow in time.


:'''Living at Venus and Mercury'''


&amp;emsp;Living in orbits around the two planets would be similar to the nearby interplanetary region, and not require much new design.  The planets themselves are mostly hostile in their current state, so we expect few other habitats would be built beyond possible science and exploration outposts in the mid-term.  If planet-scale terraforming becomes feasible, mostly by blocking excess sunlight, non-industrial habitats may develop in the long-term.


==='''9.4 - Phase 5D: Jupiter System Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;Development of the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter Jupiter System]''' would likely follow the Mid-Interplanetary (Section 8.5), as its orbit is near the outer edge of that region.  It isn't clear if the Jupiter region will be easier or harder to develop than Venus and Mercury.


:'''Jupiter System Features'''


&amp;emsp;The Jupiter System includes the largest planet in the Solar System (317.8 Earth masses), and reasonably stable orbits around it with semi-major axes less 25 million km.  It includes four '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons Galilean Moons]''' more than 3000 km diameter, named as a group after their discoverer.  As of 2023 there are 91 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter Smaller Moons]''' from 1-170 km in size.  The larger moons can support their own reaxonably stable orbits, and can be used for gravity assists to change orbits in the Jupiter system.  

&amp;emsp;Solar flux varies from 3.3-4.1% of that near Earth, so concentrating reflectors are useful in this region.  Escape velocity is 59.5 km/s from just above the atmosphere, or an added 24.6 km/s from low orbit. Escape is 3.11 km/s from the edge of the region. Orbit periods range from 174 minutes to 2.26 years.  Travel time from Earth by minimum energy orbit is 2.7 years, while gravity assists and other propulsion methods can increase or decrease the time.  Ping time is 1.06 to 1.85 hours, depending on relative orbit locations.

&amp;emsp;Jupiter has a strong magnetic field which creates intense radiation belts.  This ranges from high to immediately deadly levels for unprotected people, and can rapidly degrade even shielded electronics.  Outside these belts, the usual solar and galactic radiation is still a hazard.  Temperature in Jupiter System orbits are about 217K (-56 C) for black objects, and less for lighter colored ones.  Jupiter is a Gas Giant, and therefore has no solid surface.  The atmosphere is 90% Hydrogen, 10% Helium, plus trace gases.  Orbit minus rotation velocity is 29.5 km/s, making it very difficult to access the planet itself or even mine the atmopshere from orbit.

&amp;emsp;The four large moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) orbit 0.422, 0.671, 1.07, and 1.88 million km from Jupiter in nearly circular orbits.  They have a combined surface area of 232.8 million km^2, or 1.56 times the land area of Earth.  They have negligible atmospheres.  All four are tidally locked to Jupiter, so their days are equal to their orbit periods of 1.77, 3.55, 7.15, and 16.7 days.  Surface gravity varies from 1.23 to 1.80 m/s^2, or 12.5 to 18.4% of Earth.

&amp;emsp;Io's surface is volcanic deposits and sulfur compounds.  The other three large moons are either entirely or partially covered in ice, with various minerals and frozen compounds making up the rest of their surfaces.  Surface temperatures of the large moons range from 70-165K, except for volcanic hot spots on Io, and vary mostly by latitude and how close they are to Jupiter, which determines how much reflected light they get on the near side.


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;Use of the Jupiter System would likely follow the Main Belt and Trojan locations in Phase 4D.  There are 12,500 Jupiter Trojans vs 91 smaller moons around Jupiter, and the Trojans are much larger in total mass.  Since Jupiter's gravity well requires more velocity to navigate, there is no particular reason to use the smaller moons except as a way to access the larger ones.  The outer Jovian moons are likely captured asteroids, and are the same Solar distance as the Trojan group.  So they don't represent new technical challenges.

&amp;emsp;The large moons together have 6.6% of Earth's mass, or 5.4 times that of Earth's Moon.  They can be a very large source of materials, with some significant variations in composition.  Early uses are likely to be mining-based, with return of materials to more developed regions.  Even the largest moon, Ganymede, has a low enough orbit velocity that a catapult or skyhook can deliver directly to orbit, after which an electric tug can transport it elsewhere.  Water is widely available in the Jupiter System, both for life support and propellant.  High radiation close to the planet requires careful design for habitats and electronics.  Remote control from a safe distance is a possibility.


:'''Jupiter System Transport'''


&amp;emsp;Transport from the Mid-Interplanetary region and closer to Earth can start with electric propulsion, and for people use shielded habitat modules.  High-thrust landers can be used to start with for the large moons, while skyhooks and catapults can be brought or built later for higher efficiency.  Since these would already be developed for previous locations, not much new design would be needed except for radiation protection close to the planet.  Transfer habitats in cyclic orbits with heavily shielded sections is a design option.  Those sections are used when when close to the planet.  We don't expect to land on or mine Jupiter itself until far in the future because of the extremely high energy required.  The other Gas Giants are easier to access and have milder radiation belts.


:'''Jupiter System Production'''


&amp;emsp;Growth of local production follows the usual path of mining first, then bringing seed factory equipment to bootstrap other industries.  The smaller outer moons can be an early source of fuel and water.  Rocky and metallic materials may need to be imported from the surrounding regions, depending on the composition of the moons.  Large reflectors would be a desirable early product to generate power and heat.


:'''Living in the Jupiter System'''


&amp;emsp;Living in the outer parts of the Jupiter system is very similar to the Trojan asteroid regions, as they are the same average distance from the Sun.  Only '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(moon) Callisto]''' among the large moons has tolerable radiation levels at its surface.  The closer moons and orbits around and among them require significant shielding.  Water is a good shielding material, and all the large moons have lots of it.


==='''9.5 - Phase 5E: Outer Giant Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;The three outer giant planets, '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn Saturn]''', '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus Uranus]''', and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune Neptune]''', are next in difficulty from distance and lower solar energy.  This is compensated somewhat by lower masses than Jupiter, so smaller velocity changes are needed to work around.
 

:'''Outer Giant Features'''


&amp;emsp;The three planets average 9.55, 19.22, and 30.11 AU from the Sun.  These planets and their orbital regions are embedded in the Outer Interplanetary region of Phase 4E (Section 8.6).  Saturn's orbital region extends 30 million km from the planet center, and includes 83 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn Known Moons]''' as of 2023. Eleven of these moons are larger than 100 km, of which five (Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, and Iapetus) are larger than 1,000 km, with Titan being 5,150 km in diameter (75% of Mars).

&amp;emsp;Uranus' region is 24 million km in radius, and has 27 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus Moons]'''.  Five of them (Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon) are considered major, ranging from 470 to 1575 km in diameter.  Neptune's region is 50 million km radius, and has 14 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune Moons]''', of which Triton is by far the largest at 2700 km diameter.  The larger moons of all three can support stable orbits and enable gravity assists.  All the giant planets, including Jupiter, have ring systems.  Saturn's is the most massive at an estimated 30 million Gigatons, almost as much as the 400 km moon Mimas, which orbits nearby.

&amp;emsp;Solar energy is weak in these regions, about 1%, 1/4%, and 1/9% of that near Earth.  Large reflectors would be needed to bring sunlight to useful levels.  Nuclear power may be more effective.  Escape velocities are 35.5, 21.3, and 23.5 km/s from each planet, and 1,535, 682, and 255 m/s from the edge of their regions.  Orbit periods are vary from 250, 180, and 155 minutes close to the planets, to 3.8, 9.9, and 27 years at the edge.  Travel times are 6, 16, and 30 years by minimum energy orbits.  Gravity assists and added propulsion can shorten the trips.

&amp;emsp;Ping times average 2.65, 5.33, and 8.35 hours, plus or minus about 20 minutes for relative planetary positions.  Radiation levels around Saturn are about as high as Earth's Van Allen Belts, so added shielding is needed for people and electronics.  It is most intense between the ring system and the moon Enceladus.  Radiaition around Uranus and Neptune are lower, but still include the solar and cosmic background flux present in most parts of the Solar System.

&amp;emsp;Like Jupiter, the outer Giants have no solid surface.  Their atmospheres get denser with depth until they are beyond the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics) Critical Point]''' and reach liquid density and higher.  The upper portions are 96% hydrogen, 3% helium for Saturn; 83% hydrogen, 15% helium, and 2.3% hethane for Uranus; and 80% hydrogen, 19% helium, and 1.5% methane for Neptune.  All three have small amounts of trace gases.  Orbit minus planet rotation velocities are 15.2, 12.5, and 13.9 km/s.  Scoop mining their atmospheres would be hard, but should be feasible.


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;The outer Giant regions are too far for near-term use.  Their development could start once the Outer Interplanetary region around them is accessible.  The first use is likely to be mining various raw materials.  The combined total of 124 moons and one major ring system around these planets have a mass of 1720 x 10&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt; kg, or 2.34 times the Moon.  This is a very large source of materials, but their distance means mining them will be delayed.  Mined material would likely be brought back back to inner regions where there is more energy for processing and projects that need them.  Other uses besides mining are too far in the future to predict right now.  

&amp;emsp;Titan has a thick Nitrogen atmosphere (1.4 times Earth pressure) with 1.4% Methane at upper levels and 4.9% at lower levels.  Low orbits are about 1.8 km/s, so scoop-mining this atmosphere is particularly easy.  Helium-3 has been proposed as a low radiation fusion fuel.  Fusion in general has not yet been solved, and the He-3 reaction is 10 times harder than deuterium-tritium (D-T), which is the main target of current research.  

&amp;emsp;If either kind of fusion becomes feasible, scoop-mining the outer Giant atmospheres may become economic because of its high energy output, and the light gases also make good propellants.  All three giants have deuterium, and Uranus and Neptune have the highest concentrations of Helium in their atmospheres, and thus the He-3 isotope.  The easier D-T fusion should enable trips to these planets in reasonable time.


:'''Outer Giant Transport'''


&amp;emsp;Chemical rockets have sent probes to the outer planets, but this is very inefficient.  As in other regions, gravity assists from massive bodies, surface catapults, and skyhooks can be used to improve transport efficiency.  Solar power has been used for probes as far as Jupiter and its Trojan asteroids, but reflectors to increase power for propulsion in farther regions hasn't yet been developed.  Current work is on small fission reactors for a variety of uses, including nuclear-electric propulsion, which would be much more efficient than chemical.

&amp;emsp;Fission and fusion fuels have high energy content but the reactors to use them tend to be higher mass than solar power.  The also emit harmful radiation, but most parts of the Solar System are already filled with it anyway.  The same shielding can protect from both sources.  Nuclear fuels are also relatively rare compared to silicon used for solar cells or aluminum/magnesium alloy for concentrating reflectors.  It isn't clear what the best energy source for future propulsion will be.


:'''Outer Giant Production and Living'''


&amp;emsp;We don't expect activities beyond science, exploration, and mining in these regions until technology improves significantly from current levels.  Since we can't predict what improvements will be made in the long-term, we will leave what local production and habitation is possible as an open question.

=='''10.0 - Interstellar Locations'''==
&amp;emsp;

&amp;emsp;The last major phase of our program involves interstellar locations.  The key difference that warrants a new phase is the extreme distances involved.  This breaks the ability to deliver things from the Solar System and communicate with it in a reasonable time.  Deveopment of these locations would require high self-sufficiency in transport, enough starting materials, and self-improving systems capable of growth without outside assistance.  

&amp;emsp;Phase 6 projects are far enough in the future that we can only speculate about them in general terms.  We include it mainly as a place-holder and to give direction for future long-term work.  We divide it into two sub-phases - the spaces between stars, and those around other star systems.  Since you must cross interstellar space before reaching the other systems, logically the sub-phases are in that order.  


==='''10.1 - Phase 6A: Interstellar Space Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

:'''Interstellar Features'''


&amp;emsp;We define the Interstellar region as starting 100,000 AU from the Sun, where nearby stars and the Milky Way galaxy as a whole begin to contest the Sun's gravity.  There is no outer limit for this region beyond whatever travel distances are possible from future technology.  Since we don't know what those future technologies will be, for now we will arbitrarily set a boundary of 20 light years from the Sun.

&amp;emsp;Probably the most significant feature of this region is that star systems are all in relative motion to each other, with an average velocity of 50 km/s.  This is on top of the general rotation of the galaxy at about 225 km/s.  As of 2023 there are 131 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs Stars and Brown Dwarfs]''' in the 20 light year &quot;Solar Neighborhood&quot;.  Given their average velocity, they will travel 20 light years in 120,000 years, so the membership of the neighborhood will change about every 1250 years on average.

&amp;emsp;The local interstellar region is very low density gas, at ~0.3 atoms per cubic centimeter, or 1 gram per 564 km cube.  That does not include cometary clouds around stars, or wandering objects between them.  We know very little about such smaller objects, but assume some exist by similarity to our own Solar System.

&amp;emsp;The Interstellar environment between stars is not much different from distant orbit environments in Phase 4F (Section 8.7).   Stellar energy is effectively zero, and while stellar radiation is not a factor in this region, cosmic radiation still is.

 
:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;We don't know enough about material resources and energy sources in this region to propose economic uses.  The distance to the Sun detaches any industries from regular trade with the rest of civilization.  Science, exploration, and seeding interstellar colonies are possible long-term activities.


:'''Interstellar Transport'''


&amp;emsp;Interstellar transport can be divided into slow and fast types.  The slow type is on the order of stellar velocities (5-500 km/s).  An example is a large habitat with large material reserves and fusion power as an energy source.  It can subsist on the cometary clouds around stars and unbound objects between them.  When it gets close enough to a selected star, it can enter orbit and travel with it.  Such habitats would be based on previous space habitats in the Solar System, so it doesn't require a lot of new development.

&amp;emsp;Travel times between stars at these speeds would average 3000 years or longer.  Such times are long enough that technology changes during the trip are a factor.  Trying to reach a specific star doesn't make unless technology had reached a plateau or making improvements in transit was planned for.  If the habitat is considered a permanent place to live that happens to be moving to access new resources, speed of travel is less of an issue.

&amp;emspFast interstellar puts much more energy into transportation, to reach higher velocities and shorten time to a destination.  Possible methods include fusion-powered engines and beamed power using the Sun as a gravitational lens for focus.  Rather than a large habitat with a full range of civilized activity, fast interstellar operates more like ships on Earth, with a crew dedicated to reaching a destination and maintaining operations.  We don't yet know what interstellar transport methods will prove feasible, if any, and the other space-related technologies available by then, so this is all speculative for now.
  

:'''Interstellar Production'''


&amp;emsp;We don't know enough about resources in this region to consider gathering raw materials.  So the only production we can plan for now is what they bring with them.  If they start with a large reserve, such as a captured comet nucleus, it can be used for supplies, maintenance, and upgrades.


==='''10.2 - Phase 6B: Stellar Locations'''===
&amp;emsp;

:'''Stellar System Features'''


&amp;emsp;We define stellar regions as those surrounding individual stars, brown dwarfs, or multi-object systems, of which there are 94 within 20 light years.  The size of the regions are scaled to the square root of the system mass divided by Sun's mass, times 100,000 AU.  This is their region of gravitational dominance and any cometary cloud bound to them.

&amp;emsp;Stars and brown dwarfs are bright enough to find with current equipment.  In fact 22 star systems within 20 light years can be seen from a dark location on Earth without optical aid.  We have basic information about planets and disks around other stars.  Their parent stars tell us where to look, and the stars themselves provide data about the planets from Doppler shifts and transits.

&amp;emsp;The number of discovered planets at all distances is growing rapidly, from none before 1988 to about 2000 by the end of 2015, and over 5000 by 2023.  59 of them are within 20 light years.  Dust and gas in '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_disc Disks]''' around younger stars are visible to current telescopes, but none are within 20 light years.  Two nearby star systems, epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti, are known to have longer-lived debris disks.


:'''Economic Uses'''


&amp;emsp;Due to extreme distance, the only economic uses we see for now are science, exploration, and seeding independent colonies.  More study is needed with better telescopes before any attempt to plan travel to these stars.


:'''Exostellar Transport'''


&amp;emsp;Transport between stars is covered under Phase 6A in the previous section.  Travel within a given stellar region would use the same technologies as around the Sun, with modifications for available energy sources.


:'''Exostellar Production'''


&amp;emsp;As mentioned earlier, we would want to observe the nearby stars in more detail by using the Sun as a giant gravitational lens.  Following that would likely be robotic probes to more closely examine whatever is found around these stars.  A self-bootstrapping seed factory approach should work at other stars, since the properties of energy and matter are the same everywhere.  However the details will depend on what resources are available.


&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fp6mjnon9x7ymoge9xd9zkrfpeddau6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Neuro engineering</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673387</id>
      <parentid>4612144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:00:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673387</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="69972" sha1="0lz1hsjrbrii40ew18s0mwnl053tu4r" xml:space="preserve">{{navigate|Prev=Bioelectric phenomena(Application)|Next=BiomechanicsI}}
See also [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_engineering Wikipedia, Neural Engineering].

Neuroengineering is a discipline within biomedical engineering that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems.
==Overview and History of Neuroengineering==
===Definition and Basic Principle===

Neural Engineering is the highly interdisciplinary field of neuroscience, electrical engineering, clinical neurology, materials science, nanotechnology computer engineering and so on. Prominent goals in the field is to better understand and to mimic the functioning and dysfunctioning of the nervous system and to engineer appropriate augmentation and/or substitution for dysfunctioning parts of the nervous system.

Neural Engineering combines a broad range of engineering and basic science principles together with an wide range of biological and medical sciences. It connects basic and applied engineering and science R&amp;D with basic and applied neuroscience.
{{Clear}}

===Background and History===
{{Multiple image|align=left|direction=horizontal|width=220|image1=Luigi Galvani Experiment.jpeg|image2=Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne performing facial electrostimulus experiments.jpg|caption1=Luigi Galvani Experiment based on frog|caption2=Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne performing facial electrostimulus experiments.}}
Electricity (in the form of electric fish) was used by ancient Egyptians and Romans for therapeutic purposes. During the 1790s, Italian physician Luigi Galvani demonstrated the electrical basis of nerve impulses when he made frog muscles twitch by jolting them with a spark from an electrostatic machine.&lt;ref name=Whittaker&gt;{{citation|last=Whittaker|first= E. T.|title=A history of the theories of aether and electricity. Vol 1| publisher=Nelson, London |year=1951|url =http://www.archive.org/details/historyoftheorie00whitrich}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|67–71}} Scientific fellows generally accepted Galvani’s views; but Alessandro Volta demonstrated that the electricity did not come from the animal tissue but was by the contact of different metals, brass and iron, in a moist environment. On the other hand, in another experiment, Galvani caused muscular contraction by touching the exposed muscle of one frog with the nerve of another. And he proved for the first time that bioelectric forces exist within living tissue. Guillaume Duchenne (September 17, 1806, in Boulogne-sur-Mer – September 15, 1875, in Paris) revived Galvani's research. He was the first to describe several nervous and muscular disorders and, in advancing medical treatment for them, created electrodiagnosis and electrotherapy.

In the mid-twentieth century, electrical recordings became popular as a window into neuronal function
{{Clear}}

==Electrical Stimulation of Central Nervous System==
[[File:Neuronactivity.jpeg|500 px|thumb|The membrane potential in neural activity]]
The different distribution of charges between the interior and the exterior of plasma membrane produce '''membrane potential''' (also '''transmembrane potential''' or '''membrane voltage'''). Two forces that establish and maintain '''resting membrane potential''' are passive (diffusion via channels) and active (sodium-potassium pump)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Franco R, Bortner CD, Cidlowski JA |title=Potential roles of electrogenic ion transport and plasma membrane depolarization in apoptosis |journal=J. Membr. Biol. |volume=209 |issue=1 |pages=43–58 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16685600 |doi=10.1007/s00232-005-0837-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;. With respect to the cytoplasmic side of neuron's membrane, typical values of the resting potential range '''from –70 to –80 millivolts'''. Like muscles, neurons use changes in their membrane potential as communication signals to receive, integrate, and send information. The difference in membrane potential can be produced by the permeability of the ions and the ion concentration on the two sides of the membrane. The opening and closing of ion channels can evoke a departure from the resting potential. This is called a '''hyperpolarization''' if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV) or '''depolarization''' if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV). In excitable cells, a clearly large depolarization can cause an '''action potential''' (long distance signals). But, the ion concentrations do not normally change very quickly. Therefore, '''graded potentials''' result from the passive electrical property of the neuronal membrane.
{{Clear}}
===Action Potential===
{{Multiple image|align=left|direction=horizontal|width=300|left|image1=Action Potential.gif|image2=Action potential.svg|caption1=As an action potential travels down the axon, there is a change in polarity across the cell membrane. The Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; gated Voltage-gated ion channel open and close as the membrane reaches the threshold potential, in response to a signal from another neuron. At the beginning of the action potential, the Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; channels open and Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; moves into the axon, causing depolarization. Repolarization occurs when the K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; channels open and K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; moves out of the axon. This creates a change in polarity between the outside of the cell and the inside. The impulse travels down the axon in one direction only, to the axon terminal where it signals other neurons.|caption2=Approximate plot of a typical action potential shows its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane.  The membrane potential starts out at -70 mV at time zero.  A stimulus is applied at time = 1 ms, which raises the membrane potential above -55 mV (the threshold potential).  After the stimulus is applied, the membrane potential rapidly rises to a peak potential of +40 mV at time = 2 ms.  Just as quickly, the potential then drops and overshoots to -90 mV at time = 3 ms, and finally the resting potential of -70 mV is reestablished at time = 5 ms.}}

There are cell-to-cell communication with excitable membranes. They do not decrease in strength with distance and are referred to as &quot;nerve impulse&quot; or &quot;spikes&quot;. The temporal sequence of action potentials generated by a neuron is called its &quot;spike train&quot;.  Stimulus changes permeability of neuron's membrane by opening specific '''voltage-regulated gated channels''' located on axons. Axons only could generate action potentials.

Generation of Action Potential (induced by depolarization) follows three sequential changes:

'''1.Sodium permeability increases and the membrane potential is on the contrary.'''

'''2.Sodium permeability decreases.'''

'''3.Potassium permeability increases and repolarization happens.'''
{{Clear}}

===Graded Potential===
[[File:IPSPsummation.JPG|thumb|left|500px|Graph displaying an EPSP, an IPSP, and the summation of an EPSP and an IPSP]]
Voltage impulses in neuronal dendrites with various strength. Stimulation (by another neuron or as a special receptor) of the dendrites in a neuron produce a graded potential. Stimulation can occur in various ways like chemical stimulation (neurotransmitters, etc.), mechanical stimulation (certain pain receptors, hair receptor, etc.), light stimulation (photoreceptors) and a few others. Anyways, these stimulation bring the same result. Certain receptor protein ion channels on the dendrites are activated, and opened. This causes an influx (or efflux) of ions. It can cause either a depolarization (become less negative,-70 to -60mV,an excitatory response that may lead to an action potential) or hyperpolarization (become more negative, -70 to -80mV, an inhibitory response which makes it harder for an action potential to occur) according to the ion let in (or out). The more receptor protein ion channels that are stimulated the stronger, or more intense the signal. A slight stimulation of a receptor protein ion channel will often open the channel and accept ions. 

However, a depolarization of threshold strength to reach the axon hillock, it generally needs multiple depolarizing receptor protein ion channels to open. Therefore, graded potentials are accumulated. The total polarizing effect of the ion channels adds together.One channel cannot stimulate an action potential, It takes multiple channels working together to depolarize a membrane enough to cause and action potential. Graded potentials (or receptor potentials) are short lived depolarizations or hyperpolarizations of an area of membrane. These changes cause local flows of current that decrease with distance. 

The  graded potential is proportional to a direct reflection of the intensity or strength of the stimulus. The more intense the stimulus, the more ion channels that are opened, and the greater the voltage change (hyper or de- polarization) and the farther the current flows. 

Stimulated polarization happens as ions rush in. These ions accumulate near to the stimulated area. From there the surplus of ions radiates out in all directions, polarizing adjoining membranes. As this polarization spreads like a wave it leaves behind it a wake of formerly polarized membrane that very quickly returns to resting membrane potential. 
{{Clear}}

===Transmission at Synapses===
Like wires in our home's electrical system, nerve cells are connected to one another in circuits called neural pathways. Unlike wires in our home, nerve cells do not touch, but come close together at synapses. At the synapse, the two nerve cells are separated by synaptic cleft. The sending neuron is called the presynaptic cell, while the receiving one is called the postsynaptic cell. Nerve cells send chemical messages with neurotransmitters in a one-way direction through the synapse from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell.

The transmission process at synapses that uses the neurotransmitter is follows:
# '''Synthesis and storage of neurotransmitter'''
# '''Neurotransmitter Release'''
# '''Neurotransmitter Postsynaptic Receptors'''
# '''Inactivation of Neurotransmitters'''
[[File:The synthesis, packaging, secretion, and removal of neurotransmitters..jpg|700 px|thumb|center|The synthesis, packaging, secretion, and removal of neurotransmitters. (A) The life cycle of transmitter agents entails (1) neurotransmitter synthesis, (2) packaging into vesicles, (3) fusion of vesicles resulting in neurotransmitter release, and (4) activation of postsynaptic receptors. Neurotransmitters are then removed from the synaptic cleft (5). In many cases, the neurotransmitter and/or a breakdown product is reused for neurotransmitter synthesis. (B) Small-molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized at nerve terminals. The enzymes necessary for neurotransmitter synthesis are made in the cell body of the presynaptic cell (1) and are transported down the axon by slow axonal transport (2). Precursors are taken up into the terminals by specific transporters, and neurotransmitter synthesis and packaging take place within the nerve endings (3). After vesicle fusion and release (4), the neurotransmitter may be enzymatically degraded. The reuptake of the neurotransmitter (or its metabolites) starts another cycle of synthesis, packaging, release, and removal (5). (C) Peptide neurotransmitters, as well as the enzymes that modify their precursors, are synthesized in the cell body (1). Enzymes and propeptides are packaged into vesicles in the Golgi apparatus. During fast axonal transport of these vesicles to the nerve terminals (2), the enzymes modify the propeptides to produce one or more neurotransmitter peptides (3). After vesicle fusion and exocytosis, the peptides diffuse away and are degraded by proteolytic enzymes (4).]] 

==== Synthesis and storage of neurotransmitter====
Neurotransmitter synthesized in neurons are divided into two major categories: '''small-molecule neurotransmitter''' and '''neuropeptide'''. '''Small-molecule neurotransmitters''' are synthesized within the axon terminal(e.g.acetylcholine (ACh)). Some of the precursors for the synthesis of these molecules are taken up by selective transporters on the membrane of the terminal. Others are byproducts of cellular processes within the neuron and are thus readily available. '''Neuropeptide''' are different from small-molecule neurotransmitters in both size and in the way of the synthesis. Neuropeptides generally range from 3 to 36 amino acids in length. So, they are larger than small-molecule neurotransmitters. Small neurotansmitters are made within the axon terminal as they need the simple enzymatic reactions but neuropeptides are made in the cell body as their synthesis requires peptide bond formation.The synthesis of a neuropeptide is similar to the process of any secretory protein within the cell. First, within the cell nucleus, during which a specific peptide-coding sequence of DNA,gene transcription takes place and It is used as a template to build a corresponding strand of messenger RNA. The mRNA then travels to a ribosome, where the process of translation begins. During translation, the sequence of the mRNA act as a code to string together a corresponding sequence of amino acids that will become the neuropeptide needed at the terminal. Before this molecule can be transported to the terminal for release into the synaptic cleft, it must be processed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), packaged in the golgi apparatus, and transported in storage vesicles down the axon to the terminal.

Once they are synthesized, neurotransmitters, both small molecules and neuropeptides, are stored in vesicles within the axon terminal until an action potential arrives and they are released. Most small-molecule neurotransmitters are stored in small vesicles in the range of 40~60 nm in diameter.The vesicles that store neuropeptides are larger, ranging from 90 to 250 nm in diameter.

====Neurotransmitter Release====
Neurotransmitter-including vesicles are stored at the terminal of the neuron in '''active zone''' or near active zone. These vesicles are held in place by Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;-sensitive vesicle membrane proteins binding to actin filaments, microtubules, and various components of the cytoskeleton. When an action potential reaches the terminal of a presynaptic neuron, voltage-dependent calcium (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;) channels in the pre-synaptic membrane open and Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; rushes in. This influx of calcium ions triggers a series of events, which eventually release the neurotransmitter from a storage vesicle into the synaptic cleft.

====Neurotransmitter Postsynaptic Receptors====
After release into the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters communicate with receptor proteins on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, causing ionic channels on the membrane to open or close. When these channels open, depolarization occurs, involving the initiation of another action potential. 
There are two types of postsynaptic receptors that recognize neurotransmitters: Ionotropic receptors called ligand-gated ion channels and metabotropic receptors called G-protein linked receptors.

====Inactivation of Neurotransmitters====
After the recognition of a neurotransmitter molecule by a post-synaptic receptor, it is released back into the synaptic cleft. Once in the synapse, it must be chemically inactivated or quickly removed in order to avoid constant stimulation of the post-synaptic cell and an excessive firing of action potentials.
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}

====Neurotransmitter metabolism====
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Acetylcholine metabolisme.png|Acetylcholine metabolisme
File:Catecholamine and trace amine biosynthesis.png|Catecholamine and trace amine biosynthesis
File:GABAergic-synapse.gif|GABAergic-synapse
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Neurotransmitter===
'''Neurotransmitters''' are the brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our brain and body. Communication of information between neurons is done by movement of neurotransmitter across a small gap called the synapse. Neurotransmitters are released from one neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&amp;term=Neurotransmitter National Library of Medicine - Medical Subject Headings,Neutrotransmitter]&lt;/ref&gt;. Neurotransmitters can be divided into amino acids, peptides, and monoamines.
* '''Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Substances''':Acetylcholine (ACh), Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE), Serotonin (5-HT), Histamine, Epinephrine, Amino Acids, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate
* '''Neuroactive Peptides'''(partial list):bradykinin, beta-endorphin, bombesin, calcitonin, cholecystokinin,  enkephalin,dynorphin,insulin,gastrin, substance P, neurotensin, glucagon, secretin, somatostatin, motilin, vasopressin, oxytocin, prolactin, thyrotropin, angiotensin II
* '''sleep peptides''':	galanin,thyrotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropnin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide
* '''Soluble Gases''':Nitric Oxide (NO), Carbon Monoxide

'''Table: Selected neurotransmitter and function'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!    Neurotransmitter   !!    Actions    !!   Locations   !! Comments 
|-
| [[File:Acetylcholin.svg|thumb|120px|'''Acetylcholine''']] || Mainly direct action through binding to chemically gated channels || CNS:Synapses throughout brain and spinal cord.
PNS:Neuromuscular junctions, neuroglandular junctions,and synapses in autonomic junctions.
|| Wellknown and well-studied.
|-
|[[File:Norepinephrine structure with descriptor.svg|thumb|120px|'''Norepinephrine''']] || Indirect actions through G proteins and second messengers || CNS:Brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and spinal cord
PNS:Most neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions of sympathetic division of ANS
|| Related to attention and consciousness, control of body temperature, and regulations of pituitary gland secretions.
|-
|[[File:Epinephrine.png|thumb|120px|'''Epinephrine''']] || Indirect actions through G proteins and second messengers || 
CNS:Thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain and spinal cord
|| Generally excitatory effect along autonomic pathways
|-
|[[File:Serotonin (5-HT).svg|thumb|120px|'''Serotonin (5-HT)''']] || Mainly indirect actions through G proteins and second messengers
|| CNS:Hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebellum, spinal cord and retina 
|| Necessary in emotional states, moods, and body temperature; several illicit hallucinogenic drugs, such as Ecstasy, target serotonin receptors
|-
| [[File:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|thumb|120px|'''L-Glutamate''']]|| Indirect actions through G proteins and second messengers
Direct actions opens calcium and sodium channels 
|| CNS: Cerebral cortex and brain stem
|| Necessary in memory and learning,most important excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS
|-
|[[File:GABA.png|thumb|120px|'''Gamaaminobutyric acid(GABA)''']] || Direct or indirect actions through G proteins according to the type of receptors || CNS:Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, interneurons throughout brain and spinal cord
|| Direct inhibitory effects(opens Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; channels) and indirect effects(opens K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; channels) and blocks entry of Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;
|}

==How it works==
===Neuromodulation and Neuroaugmentation===
'''Neuromodulation''' is defined as “the alteration of nerve activity through the delivery of electrical stimulation or chemical agents to targeted sites of the body,”by the International Neuromodulation Society. It is carried out to normalize – or modulate – nerve function. Neuromodulation is the process in which diverse neurotransmitters in the nervous system control various populations of neurons (one neuron uses different neurotransmitters to connect to several neurons). Neuromodulation can involve electromagnetic stimuli such as a strong magnetic field repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, a very small electric current or, potentially, light optogenetics.&lt;ref name=INS&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.neuromodulation.com//neuromodulation-defined|title= International Neuromodulation Society home page|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date= |website= |publisher= |accessdate=1 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;Neuromodulation use medical device technologies to enhance or suppress activity of the nervous system for the treatment of disease. These technologies contain implantable as well as non-implantable devices that deliver electrical, chemical or other agents to reversibly modify brain and nerve cell activity.&lt;ref name=INS /&gt;

===Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation(NMES)===
'''Neuromuscular electrical stimulation''' can be widely categorized as functional or therapeutic. '''Therapeutic neuromuscular stimulation''' refers to the use of stimulation of paralyzed muscles to minimize specific impairments like motor weakness, spasticity, limited range of motion and cardiovascular deconditioning. '''Functional neuromuscular stimulation(FNS)''' refers to the use of stimulation to activate paralyzed muscles at an exact sequence to assist in the performance of daily lives(ADLs) or to provide stability to a joint to maintain original biomechanical property and the function. Devices or systems that provide FNS are called as '''neuroprosthetics'''.&lt;ref&gt;Joel A. DeLisa, ‎Bruce M. Gans, ‎Nicholas E. Walsh(2005),Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice,Lippincot Williams &amp; Wilkins,p.1405&lt;/ref&gt;

===Neuroregeneration===
[[File:The concept of neuroregeneration.png|left|350px|thumb|The large concept of neuroregeneration contains three landmarks: endogenous protection by growth factors, neurogenesis and neurorestoration. Rather than perceiving them as isolated events, they should be viewed interrelated, one creating the premises for generating the other.]]
Neuroregeneration indicates to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroregeneration Wikipedia, Neuroregeneration]&lt;/ref&gt;. The processes that occur in regeneration can be divided into the following major events: Wallerian degeneration, axon regeneration/growth, and nerve reinnervation&lt;ref&gt;[http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Response%20_to_Injury/WallerianDegeneration.htm Trauma and Wallerian Degeneration]&lt;/ref&gt;. In other views, neuroregneration contains neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, and neurorestoration--implantation of viable cells as a therapeutical approach&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/11/75  Enciu AM et al.Neuroregeneration in neurodegenerative disorders,BMC Neurology 2011, '''11''':75]&lt;/ref&gt;. Neuroregeneration mechanisms are very different between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) in view of the extents and the speeds.
====Peripheral nervous system regeneration====
Peripheral nerve damage is classified in the Seddon classification based on the extent of damage to the nerve and the surrounding connective tissue&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Peripheral Nerve Injuries | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1270360-overview}}&lt;/ref&gt;.The lowest degree of nerve injury with a temporary interruption of conduction without loss of axonal continuity is called neurapraxia&lt;ref&gt;Otto D.Payton &amp; Richard P.Di Fabio et al.Manual of physical therapy. Churchill Livingstone Inc. {{ISBN|0-443-08499-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The second degree called axonotmesis is related to the loss of the relative continuity of the axon and its covering of myelin, but it preserves the connective tissue framework of the nerve ( the encapsulating tissue, the epineurium and perineurium, are preserved ).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Classification of Nerve Injuries| url = http://www.medstudents.com.br/neuroc/neuroc4.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The last degree called neurotmesis is a total severance or disruption of the entire nerve fiber&lt;ref&gt;Otto D.Payton &amp; Richard P.Di Fabio et al.Manual of physical therapy. Churchill Livingstone Inc. Page:24. {{ISBN|0-443-08499-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Unlike in the central nervous system, regeneration in the peripheral nervous system is possible&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenrich2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fenrich|first=Keith|author2=Gordon, Tessa|title=Axonal Regeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems - Current Issues and Advances|journal=Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences|year=2004|volume=31|issue=2|pages=142–156|url=http://cjns.metapress.com/content/u7ehr13l36wkhf9a/|issn=0317-1671}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wallerian degeneration occurs before nerve regeneration. During Wallerian degeneration Schwann cells and macrophages interact to remove specially myelin and the damaged axon, from the distal injury site. Bands of Büngner are formed when un-innervated Schwann cells proliferate and the remaining connective tissue basement membrane forms endoneurial tubes. Bands of Büngner are important in order to guide the regrowing axon&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Campbell|first=William W.|title=Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury|journal=Clinical Neurophysiology|date=31 August 2008|volume=119|issue=9|pages=1951–1965|doi=10.1016/j.clinph.2008.03.018|pmid=18482862}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

At the neuronal cell body, a chromatolysis occurs in which the nucleus moves to the periphery of the cell body and the endoplasmic reticulum breaks up and disperses. Nerve damage change the metabolic function of the cell. The cell tries to produce molecules for growth and repair instead of producing molecules for synaptic transmission. These factors contains GAP-43, tubulin and actin. When the cell is ready for axon regeneration, chromatolysis is reversed&lt;ref name=&quot;medscape&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Burnett|first=Mark G.|title=Pathophysiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Brief Review|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/480071_5|publisher=Medscape Today: Neurosurgical Focus|accessdate=11 August 2013|author2=Zager, Eric L.|year=2004|volume=16|issue=5|issn=1092-0684}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Axon regeneration is characterized by the formation of a growth cone&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Yoo|first=S|coauthors=van Niekerk EA, Merianda TT, Twiss JL.|title=Dynamics of axonal mRNA transport and implications for peripheral nerve regeneration|journal=Experimental Neurology|date=2010|volume=223|series=1|page=19-27|doi=10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.011|pmc=2849851|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849851/|accessdate=1 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The growth cones are located on the very tips of nerve cells on structures called axons and dendrites. They include bundles of actin filaments (F-actin) that give them shape and support. The growth cone interacts with molecules produced by Schwann cells such as laminin and fibronectin&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell 2008&quot;/&gt;.

====Central nervous system regeneration====
Unlike peripheral nervous system regeneration, that of the central nervous system is not followed by extensive regeneration. It is limited by the inhibitory influences of the glial and extracellular environment. Regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) would be possible that new neurons, generated from proliferation of endogenous stem/progenitor cells or under administration of exogenous stem/precursor cells with potential to substitute for lost tissue, will differentiate, survive, and integrate into existing neural networks and that axons regenerate&lt;ref name=&quot;Johansson&quot;&gt;[http://www.nature.com/jcbfm/journal/v27/n8/full/9600486a.html Johansson BB: Regeneration and plasticity in the brain and spinal cord. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007, '''27''':1417-1430]&lt;/ref&gt;. Since several studies have reported about the existence of adult neural stem cells&lt;ref&gt;McKay R: Stem cells in the central nervous system.Science 1997, '''276''':66-71.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Morshead CM, Reynolds BA, Craig CG, McBurney MW, Staines WA, Morassutti D, Weiss S, van der Kooy D: Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain: a relatively quiescent subpopulation of subependymal cells.Neuron 1994, '''13''':1071-1082.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shihabuddin LS, Palmer TD, Gage FH: The search for neural progenitor cells: prospects for the therapy of neurodegenerative disease.Mol Med Today 1999, '''5''':474-480&lt;/ref&gt;, the concepts of neuroplasticity and neural stem cells based on neural tissue engineering led to the idea of neurorestoration as an substutive therapy for neurodegenerative disorders in CNS&lt;ref name=&quot;Johansson&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cullen&quot;&gt;[http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/4b27cbfc562e21b8,23fdcada05bfe64b,03038f1a5f17ff8b.html   D. Kacy Cullen et al., Neural Tissue Engineering for Neuroregeneration and Biohybridized Interface Microsystems In vivo (Part 2), Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering, Volume 39, 2011 Issue 3, pages 241-259]&lt;/ref&gt; .
{{Clear}}

==Research and Application==
===Neural Imaging===
'''Neuroimaging''' contains a variety of techniques to directly or indirectly image of the structure, function/pharmacology of thenervous system. It is a relatively new fields within medicine, neuroscience and psychology.&lt;ref name=Filler2009b&gt;{{cite journal|last=Filler|first=Aaron|title=The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI|journal=Nature Precedings|date=12 July 2009|doi=10.1038/npre.2009.3267.4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Physicians who specialize in the performance and interpretation of neuroimaging in the clinical setting are neuroradiologists.

Neuroimaging is classified into two categories: 
* '''Structural imaging''', which deals with the structure of the nervous system and the diagnosis of gross (large scale) intracranial disease (such as tumor), and injury.
* '''functional imaging''' for diagnosing metabolic diseases and lesions on a finer scale (such as Alzheimer's disease) and for neurological and cognitive psychology research and building brain-computer interfaces.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Imaging Modality !! Technique  !! Advantage !! Comparison !! Image
|-
| '''General radiography''' || Passes electromagnetic radiation(x-rays) through body which either is absorbed by dense objects(eg.bones) or passes through to a detector on the other side of the body, creating an image   || Rapid, cheap, nonvasive || minor radiation exposure || [[File:5456272553 68a3edc50f bEpendymoma.jpg|60px]]
|-
| '''CT''' || Passes x-rays through the body while the detector and x-ray generator rotate around the body, generating various images/slices of the body in each plane   || Rapid,noninvasive ||  Radiation Exposure || [[File:CT-scan-4th-and-3rd-ventricles.JPG|60px]]
|-
| '''fMRI''' || Tracks blood flow and oxygen levels which proper neuronal activity;often superimposed on structural MRI slices for orientation; can be linked in time with MMG    || Noninvasive, no radiation injection, or ingestion required || Blood flow/oxygen depend on the cardiovascular level response; results in temporal delay between stimulus and output || [[File:FMRI Brain Scan.jpg|60 px]]
|-
| '''MRI''' || Uses magnetic field and radio waves to create images of variably aliened and misaliened hydrogen ion in the tissue   || Noninvasive, precise, no radiation ||Expensive, no permission in patients with metal biomedical implants or clips/stents or severe clastrophobia  || [[File:Brain Mri nevit.svg|60px]]
|-
| '''DTI''' || Tracks water movement along neural pathways as proxy for neural activity;simultaneously    || Noninvasive, no radiation, injections, or injestions required. || Interpretation can be complex  || [[File:DTI Brain Tractographic Image A panal.jpg|60 px]]
|-
| '''PET/SPECT''' || Uses radio isotope(ingested or injected; measures uptake of the radioisotope; allows in vivo monitoring of molecular changes; used with structural imaging || Molecular changes visible in real time || Radioactive substance, minor radiation exposure || [[File:PET Normal brain.jpg|60px]]
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Nonvisual Modality !! Technique  !! Advantage !! Comparison!!Image
|-
| '''MRS''' || Decides concentration of brain metabolites(e.g. N-acetylaspartate,choline) in a region by mapping chemical shifts of metabolites; used with MRI || Noninvasive || limited by spectral resolution || [[File:MRS localiser image.jpg|60px]]
|-
| '''EEG/ERP''' || Measures electrical brain wave activity in outer layer of brain in real time;can be used with MRI || cheap,portable and noninvasive || poor spatial sensitivity;cannot measure beyond cerebral cortex || [[File:EEG Closing eyes.png|60px]]
|-
| '''MEG''' || Measures magnetic fields created by brain waves || Noninvasive || poor spatial sensitivity;expensive;cannot measure beyond cerebral cortex || Example
|}

===Neural Networks===
See also [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network#History Artificial neural network]

A '''Neural Networks'''(An Artificial Neural Network:ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by animals central nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected '''neurons''' which can compute values from inputs. The first artificial neuron was developed in 1943 by the neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch and the logician Walter Pits&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=McCulloch|first=Warren|author2=Walter Pitts|title=A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity|journal=Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics|year=1943|volume=5|pages=115–133|doi=10.1007/BF02478259|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Many important studies have been boosted by cheap computer emulations. Neural network studies slow down after publishing machine learning research by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Minsky|first=M.|title=An Introduction to Computational Geometry|year=1969|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-63022-2|author2=S. Papert}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1969). They found out two key issues with the computational machines that processed neural networks. The first issue was that single-layer neural networks could not process the exclusive-or circuit. The second issue was that computers were not sophisticated enough to effectively handle the long run time required by large neural networks. Neural network research slowed until computers got greater processing power. Also key later advances was the backpropagation algorithm which effectively solved the exclusive-or problem (Werbos 1975).&lt;ref name=&quot;Werbos 1975&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Werbos|first=P.J.|title=Beyond Regression: New Tools for Prediction and Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences|year=1975}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

====Artificial Neurons====
[[File:Artificialneuronhjdevias.jpeg|300px|left|thumb| The model of an artificial neuron as the activation function of the linear combination of weighted inputs]]
An artificial neuron is a mathematical function as a model of biological neurons. Artificial neurons are the constitutive units in an artificial neural network. For a given artificial neuron, let suppose that there are ''m''&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;1 inputs with signals ''x''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; through ''x''&lt;sub&gt;''m''&lt;/sub&gt; and weights ''w''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; through ''w''&lt;sub&gt;''m''&lt;/sub&gt;. Usually, the ''x''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; input would be the value +1, which makes it a ''bias'' input with ''w''&lt;sub&gt;''k''0&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;''b''&lt;sub&gt;''k''&lt;/sub&gt;. This leaves only ''m'' actual inputs to the neuron: from ''x''&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; to ''x''&lt;sub&gt;''m''&lt;/sub&gt;.

The output of ''k''th neuron is:

:&lt;math&gt;y_k =  \varphi \left( \sum_{j=0}^m w_{kj} x_j \right)&lt;/math&gt;

Where &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; (phi) is the transfer function&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neuron wikipedia,artificial neuron]&lt;/ref&gt;.
The output is similar to the axon of a biological neuron, and its value propagates to input of the next layer, through a synapse. It may also exit the system, as part of an output vector. Its transfer function weights are calculated and threshold value are predetermined.
The limitation is simple artificial neurons, such as the McCulloch–Pitts model, are sometimes expressed as &quot;caricature models&quot;, since they try to reflect one or more neurophysiological observations, but without regard to realism.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite book 
 | author = F. C. Hoppensteadt and E. M. Izhikevich
 | title = Weakly connected neural networks
 | isbn = 978-0-387-94948-2
 | publisher = Springer
 | year = 1997
 | page = 4
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Clear}}

===Neural Interface===


Neural interface system provides a direct communication pathway between the nervous system and the outside world by stimulating or by recording from neural tissue to help people with sensory, motor, or other disabilities of neural function. These research is called a new branch of experimental neuroscience, variously named brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), neural prostheses, or neural interface systems (NISs). An electronics package in each device activates an array of tiny electrodes that contact healthy neurons in the body. Signals  by the electrodes bypass damaged areas of the brain or part of the nervous system to restore function, block pain, or prevent seizures. Although electrical stimulation systems have already broadly used for clinical application, neural interfaces that record and decipher neural signals are just starting for clinically systems to assist impaired people. The examples of the successful neural interfaces include the cochlear implant&lt;ref&gt;Gifford RH, Shallop JK, Peterson AM. Speech recognition materials and ceiling effects: considerations for cochlear implant programs. Audiol. Neurootol. 2008;13:193–205. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wilson BS, Dorman MF. Cochlear implants: a remarkable past and a brilliant future. Hear. Res. 2008;242:3–21.&lt;/ref&gt; to provides a sense of sound to people with severe hearing impairment and the deep brain stimulator (DBS) &lt;ref&gt;Arle JE, Alterman RL. Surgical options in Parkinson's disease. Med. Clin. North. Am. 1999;83:483–98. vii. &lt;/ref&gt; to help prevent seizures in patients with epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. 

Since the late 1990, neural interface studies have developed remarkably on the basis of the closed-loop control using neuronal spikes. Chapin and colleagues showed a rat's ability to control a one-dimensional feeder through multielectrode recordings from sensorimotor cortex&lt;ref&gt;Chapin JK, Moxon KA, Markowitz RS, Nicolelis MA. Real-time control of a robot arm using simultaneously recorded neurons in the motor cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 1999;2:664–70.&lt;/ref&gt;. After that, a lot of studies(Carmena et al. 2003&lt;ref&gt;Carmena JM, Lebedev MA, Crist RE, O'Doherty JE, Santucci DM, et al. Learning to control a brain-machine interface for reaching and grasping by primates. Public Library Sci. Biol. 2003;1:1–16.&lt;/ref&gt;, Musallam et al. 2004&lt;ref&gt;Musallam S, Corneil BD, Greger B, Scherberger H, Andersen RA. Cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics. Science. 2004;305:258–62.&lt;/ref&gt;, Santhanam et al. 2006&lt;ref&gt;Santhanam G, Ryu SI, Yu BM, Afshar A, Shenoy KV. A high-performance brain-computer interface. Nature. 2006;442:195–98.&lt;/ref&gt;,Taylor et al. 2002&lt;ref&gt;Taylor DM, Tillery SI, Schwartz AB. Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices. Science. 2002;296:1829–32.&lt;/ref&gt; and so on) demonstrated that closed-loop control in primates is available. The common closed-loop neural interface system is composed of four components: (1) a recording array that extracts neural signals, (2) a decoding algorithm that translates these neural signals into a set of command signals, (3)an output device that is controlled by these command signals, and (4) sensory feedback in the form of vision and potentially other sensory modalities.

Neural implants must be designed to be as tiny as possible so as to be minimally invasive, in special areas srrounding the brain, eyes or cochlea. These implants communicate with their prosthetic counterparts wirelessly. In addition, power is currently received through wireless power transmission through the skin. Usually, the tissue near the implant is highly sensitive to temperature rise. It means that power consumption must be minimal to avoid tissue damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/qjjwu2l4n363j278/| title=Minimizing Thermal Effects of In Vivo Body Sensors | author=Daniel Garrison | accessdate=May 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Clear}}

[[File:The neuroprosthetic system..gif|400px|left|thumb|A block diagram displaying the input (command from an external transducer) and outputs (grasp opening and force) of the neuroprosthetic system.]]
{{Clear}}

====Input Electrode====
[[Image:16wire electrode array.jpg|left|thumb|Example of chronic electrode implant]]
[[File:Paint Electrode Array.png|right|300px|thumb|Typical neural implant electrode array.]]
Intracranial electrodes is composed of conductive electrode arrays implanted on a polymer or silicon, or a wire electrode with an exposed tip and insulation for the part that stimulation or recording is not needed. 

Current implantable microelectrodes could not record single- or multi-unit activity depending on a chronic scale.  Lebedev and Nicolelis reviewed the specific needs in the field to truly improve the technology to the level of clinical implementation.  In short, the 4 requirements in their review are:  
# Consistent long term (over the  years) recording of large neuronal populations in multiple brain areas;
# Efficient processing of recorded data; 
# Incorporation of feedback into the user’s body using native plasticity; 
# Advances in prosthetic technology to create artificial limbs which can reproduce the full motion.&lt;ref&gt;Lebedev, M.A., Brain–machine interfaces: past, present and future. Trends in Neuroscience, 2006. 29(9): p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nicolelis, M.A.L., Reconstructing the Engram: Simultaneous, Multisite, Many Single Neuron Recordings. Neuron, 1997. 18: p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Clear}}

====Hardware====
Chips have incorporated a various amount of data compression on chip&lt;ref&gt;O'Driscoll, S.; Meng, T.H.; Shenoy, K.V. and Kemere, C. (2006). Neurons to Silicon: Implantable Prosthesis Processor IEEE ISSCC (talk) : 552-553. &lt;/ref&gt;, containing spike sorting (Chae et al., 2009). While a lot of systems have too high power consumption in order to be powered from a battery implant, Sarpeshkar et al have fabricated amplifiers and analog to digital converters at a power costless than 9 uW per 20 ksps channel&lt;ref&gt;Sarpeshkar, R. et al. (2008). Low-Power Circuits for Brain–Machine Interfaces IEEE Trans BioCAS 2(3): 173-183&lt;/ref&gt;. Although the small area and low power consumption of available integrated circuits is enough to process most of channels of neural data, some problem should be resolved. For instance, how long the implant can stay in the body? Electronics coated with 6 um parylene C have been proved to work for up to 276 days&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, A. et al. (2011). Long term in vitro functional stability and recording longevity of fully integrated wireless neural interfaces based on the Utah Slant Electrode Array J. Neural Eng. 8: 1-7&lt;/ref&gt;. Commercial systems such as Plexon, Tucker Davis, NeuroLynx, and so on depend on hermetically sealed feed-through connectors into a welded titanium casing, in which the electronics are housed. But, Brain machine interfaces which use hundreds of electrodes and high-density miniature hermetic feedthroughs do not exist yet.

====Decoder process====
====Performance Evaluation====

===Neurorobotics===
'''Neurorobotics''' is the part of neuroscience with robotics, dealing with the study and application of science and technology of embodied autonomous neural systems like brain-inspired algorithms. Neurorobotics starts from the idea &quot;the brain is embodied and the body is embedded in the environment.&quot; A simulated environment can provide unintentional biases to the model. In addition, real environments are unpredictable, multimodal, and noisy; an artificial design of such an environment would be difficult to simulate. Therefore, most neurorobots need to work with the real world, instead of a simulated environment.&lt;ref&gt;Chiel, H. J., &amp; Beer, R. D. (1997). The brain has a body: adaptive behavior emerges from interactions of nervous system, body and environment. [Editorial Material]. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(12), 553-557.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Darwin XI's environment and experimental protocol..jpg|300px|thumb|Darwin XI's environment and experimental protocol. (A) Darwin XI at the choice point of its plus-maze environment. Darwin XI began a trial alternately at the east or west start arm and used its artificial whiskers to follow the maze arm until it reached the choice point. As it followed the maze wall, its whiskers sensed patterns of pegs, its camera sensed color cue cards on the perimeter, its compass provided heading, and its laser provided range information. (B) In the beginning of training, Darwin XI was given a rewarding stimulus when it chose the south goal arm (B1). After it successfully learned that task, the rewarding stimulus was switched to the north goal arm (B2).]]
There are a lot of classes of neurobiologically inspired robotic devices. The three common types of neurorobots are used to study motor control, memory, and action selection.
# Motor control and locomotion
# Learning and memory systems
# Value systems and action selection 
 
====Motor control and locomotion====
Neurorobots have proved good for studying animal locomotion and motor control, and for developing robot controllers. Locomotion control in robots is designed by a number of neurologically inspired theories based on the action of motor systems. Neural models of central pattern generators, clumps of motorneurons capable of driving a repetitive behavior, have been used for the vertebrate-legged locomotion like four-legged walking robots &lt;ref&gt;Ijspeert, A. J., Crespi, A., Ryczko, D., and Cabelguen, J. M. (2007). From swimming to walking with a salamander robot driven by a spinal cord model. Science 315, 1416-1420.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Kimura, H., Fukuoka, Y., and Cohen, A. H. (2007). Biologically inspired adaptive walking of a quadruped robot. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 365, 153-170&lt;/ref&gt;.
Another method for motor control is to use a predictive controller to convert awkward, error prone movements into smooth, accurate movements. Using these ideas, the robot designed to avoid obstacles &lt;ref&gt;McKinstry, J. L., Edelman, G. M., and Krichmar, J. L. (2006). A cerebellar model for predictive motor control tested in a brain-based device. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 3387-3392&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Porr, B., and Worgotter, F. (2003). Isotropic sequence order learning. Neural Comput 15, 831-864&lt;/ref&gt;, produce accurate eye &lt;ref&gt;Dean, P., Mayhew, J. E., Thacker, N., and Langdon, P. M. (1991). Saccade control in a simulated robot camera-head system: neural net architectures for efficient learning of inverse kinematics. Biol Cybern 66, 27-36&lt;/ref&gt; and generate adaptive arm movements &lt;ref&gt;Dean, P., Mayhew, J. E., Thacker, N., and Langdon, P. M. (1991). Saccade control in a simulated robot camera-head system: neural net architectures for efficient learning of inverse kinematics. Biol Cybern 66, 27-36&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Eskiizmirliler, S., Forestier, N., Tondu, B., and Darlot, C. (2002). A model of the cerebellar pathways applied to the control of a single-joint robot arm actuated by McKibben artificial muscles. Biol Cybern 86, 379-394&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hofstotter, C., Mintz, M., and Verschure, P. F. (2002). The cerebellum in action: a simulation and robotics study. Eur J Neurosci 16, 1361-1376.&lt;/ref&gt;.

====Learning and memory systems====
Robots designed to test theories of animal memory systems. Currently,  many studies focus on the memory system of rats, the rat hippocampus, dealing with place cells, which fire  specifically at a spatial location that has been learned.&lt;ref&gt;O'Keefe, J., and Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map (Oxford: Clarendon Press).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=behavior-based&gt;Mataric, M. J. (1998). Behavior-based robotics as a tool for synthesis of artificial behavior and analysis of natural behavior. [Review]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(3), 82-87.&lt;/ref&gt;

====Value systems and action selection====
Action selection studies deal with negative or positive feedback to an action and its outcome. Examples of this studies in the brain contain the dopaminergic, cholinergic, and noradrenergic systems as neurotransmitters such as dopamine or acetylcholine positively reinforce neural signals that are beneficial&lt;ref&gt;Aston-Jones, G., and Bloom, F. E. (1981). Nonrepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats exhibit pronounced responses to non-noxious environmental stimuli. J Neurosci 1, 887-900&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Hasselmo, M. E., Hay, J., Ilyn, M., and Gorchetchnikov, A. (2002). Neuromodulation, theta rhythm and rat spatial navigation. Neural Netw 15, 689-707&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Schultz, W., Dayan, P., and Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275, 1593-1599.&lt;/ref&gt;. One study of such interaction involved the robot Darwin VII, which used visual, auditory, and a simulated taste input to &quot;eat&quot; conductive metal blocks. The randomly chosen good blocks had a striped pattern on them while the bad blocks had a circular shape on them. The taste sense was simulated by conductivity of the blocks. Doya’s group has been studying the effect of multiple neuromodulators in the “Cyber-rodent” such as two-wheeled robots that move autonomously in an environment &lt;ref&gt;Doya, K., and Uchibe, E. (2005). The Cyber Rodent Project: Exploration of Adaptive Mechanisms for Self-Preservation and Self-Reproduction. Adaptive Behavior 13, 149 - 160.&lt;/ref&gt;. These robots could move for self-preservation and self-reproduction exemplified by searching for and recharging from battery packs on the floor and then communicating this information to other robots through their infrared communication ports. Including examining how neuromodulators such as dopamine can influence decision making, neuroroboticists have been investigating the basal ganglia as a model that mediates action selection 
&lt;ref&gt;Prescott, T. J., Montes Gonzalez, F. M., Gurney, K., Humphries, M. D., and Redgrave, P. (2006). A robot model of the basal ganglia: behavior and intrinsic processing. Neural Netw 19, 31-61&lt;/ref&gt;. Prescott and colleagues embedded a model of the basal ganglia in a robot that had to select from several actions relying on the environment. 
{{Clear}}

===Neural tissue regeneration===
====Surgical connection in PNS====
In the peripheral nervous system, nerves can regenerate on their own if injuries are small. However, In the case of a small gap like between the proximal and distal nerve ends, it is possible to surgically reconnect the severed nerve by taking the two ends of the nerve and suturing them together. When suturing the nerves together, the fascicles of the nerve are each reconnected, bridging the nerve together. This method does not work over gaps of longer distances because of the tension that should stay on the nerve endings. This tension interrupt the nerve regeneration.&lt;ref name = Schmidt&gt;{{cite journal|last=Schmidt|first=Christine|author2=Jennie Leach|title=Neural Tissue Engineering: Strategies for Repair and Regeneration|journal=Annuls Review of Biomedical Engineering|date=June 2003|volume=5|pages=293–347}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Tissue grafts in PNS====
Tissue grafts use nerves or other materials to bridge the two ends of the severed nerve. Tissue grafts are categorized into autologous tissue grafts, nonautologous tissue grafts, and acellular grafts. '''Autologous tissue grafts''' means the transfer of tissue from one site to another on the same body&lt;ref&gt;[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/autologous+graft Free dictionary, autologous graft]&lt;/ref&gt;. These autologous nerve grafts are the current standard for PNS nerve grafting as it is highly biocompatible, but there are some problem related to harvesting the nerve from the patients themselves and storing a large amount of autologous grafts for future use. '''nonautologous tissue grafts''' and '''acellular grafts''' (containing ECM-based materials) are tissues that do not come from the patient, but can be harvested from cadavers or animals. As they are not from the patients, it is easy to get it but these tissue have some difficulty in the potential of disease transmission. Currently, there are on being investigated to increase the efficacy of nonautologous tissue grafts.&lt;ref name=Schmidt /&gt;

====Nerve guidance channel====
[[File:SEM of electrospun fibrous meshes and guidance conduits..png|350px|left|thumb|SEM of electrospun fibrous meshes and guidance conduits. A, collagen/PCL fibrous mesh. B, PCL fibrous mesh. C, electrospun collagen/PCL nerve conduit. D, the detailed outer wall morphology of collagen/PCL nerve conduit. (Bar in A,B = 10 μm; bar in C = 100 μm; Electrospun collagen/PCL fibers which were collected onto a 1.2 mm diameter rotating mandrel formed a hollow guidance structure, as shown in Figure 2(C,D). Guidance conduits had uniform wall thickness of about 100-120 μm and inner diameter of 1.2 mm.]]
A '''nerve guidance conduit''' as opposed to an autograft is an artificial means of guiding axonal regrowth to help nerve regeneration and is one of clinical treatments for nerve injuries. Because of the limited availability of donor tissue and functional recovery in autografting, neural tissue engineering studies has focused on the bioartificial nerve guidance conduits as an alternative treatment. Similar techniques are also being studied for nerve repair in the spinal cord but nerve regeneration in the central nervous system would be challenged because its axons do not regenerate in their native environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt-2003-ARBE&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last = Schmidt | first = C. E. |author2=Leach, J. B. |date=August 2003 | title = Neural tissue engineering: strategies for repair and regeneration | journal = Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering | volume = 5 | pages = 293–347 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120731 | pmid = 14527315 | url = }}&lt;/ref&gt; Guidance methods reduce scarring of the nerves, increasing the functionality of the nerves to transmit action potentials after reconnection. In this method, two types of materials are used:natural materials and synthetic materials.

'''Biological materials''' mostly have good biocompatibility and can be easily degraded as it is from nature. However, unfortunately, it has the limitation in order to control mechanical properties and degradation rates. Besides, there is always the possibility that naturally-derived materials may cause an immune response or contain microbes&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavik-2004-AMB&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last = Lavik | first = E. |author2=Langer, R. |date=July 2004 | title = Tissue engineering: current state and perspectives | journal = Applied Microbiology Biotechnology | volume = 65 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–8 | pmid = 15221227 | url = | doi = 10.1007/s00253-004-1580-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;. In the production of naturally-derived materials there will  be unexpected results in large-scale purification process.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cai-2005-JBMRa&quot;/&gt; Some other problems is plaguing natural polymers could not support growth across long lesion gaps due to the possibility of collapse, scar formation, and early re-absorption.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cai-2005-JBMRa&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last = Cai | first = J. | coauthors = Peng, X.; Nelson, K. D.; Eberhart, R. &amp; Smith, G. M. |date=November 2005 | title = Permeable guidance channels containing microfilament scaffolds enhance axon growth and maturation | journal = Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A | volume = 75A | issue = 2 | pages = 374–386 | doi = 10.1002/jbm.a.30432 | pmid = 16088902 | url = }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Biological materials''' that have the potential to promote nerve repair are polysialic acid (PSA),collagen,spider silk fiber,silkworm silk fibroin, chitosan, aragonite, alginate, hyaluronic acid, glycosaminoglycans, Laminin, chitosan and so on.

'''Synthetic materials''' also provide an another method for tissue regeneration. synthetic polymers may be non-degradable or degradable. But, for neural tissue engineering degradable materials are preferred as long-term effects such as inflammation and scar could damage nerve function. Mechanical properties and degradation rates of the polymers can be controlled according to the purpose, and they eliminate the concern for immunogenicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavik-2004-AMB&quot;/&gt; There are many different synthetic materials currently being used in neural tissue engineering. However, the problem is a lack of biocompatibility and bioactivity of these materials. It means these polymers are not perfect for promoting cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wu-2006-JHUST&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last = Wu | first = Y. | coauthors = Zheng, Q.; Du, J.; Song, Y.; Wu, B. &amp; Guo, X. | year = 2006 | title = Self-assembled IKVAV peptide nanofibers promote adherence of PC12 cells | journal = Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Medical Science) | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 594–596 | pmid = 17219978 | url = | doi = 10.1007/s11596-006-0530-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Currently, the materials most commonly researched mainly focus on biodegradable polyesters such as copolymer or blend of poly lactic acid, poly glycolic acid, polycaprolactone, polyethyleneglycol(FDA approved), biodegradable polyurethane, other polymers, and biodegradable glass are also being investigated. Other potentials for synthetic materials are conducting polymers and biologically modified polymers to promote cell axon growth and maintain the axon channel.&lt;ref name=Schmidt /&gt;

{{Clear}}

====Implantation of stem cells or neural tissue====
[[File:Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images from a Parkinson's patient before and after fetal tissue transplantation..jpg|220px|right|thumb|Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images from a Parkinson's patient before and after fetal tissue transplantation.]]
[[File:MESC EBs.jpg|right|thumb|Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (mESCs) embryoid bodies (EBs)]]
It is possible to artificially create tissue outside of the body to implant into the injury site. This method could treat injuries with large cavities, where a lot of neural tissue needs to be replaced and regenerated. Neural tissue could be grown in vitro with neural stem or progenitor cells in a 3D scaffold, forming embryoid bodies (EBs). These EBs is composed of a sphere of stem cells, where the inner cells are undifferentiated neural cells, and the surrounding cells are more differentiated. 3D scaffolds is for transplant of tissue to the injury site and building the suitable interface between the artificial and the brain tissue. The scaffolds should be biodegradable and biocompatible. It need to fit injury site, close to existing tissue and support growing cells and tissues. The combination of using the stem cells and scaffolds increase the survival of the stem cells in the injury site, increasing the efficacy of the treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forraz&quot;&gt;Forraz, N.; Wright, K. E.; Jurga, M.; McGuckin, C. P. (2013). &quot;Experimental therapies for repair of the central nervous system: stem cells and tissue engineering.&quot;. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 7: 523–536. doi:10.1002/term.552.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Clear}}
'''Table. Preparation of scaffold'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Preparation of scaffold  !! Characteristics
|-
| CAD/CAM Technologies || Example
|-
| Electrospinning || Example
|-
| Emulsification/Freeze-drying || Example
|-
| Gas Foaming || Example
|-
| Nanofiber Self-Assembly || Example
|-
| Textile technologies || Example
|-
| Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) || Example
|-
| Nanofiber Self-Assembly || Example
|}

====Delivery of molecules====
[[File:Drugdeliverybrain.jpeg|left|300px|thumb|Strategies for brain drug delivery]]
Molecules that enhance the regeneration of neural tissue, including pharmaceutical drugs, growth factors known as morphogens, and miRNA can also be directly injected to the injury site of the damaged CNS tissue. The strategies for brain drug delivery may be widely categorized into invasive (neurosurgical-based), pharmacologic-based, or physiologic-based. The neurosurgical-based strategies contain intraventricular drug infusion, intracerebral implants, and BBB disruption. The pharmacologic-based strategies include the use of particles such as microspheres, nanospheres made by emulsion, spraydrying, dispersion and so on. &lt;ref&gt;William M Pardridge,Drug Delivery to the Brain,Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism (1997) 17, 713–731&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Menei P, Montero-Menei C, Venier MC, Benoit JP,Drug delivery into the brain using poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres,Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2005 Mar;2(2):363-76&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Clear}}

====Advanced techniques====

===Neural enhancement===
[[File:Converging technologies.png|thumb|''Converging Technologies'', a 2002 report exploring the potential for synergy among nano-, bio-, info- and cogno-technologies, has become a landmark in near-future technological speculation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wtec.org/ConvergingTechnologies/Report/welcome.htm |title='&amp;#39;Converging Technologies'&amp;#39; |publisher=Wtec.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Neural enhancement''' or '''human enhancement''' can be used for treating illness and disability, but also for enhancing human characteristics and capacities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Enhancement Technologies Group 1998&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|    author = Enhancement Technologies Group|    title = Writings by group participants|  year = 1998 |   url = http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbtdag/bioethics/writings/index.html| accessdate=2007-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; In some circles, the  &quot;human enhancement technologies&quot; is synonymous with emerging technologies or converging technologies or transhumanism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roco and Bainbridge 2004&quot;/&gt; In other views, &quot;Human enhancement&quot; is roughly synonymous with human genetic engineering,&lt;ref name=&quot;Agar 2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author = Agar, Nicholas|title = Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement|year = 2004|isbn = 1-4051-2390-7|authorlink = Nicholas Agar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Parens 2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book| author = Parens, Erik| title = Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications| publisher = Georgetown University Press| year = 2000| isbn = 0-87840-780-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; it refers usually to the general application of the combination of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science(NBIC) to improve human lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roco and Bainbridge 2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book| author = Roco, Mihail C. and [[William Sims Bainbridge|Bainbridge, William Sims]], eds.| title = [[Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance]]| publisher = Springer| year = 2004| isbn = 1-4020-1254-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Deep brain stimulation''' has already proved to provide therapeutic benefits for the patients currently using this treatment for Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, chronic pain, major depression and OCD&lt;ref name=Kringelbach&gt;Kringelbach ML, Jenkinson N, Owen SLF, Aziz TZ (2007). &quot;Translational principles of deep brain stimulation&quot;. ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience''. 8:623–635. {{PMID|17637800}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ethical issues with human enhancement would be that neural engineers need to grapple with as they develop techniques. Some controversial idea is that human enhancement maintain or modify their own minds and bodies&lt;ref Name=&quot;Ford 2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last = Ford | first = Alyssa | authorlink = | title = Humanity: The Remix | work = [[Utne Magazine]] | publisher = | date = May–June 2005 | url = http://www.twliterary.com/jhughes_utne.html | accessdate = 2007-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In addition, there are fear that some enhancements will create unfair physical or mental advantages to those who can and will use them and will increase the gap between the &quot;haves&quot; and &quot;have-nots&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ian 2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| author = Mooney, Pat Roy| title = Beyond Cloning: Making Well People &quot;Better&quot;| year = 2002 | url = http://www.worldwatch.org/node/521| accessdate=2007-02-02| authorlink = Pat Roy Mooney}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fukuyama 2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book| author = Fukuyama, Francis| title = [[Our Posthuman Future]]: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution| publisher = Farrar Straus &amp; Giroux| year = 2002| isbn = 0-374-23643-7| authorlink = Francis Fukuyama}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IBHF&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| author = [[Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future]]| title = Human &quot;Enhancement&quot;| url = http://www.thehumanfuture.org/themes/human_enhancement/background.html| accessdate=2007-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Hauskeller-2013&gt;Michael Hauskeller, ''Better Humans?: Understanding the Enhancement Project,'' Acumen, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-84465-557-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. However,some advocates advance &quot;human enhancement technologies&quot; and prefer the term &quot;enablement&quot; to &quot;enhancement&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/migrate/uploads/HESummaryReport.pdf Good, Better, Best: The Human Quest for Enhancement] Summary Report of an Invitational Workshop. Convened by the Scientific Freedom, Responsibility and Law Program. American Association for the Advancement of Science.
June 1–2, 2006. Author: Enita A. Williams. Edited by: Mark S. Frankel.&lt;/ref&gt;.  And they try to defend and develop independent safety testing of the technologies and affordable, universal access to these technologies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes 2004 (book)&quot;&gt;{{cite book| author = Hughes, James| title = [[Citizen Cyborg]]: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future| publisher = Westview Press| year = 2004| isbn = 0-8133-4198-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Clear}}
====Deep brain stimulation====
[[File:Deep brain stimulation.jpg|left|thumb|Deep brain stimulation]]
'''Deep brain stimulation (DBS)''' is a neurosurgical procedure which implant a tiny medical device called a brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses through implanted electrodes to specific area of the brain for the treatment of movement and affective disorders.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved DBS as a treatment for Parkinson's disease in 2002,&lt;ref name=USDHHS&gt;U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.[http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/NEW00580.html FDA approves implanted brain stimulator to control tremors.] Retrieved October 18, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;  dystonia in 2003,&lt;ref&gt;[http://knbc-tvhealth.ip2m.com/index.cfm?pt=itemDetail&amp;item_id=97349&amp;site_cat_id=470 'Brain pacemaker' treats dystonia.] KNBC TV, April 22, 2003. Retrieved October 18, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm149529.htm FDA Approves Humanitarian Device Exemption for Deep Brain Stimulator for Severe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.]&lt;/ref&gt; DBS has been also used to treat diverse affective disorders, including major depression but these applications of DBS have yet been FDA-approved. 

The deep brain stimulation system is composed of three components: the implanted pulse generator (IPG), the lead, and the extension.  The '''IPG''' is a battery -powered neurostimulator enclosed in a titanium housing, which sends electrical pulses to the brain to interfere with neural activity at the target site. The '''lead''' is a coiled wire insulated in biocompatible but nondegradable polymer like polyurethane with four platinum or iridium electrodes and is placed in one or two different nuclei of the brain. The lead is connected to the IPG by the '''extension'''. It is an insulated wire that runs below the skin, from the head, down the side of the neck, behind the ear to the IPG, which is placed below the clavicle or, in some cases, the abdomen.&lt;ref name=NINDS&gt;National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/deep_brain_stimulation/deep_brain_stimulation.htm Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's Disease information page.] Retrieved November 23, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;The leads are placed in the brain according to the type of symptoms to be addressed.  The IPG can be calibrated by a neurologist,nurse, or trained technician.&lt;ref name=Volkmann&gt;Volkmann J, Herzog J, Kopper F, Deuschl G. &quot;Introduction to the programming of deep brain stimulators&quot;. ''Mov Disord''. 2002 17, S181–187. {{PMID|11948775}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

All three components are surgically implanted in the brain. Lead implantation may cause local anesthesia or general anesthesia (&quot;asleep DBS&quot;). A hole about 14&amp;nbsp;mm in diameter is drilled in the skull and the probe electrode is inserted. During the awake procedure with local anesthesia, feedback from the patient determines the best placement of the permanent electrode. During the asleep procedure, intraoperative MRI guidance is used for the determination of the electrode. &lt;ref&gt;Starr PA, Martin AJ, Ostrem JL, Talke P, Levesque N, Larson PS. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulator placement using high-field interventional magnetic resonance imaging and a skull-mounted aiming device: technique and application accuracy. J Neurosurg. 2010 Mar;112(3):479-90. doi: 10.3171/2009.6.JNS081161. {{PMID|19681683}}&lt;/ref&gt; Generally, the IPG and extension leads are installed under general anesthesia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu/imageguided/movement/stimulation.html Deep Brain Stimulation], Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved May 13, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 
{{Clear}}

==Further Reading==
*{{cite book|title= The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition |author= Bronzino, Joseph D. |date=April 2006 |publisher=[CRC Press] |isbn=978-0-8493-2124-5 |url=http://crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849321245}}
*{{cite book|title= Biomed: From the Student's Perspective, First Edition |author= Villafane, Carlos, CBET. |date=June 2009 |publisher=[Techniciansfriend.com] |isbn=978-1-61539-663-4  |url=http://www.biomedtechnicians.com}}

==Practise==
==Reference==
{{Reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>0lz1hsjrbrii40ew18s0mwnl053tu4r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Homological Algebra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>391358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673407</id>
      <parentid>4009262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:54:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WereSpielChequers</username>
        <id>248949</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <origin>4673407</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="355" sha1="79kjt2cxh95eqywfx5fep3tqseiyhkd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Snake lemma origin.svg|center|200px|Snake lemna]]
{{Book title|{{BOOKNAME}}}}
== Table of Contents ==
{{Book search}}
{{Print version}}
*[[/Definition of abelian category/]]
*[[/Sequences/]]
*[[/Diagram chases in abelian categories/]]
*[[/Homology and cohomology/]]

{{shelves|Algebra|Topology}}
{{Alphabetical|Homological}}
{{status|0%}}
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>79kjt2cxh95eqywfx5fep3tqseiyhkd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Homological Algebra/Definition of abelian category</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>406907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673404</id>
      <parentid>3761614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:53:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WereSpielChequers</username>
        <id>248949</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>WereSpielChequers moved page [[Homological Algebra/Defintion of abelian category]] to [[Homological Algebra/Definition of abelian category]]: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>3761614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2643" sha1="mmk6ag5hi3ne4761d2kqm0pjja8hcim" xml:space="preserve">{{definition|&lt;math&gt;Ab&lt;/math&gt;-enriched category|An '''&lt;math&gt;Ab&lt;/math&gt;-enriched category''' is a category &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; such that:
# &lt;math&gt;\forall a,b \in \operatorname{Obj}(\mathcal{C})&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}(a, b)&lt;/math&gt; is an abelian group.
# &lt;math&gt;\forall a, b, c \in \operatorname{Obj}(\mathcal{C})&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\circ_{a,b,c} : \mathcal{C}(b,c) \times \mathcal{C}(a,b) \to \mathcal{C}(a,c)&lt;/math&gt; is bilinear.}}

{{definition|zero object|A '''zero object''' is an object in an &lt;math&gt;Ab&lt;/math&gt;-enriched category that is both initial and terminal. We usually denote it by &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{0}&lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{definition|biproduct|Given an &lt;math&gt;Ab&lt;/math&gt;-enriched category &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;, a '''biproduct''' of &lt;math&gt;a,b \in \operatorname{Obj}(\mathcal{C})&lt;/math&gt; is a tuple &lt;math&gt;(c, i_1:a \to c, p_1: c \to a, i_2: b \to c, p_2: c \to b)&lt;/math&gt; such that:
# &lt;math&gt;p_1 \circ i_1 = 1_a.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;p_2 \circ i_1 = 0_{a,b}.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;p_1 \circ i_2 = 0_{b,a}.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;p_2 \circ i_2 = 1_b.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;i_1 \circ p_1 + i_2 \circ p_2 = 1_c.&lt;/math&gt;
We usually denote &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; by &lt;math&gt;a \oplus b&lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{definition|additive category|An '''additive category''' is an &lt;math&gt;Ab&lt;/math&gt;-enriched category &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; such that:
# There is a zero product in &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;.
# Every &lt;math&gt;a,b \in \operatorname{Obj}(\mathcal{C})&lt;/math&gt; has a biproduct.}}

{{definition|(co-)kernel|Given &lt;math&gt;f : a \to b&lt;/math&gt; in an &lt;math&gt;Ab&lt;/math&gt;-enriched category. A '''(co-)kernel''' of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a (co-)equalizer of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;0_{a,b}&lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{definition|abelian category|An '''abelian category''' is an additive category where:
# Every morphism has a kernel and cokernel.
# Every monomorphism is a kernel and every epimorphism is a cokernel.}}

{{example|The category of all left &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt;-modules of a ring &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; is an abelian category.}}

== Exercises ==
# Given &lt;math&gt;f : a \to b&lt;/math&gt; in an &lt;math&gt;Ab&lt;/math&gt;-enriched category with zero object. Prove that &lt;math&gt;f = 0_{a,b}&lt;/math&gt; iff &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; factors through &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{0}&lt;/math&gt;.

# Given a biproduct &lt;math&gt;(a \oplus b, i_1, p_1, i_2, p_2)&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. Prove that &lt;math&gt;(a \oplus b, i_1, i_2)&lt;/math&gt; is a coproduct of &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(a \oplus b, p_1, p_2)&lt;/math&gt; is a product of &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;.

# In an &lt;math&gt;Ab&lt;/math&gt;-enriched category with zero object, a kernel of &lt;math&gt;f: a \to b&lt;/math&gt; can be equivalently be characterized as a pullback of &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{0} \to b&lt;/math&gt; along &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mmk6ag5hi3ne4761d2kqm0pjja8hcim</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mirad Grammar/Verbs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>417649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673183</id>
      <parentid>4672975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T17:17:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verb Formants */</comment>
      <origin>4673183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="155387" sha1="h8otb42zq20etob95clovdewrs6h0v8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: A verb formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicate:
::* the type of verb: stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* certain traits: active voice, passive voice, dynamic, intensive
: The stems of most verbs end in one or a combination of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''texer'''....''to think''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', instransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''abeater'''....''to survey''
:::* '''eynteater'''....''to glimpse''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''fyinter'''....''to value, know the value of''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' as in '''fler'''....''to yearn'', intensive verbs
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt;'''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
::* '''r''' as in '''frer'''....''to crave'', very intensive verbs
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''

::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''

::* '''yiver'''....''have a right''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''.
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''

: or as in the following &lt;u&gt;intransitive zero-formant &lt;/u&gt; '''j''' verbs:

::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: Verb stems other than those ending in '''j''' can all be made passive with the passivizing formant '''w''':

::* '''xw''' as in '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''bw''' as in '''bwer'''....''to be put''
::* '''dw''' as in '''dwer'''....''to be said''
::* '''fw''' as in '''fwer'''....''to be wanted''
::* '''lw''' as in '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''',  and the passive transitive formant '''bw''', eg.:

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yojbwer'''....''to be started''' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|}

: Stems can also be modified with the following intensifying formants:
::* '''-l-''' (intensive)
::* '''-r-''' (more intensive)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.) || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascent'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to go to sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Here is a chart showing various formant combinations:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formant Combinations
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-xi-'''|| toward the subject || '''taxier'''....''to memorize''
|-
| '''-xu-'''|| toward the patient || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bi-'''|| toward the subject || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
| '''-bu-'''|| toward the patient || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc.
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer'''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h8otb42zq20etob95clovdewrs6h0v8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673185</id>
      <parentid>4673183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T17:43:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verb Formants */</comment>
      <origin>4673185</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="155707" sha1="11x8wuu3c8ls2o8g0t0kffoyovza9kc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: A verb formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicating:
::* the type of verb:  stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* certain traits:  active, passive, subject-oriented, patient-oriented, dynamic, intensive
: The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''sanxer'''....''to form''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', instransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''abeater'''....''to survey''
:::* '''eynteater'''....''to glimpse''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''fyinter'''....''to value, know the value of''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' as in '''fler'''....''to yearn'', intensive verbs
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt;'''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
::* '''r''' as in '''frer'''....''to crave'', very intensive verbs
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''

::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''iyfer'''....''to like''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yeyfer'''....''should''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yiver'''....''have a right to''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''.
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''
::* '''dolwer'''....''to be spoken''

: or as in the following &lt;u&gt;intransitive zero-formant &lt;/u&gt; '''j''' verbs:

::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: All of the above '''j''' stems are intransitive and cannot be passivized.

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', which can then be passivized with '''w''':

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''tojbwer'''....''to be killed''' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to affect''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''til'''....''a drink'' || '''tilier'''....''to drink''
|-
|| '''tiluer'''....''to give to drink''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tel'''....''food'' || '''telier'''....''to eat''
|-
|| '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abbaun'''....''cover'' || '''abbaunier'''....''to take cover''
|-
|| '''abbauuer'''....''to provide cover''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abfin'''....''advantage'' || '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of''
|-
|| '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: Stems can also be modified with the following intensifying formants:
::* '''-l-''' (intensive)
::* '''-r-''' (more intensive)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.) || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascent'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to go to sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Here is a chart showing various formant combinations:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formant Combinations
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-xi-'''|| toward the subject || '''taxier'''....''to memorize''
|-
| '''-xu-'''|| toward the patient || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bi-'''|| toward the subject || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
| '''-bu-'''|| toward the patient || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc.
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer'''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>11x8wuu3c8ls2o8g0t0kffoyovza9kc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673186</id>
      <parentid>4673185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T18:00:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verb Formants */</comment>
      <origin>4673186</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="156183" sha1="ex0vl1xy7m00lfi8ksj7kwmpt5uwqzw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: A verb formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicating:
::* the type of verb:  stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* certain traits:  active, passive, subject-oriented, patient-oriented, dynamic, intensive
: The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''sanxer'''....''to form''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', instransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''abeater'''....''to survey''
:::* '''eynteater'''....''to glimpse''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''fyinter'''....''to value, know the value of''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' as in '''fler'''....''to yearn'', intensive verbs
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt;'''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
::* '''r''' as in '''frer'''....''to crave'', very intensive verbs
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''z''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

: K-stem verbs:
::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''
: Z-stem verbs:
::* '''dazer'''....''to dance''
::* '''dyazer'''....''to perform ballet''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform''
::* '''dizer'''....''to clown around''
::* '''duzer'''....''to play music''
::* '''domepduzer'''....''to busk''
::* '''drezer'''....''to create poetry''
::* '''dresyozer'''....''to engrave''
::* '''druzer'''....''to compose music''
::* '''doteuzer'''....''to vote''

: F- and V-stem verbs:
::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''iyfer'''....''to like''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yeyfer'''....''should''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yiver'''....''have a right to''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

: L- and R-stem verbs
::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''.
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''
::* '''dolwer'''....''to be spoken''

: or as in the following &lt;u&gt;intransitive zero-formant &lt;/u&gt; '''j''' verbs:

: J-stem verbs:
::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: All of the above '''j''' stems are intransitive and cannot be passivized.

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', which can then be passivized with '''w''':

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''tojbwer'''....''to be killed''' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to affect''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''til'''....''a drink'' || '''tilier'''....''to drink''
|-
|| '''tiluer'''....''to give to drink''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tel'''....''food'' || '''telier'''....''to eat''
|-
|| '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abbaun'''....''cover'' || '''abbaunier'''....''to take cover''
|-
|| '''abbauuer'''....''to provide cover''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abfin'''....''advantage'' || '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of''
|-
|| '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: Stems can also be modified with the following intensifying formants:
::* '''-l-''' (intensive)
::* '''-r-''' (more intensive)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.) || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascent'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to go to sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Here is a chart showing various formant combinations:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formant Combinations
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-xi-'''|| toward the subject || '''taxier'''....''to memorize''
|-
| '''-xu-'''|| toward the patient || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bi-'''|| toward the subject || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
| '''-bu-'''|| toward the patient || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc.
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer'''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ex0vl1xy7m00lfi8ksj7kwmpt5uwqzw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673190</id>
      <parentid>4673186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T18:38:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verb Formants */</comment>
      <origin>4673190</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150143" sha1="qyxkex10j5aktktcskz6n5jb557hkme" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: A verb formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicating:
::* the type of verb:  stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* certain traits:  active, passive, subject-oriented, patient-oriented, dynamic, intensive
: The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''sanxer'''....''to form''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', instransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''abeater'''....''to survey''
:::* '''eynteater'''....''to glimpse''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''fyinter'''....''to value, know the value of''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' as in '''fler'''....''to yearn'', intensive verbs
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt;'''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
::* '''r''' as in '''frer'''....''to crave'', very intensive verbs
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''z''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

: K-stem verbs:
::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''
: Z-stem verbs:
::* '''dazer'''....''to dance''
::* '''dyazer'''....''to perform ballet''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform''
::* '''dizer'''....''to clown around''
::* '''duzer'''....''to play music''
::* '''domepduzer'''....''to busk''
::* '''drezer'''....''to create poetry''
::* '''dresyozer'''....''to engrave''
::* '''druzer'''....''to compose music''
::* '''doteuzer'''....''to vote''

: F- and V-stem verbs:
::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''iyfer'''....''to like''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yeyfer'''....''should''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yiver'''....''have a right to''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

: L- and R-stem verbs
::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''.
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''
::* '''dolwer'''....''to be spoken''

: or as in the following &lt;u&gt;intransitive zero-formant &lt;/u&gt; '''j''' verbs:

: J-stem verbs:
::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: All of the above '''j''' stems are intransitive and cannot be passivized.

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', which can then be passivized with '''w''':

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''tojbwer'''....''to be killed'' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to affect''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''til'''....''a drink'' || '''tilier'''....''to drink''
|-
|| '''tiluer'''....''to give to drink''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tel'''....''food'' || '''telier'''....''to eat''
|-
|| '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abbaun'''....''cover'' || '''abbaunier'''....''to take cover''
|-
|| '''abbauuer'''....''to provide cover''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abfin'''....''advantage'' || '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of''
|-
|| '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: Stems can also be modified with the following intensifying formants:
::* '''-l-''' (intensive)
::* '''-r-''' (more intensive)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.) || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascent'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to go to sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qyxkex10j5aktktcskz6n5jb557hkme</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673191</id>
      <parentid>4673190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T18:52:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verb Formants */</comment>
      <origin>4673191</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150212" sha1="cf5mh7ly4q0oniq0m6nw34exqjew51k" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: A verb formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicating:
::* the type of verb:  stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* certain traits:  active, passive, subject-oriented, patient-oriented, dynamic, intensive
: The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''sanxer'''....''to form''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', instransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''abeater'''....''to survey''
:::* '''eynteater'''....''to glimpse''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''fyinter'''....''to value, know the value of''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' as in '''fler'''....''to yearn'', intensive verbs
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt;'''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
::* '''r''' as in '''frer'''....''to crave'', very intensive verbs
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''z''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

: K-stem verbs:
::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''
: Z-stem verbs:
::* '''dazer'''....''to dance''
::* '''dyazer'''....''to perform ballet''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform''
::* '''dizer'''....''to clown around''
::* '''duzer'''....''to play music''
::* '''domepduzer'''....''to busk''
::* '''drezer'''....''to create poetry''
::* '''dresyozer'''....''to engrave''
::* '''druzer'''....''to compose music''
::* '''doteuzer'''....''to vote''

: F- and V-stem verbs:
::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''iyfer'''....''to like''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yeyfer'''....''should''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yiver'''....''have a right to''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

: L- and R-stem verbs
::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''.
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''
::* '''dolwer'''....''to be spoken''

: or as in the following &lt;u&gt;intransitive zero-formant &lt;/u&gt; '''j''' verbs:

: J-stem verbs:
::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: All of the above '''j''' stems are intransitive and cannot be passivized.

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', which can then be passivized with '''w''':

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''tojbwer'''....''to be killed'' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to affect''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''til'''....''a drink'' || '''tilier'''....''to drink''
|-
|| '''tiluer'''....''to give to drink''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tel'''....''food'' || '''telier'''....''to eat''
|-
|| '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abbaun'''....''cover'' || '''abbaunier'''....''to take cover''
|-
|| '''abbaunuer'''....''to provide cover''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abfin'''....''advantage'' || '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of''
|-
|| '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: The following table shows how stems can be intensified in meaning with '''-l-''' and '''-r-''':
::* '''-l-''' (intense)
::* '''-r-''' (more intense)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.) || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascend'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:
::* '''b''' (causative)
::* '''p''' (dynamic)

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to fall sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cf5mh7ly4q0oniq0m6nw34exqjew51k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673201</id>
      <parentid>4673191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T20:07:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verb Formants */</comment>
      <origin>4673201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150871" sha1="j455hrfzkfapmfhlnko6lt2v5su7gdj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: A verb formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicating:
::* the type of verb:  stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* certain traits:  active, passive, subject-oriented, patient-oriented, dynamic, intensive
: The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''sanxer'''....''to form''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', instransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''teater'''....''to see''
:::* '''tayoter'''....''to feel''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''nazter'''....''to value, to appreciate''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' as in '''fler'''....''to yearn'', intensive verbs
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt;'''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
::* '''r''' as in '''frer'''....''to crave'', very intensive verbs
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''z''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

: K-stem verbs:
::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''
: Z-stem verbs:
::* '''dazer'''....''to dance''
::* '''dyazer'''....''to perform ballet''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform''
::* '''dizer'''....''to clown around''
::* '''duzer'''....''to play music''
::* '''domepduzer'''....''to busk''
::* '''drezer'''....''to create poetry''
::* '''dresyozer'''....''to engrave''
::* '''druzer'''....''to compose music''
::* '''doteuzer'''....''to vote''

: F- and V-stem verbs:
::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''iyfer'''....''to like''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yeyfer'''....''should''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yiver'''....''have a right to''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

: L- and R-stem verbs
::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''burer'''....''to concede''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent''
::* '''diler'''....''to request''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''.
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''
::* '''dolwer'''....''to be spoken''

: or as in the following &lt;u&gt;intransitive zero-formant &lt;/u&gt; '''j''' verbs:

: J-stem verbs:
::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: All of the above '''j''' stems are intransitive and cannot be passivized.

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', which can then be passivized with '''w''':

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''tojbwer'''....''to be killed'' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to affect''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''buker'''....''to hurt'' || '''bukier'''....''to sustain an injury''
|-
|| '''bukuer'''....''to inflict an injury''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ifer'''....''to love'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
|| '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''der'''....''to say'' || '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
|| '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''til'''....''a drink'' || '''tilier'''....''to take a drink''
|-
|| '''tiluer'''....''to pour a drink''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tel'''....''food'' || '''telier'''....''to eat''
|-
|| '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abbaun'''....''cover'' || '''abbaunier'''....''to take cover''
|-
|| '''abbaunuer'''....''to provide cover''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abfin'''....''advantage'' || '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of''
|-
|| '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: The following table shows how stems can be intensified in meaning with '''-l-''' and '''-r-''':
::* '''-l-''' (intense)
::* '''-r-''' (more intense)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascend'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|-
| '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'' || '''apaxler'''....''to sweep'' || '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to strike'' ||'''byexler'''....''to trounce'' || '''byexrer'''....''to thrash''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:
::* '''b''' (causative)
::* '''p''' (dynamic)

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to fall sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j455hrfzkfapmfhlnko6lt2v5su7gdj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673202</id>
      <parentid>4673201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T20:41:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verb Formants */</comment>
      <origin>4673202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150891" sha1="f2jf9mnzpxue69vrnoycpkvmczo166b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Stem Formants ===
: A verb stem formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicating:
::* the type of verb:  stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* certain traits:  active, passive, subject-oriented, patient-oriented, dynamic, intensive
: The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''sanxer'''....''to form''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing or putting
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', intransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''teater'''....''to see''
:::* '''tayoter'''....''to feel''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''nazter'''....''to value, to appreciate''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' as in '''fler'''....''to yearn'', intensive verbs
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt;'''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
::* '''r''' as in '''frer'''....''to crave'', very intensive verbs
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''z''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

: K-stem verbs:
::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''
: Z-stem verbs:
::* '''dazer'''....''to dance''
::* '''dyazer'''....''to perform ballet''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform''
::* '''dizer'''....''to clown around''
::* '''duzer'''....''to play music''
::* '''domepduzer'''....''to busk''
::* '''drezer'''....''to create poetry''
::* '''dresyozer'''....''to engrave''
::* '''druzer'''....''to compose music''
::* '''doteuzer'''....''to vote''

: F- and V-stem verbs:
::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''iyfer'''....''to like''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yeyfer'''....''should''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yiver'''....''have a right to''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

: L- and R-stem verbs
::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''burer'''....''to concede''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent''
::* '''diler'''....''to request''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''.
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''
::* '''dolwer'''....''to be spoken''

: or as in the following &lt;u&gt;intransitive zero-formant &lt;/u&gt; '''j''' verbs:

: J-stem verbs:
::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: All of the above '''j''' stems are intransitive and cannot be passivized.

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', which can then be passivized with '''w''':

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''tojbwer'''....''to be killed'' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to affect''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''buker'''....''to hurt'' || '''bukier'''....''to sustain an injury''
|-
|| '''bukuer'''....''to inflict an injury''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ifer'''....''to love'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
|| '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''der'''....''to say'' || '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
|| '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''til'''....''a drink'' || '''tilier'''....''to take a drink''
|-
|| '''tiluer'''....''to pour a drink''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tel'''....''food'' || '''telier'''....''to eat''
|-
|| '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abbaun'''....''cover'' || '''abbaunier'''....''to take cover''
|-
|| '''abbaunuer'''....''to provide cover''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abfin'''....''advantage'' || '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of''
|-
|| '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: The following table shows how stems can be intensified in meaning with '''-l-''' and '''-r-''':
::* '''-l-''' (intense)
::* '''-r-''' (more intense)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascend'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|-
| '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'' || '''apaxler'''....''to sweep'' || '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to strike'' ||'''byexler'''....''to trounce'' || '''byexrer'''....''to thrash''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:
::* '''b''' (causative)
::* '''p''' (dynamic)

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to fall sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>f2jf9mnzpxue69vrnoycpkvmczo166b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673204</id>
      <parentid>4673202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T20:53:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The Verb Stem */</comment>
      <origin>4673204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151070" sha1="eo1dmnoj01f6iby5bbpqd0yv2aayrkh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Stem Formants ===
: A verb stem formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicating:
::* the type of verb:  stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* certain traits:  active, passive, subject-oriented, patient-oriented, dynamic, intensive
: The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''sanxer'''....''to form''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing or putting
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', intransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''teater'''....''to see''
:::* '''tayoter'''....''to feel''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''nazter'''....''to value, to appreciate''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' (intensive verbs)
:::* '''fler'''....''to yearn'' ( &lt; '''fer''' = ''to want'')
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt; '''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
:::* '''buxler'''....''to shove'' ( &lt; '''buxer''' = ''to push'')
::* '''r''' (more intensive verbs)
:::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')
:::* '''buxrer'''....''to drive'' ( &lt; '''buxer'''....''to push'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''abbaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abbaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''z''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

: K-stem verbs:
::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''
: Z-stem verbs:
::* '''dazer'''....''to dance''
::* '''dyazer'''....''to perform ballet''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform''
::* '''dizer'''....''to clown around''
::* '''duzer'''....''to play music''
::* '''domepduzer'''....''to busk''
::* '''drezer'''....''to create poetry''
::* '''dresyozer'''....''to engrave''
::* '''druzer'''....''to compose music''
::* '''doteuzer'''....''to vote''

: F- and V-stem verbs:
::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''iyfer'''....''to like''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yeyfer'''....''should''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yiver'''....''have a right to''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

: L- and R-stem verbs
::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''burer'''....''to concede''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent''
::* '''diler'''....''to request''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''.
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''
::* '''dolwer'''....''to be spoken''

: or as in the following &lt;u&gt;intransitive zero-formant &lt;/u&gt; '''j''' verbs:

: J-stem verbs:
::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: All of the above '''j''' stems are intransitive automatic verbs and cannot be passivized.

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', which can then be passivized with '''w''':

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''tojbwer'''....''to be killed'' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to affect''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''buker'''....''to hurt'' || '''bukier'''....''to sustain an injury''
|-
|| '''bukuer'''....''to inflict an injury''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ifer'''....''to love'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
|| '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''der'''....''to say'' || '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
|| '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''til'''....''a drink'' || '''tilier'''....''to take a drink''
|-
|| '''tiluer'''....''to pour a drink''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tel'''....''food'' || '''telier'''....''to eat''
|-
|| '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abbaun'''....''cover'' || '''abbaunier'''....''to take cover''
|-
|| '''abbaunuer'''....''to provide cover''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abfin'''....''advantage'' || '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of''
|-
|| '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: The following table shows how stems can be intensified in meaning with '''-l-''' and '''-r-''':
::* '''-l-''' (intense)
::* '''-r-''' (more intense)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascend'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|-
| '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'' || '''apaxler'''....''to sweep'' || '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to strike'' ||'''byexler'''....''to trounce'' || '''byexrer'''....''to thrash''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:
::* '''b''' (causative)
::* '''p''' (dynamic)

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to fall sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>eo1dmnoj01f6iby5bbpqd0yv2aayrkh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673226</id>
      <parentid>4673204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:10:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verb Stem Formants */</comment>
      <origin>4673226</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151306" sha1="8xfidykr9jj5aszxqlxoguglxw2nhv4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Stem Formants ===
: A verb stem formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicating:
::* the type of verb:  stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* certain traits:  active, passive, subject-oriented, patient-oriented, dynamic, intensive
: The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''sanxer'''....''to form''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing or putting
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', intransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''teater'''....''to see''
:::* '''tayoter'''....''to feel''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''nazter'''....''to value, to appreciate''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' (intensive verbs)
:::* '''fler'''....''to yearn'' ( &lt; '''fer''' = ''to want'')
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt; '''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
:::* '''buxler'''....''to shove'' ( &lt; '''buxer''' = ''to push'')
::* '''r''' (more intensive verbs)
:::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')
:::* '''buxrer'''....''to drive'' ( &lt; '''buxer'''....''to push'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''abbaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abbaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''z''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

: K-stem verbs:
::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''
: Z-stem verbs:
::* '''dazer'''....''to dance''
::* '''dyazer'''....''to perform ballet''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform''
::* '''dizer'''....''to clown around''
::* '''duzer'''....''to play music''
::* '''domepduzer'''....''to busk''
::* '''drezer'''....''to create poetry''
::* '''dresyozer'''....''to engrave''
::* '''druzer'''....''to compose music''
::* '''doteuzer'''....''to vote''

: F- and V-stem verbs:
::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''iyfer'''....''to like''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yeyfer'''....''should''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yiver'''....''have a right to''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

: L- and R-stem verbs
::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''burer'''....''to concede''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'
::* '''diler'''....''to request''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''. ( The verb '''doler''' can be made transitive with '''x''' ('''dolxer'''....''to silence'') and then it can be passivized.)
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''
::* '''dalwer'''....''to be spoken''
::* '''dolxwer'''....''to be silenced''

: The following J-stem verbs are &lt;u&gt;intransitive automatic zero-formant&lt;/u&gt; verbs:

: J-stem verbs:
::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: All of the above '''j''' stems are intransitive automatic verbs and cannot be passivized.

: Verb stems ending in '''j''', however, can take the active transitive dynamic formant '''b''' which can then be passivized with '''w'''.  Or, they can take the intransitive dynamic formant '''p''', which cannot be passivized.

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''tojbwer'''....''to be killed'' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to affect''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''buker'''....''to hurt'' || '''bukier'''....''to sustain an injury''
|-
|| '''bukuer'''....''to inflict an injury''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ifer'''....''to love'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
|| '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''der'''....''to say'' || '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
|| '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''til'''....''a drink'' || '''tilier'''....''to take a drink''
|-
|| '''tiluer'''....''to pour a drink''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tel'''....''food'' || '''telier'''....''to eat''
|-
|| '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abbaun'''....''cover'' || '''abbaunier'''....''to take cover''
|-
|| '''abbaunuer'''....''to provide cover''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abfin'''....''advantage'' || '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of''
|-
|| '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: The following table shows how stems can be intensified in meaning with '''-l-''' and '''-r-''':
::* '''-l-''' (intense)
::* '''-r-''' (more intense)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascend'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|-
| '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'' || '''apaxler'''....''to sweep'' || '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to strike'' ||'''byexler'''....''to trounce'' || '''byexrer'''....''to thrash''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:
::* '''b''' (causative)
::* '''p''' (dynamic)

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to fall sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8xfidykr9jj5aszxqlxoguglxw2nhv4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673227</id>
      <parentid>4673226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:12:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verb Stem Formants */</comment>
      <origin>4673227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151319" sha1="c3m5op13tsk1v0ttt5tyj0irtm5lkp8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Stem Formants ===
: A verb stem formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicating:
::* '''the type of verb''':  stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc.
::* '''certain traits''':  active, passive, subject-oriented, patient-oriented, dynamic, intensive

: The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants:
::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming
:::* '''aser'''....''to become''
:::* '''eser'''....''to exist''
:::* '''beser'''....''to stay''
:::* '''kyaser'''....''to change''
::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation
:::* '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
:::* '''uxer'''....''to cause''
:::* '''yiklaxer'''....''to complicate''
:::* '''sanxer'''....''to form''
::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing or putting
:::* '''yaber'''....''to raise''
:::* '''yixber'''....''to put to use, deploy''
:::* '''ikber'''....''to fill''
:::* '''abkyober''''....to affix''
::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', intransitive verbs of motion
:::* '''aper'''....''to get on''
:::* '''uper'''....''to come''
:::* '''poper'''....''to travel''
:::* '''yaper'''....''to rise, get up''
::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication
:::* '''gawder'''....''to repeat''
:::* '''kyider'''....''to emphasize''
:::* '''afder'''....''to authorize''
:::* '''lofivader'''....''to disapprove''
::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing
:::* '''makdrer'''....''to text''
:::* '''Miradrer'''....''to write in Mirad''
:::* '''monsandrer'''....''to ghostwrite''
:::* '''ajdindrer'''....''to chronicle''
::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know or see'', transitive verbs of mental states
:::* '''teater'''....''to see''
:::* '''tayoter'''....''to feel''
:::* '''tester'''....''to understand''
:::* '''nazter'''....''to value, to appreciate''
::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition
:::* '''gawtrer'''....''to recognize''
:::* '''ijtrer''''....''to get to know''
:::* '''yagtrer'''....''to experience''
::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs
:::* '''daztyer'''....''to know how to dance''
:::* '''deuztyer'''....''to know how to sing''
:::* '''fiktyer'''....''to master''

: There are two formants that act as intensifiers:

::* '''l''' (intensive verbs)
:::* '''fler'''....''to yearn'' ( &lt; '''fer''' = ''to want'')
:::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' ( &lt; '''gober''' = ''to subtract'')
:::* '''ebler'''....''to obstruct'' ( &lt; '''eber''' = ''to get in the way of'')
:::* '''ibler'''....''to collect'' ( &lt; '''iber''' = ''to receive'')
:::* '''yabler'''....''to hoist'' ( &lt; '''yaber''' = ''to raise'')
:::* '''buxler'''....''to shove'' ( &lt; '''buxer''' = ''to push'')
::* '''r''' (more intensive verbs)
:::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
:::* '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub'' ( &lt; '''abbaxer'''....''to caress'')
:::* '''abbyuxrer'''....''to stomp on'' ( &lt; '''abbyux'''....''to touch on, impact'')
:::* '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub'' ( &lt; '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'')
:::* '''byexrer'''....''to thrash'' ( &lt; '''byexer'''....''to hit'')
:::* '''buxrer'''....''to drive'' ( &lt; '''buxer'''....''to push'')

: The formant '''w''' can be added as the final formant to make a verb passive, eg.:

:* '''yaber'''....''to raise'' -&gt; '''yabwer'''....''to be raised''
:* '''abbaxrer'''....''to scrub'' -&gt; '''abbaxrwer'''....''to be scrubbed''

: A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''z''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following &lt;u&gt;transitive&lt;/u&gt; zero-formant verbs:

: K-stem verbs:
::* '''aker'''....''to win''
::* '''eker'''...''to play''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect''
::* '''yeker'''....''to try''
::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised''
::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard''
::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy''
: Z-stem verbs:
::* '''dazer'''....''to dance''
::* '''dyazer'''....''to perform ballet''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform''
::* '''dizer'''....''to clown around''
::* '''duzer'''....''to play music''
::* '''domepduzer'''....''to busk''
::* '''drezer'''....''to create poetry''
::* '''dresyozer'''....''to engrave''
::* '''druzer'''....''to compose music''
::* '''doteuzer'''....''to vote''

: F- and V-stem verbs:
::* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''afer'''....''to have permission''
::* '''efer'''....''to need''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''iyfer'''....''to like''
::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited''
::* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yefer'''....''to have to''
::* '''yeyfer'''....''should''
::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable''
::* '''yifer'''....''to dare''
::* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yiver'''....''have a right to''
::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to''

: The stems of the above verbs and be intensified with the formants '''l''' and '''r''' and passivized with the formant '''w'''.

: L- and R-stem verbs
::* '''baler'''....''to press''
::* '''barer'''....''to crush''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'
::* '''boler'''....''to support''
::* '''biler'''....''to obtain''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''
::* '''buler'''....''to grant''
::* '''burer'''....''to concede''
::* '''daler'''...''to speak''
::* '''deler'''....''do declare''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'
::* '''diler'''....''to request''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist''

: The stems of the above words, except for '''doler''' (which is intransitive), can be passivized with the formant '''w'''. ( The verb '''doler''' can be made transitive with '''x''' ('''dolxer'''....''to silence'') and then it can be passivized.)
::* '''barwer'''....''to be pressed''
::* '''bolwer'''....''to be supported''
::* '''dalwer'''....''to be spoken''
::* '''dolxwer'''....''to be silenced''

: The following J-stem verbs are &lt;u&gt;intransitive automatic zero-formant&lt;/u&gt; verbs:

: J-stem verbs:
::* '''ijer'''....''to begin''
::* '''ujer'''....''to finish''
::* '''yijer'''....''to open''
::* '''yujer'''....''to close''
::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live''
::* '''tojer'''....''to die''

: All of the above '''j''' stems are intransitive automatic verbs and cannot be passivized.

: Verb stems ending in '''j''', however, can take the active transitive dynamic formant '''b''' which can then be passivized with '''w'''.  Or, they can take the intransitive dynamic formant '''p''', which cannot be passivized.

::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''tojbwer'''....''to be killed'' (transitive passive dynamic)

: Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic)
::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed&quot; (transitive passive dynamic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive)

: Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive.  The others are always transitive.

: Stems can sometimes be altered with the following directional formants:
::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented)
::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with i/u Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take''
|-
|| '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out''
|-
|| '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with''
|-
|| '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tyer'''....''to know how'' || '''tyier'''....''to master''
|-
|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory''
|-
|| '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
|rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave''
|-
|| '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in''
|-
|| '''xuer'''....''to affect''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''buker'''....''to hurt'' || '''bukier'''....''to sustain an injury''
|-
|| '''bukuer'''....''to inflict an injury''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''ifer'''....''to love'' || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
|| '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''der'''....''to say'' || '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
|| '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''til'''....''a drink'' || '''tilier'''....''to take a drink''
|-
|| '''tiluer'''....''to pour a drink''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''tel'''....''food'' || '''telier'''....''to eat''
|-
|| '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abbaun'''....''cover'' || '''abbaunier'''....''to take cover''
|-
|| '''abbaunuer'''....''to provide cover''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''abfin'''....''advantage'' || '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of''
|-
|| '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: The following table shows how stems can be intensified in meaning with '''-l-''' and '''-r-''':
::* '''-l-''' (intense)
::* '''-r-''' (more intense)

: Examples:
::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs with Modified Formants
|-
! Verb || Modification
|-
! Normal !! Intense !! More Intense
|-
| '''baxer'''....''to stir'' || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' || '''yaprer'''....''to hoist''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''to ascend'' (intrans.)|| '''yapler'''....''to climb''|| '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up''
|-
| '''apaxer'''....''to wipe'' || '''apaxler'''....''to sweep'' || '''apaxrer'''....''to scrub''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to strike'' ||'''byexler'''....''to trounce'' || '''byexrer'''....''to thrash''
|}

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants:
::* '''b''' (causative)
::* '''p''' (dynamic)

:* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative)
::* '''tujper'''....''to fall sleep'' (intransitive dynamic)

:* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic)
:* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative)
:* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic)

: The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows:

::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic)
::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense)
::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense)
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic)
::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense)
::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense)
::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive)

: The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well:

::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive)
::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense)
::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense)

::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive)
::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive)
::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive)
::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive)
::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented)
::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented)
::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive)

::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve)
::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive)
::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive)

: The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.:

:* '''ifer'''....''to love''
::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in''
::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to''
:::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight''
:::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish''
:::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert''
::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun''
::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved''
::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored''
:* '''fer'''....''to want''
::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for''
::* '''frer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for''
:* '''yufer'''....''to fear''
::* '''yufler'''....''to dread''
::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of''
::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten''
::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened''
::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare''
::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared''
:* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to''
::* '''yivser'''....''to become free''
::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate''
::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed''
:* '''yafer'''....''to be able''
::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable''
::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled''
::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower''
::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce''
::* '''yafier'''....''to take power''
::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power''
::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to''
::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit''
::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited''

: The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants:

::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished''
::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated''

: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>c3m5op13tsk1v0ttt5tyj0irtm5lkp8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angry Birds/Birds</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>442414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673259</id>
      <parentid>4324169</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:59:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52683-07</username>
        <id>3627284</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="574" sha1="6rropw1xolo32tl1fq0xwn6eucq4j9k" xml:space="preserve">Every bird in Angry Birds has its own unique ability, which often affects the trajectory of their shots.
* Red bird (Red) - Standard
* Blue bird (Jay, Jake and Jim A.K.A. The Blues) - Splits into 3 birds
* Yellow bird (Chuck) - Speed up
* Black bird (Bomb) - Explodes
* White bird (Matilda) - Drops an egg bomb
* Green bird (Hal) - Goes back like a boomerang
* Terence - Standard but bigger
* Bounci, a.k.a. Zippy - Bounce
* Orange bird (Bubbles) - Inflates
* Pink Bird (Stella) - Lifts things up with bubbles
* Silver - laughing faster and quicker
{{Status|25%}}{{Bookcat}}</text>
      <sha1>6rropw1xolo32tl1fq0xwn6eucq4j9k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673261</id>
      <parentid>4673259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T22:04:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52683-07</username>
        <id>3627284</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673261</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="639" sha1="koydvj37ix193m4z1vfmng7zd51fyqp" xml:space="preserve">Every bird in Angry Birds has its own unique ability, which often affects the trajectory of their shots.
* Red bird (Red) - Standard
* Blue bird (Jay, Jake and Jim A.K.A. The Blues) - Splits into 3 birds
* Yellow bird (Chuck) - Speed up
* Black bird (Bomb) - Explodes
* White bird (Matilda) - Drops an egg bomb
* Green bird (Hal) - Goes back like a boomerang
* Terence - Standard but bigger
* Purple bird (Bounci, a.k.a. Zippy) - Bounce
* Orange bird (Bubbles) - Inflates
* Pink Bird (Stella) - Lifts things up with bubbles
* Silver bird (Silver) - Laughing faster and quicker
* (Dahlia) - 
* (Poppy) - 
* (Luca) - 
* (Tony) - 
* (Frosh) -</text>
      <sha1>koydvj37ix193m4z1vfmng7zd51fyqp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673262</id>
      <parentid>4673261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T22:05:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52683-07</username>
        <id>3627284</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="639" sha1="673iilarg1xncsioc15khgg08hfqnum" xml:space="preserve">Every bird in Angry Birds has its own unique ability, which often affects the trajectory of their shots.
* Red bird (Red) - Standard
* Blue bird (Jay, Jake and Jim A.K.A. The Blues) - Splits into 3 birds
* Yellow bird (Chuck) - Speed up
* Black bird (Bomb) - Explodes
* White bird (Matilda) - Drops an egg bomb
* Green bird (Hal) - Goes back like a boomerang
* Terence - Standard but bigger
* Purple bird (Bounci, A.K.A. Zippy) - Bounce
* Orange bird (Bubbles) - Inflates
* Pink Bird (Stella) - Lifts things up with bubbles
* Silver bird (Silver) - Laughing faster and quicker
* (Dahlia) - 
* (Poppy) - 
* (Luca) - 
* (Tony) - 
* (Frosh) -</text>
      <sha1>673iilarg1xncsioc15khgg08hfqnum</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673263</id>
      <parentid>4673262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T22:09:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52683-07</username>
        <id>3627284</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673263</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="683" sha1="r8s8tr0cun1n0qi9j627tgj86zk72wt" xml:space="preserve">Every bird in Angry Birds has its own unique ability, which often affects the trajectory of their shots.
* Red bird (Red) - Standard
* Blue bird (Jay, Jake and Jim A.K.A. The Blues) - Splits into 3 birds
* Yellow bird (Chuck) - Speed up
* Black bird (Bomb) - Explodes
* White bird (Matilda) - Drops an egg bomb
* Green bird (Hal) - Goes back like a boomerang
* Terence - Standard but bigger
* Purple bird (Bounci, A.K.A. Zippy) - Bounce
* Orange bird (Bubbles) - Inflates
* Pink Bird (Stella) - Lifts things up with bubbles
* Silver bird (Silver) - Laughing faster and quicker
* Brown bird (Dahlia) - Trying to fly 
* Light yellow (Poppy) - Beauty
* (Luca) - 
* (Tony) - 
* (Frosh) -</text>
      <sha1>r8s8tr0cun1n0qi9j627tgj86zk72wt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673264</id>
      <parentid>4673263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T22:10:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52683-07</username>
        <id>3627284</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673264</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="708" sha1="pfbw0dkgfkhnmenf6ea2bbj7xt21uni" xml:space="preserve">Every bird in Angry Birds has its own unique ability, which often affects the trajectory of their shots.
* Red bird (Red) - Standard
* Sky blue birds (Jay, Jake and Jim A.K.A. The Blues) - Splits into 3 birds
* Yellow bird (Chuck) - Speed up
* Black bird (Bomb) - Explodes
* White bird (Matilda) - Drops an egg bomb
* Green bird (Hal) - Goes back like a boomerang
* Crimson bird (Terence) - Standard but bigger
* Purple bird (Bounci, A.K.A. Zippy) - Bounce
* Orange bird (Bubbles) - Inflates
* Pink Bird (Stella) - Lifts things up with bubbles
* Silver bird (Silver) - Laughing faster and quicker
* Brown bird (Dahlia) - Trying to fly 
* Light yellow bird (Poppy) - Beauty
* (Luca) - 
* (Tony) - 
* (Frosh) -</text>
      <sha1>pfbw0dkgfkhnmenf6ea2bbj7xt21uni</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673265</id>
      <parentid>4673264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T22:11:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52683-07</username>
        <id>3627284</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673265</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="757" sha1="qlwd014fqjgstlewigqhd2aesdteyvz" xml:space="preserve">Every bird in Angry Birds has its own unique ability, which often affects the trajectory of their shots.
* Red bird (Red) - Standard
* Sky blue birds (Jay, Jake and Jim A.K.A. The Blues) - Splits into 3 birds
* Yellow bird (Chuck) - Speed up
* Black bird (Bomb) - Explodes
* White bird (Matilda) - Drops an egg bomb
* Green bird (Hal) - Goes back like a boomerang
* Crimson bird (Terence) - Standard but bigger
* Purple bird (Bounci, A.K.A. Zippy) - Bounce
* Orange bird (Bubbles) - Inflates
* Pink Bird (Stella) - Lifts things up with bubbles
* Silver bird (Silver) - Laughing faster and quicker
* Brown bird (Dahlia) - Trying to fly 
* Light yellow bird (Poppy) - Beauty
* (Luca) - 
* (Tony) - 
* (Frosh) -
[[Category:Angry Birds]]
[[Category:Characters]]</text>
      <sha1>qlwd014fqjgstlewigqhd2aesdteyvz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673270</id>
      <parentid>4673265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T22:15:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52683-07</username>
        <id>3627284</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673270</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="771" sha1="pjhl7w64sqmdmj4fbc69v85z5349uzu" xml:space="preserve">Every bird in Angry Birds has its own unique ability, which often affects the trajectory of their shots.
* Red bird (Red) - Standard
* Sky blue birds (Jay, Jake and Jim A.K.A. The Blues) - Splits into 3 birds
* Yellow bird (Chuck) - Speed up
* Black bird (Bomb) - Explodes
* White bird (Matilda) - Drops an egg bomb
* Green bird (Hal) - Goes back like a boomerang
* Crimson bird (Terence) - Standard but bigger
* Purple bird (Bounci, A.K.A. Zippy) - Bounce
* Orange bird (Bubbles) - Inflates
* Pink Bird (Stella) - Lifts things up with bubbles
* Silver bird (Silver) - Laughing faster and quicker
* Brown bird (Dahlia) - Trying to fly 
* Light yellow bird (Poppy) - Beauty
* Beau blue bird (Luca) -
* (Tony) - 
* (Frosh) -
[[Category:Angry Birds]]
[[Category:Characters]]</text>
      <sha1>pjhl7w64sqmdmj4fbc69v85z5349uzu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673271</id>
      <parentid>4673270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T22:18:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52683-07</username>
        <id>3627284</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673271</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="970" sha1="40t02lnlt9nsm9eeeonbs7ume25xvw3" xml:space="preserve">Every bird in Angry Birds has its own unique ability, which often affects the trajectory of their shots.
* Red bird (Red) - Standard
* Sky blue birds (Jay, Jake and Jim A.K.A. The Blues) - Splits into 3 birds
* Yellow bird (Chuck) - Speed up
* Black bird (Bomb) - Explodes
* White bird (Matilda) - Drops an egg bomb
* Green bird (Hal) - Goes back like a boomerang
* Crimson bird (Terence) - Standard but bigger
* Purple bird (Bounci, A.K.A. Zippy) - Bounce
* Orange bird (Bubbles) - Inflates
* Pink Bird (Stella) - Lifts things up with bubbles
* Silver bird (Silver) - Laughs, giggles, chuckles, cackles, guffaws, snorts, titters, snickers, tee-hees, chortles, and sniggers faster and quicker
* Brown bird (Dahlia) - Tries to fly and echoes
* Light yellow bird (Poppy) - Beauty
* Light blue bird (Luca) - Tries to fly and uses his power
* Beau blue bird (Tony) - Tries to fly and jumps
* Light blue bird (Frosh) - Freezes
[[Category:Angry Birds]]
[[Category:Characters]]</text>
      <sha1>40t02lnlt9nsm9eeeonbs7ume25xvw3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673276</id>
      <parentid>4673271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T22:40:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52683-07|~2026-52683-07]] ([[User talk:~2026-52683-07|talk]]) to last version by MrAlanKoh</comment>
      <origin>4324169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="505" sha1="omz6padm0egg5gwox80a6dtavc1t1ps" xml:space="preserve">Every bird in Angry Birds has its own unique ability, which often affects the trajectory of their shots.
* Red bird (Red) - Standard
* Blue bird (Jay, Jake and Jim A.K.A. The Blues ) - Splits into 3 birds
* Yellow bird (Chuck) - Speed up
* Black bird (Bomb) - Explodes
* White bird (Matilda) - Drops an egg bomb
* Green bird (Hal) - Goes back like a boomerang
* Terrence - Standard but bigger
* Orange bird (Bubbles) - Inflates
* Pink Bird (Stella) - Lifts things up with bubbles
{{Status|25%}}{{Bookcat}}</text>
      <sha1>omz6padm0egg5gwox80a6dtavc1t1ps</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pascal Programming/Examples</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>450373</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673169</id>
      <parentid>4212659</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T13:27:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52662-19</username>
        <id>3627252</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4673169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6495" sha1="3l54s221grqmvd90ri75xnii82q2ce1" xml:space="preserve">How Pascal can solve your problems?

= Printer driver in PCL level III=
Let's say we have a printer that our operating system does not support (there is no driver). What to do ? Write your own driver in Pascal.

PCL (Printer Command Language)&lt;ref&gt;[[:w:Printer Command Language|PCL in wikipedii]] &lt;/ref&gt;  is a page description language (PDL) developed by Hewlett-Packard as a printer protocol and has become a de facto industry standard. 

The following module allows you to print, but  only black and white. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;pascal&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;{PRINTERM.PAS - printing graphical screen on Hewlet Packard Desk Jet 550 C printer ( using PCL level III language - only black and white )}
Unit PrinterM;


INTERFACE {****************************************************************}

uses dos,graph;

const LPT1=0;      { printer port number }
      Escape=#27;
      FormFeed=#12;
      Reset=Escape+#69;
      LandscapePageOrientation=Escape+#38+#108+#49+#79;
      PortraitPageOrientation=Escape+#38+#108+#48+#79;
      StartGraphicsAtLeft=Escape+'*r0A';
      StartGraphicsAtCurrent=Escape+'*r1A';
      EndGraphics=Escape+'*rbC';
var rejestr:registers;
Procedure WriteLst(text:string);
Procedure PrinterTest;
Procedure ScreenCopy(XminOfPrint,YminOfPrint,ResolutionOfPrint:integer);
Procedure ScreenCopy1;

IMPLEMENTATION {************************************************************}

Procedure WriteLst(text:string);

  var i:integer;

  begin with rejestr do
          for i:=1 to Length(text) do
            begin Ah:=0;     { function code, 0 indicates byte output  }
                  Dx:=LPT1;  { printer port number }
                  Al:=Byte(text[i]);   { byte output }
                  Intr($17,rejestr);
            end; { for i:=1 ... }
   end; { Procedure WriteLst }
{...........................................................................}
Procedure PrinterTest;   { works in the text mode}

  begin
    rejestr.dx:=LPT1;  { Port Number to which the printer is attached ;  0 = LPT1 }
    rejestr.ah:=2;     { Function Number ; printer port status }
    Intr($17,rejestr); {BIOS Interrupt #17 : initializes the indicated printer port and returns its status }
    if rejestr.ah=144  { 10010000B : (bit 7) =1  i (bit 4) =1  }
       then writeLn('Printer on LPT1 is OK')
       else writeLn('Printer on LPT1 is not OK');
       WriteLst(Reset);
  end; { Procedure PrinterTest }
{..........................................................................}
Procedure ScreenCopy(XminOfPrint,YminOfPrint,ResolutionOfPrint:integer);
  const Weighte: array[0..7] of byte=(1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128);
  var Xmax,Ymax,x,y:integer;
      NumberOfBytes,
      ResolutionOfPrintL,
      XminOfPrintL,YminOfPrintL:string;
      MyByte:byte;r
  begin
    WriteLst(PortraitPageOrientation);
    {--------------------- ScreenResolution---------------------------------}
    Xmax:=GetMaxX;
    Ymax:=GetMaxY;
    {--------------------- NumberOfBytes in one horizontal line ----------}
    Str((Xmax div 8)+1,NumberOfBytes);
    {--------------------- Resolution of the print ---------------------------}
    Case ResolutionOfPrint of 75,100,150,300 : Str(ResolutionOfPrint,ResolutionOfPrintL);
         else if Xmax&lt;=319 then ResolutionOfPrintL:='75'
                           else if Xmax&lt;=639 then ResolutionOfPrintL:='100'
                                             else ResolutionOfPrintL:='150';
    end; { Case ResolutionOfPrint  }
    WriteLst(Escape+'*t'+ResolutionOfPrintL+'R'); { set raster graphic printing resolution  }
    {------------------- pozycja kursora -----------------------------------}
    Str(XminOfPrint,XminOfPrintL);
    Str(YminOfPrint,YminOfPrintL);
    WriteLst(Escape+'*p'+XminOfPrintL+'X'   { pozycja kursora }
                        +YminOfPrintL+'Y');
    WriteLst(StartGraphicsAtCurrent);
    {----------------------------------------------------------------------}
    For y:=0 to Ymax do
      begin
        MyByte:=0;
        WriteLst(Escape+'*b'+NumberOfBytes+'W'); { transfer raster graphics }
        For x:=0 to Xmax do
          begin
            If GetPixel(x,y)&lt;&gt;black then Bajt:=Bajt+Weighte[7-(x mod 8)];
            If ( x mod 8)=7 then begin
                                   WriteLst(Chr(MyByte));
                                   Bajt:=0;
                                 end; { If ( x mod 8 ) ... }
          end; { for x:=0 ... }
      end; { for y:=0 ... }
      {---------------------------------------------------------------------}
      WriteLst(EndGraphics);
      WriteLst(FormFeed);
  end; { Procedure ScreenCopy }
 {..........................................................................}
Procedure ScreenCopy1;

  const Weighte: array[0..7] of byte=(1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128);
        ResolutionOfPrint='75';  { dpi= dots per inch, jako lancuch }
  var   Xmax,Ymax,x,y:integer;
        NumberOfBytes,
        ResolutionOfPrintL:string;
        MyByte:byte;
        kolor:word;
  begin
    WriteLst(PortraitPageOrientation);
    {--------------------- ScreenResolution---------------------------------}
    Xmax:=GetMaxX;
    Ymax:=GetMaxY;
    {--------------------- NumberOfBytes in one horizontal line ----------}
    Str((Xmax div 8)+1,NumberOfBytes);
    {--------------------- Resolution of the print ---------------------------}
    WriteLst(Escape+'*t'+ResolutionOfPrint+'R');
    {------------------- Cursors position -----------------------------------}
    WriteLst(StartGraphicsAtLeft);
    {----------------------------------------------------------------------}
    For y:=0 to Ymax do
      begin
        MyByte:=0;
        WriteLst(Escape+'*b'+NumberOfBytes+'W'); { transfer raster graphics }
        For x:=0 to Xmax do
          begin
            If GetPixel(x,y)&lt;&gt;black then Bajt:=Bajt+Weighte[7-(x mod 8)];
            If ( x mod 8)=7 then begin
                                   WriteLst(Chr(MyByte));
                                   Bajt:=0;
                                 end; { If ( x mod 8 ) ... }
          end; { for x:=0 ... }
      end; { for y:=0 ... }
      {---------------------------------------------------------------------}
      WriteLst(EndGraphics);
      WriteLst(FormFeed);
  end; { Procedure ScreenCopy1 }

END.{********************* modulu PrinterM **********************************}
{Borland Turbo Pascal 7.0 programming language for Microsoft's MS-Dos operating system}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


{{Auto navigation|Getting started|Register}}
[[Category:Book:Pascal Programming]]</text>
      <sha1>3l54s221grqmvd90ri75xnii82q2ce1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>461506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673188</id>
      <parentid>4666547</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T18:36:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>1188004</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* This Month in Education: September 2026 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4673188</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="128647" sha1="cp6a91uoxjc53b20tpo3qm53c9x1u8q" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Counter-Vandalism Unit Members]]
{{User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ/ꠝꠣꠔ ꠇꠕꠣ}}

== Sourcing ==

Hello and thanks for your recent contributions! I'd just like to note that there are some pages in [[Sylheti]] that don't have any sourcing, despite being about historical/cultural information. Since there are a variety of ways you can add references (e.g. inline citations, reference list at the bottom of the page, etc), I'd like to encourage you to establish a reference style guide for this book to make things easier, and then use that reference method on pages where it applies. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

:Hello! Thank you for your message and for pointing it out. I'll work on creating a reference method and start adding sources to pages where it's needed. Cheers! — [[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|contribs]]) 07:27, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

== Cookbook notes ==

Hello and thanks for your cookbook contributions! A couple notes:
* When adding fractions, please use the symbol (e.g. ½ not 1/2). You can find these in the editor.
* Please make sure you are linking to the correct pages when they exist. For example, [[Cookbook:Sweet potatoes]] does not exist but [[Cookbook:Sweet Potato]] is correct. [[Cookbook:Chicken bouillon]] does not exist, but [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth]] is correct. Paying attention to capitalization and plurals is often important here.
* Make sure to only capitalize improper nouns at the beginning of a sentence of line, not in the middle. You can see the edits I've made to your recipes as guidance.
* Be mindful of where you put an instruction when listing an ingredient. For example &quot;1 cup coconut, grated&quot; is not the same as &quot;1 cup grated coconut&quot;.

Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

: Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], thank you for the feedback and the guidelines for cookbook contributions. I'll make sure to follow these points in my future contributions. If I have any questions, I'll reach out. Thanks again for your help! --[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|contribs]]) 21:18, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

== This Month in Education: September 2023 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 12 • Issue 7 • September 2023&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference|Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs|Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa|Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools|WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia|WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education |Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 05:01, 10 October 2023 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=25700976 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: October 2023 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Volume 12 • Issue 8 • October 2023&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye|3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community|CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan|Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci|Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU|PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab|PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities|WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi|Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book|Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023|Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:34, 8 November 2023 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=25784366 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: November 2023 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 12 • Issue 9 • November 2023&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education|4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo|Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia|EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia|Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities|Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania |Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/First anniversary of the game Wikeys|First anniversary of the game Wikeys]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Involve visiting students in education programs|Involve visiting students in education programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing|Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy|Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin|Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach|Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Art Outreach at Aje Compreshensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland|Art Outreach at Aje Comprehensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment|PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 08:24, 14 December 2023 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=25919737 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: January 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 1 • January 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia|Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students|Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania|Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Summer students at Auckland Museum|Summer students at Auckland Museum]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project|WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops|Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:02, 10 February 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=26091771 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: February 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 2 • February 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February|2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/More two wiki-education partnerships|More two wiki-education partnerships]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico|Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization|Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna|Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP - Call for Papers Research track|Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP – Call for Papers Research track]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:38, 20 March 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=26310117 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: March 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 3 • March 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna|Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand|Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania|Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:28, 28 April 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=26659969 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: April 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 4 • April 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/EduWiki Updates From Uganda|EduWiki Updates From Uganda]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024|Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil|Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project|Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:20, 14 May 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=26698909 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: May 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024|Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan|Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia|Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons|Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi|We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series |Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA|Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:30, 15 June 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=26854161 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: June 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 6 • June 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect|From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico|5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students|Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024|First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy|Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects |Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions|Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration|Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:58, 9 July 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=27085892 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: August 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 7 • August 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran|Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba|Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine|Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024|Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount|Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning|Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon|Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop|Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:22, 11 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=27310254 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: October 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 8 • October 2024&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year|CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic|7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo|Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edu_Wiki_in_South_Sudan:_Creating_a_better_future_in_education|Empowering Digital Literacy through Wikimedia in South Sudan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD|Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month |New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms|Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global|WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills|Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact|Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club|WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:57, 12 November 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=27733413 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: November 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 9 • November 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language|Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week|Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania|Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024|Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in School |Wikidata birthday in School]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University|Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content|Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program|Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:13, 10 December 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=27879342 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: January 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 1 • January 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey|Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education|Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran|Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra|Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey |Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania|Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia|Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia|Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil|Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:56, 5 February 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=28111205 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: February 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 2 • February 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute|Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs|Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of &quot;Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom&quot; in Yemen|Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of &quot;Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom&quot; in Yemen]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica |Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles|Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar|Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 09:04, 12 March 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=28314249 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: March 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 3 • March 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia|A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia|Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania|Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme|Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March|Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:04, 10 April 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=28458563 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: April 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 4 • April 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia|Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/The Workshops Wikimedia &amp; Education are back in Brazil|The Workshops Wikimedia &amp; Education are back in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools|EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja|Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues |Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania|Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza|Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:49, 10 May 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=28656387 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: May 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 5 • May 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania|Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania|Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May|Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program|Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop|Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia |The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Wikimedia MKD's &quot;Lajka&quot; workshop in Skopje|Wikimedia MKD's &quot;Lajka&quot; workshop in Skopje]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:58, 28 May 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=28771448 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: June 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 6 • June 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague|Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota|Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT|Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children|PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College|Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June|Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival|Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:19, 27 June 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=28903832 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: July 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 7 • July 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025|Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania|Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025|Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs|Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning|The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025 |When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD|Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia|Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague|Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:01, 1 August 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=29005310 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: August 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 8 • August 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom|Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki|Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins|Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI|Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader|From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators|From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain|Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal|Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network|Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/The brains behind Wikipedia|The brains behind Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers|Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point|Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers|Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University|Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers|St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna|Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education|In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer|Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:16, 2 September 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=29205629 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: September 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 9 • September 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination|Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism &amp; Folklore 2025 Winners|CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism &amp; Folklore 2025 Winners]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025|2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište|Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters|Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach |Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU &amp; Alvan|Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU &amp; Alvan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia|Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Monográfico sobre Wikipedia en el aula, Revista Docere|Monograph on Wikipedia in the classroom, Docere Magazine]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan|The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025|The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes|Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cultura libre en las aulas|Free culture in the classroom]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs|Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:10, 2 October 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=29344785 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: October 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 10 • October 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/&quot;WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!&quot; winner at the Open Education Awards 2025|&quot;WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!&quot; winner at the Open Education Awards 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer|A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil|Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta|Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025|India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/JDACA &amp; Amman Arab University|JDACA &amp; Amman Arab University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September|New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset|Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October|Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania|Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:05, 2 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=29511272 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: November 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 11 • November 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 &amp; 2026|Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 &amp; 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia|Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras|Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day|190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI|2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States|Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th|November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025|EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia|Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka|Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe|Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course|Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training|United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM|Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge|Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo|Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo|Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community|Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:47, 30 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=29716809 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: December 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 12 • December 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages|WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context|What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge|WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina|Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop in St Aloysius University |WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop in St Aloysius University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição|Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025|Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania|New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania|New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025|Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop|Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:22, 17 December 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=29814101 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: January 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto &quot;25x25&quot; llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:26, 28 January 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=29951116 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: February 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:56, 3 March 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30155806 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: March 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:21, 1 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30317659 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: April 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:01, 27 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30406002 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: May 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 5 • May 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities|Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania|Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Debating free license in Brazil|Debating free license in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India|Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects|Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges|Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem|Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria|Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia MKD's Education News &amp; Activities|Wikimedia MKD's Education News &amp; Activities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year|Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:53, 1 June 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30604297 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: June 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 6 • June 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement|Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026|Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries|Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education|Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite|Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo|Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives|Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana|Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/&quot;25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia&quot; in Córdoba, Argentina|&quot;25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia&quot; in Córdoba, Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities|Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026|Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program|From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter|EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography|Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes|Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda|Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 04:16, 28 June 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30725833 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: July 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 7 • July 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Practical Wikipedia Training for Teachers Held in Tetovo, Macedonia|Practical Wikipedia Training for Teachers Held in Tetovo, Macedonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Wikimedia Ukraine at the Teachers of the Future Festival|Wikimedia Ukraine at the Teachers of the Future Festival]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Six Months of Growth, Learning, and Impact: My Journey as an EduWiki Mentor|Six Months of Growth, Learning, and Impact: My Journey as an EduWiki Mentor]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/PhilWiki Community pays homage to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry at Wikimania Paris 2026|PhilWiki Community pays homage to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry at Wikimania Paris 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Google25 Expands Tamil Wikipedia Community|Google25 Expands Tamil Wikipedia Community]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Edu Wiki camp gathers Serbian youth around the topic of open knowledge|Edu Wiki camp gathers Serbian youth around the topic of open knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Cátedra Glaciares: A Collaborative Experience for the Study and Conservation of Colombia’s Cryosphere|Cátedra Glaciares: A Collaborative Experience for the Study and Conservation of Colombia’s Cryosphere]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Continuing Wiki education partnerships in Brazil|Continuing Wiki education partnerships in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/Building EduWiki in Albania: From school outreach to student contributions in Wikimedia projects|Building EduWiki in Albania: From school outreach to student contributions in Wikimedia projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/1Lib1Ref WUGN Kaduna, 2026|1Lib1Ref WUGN Kaduna, 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2026/We create the first master class on access to knowledge and open technology in collaboration with National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM|We create the first master class on access to knowledge and open technology in collaboration with National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 19:48, 30 July 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30838310 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: August 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 8 • August 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Coordinating Wikimedia's Presence in Iraqi Universities|Coordinating Wikimedia's Presence in Iraqi Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/The EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Is Now Available in Spanish|The EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Is Now Available in Spanish]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki and democracy campaign launches in Brazil|Wiki and democracy campaign launches in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki Clubs strengthen youth participation in open knowledge in the Philippines|Wiki Clubs strengthen youth participation in open knowledge in the Philippines]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wikidata for research in the UI1|Wikidata for research in the UI1]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Nupe Wikipedia Hits 1,000 Articles: The Next Chapter in Our Knowledge Journey |Nupe Wikipedia Hits 1,000 Articles: The Next Chapter in Our Knowledge Journey]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Recruiting newcomers to preserve Yiddish using Wiktionary as a tool|Recruiting newcomers to preserve Yiddish using Wiktionary as a tool]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Voices in Our Hands: How Nigerian Kids are Documenting Nigerian Sign Language for the World|Voices in Our Hands: How Nigerian Kids are Documenting Nigerian Sign Language for the World]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Wiki in Schools, Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in Schools, Architecture and Open Heritage]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/More than 200 registrations, 22 speakers, and seven hours of shared experience: Wikimedia Ukraine’s Education Community Conference 2026|More than 200 registrations, 22 speakers, and seven hours of shared experience: Wikimedia Ukraine’s Education Community Conference 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Launch of Wikifying a Conference handbook|Launch of Wikifying a Conference handbook]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/EduWiki Hub Updates: Working Groups Feedback Session and a New Roundtable for Program Officers|EduWiki Hub Updates: Working Groups Feedback Session and a New Roundtable for Program Officers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2026/Curiosity through academic inquiry - learning by writing Wikipedia articles in Serbia|Curiosity through academic inquiry - learning by writing Wikipedia articles in Serbia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:54, 1 September 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30917014 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: September 2026 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 9 • September 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikipedia Writing Training at Universitas Terbuka. WikiRempah Welcomes Wikimedians in Ternate|Wikipedia Writing Training at Universitas Terbuka. WikiRempah Welcomes Wikimedians in Ternate]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikimedia MKD’s Wiki Camp &amp; Team Building 2026|Wikimedia MKD’s Wiki Camp &amp; Team Building 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikimedia Commons Training for Students at Universitas Nurul Hasan Bacan: Mobilizing Bacan's Youth with WikiRempah|Wikimedia Commons Training for Students at Universitas Nurul Hasan Bacan: Mobilizing Bacan's Youth with WikiRempah]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Wikidata integration in the Library &amp; Information Science course|Wikidata integration in the Library &amp; Information Science course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Translating the EduWiki Newcomer's Starter Kit in Albanian language|Translating the EduWiki Newcomer's Starter Kit in Albanian language]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Training Wikimedia Commons WikiRempah in Bacan, Bringing Digital Education to an Island Without Electricity|Training Wikimedia Commons WikiRempah in Bacan, Bringing Digital Education to an Island Without Electricity]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Synergy Between WikiRempah, the West Halmahera Regency Education and Culture Office, and the Sultanate of Jailolo in Documenting Spice Route Cultural Sites|Synergy Between WikiRempah, the West Halmahera Regency Education and Culture Office, and the Sultanate of Jailolo in Documenting Spice Route Cultural Sites]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/St Aloysius Wiki Club Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Tulu Wikipedia|St Aloysius Wiki Club Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Tulu Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Road to Open Source: bringing open source contribution into Indian engineering classrooms|Road to Open Source: bringing open source contribution into Indian engineering classrooms]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Photography and education: initiatives in Brazil|Photography and education: initiatives in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Open Knowledge Initiatives Summer Internship 2026 – Project Workflow &amp; Learnings|Open Knowledge Initiatives Summer Internship 2026 – Project Workflow &amp; Learnings]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Media Literacy Teacher Training with Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful|Media Literacy Teacher Training with Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Heritage Across Borders: St Aloysius Wiki Club Students Celebrate Cultural Heritage Through Wikipedia|Heritage Across Borders: St Aloysius Wiki Club Students Celebrate Cultural Heritage Through Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/From Bandung's Street Signs to Wikipedia: Rediscovering Sundanese Script|From Bandung's Street Signs to Wikipedia: Rediscovering Sundanese Script]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/CSPC Wiki Club launches student community for open knowledge and youth leadership|CSPC Wiki Club launches student community for open knowledge and youth leadership]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Amplifying Underrepresented Voices: Lessons from the Language Diversity Hub 2026|Amplifying Underrepresented Voices: Lessons from the Language Diversity Hub 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2026/Education activity: Can I trust Wikipedia?|Education activity: Can I trust Wikipedia?]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:36, 30 September 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=31092240 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cp6a91uoxjc53b20tpo3qm53c9x1u8q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ottawahitech/wikibooks diary</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>465383</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673189</id>
      <parentid>4381526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T18:38:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-40500-29</username>
        <id>3615407</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 2024-03-20 Happy birthday */ add 2026-09-30</comment>
      <origin>4673189</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7605" sha1="q01kb0so18b3y677o45ro6s0o6gsarg" xml:space="preserve">== 2024-02-27 ==
I've been looking around here since 15 January 2024 trying to see if there is anything I can contribute to this wiki. I still don't understand how this place works. On the surface it appears that the only users who will find this wiki useful are those who want to publish a complete book about a specific topic. I have looked around for a bit and found a lot of old undeveloped skeletons. The exception so far is the cookbook where, I assume, contributors who are not not the original author can add their own recipes. But there are a lot of old, most likely outdated technical half-finished books about proprietary ware with authours who are no longer active.

Today I saw for the first time a banner (MediaWiki:Sitenotice) which shows up on all the pages that I visited:
* &quot;The Wikibooks community is developing a policy on the use of generative AI. Please view the [[Wikibooks:Artificial Intelligence|draft policy]] and provide feedback on its [[Wikibooks talk:Artificial Intelligence|talk page]].&quot;
which is a good sign for me because I rarely get to see such banners on other wiki-projects, even when others seem to see them. I wonder why this one does not also show up in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Bulletin Board]]

Also today I discovered that the book [[The Wikimedia movement]] has had content in it sine 2024-02-05 that I did not see until today and I wonder why. I am pretty sure I have checked this page periodically since I started participating more frequently on 2024-01-15.

== 2024-03-01 ==
When I first started editing here I tried to find a new book every day by clicking [[Special:RandomInCategory/Book:Wikibooks Stacks/Books|''Random book'']] (Navigation menu). Then I started finding books  in the list of [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]]. I wish it was easier to locate books through [[Wikibooks:Card Catalog Office|Browse]].

Some interesting pages discovered by accident:

# [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]
# [[Field Guide/Birds/Falco peregrinus]]
# [[Horticulture/Chainsaws]]
# [[Transwiki:Civics]]
# [[Cookbook:Fried-brain Sandwich]]
# [[Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant: The WikiBook]]
# [[How to Solve the Rubik's Cube]]
One of the things I am trying out here is actively using my ''watchlist'', something I rarely do on other wikis. This wiki is different because it does not automatically add pages that I edit to my watchlist which, so far, is a pain.  But we'll see how I feel about it as time goes on and I have accumulated lots of pages on m watchlist. '''note to self''': check if this is something controlled through my preferences. Another I do different here is use ''visual edit'' whenever I can (also a pain, but hopefully will get better when I get used to it).

=== ''visual stability'' ===
One of the things I really like about Wikibooks is its ''visual stability'' (I need to find a term for this). Knowing where things are helps when trying to go through foreign language wikis. The English wikipedia and others have moved on to a different looking page.

When I log in at WB I see the same every time:

* On my first horizontal line: [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] [[Special:Notifications|Alert (n1) Notices (n2)]] [[User talk:Ottawahitech|My discussion]] [[User:Ottawahitech/sandbox|Sandbox]] [[Special:Preferences|Preferences]] [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|Contributions]] Log out
* My second horizontal line:  [[User:Ottawahitech/wikibooks diary|User page]] [[User talk:Ottawahitech/wikibooks diary|Discussion]] [[User:Ottawahitech/wikibooks diary|Read]] Edit Edit source View history
* on the vertical left bar I see:

==== Navigation menu ====
* [[Main Page]]
* [[Help:Contents|Help]]
* [[Wikibooks:Card Catalog Office|Browse]]
* [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Cookbook]]
* [[Wikijunior]]
* [[Wikibooks:Featured books|Featured books]]
* [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]]
* Donations
* [[Special:RandomInCategory/Book:Wikibooks Stacks/Books|Random book]]
* [[Using Wikibooks]]

==== Community ====
* [[Wikibooks:Reading room|Reading room forum]]
* [[Wikibooks:Community Portal|Community portal]]
* [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Bulletin Board|Bulletin Board]]
* [[Wikibooks:Maintenance|Help out!]]
* [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]

==== [[Wikibooks:Contact us|Contact us]] ====

==== Tools ====
* [[Special:WhatLinksHere/User:Ottawahitech/wikibooks diary|What links here]]
* [[Special:RecentChangesLinked/User:Ottawahitech/wikibooks diary|Related changes]]
* [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|User contributions]]
* [[Special:Log/Ottawahitech|Logs]]
* [[Special:Mute/Ottawahitech|Mute preferences]]
* [[Special:UserRights/Ottawahitech|View user groups]]
* Upload file
* [[Special:SpecialPages|Special pages]]
* Page information
* Get shortened URL
* Download QR code

==== Sister projects ====
* Wikipedia
* Wikiversity
* Wiktionary
* Wikiquote
* Wikisource
* Wikinews
* Wikivoyage
* Commons
* Wikidata
* MediaWiki
* Meta-Wiki

==== Languages ====
If I ever decide to write a book (I really don't think so right now), what would I write about? One thing that comes to mind which is not properly covered in any of the wmf-wikis (I think?) is a comparison between wmf-wiki  and [[User:Ottawahitech/WB: Yahoo Groups vs wikiland|Yahoo Groups administration]]

== 2024-03-18 ==

I just discovered [[META:Requests for comment/Global ban for Slowking4 (2)]] when I was following links posted by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] on [[another wiki]] which led me to the VP at ENWQ where [[an announcement of this meta RFC had been posted on March 14]]. Just curious why the same announcement was not posted here

== 2024-03-20 Happy birthday ==

Just received a happy birthday note from my calendar. Today is my fourth birthday at 
[https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiquote:Village_pump&amp;oldid=2760053#Would_this_be_the_correct_page_to_ask_how_to_make_amends_for_any_harm_we've_caused_Wikiquote? the English Wikiquote], sigh...

Note to self: fix the wiki link above

==2026-09-30==
I have not participated much in the enwb community since I started this diary. So what has changed here since the last time I updated this page? Hmm, lets see…

In the real world AI /SI (artificial intelligence) has become common in web-searches causing a drop in polularity for the Wikimedia (wm) websites. It is nice to see that content from wm  as well as so-called-fake sources are being used as input into the AI-sausage  thereby creating more balanced artificial-intelligence content available to the public. However the inevitable drop in popularity of these wiki websites may end up choking the free content contributions, number of willing contributors, and the amount of financial donation to the Wikimedia Movement.

Many more language wiki websites continue to be added to Wikimedia, but at the same time some are being shelved. For example: all (I think?) language versions of wn (WikiNews)  have been shelved. Interesting to note that the same wm-User (RIP) who  controlled the development of  enwn (English-WikiNews) also controlled the development of enwb (en-WikiBooks). I am wondering which other wm-websites have been / will be shelved in the future and why. Also notable is the wm-global-blocking / banning (not sure if there is a difference in those wm-terms) of User-SlowKing (SK) after a series of unsuccessful wm-RFCs (Requests for Comments) to globally block/ban. SK was one of the most prolific contributors to the  ws (WikiSource) wm-website and other such websites.


To be continued?</text>
      <sha1>q01kb0so18b3y677o45ro6s0o6gsarg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...c5/4. c3/4...Nc6</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>468912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673381</id>
      <parentid>4655305</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T09:23:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenman</username>
        <id>7490</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Theory table */ expand</comment>
      <origin>4673381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="916" sha1="710n3ao2au9o7c6ms22wge3jawc2yb4" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Position|=
|Caro-Kann - Advance Variation, Botvinnik-Carls Defense

}}
=4... Nc6 · Caro-Kann - Botvinnik-Carls Defence=

This is the best continuation for black after the move [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...c5/4. c3|4. c3]] in response to the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...c5|Botvinnik-Carls Defence]]. It adds pressure on the d4 pawn. The move 5. Nf3, defending the pawn, should be met with 5... cxd4 6. cxd4 Bg4. This sequence allows for sustained pressure on the d4 pawn, which can be increased via the g8-e7-f5 manoeuvre of the black knight. 

{{ChessMid}}
==Theory table==
{{ChessTable}}
{{Chess/theory table
|name1=
|line1=5. Nf3
|eval1=

|name2=
|line2=5. Be2
|eval2=

|name3=
|line3=5. Bb5
|eval3=

|name4=
|line4=5. Be3
|eval4=

|name5=
|line5=5. Bb5
|eval5=
}}

{{ChessMid}}

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}}
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>710n3ao2au9o7c6ms22wge3jawc2yb4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:JJPMaster (bot)/markAdmins-Data.json</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>471107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673403</id>
      <parentid>4672856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:49:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JJPMaster (bot)</username>
        <id>3488561</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: Updating markAdmins data</comment>
      <origin>4673403</origin>
      <model>json</model>
      <format>application/json</format>
      <text bytes="52729" sha1="74zxpmfqgqad31pbzed8ymynrqfia7b" xml:space="preserve">{
	&quot;.snoopy.&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;1234qwer1234qwer4&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;157yagz5r48a5f1a1f&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;1997kB&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;1F616EMO&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;1exec1&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;1sfoerster&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;20041027 tatsu&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;2005-Fan&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;331dot&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;33rogers&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;3MMPEYTON&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;4PlayerChess&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;4pillars&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;511KeV&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;94rain&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;A R King&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;A Sulaiman Z&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;A.K.Karthikeyan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;A09&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;AFBorchert&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;AIProf&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ALittleSlow&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;AManWithNoPlan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ATannedBurger&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;AVRS&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Aafi&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Abenwagner&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Abigor&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Abitt002&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Abyssal&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Acagastya&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Acalamari&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Acarologiste&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;AcidBat&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Acrow005&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Actualist&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Adalvis&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Adart001&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Adavyd&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Addihockey10&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Addihockey10 (automated)&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Adrignola&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;AdventureWriter&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Aelxen&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Aferg006&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Afett001&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Affe2011&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Agnerf&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Agpires&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Agricola&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Agusbou2015&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ah3kal&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ahecht&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ahonc&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;AiClassEland&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ainz Ooal Gown&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Airpmb&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ajraddatz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Aka&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Alanah.97&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Albertoleoncio&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Albmont&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Alchimista&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Aldnonymous&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Aledownload&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Alexey Vazhnov&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Alexlatham96&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Alextejthompson&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Alison&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;AllenZh&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Alphama&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;AlvaroMolina&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;AmandaNP&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ambrevar&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Amcgail&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ameisenigel&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;ombuds&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;AmieKim&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Amire80&quot;: [
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Anachronist&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ancient9983&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Andrei Stroe&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Andrew janke&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Andriy.v&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Andyross&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Anil Shaligram&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Animajosser&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Anne Correia&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Anonim Şahıs&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Anonymity&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;AnotherEditor144&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Antanana&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Antandrus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Anthere&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;AntiCompositeNumber&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Antonizoon&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Antonw&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Apfelmus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Aphoneyclimber&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Aplucas0703&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Apocheir&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Aqurs1&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;AramilFeraxa&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Arch dude&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Archolman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Arcticocean&quot;: [
		&quot;ombuds&quot;
	],
	&quot;ArdentPerf&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Arian&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Arlen22&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Armchair&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Arno-nl&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Arrow303&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Arthurvogel&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Artoria2e5&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Arturoiochoam&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Arunreginald&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;AshLin&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Atcovi&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Athrash&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Atiedebee&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Atlas.Spheres&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Atsme&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Auremel&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Austncorp&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;AuthorsAndContributorsBot&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Avicennasis&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Avraham&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Awesome Princess&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Axpde&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Az1568&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Az2008&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Azotochtli&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;B.Korlah&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;BD2412&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;BORGATO Pierandrea&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;BRPever&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;BRUTE&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Backfromquadrangle&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Baiji&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bakasakali&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Balaji.md au&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;BarkingFish&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Barras&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Base&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bastique&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bautsch&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;BeardMD&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Beetstra&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;BenTels&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bencemac&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Benjamin J. Burger&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Benjamin.doe&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Benrattray&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Benson Muite&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bentbracke&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bequw&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bert Niehaus&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;BethNaught&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Beuc&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bhardwaj Anil&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;BiT&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bigdelboy&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bignose~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Billinghurst&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Billymac00&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Biplab Anand&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Birdofadozentides&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;BitterAsianMan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bluefoxicy&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bluerasberry&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;BobChan2&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bobby Cohn&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bodhisattwa&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;BoldLuis&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Borhan&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Boris1951zz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bpenn005&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Brewster239&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bridget&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Brienna.Hall77&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Brim&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Brittanys&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bronwynh&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bsadowski1&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Buddpaul&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bullercruz1&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Buncic&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bunnypranav&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;BurakD53&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Burkep&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ByGrace&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Bykim2012&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;C1203sc&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CJakes1&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CKWG - Ada Magica&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cabayi&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;CaitlinCarbury&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;CalciumTetraoxide&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CalendulaAsteraceae&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Caliburn&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CallumPoole&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Calvin.Andrus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cameron11598&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Camouflaged Mirage&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Captain-tucker&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Carlo.milanesi&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Caro de Segeda&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CarsracBot&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Catermark&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cecila123&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cedar101&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Champion&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chaojidage&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chaojoker&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chaotic Enby&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chapka&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Charidri&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Charleneabeana&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Charles Jeffrey Danoff&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CharlesHoffman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chazz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chelseafan528&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cheryl2012&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chescargot&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chi Sigma&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chinmayee Mishra&quot;: [
		&quot;ombuds&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chongkian&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chowbok&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ChrisHodgesUK&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ChrisWallace&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chriswaterguy&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Chuckhoffmann&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Church of emacs&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cic&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ciell&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cilantrohead&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cintilo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Circuit dreamer&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Circuit-fantasist&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Civvì&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ckwalker&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Clairerusselll&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cloidl&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cmsmcq&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cnrowley&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CocoaZen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CoconutOctopus&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Codename Noreste&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;interface-admin&quot;
	],
	&quot;Codename Noroeste&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Codinghead&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CommonsDelinker&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Comp.arch&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Conan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cormullion&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Count Count&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Coupe&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Courcelles&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CptViraj&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Craignewland&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Craxd1&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CrazyEddy&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cremastra&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cremastra (JWB)&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cromium&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cromwellt&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Crystal East&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cttcraig&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cultures17&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cultures33&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cultures4&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cultures92&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;CunninghamJohn&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Curtaintoad&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Cyberpower678&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Céréales Killer&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;D1n05aur5 4ever&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DARIO SEVERI&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;DC Slagel&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DCB&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;DD 8630&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DERDAKI ILIAS&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;DGerman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DVD206&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DZadventiste&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DaB.&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;DaGizza&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dagana4&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dallas1278&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dan Koehl&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dan Polansky&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dan-aka-jack&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DanCherek&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Danarwaller&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DanielWhernchend&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Danielravennest&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Danilka5469&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Daniuu&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;DannyS712&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Darklama&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Darklilac&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Darrelljon&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DarwIn&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dave Braunschweig&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;David L Davis&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DavidCary&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DavidCota64&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DavidLevinson&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Davidbena&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dayshade&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dchmelik&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dcljr&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dcondon&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Deepfriedokra&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;DejaVu&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;DennisDaniels&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dennisblu&quot;: [
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Denniss&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Der-Wir-Ing&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;DerHexer&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Derek Andrews&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Designermadsen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Deu&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dexxor&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dezedien&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Diandramartin&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Didym&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dino Bronto Rex&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dirk Hünniger&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Divinations&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Djb&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Djbrown&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dlrohrer2003&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dmccreary&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Doc Taxon&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Doctorxgc&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dom walden&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Domdomegg&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DominikTurner&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;DonaldKronos&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DoubleGrazing&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Doubleotoo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Downdate&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dr-Taher&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dr.Unclear&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dreftymac&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Drpundir&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Drummingman&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;DuLithgow&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dungodung&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Duplode&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;DustDFG&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Dyolf77&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;EDCU320RHT&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;EDUC320 Sylvialiang&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;EE JRW&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;EMAD KAYYAM&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;EPIC&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;EarlGrey2005&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ebe123&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ecarew&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Edgar181&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Edit filter&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;EdoDodo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Edornbush&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Edriiic&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Efex&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Efex3&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Effeietsanders&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;EggRoll97&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Egil&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Eihel&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ejs-80&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ekaroleski&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Elaurier&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Elcobbola&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Electro&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ElfSnail123&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Eli bubo4ka&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Eliarani&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Elli&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ellywa&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Elmacenderesi&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Elton&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Emha&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;EmilymDaniel&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Empire3131&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Encik Tekateki&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Enzomartinelli&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Eric Evers&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Erigena&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Erik Baas&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ErinNik&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Erinamukuta&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ErrantX&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;EruannoVG&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Espen180&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Eta Carinae&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ethacke1&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Eumolpo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Euphydryas&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Eurodyne&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;EvDawg93&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;EvanCarroll&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ewen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Exusiai&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ezarate&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fabartus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Faendalimas&quot;: [
		&quot;ombuds&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fasten&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Faster than Thunder&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fathoms Below&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fcorthay&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fdena&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Federhalter&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fehufanga&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fekarp&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fephisto&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ferien&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fernando2812l&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fernly&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ffion B Thompson&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fimatic&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;FischX&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fishpi&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Flattail&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;FlightTime&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Flolit&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fluffernutter&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;FlyingAce&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fountain Pen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fr33kman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;FrancisFromGaspesie&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Frantsch&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fredericknortje&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Fritzlein~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Frozen Wind&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ftaljaard&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ftiercel&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Furrykef&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GKFX&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Galahad&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gampe&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ganímedes&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gary Dorman Wiggins&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Garygaryj&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gat lombard&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gc211&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Geagea&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Geekgirl&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GemmaCampbell&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Geoff Plourde&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Geofferybard&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GerbenRienk&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gerges&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Germany Poul Ah&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gertbuschmann&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ggee0621&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gifnk dlm 2020&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Girdi&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Glaisher&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Glane23&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gleb713&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Glich&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gllyons&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gmasterman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GoblinInventor&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Godsy&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Good afternoon&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GoreyCat&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GorgeUbuasha&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GorillaWarfare&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gott wisst&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Goulart&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gpkp&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gracebaysinger&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Graeme E. Smith&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Greatswrd&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GreenC&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Greenbreen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Greenman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GregXenon01&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gretski247&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GreyCat&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Grin&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Growl41&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Guaka&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Guanaco&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;GuillermoHazebrouck&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Guus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Guy vandegrift&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Guywan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Gzuufy&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;HJ Mitchell&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;HLand&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;HYanWong&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ha98574&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hagindaz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;HakanIST&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hamish&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hanay&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hannes Röst&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hans Adler&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Haoreima&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Happy-melon&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Harry Wood&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Harrybrowne1986&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Harv4&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hasley&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hazard-SJ&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;He7d3r&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;HenkvD&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Herbythyme&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hercule&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Herman darman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;HerrHartmuth&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hethrir&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;HgDeviasse&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hippias&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hliow&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Holder&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Holdoffhunger&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hoo man&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;HouseBlaster&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Howard Beale&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hpon&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hrkalona&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hskeet&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Htm&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hugetim&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Humaira Ali&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Huntertur&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Hydriz&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;IB Muazzam&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ibidthewriter&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ibrahim.ID&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Icetruck&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Icodense&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Idavidmiller&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ideasman42&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Igna&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ijon&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Illusional&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Iluvatar&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Indiana&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Inductiveload&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Inertia6084&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Inferno986return&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Infinite0694&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ingolemo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Insignificantwrangler&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Internoob&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;InverseHypercube&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Isenhand&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ish ishwar&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Iste Praetor&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;It-is-Truly-Meet&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ItsNyoty&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Itsmeyash31&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Itswikisam&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Itti&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ixfd64&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;J ansari&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;J.palacios.jean&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;J36miles&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JBW&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;JCrue&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JJ12880&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JJMC89&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;JJPMaster&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;interface-admin&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;JJPMaster (test 1)&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;JJohnson&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JJohnson1701&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JPPINTO&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jack Frost&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;JackBot&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JackPotte&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;,
		&quot;interface-admin&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jackhand1&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jacob J. Walker&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jafeluv&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jake Park&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jakec&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JamesCrook&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JamesNZ&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jamesofur&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jamesssss&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jamzze&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jan Myšák&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jan.duggan&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Janbery&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Janpha&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Janschejbal&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jason.Cozens&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jaspalkaler&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jasper Deng&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;JavaHurricane&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Javier Carro&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JavierCantero&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jay Bolero&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jazzmanian&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jcb&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jcwf&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jeff G.&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jeff1138&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jellysandwich0&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JenVan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JenniferPalacios&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jenniferjkidd&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jens Østergaard Petersen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JeremyMcCracken&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jeroenr&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jerome Charles Potts&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jerry vlntn&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jesdisciple&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jessephu&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jfmantis&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jianhui67&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jianhui67 public&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jim Ashby&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;JimKillock&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jimbotyson&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jimmy Xu&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jkauf007&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jmdeschamps&quot;: [
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jnanaranjan sahu&quot;: [
		&quot;ombuds&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jnewh001&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jobin RV&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Joewiz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Johannes Bo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Johannnes89&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;John Cross&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JohnMarcelo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Johnkn63&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Johnwhelan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jokes Free4Me&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jomegat&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jon Harald Søby&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jon Kolbert&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jonathan Webley&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jordan Brown&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JorisvS&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Josve05a&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jrincayc&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jsnaree&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jtneill&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JuethoBot&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jugandi&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jules*&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Juliancolton&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Jumark27&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;JustTheFacts33&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Justlettersandnumbers&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;K6ka&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kadı&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kai Burghardt&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kaltenmeyer&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kambai Akau&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kanjy&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kapooht&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Karl Wick&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Karosent&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kashkhan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kathryn Mary Nicholson&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Katiemgeorge&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Katyauchter&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kaushlendratripathi&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kaw8yh&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kayau&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kellen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kelti&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kiefer.Wolfowitz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Killarnee&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;King of Hearts&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kingaustin07&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kingofnuthin&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kirito&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kittycataclysm&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kj cheetham&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kkmurray&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kl-robertson&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Klaas van Buiten&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Knittedbees&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Knoppson&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Koantum&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Koavf&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kodos&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;KonstantinaG07&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kowey&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;KrakatoaKatie&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Krd&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Krdbot&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kri&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Krinkle&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kropotkine 113&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kruusamägi&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ktucker&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kwamikagami&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kwhitefoot&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kylu&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Kızıl&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;L10nM4st3r&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;LABoyd2&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;LM.CR&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;LR0725&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ladislav&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ladsgroup&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ladybug62&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lagoset&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Larsnooden&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Laurianedani&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lcraw005&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ldo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Leaderboard&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;interface-admin&quot;
	],
	&quot;Learnerktm&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lechatjaune&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Leighblackall&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lemonaka&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lengel46&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lentokonefani&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;LeoChiukl&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Leonard64&quot;: [
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Leonidlednev&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Leovanderven&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lesless&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Leyo&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lgriot&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Liam987&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Liao&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Libperry&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Limiza&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Litlok&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Little Sunshine&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Llakew&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;LlamaAl&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lobsteroh&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;LodestarChariot2&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lofty abyss&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Logictheo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lomita&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Londonjackbooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lovepeacejoy404&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lp0 on fire&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lubaochuan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Luckas Blade&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lucystewpid&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ludovic Brenta&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ludovicocaldara&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lukas²³&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;LukeCEL&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lvova&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Lwill031&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;M7&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;MARKELLOS&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;MBq&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;MF-Warburg&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MGA73&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;MIacono&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MNeuschaefer&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MS Sakib&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mabdul&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Madisonhen&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Magda.dagda&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Magnus Manske&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mahagaja&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MaikoM93&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Maire&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Malarz pl&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Manchiu&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;MandoRachovitsa&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mandy Hopkins&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ManuelGR&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MarcGarver&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;,
		&quot;checkuser&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Marco Klunder&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MarcoAurelio&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Marcus Cyron&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mardus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MarkJFernandes&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MarkTraceur&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Markcwm&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Markhobley&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MarsRover&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Marshman~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Martin Kraus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Martin Sauter&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Martin Urbanec&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;MartinPoulter&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Martinwguy2&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MarygoldRules&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Master tongue&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Masti&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Math buff&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MathXplore&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mathildem16&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mathmensch&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mathmensch-Smalledits&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mathmogeek&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Maths314&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Matiia&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Matrix&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Matsievsky&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mattb112885&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mattbarton.exe&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Matttest&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Max&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Max Milas&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Maxim&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Maximillion Pegasus&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Maxint2&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mazbel&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mbch331&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mbrickn&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mcdonnkm&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mcld&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mdkoch84&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mdmckenzie&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MdsShakil&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mdupont&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Me Lendroz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Meanmicio&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mecanismo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MediaKyle&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Meditation&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Meev0&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mehman&quot;: [
		&quot;ombuds&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Melos&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;MemicznyJanusz&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mendelivia~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Meniktah&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mercy&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MerlLinkBot&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mfield&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mh7kJ&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Michael Romanov&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MichaelFrey&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Michaelbluett&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mido&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;MihalOrela&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MiiCii&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mike Hayes&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mike.lifeguard&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mild Bill Hiccup&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mill3315&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Millbart&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mimarx&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Min1996&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Minorax&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mirinano&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mithridates&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mjbt&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mjchael&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mjkaye&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mkline&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mlipl001&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Moby-Dick4000&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mohean&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Money-lover-12345&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Moonriddengirl&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Morkoz&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mortense&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mpfau&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mr. Stradivarius&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MrAlanKoh&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MrJaroslavik&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;ombuds&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mrajcok&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mrjulesd&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mrwojo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mschrag&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Msmithma&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;MtPenguinMonster&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mtarch11&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Musical Inquisit&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mussklprozz&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mvolz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mwtoews&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mxn&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Myklaw&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mykola7&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Mys 721tx&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;NDG&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nadzik&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;NahidSultan&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nangkhan Magar&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Natuur12&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nbarth&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nbro&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nehaoua&quot;: [
		&quot;ombuds&quot;
	],
	&quot;Neils51&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nemoralis&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Neojacob&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Neriah&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nesbit&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Newlisp&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nfgdayton&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;NhacNy2412&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nick.anderegg&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;NickPenguin&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;NicoScribe&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nicole Sharp&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nieuwsgierige Gebruiker&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nigos&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nihonjoe&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nikai&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ninjastrikers&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;NipplesMeCool&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Njardarlogar&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nobody60&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nolispanmo&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nomstuff&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nonenmac&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Norton&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Npettiaux&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nsaa&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Nthep&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;NuclearWarfare&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;OMSMike&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Officer781&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Oleander&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Oliviacatherall&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Omphalographer&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;OnBeyondZebrax&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Onsen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ontzak&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Orderud&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;OrenBochman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Oshwah&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ottawahitech&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Owain.davies&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PAC&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PAC2&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PK 97&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PNW Raven&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pac8612&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Paloi Sciurala&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Panic2k4&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pascal Pignard&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pastbury&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pathfinders&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pathoschild&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Patrik&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PauSix&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Paul James&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pavroo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PbakerODU&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pbrower2a&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pearts&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Peeragogia&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Peri Coleman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Perl~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Peter1180&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PeterEasthope&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Peyton09&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Phan M. Nhat&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;PhilKnight&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Phoebe&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Phosgram&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pi zero&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PieWriter&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Piotrus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pithikos&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pittsburgh Poet&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pjpearce&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pkkao&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Planotse&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Platonides&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pluke&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PlyrStar93&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pminh141&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pmlineditor&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pmw57&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Poetcsw&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PoizonMyst&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pola 2607&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Polimerek&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Polluks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pookiyama&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Popski&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Povigna&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ppolar bear&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pppery&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Prahlad balaji&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pratyeka&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Praxidicae&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Primefac&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Prince Kassad~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Pronesto&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Prototyperspective&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Psoup&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Psr1909&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PullUpYourSocks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;PurpleBuffalo&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;PurplePieman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Purplebackpack89&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Putukas01&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Qenalcu&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Quebecguy&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;QueerEcofeminist&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Quinlan83&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Quintucket&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Qwerty number1&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Qwertyus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Qədir&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;R. Henrik Nilsson&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;RAdimer-WMF&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;RDBury&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;RJHall&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ra'ike&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rachboots&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rachel&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rachmat04&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;RadiX&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Raffaela Kunz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rahulkepapa&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ramac&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rambam rashi&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Randykitty&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;RatónMístico176&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ravichandar84&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rawheatley&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ray Trygstad&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;RayeChellMahela&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Raymond&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Razr Nation&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rchaswms01&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rcragun&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Readyokaygo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Recent Runes&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Redlentil&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Refcanimm&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Regasterios&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Reinhard Kraasch&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;RenaissanceMan2144&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Renamed user 242094acfb1a5b2f08e9e78f2e021a40&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Renamed user 5f91ca71739b07cfce8397eed758fe13&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Renamed user f26394dcb19bd7bdad78f0d752896653&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Renvoy&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Reseletti&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Retropunk&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Reuben1508&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Revi C.&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;ombuds&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Reyk&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rfc1394&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rgdboer&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rgreenone&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rhole2001&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rich Farmbrough&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rickstambaugh&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Riggwelter&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Risk&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Risteall&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ritjesman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;RoMancer&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Robbiemorrison&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Robert Huber~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Roberto Mura&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Robertsky&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;RobinH&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rodasmith&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rodrigo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rodrigo.Argenton&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rogerborrell&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rogerdpack&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;RogueScholar&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Romainbehar&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;RomaineBot&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;RonaldB&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rosser1954&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rotlink&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;RoySmith&quot;: [
		&quot;ombuds&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rozzychan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rplano&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rreagan007&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rrgreen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rschen7754&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;RshieldsVA&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rsjaffe&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rtaisis&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ruakh&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rudolpho~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Runfellow&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Runner4lyfe&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;RunningBlind&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ruthven&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ruud Koot&quot;: [
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Rzuwig&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;S.Marchenko&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;S8321414&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;SB Johnny&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SCP-2000&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;SHB&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;SPM&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sae1962&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Safuan12616&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SahniM&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sakretsu&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sakura emad&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Salil Kumar Mukherjee&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Samat&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sammy2012&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Samuel.dellit&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Samuele2002&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Samwilson&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SanBonne&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sandbergja&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sannita&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sante Caserio~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SarahFatimaK&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sargoth&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Saroj&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sascha Lill 95&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Satdeep Gill&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Savh&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sbb1413&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Scention&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Schniggendiller&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;SchreiberBike&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Scott.beckman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sebastian Wallroth&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Seewolf&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sekidoki&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Selden&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sennecaster&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Serinap&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Seth Miller&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SevenSpheres&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sfan00 IMG&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sfoerster&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sgarrigan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sgowal&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Shaitand&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ShakespeareFan00&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SharingNotes&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Shawntanchinyang&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Shdwninja8&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ShelleyAdams&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;ShifaYT&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Shii&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Shira the Mogul&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Shlomif&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ShuBraque&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sidelight12&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sidorkin&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sidpatil&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Siebengang&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sigma 7&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Simon Peter Hughes&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sinus46&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sir Beluga&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sir Lestaty de Lioncourt&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;SixWingedSeraph&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sj&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sjc~enwikibooks&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sjlegg&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sjone101&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sjö&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Skymath&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Slava Ukrajini Heroyam Slava&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sluffs&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Smjg&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SnappyDragonPennyroyal&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SocialKnowledge&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SoftwareEngineerMoose&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sonia&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sophie Cheng&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sotiale&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Soul windsurfer&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SouthParkFan65&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SoylentGreen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Spamduck&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Spaynton&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Spender2001&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Speregrination&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Spiderworm&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Spoon!&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Squasher&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Srhat&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Stang&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Stanglavine&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Steinsplitter&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;StephT0704&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Stepheng3&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Stepro&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Steve M&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Stilfehler&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Stockywood&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Storeye&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Strainu&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Strange quark&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Stryn&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Stïnger&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Suchenwi&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sumone10154&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SunCreator&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sunny Cryolite&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sunshineconnelly&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SuperTyphoonNoru&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Superbass&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Superpes15&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Supertoff&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Superzerocool&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;SupremeUmanu&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Suruena&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sutambe&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sutton Publishing&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sué González Hauck&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Svartava&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SweetCanadianMullet&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Swift&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;SyG&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sylvesterchukwu04&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sylvialim&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Sylviaread&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Synoman Barris&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;transwiki&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Syum90&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Syunsyunminmin&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;T.seppelt&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TDang&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TTWIDEE&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tahmid&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Taketa&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Takipoint123&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;TakuyaMurata&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tamzin&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tanbiruzzaman&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tannertsf&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Taoheedah&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tapsevarg&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TaronjaSatsuma&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Taxman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tchoř&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tdkehoe&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tdvorak&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TechVindicator&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Techman224&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tegel&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Teles&quot;: [
		&quot;ombuds&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tem5psu&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tempodivalse&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TenWhile6&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tenshi Hinanawi&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Terence Kearey&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ternarius&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ternera&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tesleemah&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tevfik AKTUĞLU&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tgregtregretgtr&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ThatBPengineer&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thatonewikiguy&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;The Squirrel Conspiracy&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;The labs&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TheGoodEndedHappily&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;ThePCKid&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TheSandDoctor&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Theknightwho&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thenub314&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Theo Hughes&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Theornamentalist&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thereen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thewinster&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thierry Dugnolle&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thinkglobalnow&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thirunavukkarasye-Raveendran&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thomas Simpson&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thomas.haslwanter&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Thomas.lochmatter&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tibetologist&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tigerzeng&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tiled&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TimBorgNetzWerk&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Timothy Gu&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Timpo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tiptoety&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tjyang&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tlustulimu&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tmvogel&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tom Morris&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tomato86&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TommyG&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tomt87&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tomybrz&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tonyvall&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tp42&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tracklayingninja&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tradimus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tropicalkitty&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TrulyShruti&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ts12rAc&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tsarina CatarinaToo&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;TunnelESON&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Turbojet&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Turkmen&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;TwoThirty&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Tyoyafud&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Túrelio&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;U$3rname008&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;USSR-Slav&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Uf.hun2201&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Uncitoyen&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Uncle G&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Unixxx&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;User01938&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Username222&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Utcursch&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Uziel302&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Uzume&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;V0lkanic&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;VIGNERON&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Valery Starikov&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Van der Hoorn&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Varnent&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vdolar&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;VectorVoyager&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Venzz&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Verfassungsfreund&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Veritas Sapientiae&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vermont&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Victor Stefan Stoica&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Victor Trevor&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Victoria.sandeman&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vincent Vega&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vito Genovese&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vituzzu&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vladimir Solovjev&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vogone&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vossman&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vrinda&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;VulcanWikiEdit&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Vwanweb&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;WOSlinker&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;Waihorace&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Waldyrious&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;WalshDay&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wargo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wbjimmyd&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wcoole&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;WeelkyWikiReader&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wekeepwhatwekill&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;WereSpielChequers&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;What no2000&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;WhatamIdoing&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;WhitePhosphorus&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;
	],
	&quot;Whiteknight&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Whoop whoop pull up&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Whym&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wiki13&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;WikiBayer&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-sysop&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;WikiFer&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wikimi-dhiann&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wikiotics&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wikiwau&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;WillNess&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Willscrlt&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wim b&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wisden&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Withinfocus&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wj32&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wkee4ager&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wobbit&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wojciech Pędzich&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wooze&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wundermacht&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wutsje&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ww2censor&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Wüstenspringmaus&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;XXBlackburnXx&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xandradi&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xania&quot;: [
		&quot;sysop&quot;,
		&quot;checkuser&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xaosflux&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;steward&quot;
	],
	&quot;XenonX3&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xerol&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xeverything11&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;,
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xhungab&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xinkai Wu&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xixtas&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xqt&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xxagile&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xypron&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Xz64&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Y-S.Ko&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;YMS&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Yahya&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Yamla&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Yann&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Yerpo&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Yikrazuul&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ymblanter&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Yndesai&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Youssefsan&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ysangkok&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Yvelik&quot;: [
		&quot;uploader&quot;
	],
	&quot;Yzmo&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ZI Jony&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zabe&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zafer&quot;: [
		&quot;ombuds&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zedshort&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ZeroOne&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zetud&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;Ziv&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zoeannl&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zollerriia&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zoohouse&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zoot&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zsohl&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zvsmith&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zweighaft&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ZxxZxxZ&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;~riley&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Érico&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;İmmortalance&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Виктор Пинчук&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Воображение&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Всевидящий&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Д.Ильин&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Л.П. Джепко&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;יהודה שמחה ולדמן&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;מקף&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;د. فارس الجويلي&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;روتانا&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;علاء&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;فيصل&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;सीमा1&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;タチコマ robot&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ネイ&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;一隻北極熊&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;人间百态&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;臺灣象象&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;范&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;魔琴&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;기나ㅏㄴ&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	]
}</text>
      <sha1>74zxpmfqgqad31pbzed8ymynrqfia7b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476838</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673311</id>
      <parentid>4670906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:39:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional closure: canonicalise the visible title of section 3.3.3</comment>
      <origin>4673311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5443" sha1="eppg803t3sfvpgkxclojm8jq5oqzvvk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity Cover.png|center|frameless|1200px]]
== Contents ==
[[/Preface/|Preface]]

[[/Introduction/|Introduction]]

== [[/Philosophical Commitments/|1. Philosophical Commitments]] ==
* [[/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism/|1.1 – Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]]
* [[/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds/|1.2 – Against the Invention of Two Worlds]]
* [[/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject/|1.3 – Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject]]
* [[/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent/|1.4 – The Symbol Is Not Transcendent]]
* [[/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan/|1.5 – No Ground, No Soul, No Plan]]
* [[/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate/|1.6 – Matter as the Only Substrate]]
* [[/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem/|1.7 – Instability as a Condition, Not a Problem]]

== 2. Method and Style ==
* [[/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response/|2.1 – Thought as Singular Response]]
* [[/Method and Style/Listening as Ontological Exposure/|2.2 – Listening as Ontological Exposure]]
* [[/Method and Style/No Redemption, No Teleology/|2.3 – No Redemption, No Teleology]]

== 3. Core Concepts ==
=== 3.1 Complexity, Relation, Excess ===
* [[/Complexity, Relation, Excess/I - The Refusal of Linear Complexity|3.1.1 – The Refusal of Linear Complexity]]
* [[/Complexity, Relation, Excess/II - Relational Tension as Ontological Principle|3.1.2 – Relational Tension as Ontological Principle]]
* [[/Complexity, Relation, Excess/III - Stability Is Not Continuity|3.1.3 – Stability Is Not Continuity]]

=== 3.2 Emergence Without Origin ===
This sequence examines how emergence can be described without treating a later form as the fulfilment of an origin, a hidden plan, or a completed possibility already waiting to unfold.
* [[/Emergence Without Origin/I - The Regime of Precedence|3.2.1 – The Regime of Precedence]]
* [[/Emergence Without Origin/II - The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity|3.2.2 – The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity]]
* [[/Emergence Without Origin/III - Modernity’s Continuation: Foundation and Structure|3.2.3 – Modernity’s Continuation: Foundation and Structure]]
* [[/Emergence Without Origin/IV - Critical Displacement without Abandonment|3.2.4 – Critical Displacement without Abandonment]]
* [[/Emergence Without Origin/V - The Irruption Without Ground|3.2.5 – The Irruption Without Ground]]
* [[/Emergence Without Origin/VI - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence|3.2.6 – Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence]]
* [[/Emergence Without Origin/VII - Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence|3.2.7 – Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence]]

=== 3.3 Order as Local Effect ===
* [[/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|3.3.1 – Against Order as Principle]]
* [[/Order as Local Effect/II - The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field|3.3.2 – The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field]]
* [[/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling|3.3.3 – Order as an Effect of Material Coupling]]
* [[/Order as Local Effect/IV - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination|3.3.4 – The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination]]
* [[/Order as Local Effect/V - Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author|3.3.5 – Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author]]
* [[/Order as Local Effect/VI - Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation|3.3.6 – Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation]]
* [[/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences|3.3.7 – Ontological and Ethical Consequences]]

== 4. Ethical and Political Implications ==
* [[/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center/|4.1 – Vulnerability Without a Centre]]
* [[/4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization/|4.2 – Ethics as Symbolic Reorganisation]]
* [[/4.3 Politics Beyond the Subject/|4.3 – Politics Beyond the Subject]]

== 5. Critical Dialogues with Tradition ==
* [[/5.1 Displacement of Classical Ontologies/|5.1 – Displacement of Classical Ontologies]]
* [[/5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism/|5.2 – Limits of Modern Rationalism]]
* [[/5.3 Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism/|5.3 – Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism]]

== 6. Lexicon and Variations ==
* [[/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC/|6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC]]
* [[/6.2 – Ontological Variations/|6.2 – Ontological Variations]]
* [[/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon/|6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]]

== Conclusion ==
* [[/Conclusion/|Conclusion — Results, Limits, and Open Questions]]

== 7. Bibliography and Influences ==
* [[/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors/|7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors]]
* [[/7.2 – Conceptual Sources/|7.2 – Conceptual Sources]]
* [[/References/|7.3 – References]]
* [[/7.4 – Further Readings and Connections/|7.4 – Further Readings and Connections]]

== Supplementary material ==
* [[/Theoretical Appendix/|Theoretical Appendix]]

----
''Written by David Cota. Information about the author and the wider project: [https://travessia.online/ travessia.online].''
--------------------------------------------------------------
{{BookCat}}
__INDEX__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__</text>
      <sha1>eppg803t3sfvpgkxclojm8jq5oqzvvk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Introduction</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673205</id>
      <parentid>4673006</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14714" sha1="ddhy4aedkra76dilsksc9zan5yd76kd" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

To introduce is never neutral. It is not merely to explain what follows, but to configure the threshold from which thought departs. This book does not open with a justification of its contents, but with a gesture: the gesture of placing thought inside matter, and matter inside philosophy — without appeal to exteriority, transcendence, or foundation.

What unfolds here is not a survey of positions, nor an interpretative overview. It is a traversal — oriented by the conviction that ontology is not the study of what is, but the operation through which what is becomes thinkable. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity begins where metaphysics ends: in the trembling of form, in the excess of relation, in the refusal to posit a world behind the world.

=== Why &quot;Emergence&quot; and Not &quot;Genesis&quot; ===

The title of this book names an ontology of ''emergent'' complexity, and the word requires justification. The use of &quot;emergence&quot; adopted here does not oppose its use in complexity science as a designation for macro-properties that cannot be predicted from micro-components; it generalises the phenomenon across all levels of material organisation. Nor is it used in the dialectical sense — as a moment in a process that leads, by necessity, to a higher synthesis. &quot;Emergence&quot; names something more precise and more unsettling: the appearance, through materially conditioned reconfiguration, of operative capacities that were not present in the prior configuration of the field. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes such reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. When a resulting configuration crosses an operational threshold, the new capacity becomes effective without teleological direction, guarantee, or precedent in any transcendent order.

The distinction from &quot;genesis&quot; is crucial. Genesis implies an origin — a point from which something unfolds according to a principle that was already operative, even if latent, at the beginning. Genesis is retrospective: it reads the end back into the beginning and treats the outcome as the realisation of a potentiality that was &quot;always already&quot; there. Emergence, in the OEC's sense, refuses this retrospection. Under conditions of operative excess, material reconfiguration is possible without being necessary. If reconfiguration occurs and the resulting configuration crosses an operational threshold, a capacity becomes effective that the prior organisation did not exercise. A molecular organisation may become capable of self-maintenance; a living organisation may become capable of symbolic inscription; symbolically mediated practices may compose an institution capable of reorganising a field of exposure. In each case, the new capacity is an effect of a materially conditioned reorganisation, not the manifestation of a hidden essence or a result contained in advance.

This refusal of genesis is also a refusal of teleology. The real, as this book describes it, has no pre-written direction. It is not going anywhere. The emergence of complexity is not progress: operative excess makes material reconfiguration possible, but it neither makes it necessary, prescribes the resulting configuration, nor establishes a universal tendency towards greater complexity. Some emergent organisations persist; many do not. Those that persist do so not because they fulfil a purpose but because domain-specific relations and mechanisms — including material couplings where these can be demonstrated — sustain their capacities for a time. When the relevant conditions change, configurations may persist, reorganise, or dissolve. There is no tragedy in this, and no redemption. There is an unstable field open to variation, within which a reorganisation counts as emergent only when a capacity unavailable to the prior organisation becomes operative at an operational threshold.

=== The Refusal of Metaphysical Security ===

This book does not offer comfort. It does not provide the reader with a foundation upon which to build certainties, nor a system that reconciles the dissonances of the real. It offers something different: a conceptual framework that takes the constitutive instability of the real as its point of departure and works through the consequences of that departure with as much rigour as it can achieve.

The refusal of metaphysical security does not entail nihilism. The OEC's position is that no transcendent ground ever stood outside material variation. What the classical ontologies criticised here called &quot;ground&quot; was a retroactive symbolic construction: it stabilised a field of intelligibility by postulating an origin outside variation, although that postulate was itself produced within the symbolic ordering it claimed to ground (§3.2). To recognise this is not to despair; it is to acknowledge the absence of any exterior foundation and to think from within material variation.

The consequences are demanding. If there is no transcendent ground, then every philosophical claim — including every claim made in this book — stands exposed to its own contingency. The categories developed here are not eternal truths; they are operative instruments, forged in and for a specific configuration of philosophical problems. They are valid insofar as they maintain correspondence with the material configurations they address while organising the field of inquiry with greater consistency and less metaphysical debt than the alternatives. They are revisable when they cease to do so. This is not relativism; it is the consequence of taking materialism seriously.

=== The Position Defended: Threshold Materialism ===

The position this book develops can be named with precision: threshold materialism. There is one material field, without ontological exterior. That field is constitutively unstable. Within it, operative excess makes material reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. When a resulting configuration crosses an operational threshold, capacities that did not exist in the prior organisation become effective, including capacities through which material systems inscribe differences, constitute symbols, and reorganise their own operations in ways that can produce new material configurations. The name marks a double delimitation. Against reductive physicalism, the operational threshold identifies genuine novelty: capacities that depend on antecedent material conditions but introduce concrete effects unavailable to the prior organisation and irreducible to the sum of its parts. Against dualism, panpsychism, and every vitalist generalisation of agency, the reorganised configuration remains material; nothing is added from outside, and no later capacity was present in advance as a latent form or blueprint.

Three differences distinguish this position from its closest alternatives, and the book is organised to demonstrate them rather than to declare them.

The first difference concerns emergence. Novelty does not result from the actualisation of possibilities conserved in a virtual plane, a pre-individual field, or any latent repertoire preceding the configuration. Emergence is materially conditioned, yet the new capacity is not precontained, specified, or guaranteed by the antecedent conditions. This claim distinguishes the framework from Simondon's pre-individual and from the Deleuzian virtual as developed by DeLanda. In relation to classical emergentism and complexity science, however, it does not oppose emergence; it generalises the phenomenon across all levels of material organisation rather than restricting it to transitions between fixed strata. Parts I and III carry the demonstration.

The second difference concerns the symbol. A symbol is the material dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with a mark in singular inscription. Later occurrences recognised under that mark constitute additional symbolic instances, and the system establishes relations only between symbols. Representation is therefore material and immanent, not a bridge between ontologically separate domains. Symbolic reorganisation alters relations between symbols and may reorganise the system's operations or produce new material configurations, but it neither establishes relations between marks nor transforms them symbolically. Parts I, III and VI establish the chain from material difference through trace and singular inscription to the co-constitution of mark and first symbol, followed by the recognition of later occurrences under the available mark.

The third difference concerns ethics. Vulnerability is the constitutive exposure of complex configurations to damage, loss, or disorganisation through the relations on which their persistence depends. When symbolically responsive systems appear, this shared exposure becomes a matter of decision: ethics consists in reorganising symbolic relations so as to guide material responses to concrete vulnerabilities. Part IV makes explicit and defends the relevant criteria, without appeal to transcendent principles and without deriving a norm from mere description.

=== The Architecture of the Book ===

This book is organised in seven Parts. Their sequence is cumulative but not evolutionary: later Parts depend on distinctions established earlier, while earlier commitments can be reread in light of later developments. The Parts do not function as steps towards a final metaphysical demonstration; they articulate connected regions of a single inquiry.

Part I — ''Philosophical Commitments'' — establishes the founding gestures of the ontology: the refusal of metaphysical dualism and of the invention of two worlds, the material account of thought, the operative theory of the symbol, the rejection of ground, soul, and plan, the affirmation of matter as the only substrate, and the treatment of instability as a condition rather than a problem. These are not axioms from which theorems are derived; they are operative decisions that configure the terrain within which the rest of the work moves, and 1.6 names the position they compose: threshold materialism.

Part II — ''Method and Style'' — draws the methodological consequences of these commitments. If thought is a material response to configurations of instability, then method cannot be a neutral procedure applied from outside. Thinking is analysed as singular response, listening as ontological exposure, and the refusal of redemption and teleology as the condition of a philosophy that does not reintroduce providence into the field. The manner of the book is itself a consequence of its ontology.

Part III — ''Core Concepts'' — develops the conceptual mechanics of the framework: complexity as proliferation and organisation of relations, with operative excess treated as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form (3.1); emergence as the production of new capacities without origin and without virtual reserve (3.2); and order as a local, conditioned effect sustained by domain-specific relations and, where demonstrated, material couplings within an unstable field (3.3). This Part is the most technically demanding and the most important for understanding how the position differs from other materialisms.

Part IV — ''Ethical and Political Implications'' — shows how ethical and political questions arise within the material field, not as applications of transcendent principles. Vulnerability without centre is treated as a shared condition of exposure; ethics as the reorganisation of symbolic relations in response to concrete vulnerabilities; and politics beyond the subject as collective contestation and reorganisation of the material and symbolic arrangements through which agents and exposures become possible. The Part articulates and defends normative criteria for assessing such responses; it does not derive obligation from the mere fact of vulnerability.

Part V — ''Critical Dialogues with Tradition'' — examines how selected classical ontologies privilege substance and final ground, how modern rationalism relocates the promise of order in reason and system, and how post-structuralism dismantles those centres while leaving recurrent ambiguities concerning material processes and accountable decision. Each dialogue identifies gains that can be retained and limits that require further displacement.

Part VI — ''Lexicon and Variations'' — provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form, examines how the scope of its operators varies across scales and regimes without multiplying ontological realms, and offers guidance on how to read and use the terms as analytical tools.

Part VII — ''Bibliography and Influences'' — documents the sources that have shaped the arguments and provides the references necessary for critical engagement.

A Conclusion, placed before the bibliography, gathers what the traversal establishes: the position defended, the three differences demonstrated, and the limits that remain open.

=== What This Introduction Does Not Do ===

This introduction does not prepare the reader for closure. It prepares the reader for exposure. To write philosophically, within the framework developed here, is not to deliver truths from a position of security, but to sustain a mode of symbolic consistency in the face of instability. That is the function of this opening: not to summarise what will be said, but to make explicit the conditions under which saying becomes possible — when materially organised systems become capable of producing and reorganising symbols.

The pages that follow do not derive their validity from any privileged lineage, demand no agreement, and offer no metaphysical security. They offer a space of conceptual risk, in which every distinction is operative, every concept is situated, and every emergence introduces properties or capacities that are not reducible to the sum of its material conditions or to a prior plan. Philosophical work, here, does not stand outside the field it interprets; it is a situated symbolic practice that can reorganise the relations through which that field becomes intelligible.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ddhy4aedkra76dilsksc9zan5yd76kd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673234</id>
      <parentid>4673205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14987" sha1="hllknz4wlh9eg6odkpggo8r477uve8u" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

To introduce is never neutral. It is not merely to explain what follows, but to configure the threshold from which thought departs. This book does not open with a justification of its contents, but with a gesture: the gesture of placing thought inside matter, and matter inside philosophy — without appeal to exteriority, transcendence, or foundation.

What unfolds here is not a survey of positions, nor an interpretative overview. It is a traversal — oriented by the conviction that ontology is not the study of what is, but the operation through which what is becomes thinkable. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity begins where metaphysics ends: in the trembling of form, in the excess of relation, in the refusal to posit a world behind the world.

=== Why &quot;Emergence&quot; and Not &quot;Genesis&quot; ===

The title of this book names an ontology of ''emergent'' complexity, and the word requires justification. The use of &quot;emergence&quot; adopted here does not oppose its use in complexity science as a designation for macro-properties that cannot be predicted from micro-components; it generalises the phenomenon across all levels of material organisation. Nor is it used in the dialectical sense — as a moment in a process that leads, by necessity, to a higher synthesis. &quot;Emergence&quot; names something more precise and more unsettling: the appearance, through materially conditioned reconfiguration, of operative capacities that were not present in the prior configuration of the field. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes such reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Emergence is established when that reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation, without teleological direction, guarantee, or precedent in any transcendent order.

The distinction from &quot;genesis&quot; is crucial. Genesis implies an origin — a point from which something unfolds according to a principle that was already operative, even if latent, at the beginning. Genesis is retrospective: it reads the end back into the beginning and treats the outcome as the realisation of a potentiality that was &quot;always already&quot; there. Emergence, in the OEC's sense, refuses this retrospection. Under conditions of operative excess, material reconfiguration is possible without being necessary. If reconfiguration occurs and produces a capacity that the prior organisation did not exercise, that capacity is emergent. A molecular organisation may become capable of self-maintenance; a living organisation may become capable of symbolic inscription; symbolically mediated practices may compose an institution capable of reorganising a field of exposure. In each case, the new capacity is an effect of a materially conditioned reorganisation, not the manifestation of a hidden essence or a result contained in advance.

This refusal of genesis is also a refusal of teleology. The real, as this book describes it, has no pre-written direction. It is not going anywhere. The emergence of complexity is not progress: operative excess makes material reconfiguration possible, but it neither makes it necessary, prescribes the resulting configuration, nor establishes a universal tendency towards greater complexity. Some emergent organisations persist; many do not. Those that persist do so not because they fulfil a purpose but because domain-specific relations and mechanisms — including material couplings where these can be demonstrated — sustain their capacities for a time. When the relevant conditions change, configurations may persist, reorganise, or dissolve. There is no tragedy in this, and no redemption. There is an unstable field open to variation, within which a reorganisation counts as emergent only when it produces a property, capacity, or effect unavailable to the prior organisation.

=== The Refusal of Metaphysical Security ===

This book does not offer comfort. It does not provide the reader with a foundation upon which to build certainties, nor a system that reconciles the dissonances of the real. It offers something different: a conceptual framework that takes the constitutive instability of the real as its point of departure and works through the consequences of that departure with as much rigour as it can achieve.

The refusal of metaphysical security does not entail nihilism. The OEC's position is that no transcendent ground ever stood outside material variation. What the classical ontologies criticised here called &quot;ground&quot; was a retroactive symbolic construction: it stabilised a field of intelligibility by postulating an origin outside variation, although that postulate was itself produced within the symbolic ordering it claimed to ground (§3.2). To recognise this is not to despair; it is to acknowledge the absence of any exterior foundation and to think from within material variation.

The consequences are demanding. If there is no transcendent ground, then every philosophical claim — including every claim made in this book — stands exposed to its own contingency. The categories developed here are not eternal truths; they are operative instruments, forged in and for a specific configuration of philosophical problems. They are valid insofar as they maintain correspondence with the material configurations they address while organising the field of inquiry with greater consistency and less metaphysical debt than the alternatives. They are revisable when they cease to do so. This is not relativism; it is the consequence of taking materialism seriously.

=== The Position Defended: Threshold Materialism ===

The position this book develops can be named with precision: threshold materialism. There is one material field, without ontological exterior. That field is constitutively unstable. Within it, operative excess makes material reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. When a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces capacities that did not exist in the prior organisation, those capacities become effective through the relations of the resulting organisation; they can include the capacities through which material systems inscribe differences, constitute symbols, and reorganise their own operations in ways that produce further material configurations. The threshold named here is a possibility threshold: an epistemic determination of the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible, not a boundary inscribed in matter or a second criterion of emergence. The name marks a double delimitation. Against reductive physicalism, genuine novelty is established by capacities that depend on antecedent material conditions but introduce concrete effects unavailable to the prior organisation and irreducible to the sum of its parts. Against dualism, panpsychism, and every vitalist generalisation of agency, the reorganised configuration remains material; nothing is added from outside, and no later capacity was present in advance as a latent form or blueprint.

Three differences distinguish this position from its closest alternatives, and the book is organised to demonstrate them rather than to declare them.

The first difference concerns emergence. Novelty does not result from the actualisation of possibilities conserved in a virtual plane, a pre-individual field, or any latent repertoire preceding the configuration. Emergence is materially conditioned, yet the new capacity is not precontained, specified, or guaranteed by the antecedent conditions. This claim distinguishes the framework from Simondon's pre-individual and from the Deleuzian virtual as developed by DeLanda. In relation to classical emergentism and complexity science, however, it does not oppose emergence; it generalises the phenomenon across all levels of material organisation rather than restricting it to transitions between fixed strata. Parts I and III carry the demonstration.

The second difference concerns the symbol. A symbol is the material dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with a mark in singular inscription. Later occurrences recognised under that mark constitute additional symbolic instances, and the system establishes relations only between symbols. Representation is therefore material and immanent, not a bridge between ontologically separate domains. Symbolic reorganisation alters relations between symbols and may reorganise the system's operations or produce new material configurations, but it neither establishes relations between marks nor transforms them symbolically. Parts I, III and VI establish the chain from material difference through trace and singular inscription to the co-constitution of mark and first symbol, followed by the recognition of later occurrences under the available mark.

The third difference concerns ethics. Vulnerability is the constitutive exposure of complex configurations to damage, loss, or disorganisation through the relations on which their persistence depends. When symbolically responsive systems appear, this shared exposure becomes a matter of decision: ethics consists in reorganising symbolic relations so as to guide material responses to concrete vulnerabilities. Part IV makes explicit and defends the relevant criteria, without appeal to transcendent principles and without deriving a norm from mere description.

=== The Architecture of the Book ===

This book is organised in seven Parts. Their sequence is cumulative but not evolutionary: later Parts depend on distinctions established earlier, while earlier commitments can be reread in light of later developments. The Parts do not function as steps towards a final metaphysical demonstration; they articulate connected regions of a single inquiry.

Part I — ''Philosophical Commitments'' — establishes the founding gestures of the ontology: the refusal of metaphysical dualism and of the invention of two worlds, the material account of thought, the operative theory of the symbol, the rejection of ground, soul, and plan, the affirmation of matter as the only substrate, and the treatment of instability as a condition rather than a problem. These are not axioms from which theorems are derived; they are operative decisions that configure the terrain within which the rest of the work moves, and 1.6 names the position they compose: threshold materialism.

Part II — ''Method and Style'' — draws the methodological consequences of these commitments. If thought is a material response to configurations of instability, then method cannot be a neutral procedure applied from outside. Thinking is analysed as singular response, listening as ontological exposure, and the refusal of redemption and teleology as the condition of a philosophy that does not reintroduce providence into the field. The manner of the book is itself a consequence of its ontology.

Part III — ''Core Concepts'' — develops the conceptual mechanics of the framework: complexity as proliferation and organisation of relations, with operative excess treated as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form (3.1); emergence as the production of new capacities without origin and without virtual reserve (3.2); and order as a local, conditioned effect sustained by domain-specific relations and, where demonstrated, material couplings within an unstable field (3.3). This Part is the most technically demanding and the most important for understanding how the position differs from other materialisms.

Part IV — ''Ethical and Political Implications'' — shows how ethical and political questions arise within the material field, not as applications of transcendent principles. Vulnerability without centre is treated as a shared condition of exposure; ethics as the reorganisation of symbolic relations in response to concrete vulnerabilities; and politics beyond the subject as collective contestation and reorganisation of the material and symbolic arrangements through which agents and exposures become possible. The Part articulates and defends normative criteria for assessing such responses; it does not derive obligation from the mere fact of vulnerability.

Part V — ''Critical Dialogues with Tradition'' — examines how selected classical ontologies privilege substance and final ground, how modern rationalism relocates the promise of order in reason and system, and how post-structuralism dismantles those centres while leaving recurrent ambiguities concerning material processes and accountable decision. Each dialogue identifies gains that can be retained and limits that require further displacement.

Part VI — ''Lexicon and Variations'' — provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form, examines how the scope of its operators varies across scales and regimes without multiplying ontological realms, and offers guidance on how to read and use the terms as analytical tools.

Part VII — ''Bibliography and Influences'' — documents the sources that have shaped the arguments and provides the references necessary for critical engagement.

A Conclusion, placed before the bibliography, gathers what the traversal establishes: the position defended, the three differences demonstrated, and the limits that remain open.

=== What This Introduction Does Not Do ===

This introduction does not prepare the reader for closure. It prepares the reader for exposure. To write philosophically, within the framework developed here, is not to deliver truths from a position of security, but to sustain a mode of symbolic consistency in the face of instability. That is the function of this opening: not to summarise what will be said, but to make explicit the conditions under which saying becomes possible — when materially organised systems become capable of producing and reorganising symbols.

The pages that follow do not derive their validity from any privileged lineage, demand no agreement, and offer no metaphysical security. They offer a space of conceptual risk, in which every distinction is operative, every concept is situated, and every emergence introduces properties or capacities that are not reducible to the sum of its material conditions or to a prior plan. Philosophical work, here, does not stand outside the field it interprets; it is a situated symbolic practice that can reorganise the relations through which that field becomes intelligible.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>hllknz4wlh9eg6odkpggo8r477uve8u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673278</id>
      <parentid>4673234</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:02:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673278</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15082" sha1="r4zb4bc6ggph98cjhce3iqedopzk9dy" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

To introduce is never neutral. It is not merely to explain what follows, but to configure the threshold from which thought departs. This book does not open with a justification of its contents, but with a gesture: the gesture of placing thought inside matter, and matter inside philosophy — without appeal to exteriority, transcendence, or foundation.

What unfolds here is not a survey of positions, nor an interpretative overview. It is a traversal — oriented by the conviction that ontology is not the study of what is, but the operation through which what is becomes thinkable. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity begins where metaphysics ends: in the trembling of form, in the excess of relation, in the refusal to posit a world behind the world.

=== Why &quot;Emergence&quot; and Not &quot;Genesis&quot; ===

The title of this book names an ontology of ''emergent'' complexity, and the word requires justification. The use of &quot;emergence&quot; adopted here does not oppose its use in complexity science as a designation for macro-properties that cannot be predicted from micro-components; it extends the inquiry to materially differentiated organisations examined under explicit criteria and scales. Nor is it used in the dialectical sense — as a moment in a process that leads, by necessity, to a higher synthesis. &quot;Emergence&quot; names something more precise and more unsettling: the appearance, through materially conditioned reconfiguration, of operative capacities that were not present in the prior configuration of the field. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes such reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Emergence is established when that reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation, without teleological direction, guarantee, or precedent in any transcendent order.

The distinction from &quot;genesis&quot; is crucial. Genesis implies an origin — a point from which something unfolds according to a principle that was already operative, even if latent, at the beginning. Genesis is retrospective: it reads the end back into the beginning and treats the outcome as the realisation of a potentiality that was &quot;always already&quot; there. Emergence, in the OEC's sense, refuses this retrospection. Under conditions of operative excess, material reconfiguration is possible without being necessary. If reconfiguration occurs and produces a capacity that the prior organisation did not exercise, that capacity is emergent. A molecular organisation may become capable of self-maintenance; a living organisation may become capable of symbolic inscription; symbolically mediated practices may compose an institution capable of reorganising a field of exposure. In each case, the new capacity is an effect of a materially conditioned reorganisation, not the manifestation of a hidden essence or a result contained in advance.

This refusal of genesis is also a refusal of teleology. The real, as this book describes it, has no pre-written direction. It is not going anywhere. The emergence of complexity is not progress: operative excess makes material reconfiguration possible, but it neither makes it necessary, prescribes the resulting configuration, nor establishes a universal tendency towards greater complexity. Some emergent organisations persist; many do not. Those that persist do so not because they fulfil a purpose but because domain-specific relations and mechanisms — including material couplings where these can be demonstrated — sustain their capacities for a time. When the relevant conditions change, configurations may persist, reorganise, or dissolve. There is no tragedy in this, and no redemption. There is an unstable field open to variation, within which a reorganisation counts as emergent only when it produces a property, capacity, or effect unavailable to the prior organisation.

=== The Refusal of Metaphysical Security ===

This book does not offer comfort. It does not provide the reader with a foundation upon which to build certainties, nor a system that reconciles the dissonances of the real. It offers something different: a conceptual framework that takes the constitutive instability of the real as its point of departure and works through the consequences of that departure with as much rigour as it can achieve.

The refusal of metaphysical security does not entail nihilism. The OEC's position is that no transcendent ground ever stood outside material variation. What the classical ontologies criticised here called &quot;ground&quot; was a retroactive symbolic construction: it stabilised a field of intelligibility by postulating an origin outside variation, although that postulate was itself produced within the symbolic ordering it claimed to ground (§3.2). To recognise this is not to despair; it is to acknowledge the absence of any exterior foundation and to think from within material variation.

The consequences are demanding. If there is no transcendent ground, then every philosophical claim — including every claim made in this book — stands exposed to its own contingency. The categories developed here are not eternal truths; they are operative instruments, forged in and for a specific configuration of philosophical problems. They are valid insofar as they maintain correspondence with the material configurations they address while organising the field of inquiry with greater consistency and less metaphysical debt than the alternatives. They are revisable when they cease to do so. This is not relativism; it is the consequence of taking materialism seriously.

=== The Position Defended: Threshold Materialism ===

The position this book develops can be named with precision: threshold materialism. There is one material field, without ontological exterior. That field is constitutively unstable. Within it, operative excess makes material reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. When a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces capacities that did not exist in the prior organisation, those capacities become effective through the relations of the resulting organisation; they can include the capacities through which material systems inscribe differences, constitute symbols, and reorganise their own operations in ways that produce further material configurations. The threshold named here is a possibility threshold: an epistemic determination of the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible, not a boundary inscribed in matter or a second criterion of emergence. The name marks a double delimitation. Against reductive physicalism, genuine novelty is established by capacities that depend on antecedent material conditions but introduce material effects unavailable to the prior organisation and irreducible to the sum of its parts. Against dualism, panpsychism, and every vitalist generalisation of agency, the reorganised configuration remains material; nothing is added from outside, and no later capacity was present in advance as a latent form or blueprint.

Three differences distinguish this position from its closest alternatives, and the book is organised to demonstrate them rather than to declare them.

The first difference concerns emergence. Novelty does not result from the actualisation of possibilities conserved in a virtual plane, a pre-individual field, or any latent repertoire preceding the configuration. Emergence is materially conditioned, yet the new capacity is not precontained, specified, or guaranteed by the antecedent conditions. This claim distinguishes the framework from Simondon's pre-individual and from the Deleuzian virtual as developed by DeLanda. In relation to classical emergentism and complexity science, however, it does not oppose emergence; it treats the phenomenon across materially differentiated organisations rather than restricting it to transitions between fixed ontological strata. Parts I and III carry the demonstration.

The second difference concerns the symbol. Singular inscription is the material and symbolic operation in which a system recognises the difference manifested by a trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The mark is the material configuration represented by the symbol; the system establishes relations only between symbols. A first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference, while a second-order symbol is created through the articulation of symbols. Representation is therefore material and immanent, not a bridge between ontologically separate domains. Symbolic reorganisation alters relations between symbols and may reorganise the system's operations or produce new material configurations, but it neither establishes relations between marks nor transforms inscriptions or marks symbolically. Parts I, III and VI develop this sequence and its consequences.

The third difference concerns ethics. Vulnerability is the constitutive exposure of complex configurations to damage, loss, or disorganisation through the relations on which their persistence depends. When symbolically responsive systems appear, this shared exposure becomes a matter of decision: ethics consists in reorganising symbolic relations so as to guide material responses to concrete vulnerabilities. Part IV makes explicit and defends the relevant criteria, without appeal to transcendent principles and without deriving a norm from mere description.

=== The Architecture of the Book ===

This book is organised in seven Parts. Their sequence is cumulative but not evolutionary: later Parts depend on distinctions established earlier, while earlier commitments can be reread in light of later developments. The Parts do not function as steps towards a final metaphysical demonstration; they articulate connected regions of a single inquiry.

Part I — ''Philosophical Commitments'' — establishes the founding gestures of the ontology: the refusal of metaphysical dualism and of the invention of two worlds, the material account of thought, the operative theory of the symbol, the rejection of ground, soul, and plan, the affirmation of matter as the only substrate, and the treatment of instability as a condition rather than a problem. These are not axioms from which theorems are derived; they are operative decisions that configure the terrain within which the rest of the work moves, and 1.6 names the position they compose: threshold materialism.

Part II — ''Method and Style'' — draws the methodological consequences of these commitments. If thought is a material response to configurations of instability, then method cannot be a neutral procedure applied from outside. Thinking is analysed as singular response, listening as ontological exposure, and the refusal of redemption and teleology as the condition of a philosophy that does not reintroduce providence into the field. The manner of the book is itself a consequence of its ontology.

Part III — ''Core Concepts'' — develops the conceptual mechanics of the framework: complexity as proliferation and organisation of relations, with operative excess treated as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form (3.1); emergence as the production of new capacities without origin and without virtual reserve (3.2); and order as a local, conditioned effect sustained by domain-specific relations and, where demonstrated, material couplings within an unstable field (3.3). This Part is the most technically demanding and the most important for understanding how the position differs from other materialisms.

Part IV — ''Ethical and Political Implications'' — shows how ethical and political questions arise within the material field, not as applications of transcendent principles. Vulnerability without centre is treated as a shared condition of exposure; ethics as the reorganisation of symbolic relations in response to concrete vulnerabilities; and politics beyond the subject as collective contestation and reorganisation of the material and symbolic arrangements through which agents and exposures become possible. The Part articulates and defends normative criteria for assessing such responses; it does not derive obligation from the mere fact of vulnerability.

Part V — ''Critical Dialogues with Tradition'' — examines how selected classical ontologies privilege substance and final ground, how modern rationalism relocates the promise of order in reason and system, and how post-structuralism dismantles those centres while leaving recurrent ambiguities concerning material processes and accountable decision. Each dialogue identifies gains that can be retained and limits that require further displacement.

Part VI — ''Lexicon and Variations'' — provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form, examines how the scope of its operators varies across scales and regimes without multiplying ontological realms, and offers guidance on how to read and use the terms as analytical tools.

Part VII — ''Bibliography and Influences'' — documents the sources that have shaped the arguments and provides the references necessary for critical engagement.

A Conclusion, placed before the bibliography, gathers what the traversal establishes: the position defended, the three differences demonstrated, and the limits that remain open.

=== What This Introduction Does Not Do ===

This introduction does not prepare the reader for closure. It prepares the reader for exposure. To write philosophically, within the framework developed here, is not to deliver truths from a position of security, but to sustain a mode of symbolic consistency in the face of instability. That is the function of this opening: not to summarise what will be said, but to make explicit the conditions under which saying becomes possible — when materially organised systems become capable of producing and reorganising symbols.

The pages that follow do not derive their validity from any privileged lineage, demand no agreement, and offer no metaphysical security. They offer a space of conceptual risk, in which every distinction is operative, every concept is situated, and every emergence introduces properties or capacities that are not reducible to the sum of its material conditions or to a prior plan. Philosophical work, here, does not stand outside the field it interprets; it is a situated symbolic practice that can reorganise the relations through which that field becomes intelligible.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>r4zb4bc6ggph98cjhce3iqedopzk9dy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673312</id>
      <parentid>4670908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:41:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional closure: align function, symbol, and configuration terminology</comment>
      <origin>4673312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6096" sha1="73j514nbie10m3l7f02q720v2td2mnr" xml:space="preserve">== 1. Philosophical Commitments ==

Part I establishes the commitments that guide the rest of the book. It asks how thought and symbols, as well as local order and novelty, can be explained within one material field, without reducing them to elementary processes and without placing them in a second ontological domain.

The seven chapters form a cumulative argument. They should not be read as independent theses: each removes a difficulty that the next chapter must address.

== Learning orientation ==

After completing Part I, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish ontological difference from metaphysical dualism;
* explain why one material field need not be homogeneous;
* separate thought, symbolic operation, and consciousness;
* describe the mark–symbol relation without appealing to an immaterial realm of meaning;
* distinguish the absence of a transcendent ground from disorder or nihilism;
* explain material sufficiency without reductive physicalism;
* understand stability as a local achievement within conditions that carry no final guarantee.

The guiding question is: '''How can genuinely new capacities arise within matter without being reduced to their prior conditions or attributed to a second world?'''

== Route through Part I ==

=== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|1.1 – Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]] ===

The opening chapter identifies the recurring gesture that separates matter from thought and gives one side authority over the other. Difference remains; the task is to ask whether it requires two kinds of being.

=== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds|1.2 – Against the Invention of Two Worlds]] ===

The second chapter examines why philosophy repeatedly constructs an ideal or intelligible order above the material one. It replaces the hierarchy of two worlds with the harder demand of explaining heterogeneity within one field.

=== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject|1.3 – Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject]] ===

Once a separate thinking substance is refused, thought must be described as a materially realised capacity. The chapter introduces thresholds and recursive symbolic operation while warning against panpsychism and against treating thought as synonymous with consciousness.

=== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent|1.4 – The Symbol Is Not Transcendent]] ===

The fourth chapter locates representation within material operations. It distinguishes passive marks from symbols and explains how a system can relate symbols without transferring meaning to an immaterial domain.

=== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|1.5 – No Ground, No Soul, No Plan]] ===

The fifth chapter removes the expectation that matter must be directed by a prior purpose. Material order remains real, and functions can be constituted by symbolically organised systems under explicit criteria; neither is evidence of a plan written into the whole field.

=== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate|1.6 – Matter as the Only Substrate]] ===

The sixth chapter states the positive materialist commitment. Material sufficiency excludes immaterial causes; it does not imply that the vocabulary of fundamental physics is sufficient for every scale and regime.

=== [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|1.7 – Instability as a Condition, Not a Problem]] ===

The final chapter explains how stable configurations can be real without becoming absolute. Instability names their dependence on sustaining relations, not chaos, randomness, or a preference for disruption.

== Conceptual map ==

The sequence has three movements:

# '''Refusal:''' 1.1 and 1.2 remove the need for a second ontological domain.
# '''Reconstruction:''' 1.3 and 1.4 explain thought and symbolism as material capacities with specific conditions.
# '''Positive commitment:''' 1.5–1.7 describe a field without external plan, materially sufficient and capable of local stability without final guarantee.

No movement proves the next one automatically. Refusing dualism does not by itself explain thought; materialising the symbol does not by itself establish ethics; recognising instability does not guarantee emergence. Each transition creates a new explanatory burden.

== How to study this Part ==

For each chapter, try to identify four elements:

# the inherited distinction being challenged;
# the phenomenon that must still be explained after that challenge;
# the positive operator introduced by the chapter;
# the evidence that would count against its use in a concrete case.

The Reading Colloquia slow the argument down and offer questions or exercises. The [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|lexicon]] should be used after encountering a term in context, not as a substitute for the argument.

== Questions before continuing ==

* Does refusing two substances force us to use one explanatory vocabulary?
* What additional capacities distinguish symbolic operation from ordinary causal response?
* Can a symbolic system attribute a function within a local configuration without treating nature as a whole as purposive?
* What makes a stable order conditional while remaining real?
* Which claim in Part I appears most vulnerable to counterexample, and what kind of case would test it?

Part II begins with [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response|2.1 – Thought as Singular Response]], where the question changes from what the framework commits to, to how inquiry should proceed without an external guarantee.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>73j514nbie10m3l7f02q720v2td2mnr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673206</id>
      <parentid>4673008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18695" sha1="1p8gsjyfn0rgey11lhw8lz8bbqedmlm" xml:space="preserve">== 1.1 – Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism ==
=== Introduction ===
A brain lesion can alter speech; an inscription on paper can preserve a relation after its writer has gone; a technical interface can change which distinctions become actionable. These changes occur through material supports, yet some inherited vocabularies assign the source or measure of meaning and intelligibility to an order not exhausted by material processes. The question that begins this chapter is therefore concrete: how can symbolic efficacy be real without adding an immaterial substance or an exterior principle?

The target is not every distinction, every form of dualism, or the whole history of Western philosophy. It is a recurrent explanatory gesture within several philosophical lineages: one domain is granted priority as the source, ground, or measure of another. Where intelligibility, value, or meaning is secured in this way, material contingency is treated as derivative, deficient, or incapable of accounting for its own symbolic effects. The doctrines examined below are not interchangeable; the comparison concerns this restricted operation and the stabilising function it can perform.

The refusal developed here does not move an already existing immaterial mind into matter. It requires thought, meaning, and knowledge to be explained through finite material organisations and relations. This does not reduce symbolic processes to simple mechanism, nor does it make complexity or recursion sufficient for thought or consciousness. It asks how materially organised systems can produce and reorganise symbolic relations without appeal to a second ontological domain.
=== The Dualist Architecture and its Stabilising Function ===
The target is not the whole history of Western philosophy, but a recurrent gesture within several of its lineages. Plato's distinction between intelligible Forms and the sensible world, Augustine's hierarchies of the eternal and the temporal and of soul and body, and Descartes's distinction between ''res cogitans'' and ''res extensa'' are not equivalent doctrines. In the restricted comparison made here, they share an assignment of explanatory or normative priority to an order not exhausted by mutable material processes (Plato 1997; Augustine 1991; Descartes 1996).

Such an architecture can perform a symbolic stabilising function: it insulates the source or measure of intelligibility from the contingency of the material field. Kant complicates rather than simply repeats this gesture. The ''a priori'' conditions of possible experience do not constitute a second substance, and the noumenon marks a limit to cognition rather than another knowable world. Husserl's reduction likewise does not posit a second substance, but relocates constitutive priority in transcendental subjectivity. Heidegger explicitly refuses to treat Being as another being; the question raised from the present framework is therefore narrower: whether disclosure can be explained while its material conditions remain unspecified (Kant [1781] 1998; Husserl 1931; Heidegger [1927] 1962).

Dualism is therefore treated here not merely as a logical error but as an ontological strategy. Its stabilising force lies in placing the source or measure of intelligibility beyond complete exposure to material contingency. The present framework refuses that priority because thought, meaning, and knowledge must be explained within the material processes that produce and reorganise symbolic relations. This refusal does not require describing the real as uniformly unstable: local organisations can persist, but no external foundation or final order guarantees them.
=== The Material Realisation of Concepts that Critique Dualism ===
Philosophies that reject classical substances may still leave open how their decisive operators are materially realised. Derrida's ''différance'' destabilises the priority of presence; Lacan analyses the subject as constituted within the Symbolic rather than preceding it; Levinas gives ethical priority to an alterity that resists possession. These are substantial gains, not disguised repetitions of one doctrine (Derrida [1967] 1997; Lacan 1981; Levinas [1961] 1969).

The disagreement developed here is narrower. It asks whether the Derridean ''trace'', the Lacanian Symbolic, and Levinasian ethical exteriority have been sufficiently located in the material supports and relations through which they become operative. The claim is neither that these thinkers posit a second substance nor that their concepts are disguised repetitions of classical transcendence. It is that, within the present framework, an account remains incomplete wherever the material conditions through which these concepts operate remain unspecified.

The present argument retains the instability of meaning, the role of symbolic relations in subject formation, and the ethical problem raised by alterity, while rearticulating their conditions and effects within finite material relations. This does not make obligation a direct consequence of material exposure: normative force depends on explicit criteria for evaluating possible responses. This is a contested interpretation and should be assessed against the cited works, not treated as a neutral summary of them.
=== Thought as a Materially Realised Process: Dialogue with Simondon ===
If there is no separate thinking substance, how are we to understand thought? The framework adopted here does not reduce thought to a cerebral epiphenomenon; it understands thought as a specific operation materially realised. In established human cases, thought is realised by a biossoma: a living biological body sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. Thought should not, however, be attributed to every complex or recursively operating system. Complexity and recursion, separately or together, do not by themselves establish either thought or consciousness.

Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation is an important ally because it does not treat the individual as a given substance. Individuation proceeds within a metastable field charged with tensions; the pre-individual is “more than one”, not a warehouse of ready-made forms (Simondon 2005). The divergence is therefore not based on the mistaken claim that Simondon posits a reserve of completed possibilities. It concerns the distinct explanatory role assigned to the pre-individual as that from which individuation draws, even though it is neither a separate substance nor merely a temporal “before”. The position developed here begins instead from presently configured matter whose unrealised compatibilities permit new material couplings. Novelty requires neither a completed form hidden in advance nor a shapeless background awaiting form.

Thought is therefore understood as a materially realised process: the production of difference through symbolic reorganisation. It is not a thing or a separate substance. Nor is it synonymous with operative excess. Operative excess designates the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. In a symbolically organised system, a reconfiguration that occurs can be symbolic; operative excess is its enabling causal condition, not thought itself. This account neither attributes thought to every complex system nor treats thought, or any isolated set of functional capacities, as a sufficient criterion of consciousness.
=== The Symbol as Material Representation, not Transcendent Reference ===
One consequential effect of this position is a redefinition of the symbol. In several metaphysical traditions, symbols — and, by extension, language — have been treated as media whose intelligibility depends on an immaterial idea, meaning, or essence. Some secularised accounts preserve a comparable architecture when mental or conceptual content is treated as ontologically prior to, and merely expressed by, its material vehicle. The present framework refuses that priority, not representation itself. A symbol is neither a window onto another world nor a carrier of immaterial content; it is a materially realised dimension of legibility and representation within an organised system.

Material differences, including energetic differences, can occur independently of symbolic organisation. When an organised system discriminates a configuration as new or previously unknown, that event of discrimination constitutes a trace. The trace is ephemeral: it is neither a persistent mark nor a symbol. In a singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested in the trace under a protocol and stabilises the corresponding material configuration. This single operation, simultaneously material and symbolic, co-constitutes the mark and the first corresponding symbol. The mark is the stabilised, passive material configuration, made addressable and retrievable under the protocol. The symbol is the co-constituted material dimension that makes the mark legible and represents it within the system. The order “trace → inscription → mark + symbol” is analytical and functional, not chronological.

Later occurrences of the same difference do not repeat the inscription. When the system recognises an occurrence as an instance of the available mark, that recognition constitutes an additional symbol. The system establishes relations only among symbols: recognition, comparison, relation, and reorganisation are operations of the organised system, not acts performed by the mark or symbol. Symbolic reorganisation materially recombines symbols and the relations among them; it neither repeats an inscription nor transforms a mark symbolically. If it produces a new material configuration that the system discriminates, that event constitutes a new trace, and a new singular inscription may co-constitute a new mark and its first corresponding symbol. Nothing in this account requires a realm of meanings beyond the material supports, protocols, and operations through which representation is realised.
=== Consequences of Immanence ===
Refusing metaphysical dualism does not eliminate difference. It removes the need to explain difference by dividing reality into material and immaterial realms. Differences arise and operate within heterogeneous material organisations, relations, and scales. Immanence entails neither uniformity nor universal instability: local organisations can acquire distinct properties, persist for different periods, and enter asymmetrical relations without ceasing to be material.

This shift also affects knowledge, ethics, and politics. Knowledge is understood as materially realised symbolic organisation: situated, mediated, and open to correction. Ethics begins from shared material vulnerability rather than transcendental law, while requiring explicit and revisable criteria for evaluating possible responses. Politics concerns the material and symbolic organisation of collective relations and the effects of that organisation on the possibilities of action. None of these domains requires an ultimate foundation outside material relations.

An immanent account does not replace dualism with a closed doctrine. Its concepts remain exposed to evidence, counterargument, and revision because no external guarantee secures their finality. Meaning is neither a ready-made property of the world nor a content received from beyond it; it is produced through materially realised symbolic operations. Without transcendent guarantees, responsible thought and action require their supports, criteria, and consequences to remain open to examination and correction. The absence of an exterior does not make the world uniform, stable, or complete; it means that no second world is required to account for the differences, meanings, and norms produced within this one.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This text introduces the first philosophical commitment of the ''Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity'': explanations of thought, meaning, and knowledge should not assign explanatory or normative priority to a domain outside material processes. This commitment is not a transcendent foundation or a condition of possibility exempt from examination. It is a constraint on the explanations developed in the book, and its adequacy depends on the work those explanations perform.

The following sections test its consequences through the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds|critique of two-world architectures (1.2)]], the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject|material account of thought (1.3)]], the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent|analysis of the symbol (1.4)]], and the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|rejection of external ground and teleology (1.5)]]. The present section therefore establishes a revisable point of departure, not an ultimate foundation for the ontology.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
Several influential lineages of Western philosophy have organised intelligibility through distinctions such as matter and thought, body and soul, or sensible and intelligible. These lineages do not form a single doctrine and do not exhaust Western philosophy. The structural problem arises when one pole is assigned explanatory or normative priority as the source, ground, or measure of the other.

The question is therefore more precise than whether every distinction is dualistic. Can explanatory priority be withdrawn from an order placed beyond material processes without merely reversing the hierarchy? Can thought be explained as materially realised without reducing it to simple mechanism? Can the refusal of transcendence preserve genuine differences among material organisations, relations, and scales?

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The core thesis is that a dualistic architecture can perform a stabilising function by placing the source or measure of intelligibility beyond complete exposure to material contingency. This does not mean that every dualist doctrine was deliberately designed to secure philosophical authority, or that the relevant philosophers all make the same claim. It identifies a recurrent explanatory effect, not a common intention.

The argument instead requires thought, symbols, knowledge, and ethical responsibility to be accounted for through finite material organisations and relations. Materiality is neither inert nor uniform: different organisations can acquire different properties and capacities. This claim does not entail that complexity or recursion, separately or together, is sufficient to establish thought or consciousness.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The refusal of transcendence rejects explanatory appeals to an exterior order as the source or final measure of material processes. In established human cases, thought is realised by a biossoma: a living biological body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term does not replace the mind/body distinction by naming another substance, nor does it attribute thought to every complex biological or technical system.

Operative excess names the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. It is not restricted to the symbolic domain and is not synonymous with thought. Thought is understood more specifically as the production of difference through symbolic reorganisation.

The account of the symbol follows a distinct functional order: when an organised system discriminates a new material configuration, that event constitutes a trace; in the singular inscription, the system recognises that difference under a protocol and co-constitutes a passive mark and its first symbol; subsequent recognised occurrences constitute additional symbols. The system establishes relations among symbols and may reorganise those relations. Marks and inscriptions are not themselves symbolically reorganised.

The engagements with Derrida, Lacan, and Levinas should not be read as assertions that ''différance'', the Symbolic, or ethical alterity simply reproduces classical transcendence. The narrower and explicitly contested question is whether the material supports and relations through which those concepts become operative have been sufficiently specified. Simondon is retained as an ally in the processual account of individuation and metastability. The divergence concerns the distinct explanatory role assigned to the pre-individual, not the caricature of a warehouse containing completed forms.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
The refusal of dualism is neither anti-rationalist nor a denial of thought. It also does not relocate an already existing immaterial mind inside matter. It reconstructs thought as a materially realised symbolic process while preserving the differences among kinds and scales of material organisation.

Readers should therefore avoid three shortcuts. Material complexity should not automatically be classified as thought or consciousness. Symbolic organisation should not be projected onto matter in general. An insufficiently specified material explanation should not automatically be declared transcendent; it should first be treated as an explanatory question requiring investigation.

A useful reading test is to ask: what material support, relation, protocol, or operation makes the concept effective? Does the account grant explanatory priority to something placed beyond those relations? Does it preserve the difference between material reorganisation in general and the exceptional regimes in which symbolic operations become possible? These questions test the argument without deciding its outcome in advance.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1p8gsjyfn0rgey11lhw8lz8bbqedmlm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673279</id>
      <parentid>4673206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673279</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18861" sha1="js0h1rrbn66sagd54uj2pbqj6ikgjq3" xml:space="preserve">== 1.1 – Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism ==
=== Introduction ===
A brain lesion can alter speech; an inscription on paper can preserve a relation after its writer has gone; a technical interface can change which distinctions become actionable. These changes occur through material supports, yet some inherited vocabularies assign the source or measure of meaning and intelligibility to an order not exhausted by material processes. The question that begins this chapter is therefore concrete: how can symbolic efficacy be real without adding an immaterial substance or an exterior principle?

The target is not every distinction, every form of dualism, or the whole history of Western philosophy. It is a recurrent explanatory gesture within several philosophical lineages: one domain is granted priority as the source, ground, or measure of another. Where intelligibility, value, or meaning is secured in this way, material contingency is treated as derivative, deficient, or incapable of accounting for its own symbolic effects. The doctrines examined below are not interchangeable; the comparison concerns this restricted operation and the stabilising function it can perform.

The refusal developed here does not move an already existing immaterial mind into matter. It requires thought, meaning, and knowledge to be explained through finite material organisations and relations. This does not reduce symbolic processes to simple mechanism, nor does it make complexity or recursion sufficient for thought or consciousness. It asks how materially organised systems can produce and reorganise symbolic relations without appeal to a second ontological domain.
=== The Dualist Architecture and its Stabilising Function ===
The target is not the whole history of Western philosophy, but a recurrent gesture within several of its lineages. Plato's distinction between intelligible Forms and the sensible world, Augustine's hierarchies of the eternal and the temporal and of soul and body, and Descartes's distinction between ''res cogitans'' and ''res extensa'' are not equivalent doctrines. In the restricted comparison made here, they share an assignment of explanatory or normative priority to an order not exhausted by mutable material processes (Plato 1997; Augustine 1991; Descartes 1996).

Such an architecture can perform a symbolic stabilising function: it insulates the source or measure of intelligibility from the contingency of the material field. Kant complicates rather than simply repeats this gesture. The ''a priori'' conditions of possible experience do not constitute a second substance, and the noumenon marks a limit to cognition rather than another knowable world. Husserl's reduction likewise does not posit a second substance, but relocates constitutive priority in transcendental subjectivity. Heidegger explicitly refuses to treat Being as another being; the question raised from the present framework is therefore narrower: whether disclosure can be explained while its material conditions remain unspecified (Kant [1781] 1998; Husserl 1931; Heidegger [1927] 1962).

Dualism is therefore treated here not merely as a logical error but as an ontological strategy. Its stabilising force lies in placing the source or measure of intelligibility beyond complete exposure to material contingency. The present framework refuses that priority because thought, meaning, and knowledge must be explained within the material processes that produce and reorganise symbolic relations. This refusal does not require describing the real as uniformly unstable: local organisations can persist, but no external foundation or final order guarantees them.
=== The Material Realisation of Concepts that Critique Dualism ===
Philosophies that reject classical substances may still leave open how their decisive operators are materially realised. Derrida's ''différance'' destabilises the priority of presence; Lacan analyses the subject as constituted within the Symbolic rather than preceding it; Levinas gives ethical priority to an alterity that resists possession. These are substantial gains, not disguised repetitions of one doctrine (Derrida [1967] 1997; Lacan 1981; Levinas [1961] 1969).

The disagreement developed here is narrower. It asks whether the Derridean ''trace'', the Lacanian Symbolic, and Levinasian ethical exteriority have been sufficiently located in the material supports and relations through which they become operative. The claim is neither that these thinkers posit a second substance nor that their concepts are disguised repetitions of classical transcendence. It is that, within the present framework, an account remains incomplete wherever the material conditions through which these concepts operate remain unspecified.

The present argument retains the instability of meaning, the role of symbolic relations in subject formation, and the ethical problem raised by alterity, while rearticulating their conditions and effects within finite material relations. This does not make obligation a direct consequence of material exposure: normative force depends on explicit criteria for evaluating possible responses. This is a contested interpretation and should be assessed against the cited works, not treated as a neutral summary of them.
=== Thought as a Materially Realised Process: Dialogue with Simondon ===
If there is no separate thinking substance, how are we to understand thought? The framework adopted here does not reduce thought to a cerebral epiphenomenon; it understands thought as a specific operation materially realised. In established human cases, thought is realised by a biossoma: a living biological body sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. Thought should not, however, be attributed to every complex or recursively operating system. Complexity and recursion, separately or together, do not by themselves establish either thought or consciousness.

Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation is an important ally because it does not treat the individual as a given substance. Individuation proceeds within a metastable field charged with tensions; the pre-individual is “more than one”, not a warehouse of ready-made forms (Simondon 2005). The divergence is therefore not based on the mistaken claim that Simondon posits a reserve of completed possibilities. It concerns the distinct explanatory role assigned to the pre-individual as that from which individuation draws, even though it is neither a separate substance nor merely a temporal “before”. The position developed here begins instead from presently configured matter whose unrealised compatibilities permit new material couplings. Novelty requires neither a completed form hidden in advance nor a shapeless background awaiting form.

Thought is therefore understood as a materially realised process: the production of difference through symbolic reorganisation. It is not a thing or a separate substance. Nor is it synonymous with operative excess. Operative excess designates the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. In a symbolically organised system, a reconfiguration that occurs can be symbolic; operative excess is its enabling causal condition, not thought itself. This account neither attributes thought to every complex system nor treats thought, or any isolated set of functional capacities, as a sufficient criterion of consciousness.
=== The Symbol as Material Representation, not Transcendent Reference ===
One consequential effect of this position is a redefinition of the symbol. In several metaphysical traditions, symbols — and, by extension, language — have been treated as media whose intelligibility depends on an immaterial idea, meaning, or essence. Some secularised accounts preserve a comparable architecture when mental or conceptual content is treated as ontologically prior to, and merely expressed by, its material vehicle. The present framework refuses that priority, not representation itself. A symbol is neither a window onto another world nor a carrier of immaterial content; it is a materially realised dimension of legibility and representation within an organised system.

Material differences, including energetic differences, can occur independently of symbolic organisation. When an organised system discriminates a configuration as new or previously unknown, that event of discrimination constitutes a trace. The trace is ephemeral: it is neither a persistent mark nor a symbol. In a singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The mark is the material configuration recognised in that operation and represented by the symbol. Its passivity is relational: it does not recognise, compare, interpret, or reorganise. The first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference and makes it available to the system's symbolic operations. The order “material difference → trace → inscription → mark–symbol relation” expresses analytical dependence, not separate ontological layers.

Later recognition does not repeat the inscription. It occurs through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system. The system establishes relations only among symbols: recognition, comparison, relation, and reorganisation are operations of the organised system, not acts performed by the mark or by an isolated symbol. Symbolic reorganisation can recombine symbols of either order and the relations among them; it neither repeats an inscription nor transforms a mark symbolically. If those operations produce a material configuration that the system discriminates as new or previously unknown, that event constitutes a trace and can occasion inscription. Nothing in this account requires a realm of meanings beyond the material supports, protocols, and operations through which representation is realised.
=== Consequences of Immanence ===
Refusing metaphysical dualism does not eliminate difference. It removes the need to explain difference by dividing reality into material and immaterial realms. Differences arise and operate within heterogeneous material organisations and relations, which inquiry may examine under different scales. Immanence entails neither uniformity nor universal instability: local organisations can acquire distinct properties, persist for different periods, and enter asymmetrical relations without ceasing to be material.

This shift also affects knowledge, ethics, and politics. Knowledge is understood as materially realised symbolic organisation: situated, mediated, and open to correction. Ethics begins from shared material vulnerability rather than transcendental law, while requiring explicit and revisable criteria for evaluating possible responses. Politics concerns the material and symbolic organisation of collective relations and the effects of that organisation on the possibilities of action. None of these domains requires an ultimate foundation outside material relations.

An immanent account does not replace dualism with a closed doctrine. Its concepts remain exposed to evidence, counterargument, and revision because no external guarantee secures their finality. Meaning is neither a ready-made property of the world nor a content received from beyond it; it is produced through materially realised symbolic operations. Without transcendent guarantees, responsible thought and action require their supports, criteria, and consequences to remain open to examination and correction. The absence of an exterior does not make the world uniform, stable, or complete; it means that no second world is required to account for the differences, meanings, and norms produced within this one.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This text introduces the first philosophical commitment of the ''Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity'': explanations of thought, meaning, and knowledge should not assign explanatory or normative priority to a domain outside material processes. This commitment is not a transcendent foundation or a condition of possibility exempt from examination. It is a constraint on the explanations developed in the book, and its adequacy depends on the work those explanations perform.

The following sections test its consequences through the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds|critique of two-world architectures (1.2)]], the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject|material account of thought (1.3)]], the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent|analysis of the symbol (1.4)]], and the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|rejection of external ground and teleology (1.5)]]. The present section therefore establishes a revisable point of departure, not an ultimate foundation for the ontology.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
Several influential lineages of Western philosophy have organised intelligibility through distinctions such as matter and thought, body and soul, or sensible and intelligible. These lineages do not form a single doctrine and do not exhaust Western philosophy. The structural problem arises when one pole is assigned explanatory or normative priority as the source, ground, or measure of the other.

The question is therefore more precise than whether every distinction is dualistic. Can explanatory priority be withdrawn from an order placed beyond material processes without merely reversing the hierarchy? Can thought be explained as materially realised without reducing it to simple mechanism? Can the refusal of transcendence preserve genuine differences among material organisations and relations while allowing inquiry to examine them under different scales?

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The core thesis is that a dualistic architecture can perform a stabilising function by placing the source or measure of intelligibility beyond complete exposure to material contingency. This does not mean that every dualist doctrine was deliberately designed to secure philosophical authority, or that the relevant philosophers all make the same claim. It identifies a recurrent explanatory effect, not a common intention.

The argument instead requires thought, symbols, knowledge, and ethical responsibility to be accounted for through finite material organisations and relations. Materiality is neither inert nor uniform: different organisations can acquire different properties and capacities. This claim does not entail that complexity or recursion, separately or together, is sufficient to establish thought or consciousness.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The refusal of transcendence rejects explanatory appeals to an exterior order as the source or final measure of material processes. In established human cases, thought is realised by a biossoma: a living biological body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term does not replace the mind/body distinction by naming another substance, nor does it attribute thought to every complex biological or technical system.

Operative excess names the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. It is not restricted to the symbolic domain and is not synonymous with thought. Thought is understood more specifically as the production of difference through symbolic reorganisation.

The account of the symbol follows a distinct operative sequence: when an organised system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, that event constitutes a trace; in singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. A first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference, and a second-order symbol is created through the articulation of symbols. The system establishes relations among symbols and may reorganise them; marks and inscriptions are not themselves symbolically reorganised.

The engagements with Derrida, Lacan, and Levinas should not be read as assertions that ''différance'', the Symbolic, or ethical alterity simply reproduces classical transcendence. The narrower and explicitly contested question is whether the material supports and relations through which those concepts become operative have been sufficiently specified. Simondon is retained as an ally in the processual account of individuation and metastability. The divergence concerns the distinct explanatory role assigned to the pre-individual, not the caricature of a warehouse containing completed forms.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
The refusal of dualism is neither anti-rationalist nor a denial of thought. It also does not relocate an already existing immaterial mind inside matter. It reconstructs thought as a materially realised symbolic process while preserving differences among material organisations and recognising scale as an epistemic determination of inquiry.

Readers should therefore avoid three shortcuts. Material complexity should not automatically be classified as thought or consciousness. Symbolic organisation should not be projected onto matter in general. An insufficiently specified material explanation should not automatically be declared transcendent; it should first be treated as an explanatory question requiring investigation.

A useful reading test is to ask: what material support, relation, protocol, or operation makes the concept effective? Does the account grant explanatory priority to something placed beyond those relations? Does it preserve the difference between material reorganisation in general and the exceptional regimes in which symbolic operations become possible? These questions test the argument without deciding its outcome in advance.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>js0h1rrbn66sagd54uj2pbqj6ikgjq3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673207</id>
      <parentid>4671228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673207</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10912" sha1="o01nmdtu4w4f9epkvrwaezcfbjbw1hd" xml:space="preserve">== 1.2 – Against the Invention of Two Worlds ==
Several influential Western philosophical lineages have organised intelligibility through a hierarchy between ideal and material orders. Plato’s distinction between intelligible Forms and the sensible world and Descartes’s distinction between ''res cogitans'' and ''res extensa'' exemplify different versions of that operation (Plato 1997, 1132, 1259; Descartes 1996, 26, 59). They neither exhaust Western thought nor constitute a single doctrine. The narrower claim is that, where meaning, value, or intelligibility is assigned its source or final measure in an order not exhausted by mutable material processes, contingency, opacity, and error tend to acquire a subordinate status.

In the cases examined here, this hierarchy does more than distinguish domains. It can perform a symbolic stabilising function by placing the source or measure of truth beyond material transformation. The argument is not that every appeal to form or intelligibility constitutes an escape from matter. It is that a duplicated ontology becomes explanatorily incomplete when material processes and symbolic efficacy can be understood only by reference to a superior order whose relation to those processes remains unexplained.

The asymmetry is explicit in some traditions, but it does not take the same form in all of them. Plotinus organises reality through a vertical hierarchy articulated by procession from and return to the One (Plotinus 1966, 198). Hegel cannot be assimilated to a simple two-world architecture: dialectical mediation seeks to overcome fixed oppositions within a systematic movement. The disagreement developed here concerns instead the teleological orientation and final integration associated with absolute knowing, not the postulation of a separate intelligible realm (Hegel [1807] 1977, 27, 45). Kant also requires a different treatment. The noumenon marks a limit of cognition rather than a superior world available to knowledge, and transcendental idealism does not make empirical experience merely illusory. The question raised from the present framework is whether the formal conditions assigned to possible experience have themselves been sufficiently located in material organisation (Kant [1781] 1998, 360).

A more difficult question concerns thinkers who explicitly displace classical metaphysics. Heidegger’s ontological difference is not a second substance; Levinas’s alterity is not an object placed in another world; Derrida’s trace contests the ideal of pure presence (Heidegger [1927] 1962, 41; Levinas [1961] 1969, 77; Derrida [1967] 1997, 71). The question is not whether these concepts simply reproduce a two-world ontology. It is whether the material supports, relations, and effects through which they become operative have been sufficiently specified. Where those conditions remain unspecified, the present framework regards the explanation as incomplete; it does not thereby classify these thinkers as classical dualists.

The ontology developed here rejects the explanatory need for a second domain. No difference or alterity must be exempted from material relations in order to be real, and no ontological tier is immune to material conditions and transformation. Emergence is not the appearance of a higher order within a lower one. According to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations may exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form, thereby making reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new property or capacity counts as emergent only when it becomes operative and is established through its concrete effects. Differences among physical, living, and symbolic regimes remain real without becoming differences between separate worlds.

There are not two worlds. There is one heterogeneous spatiotemporal material reality, without ontological exterior or final ground, and no second world is required to explain what emerges within it.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===

This section develops a specific consequence of the refusal of metaphysical dualism established in §1.1. The previous section rejected explanations that grant priority to a domain outside spatiotemporal material reality. Section 1.2 examines how some philosophical doctrines construct two ordered domains — one assigned explanatory or normative priority, the other treated as derivative, mutable, or deficient.

The section does not claim that this structure exhausts Western philosophy, that every distinction creates two worlds, or that all the thinkers discussed reproduce the same architecture. Its function is diagnostic: to identify cases in which an ideal or intelligible order placed outside or above spatiotemporal material reality becomes its source, ground, or final measure.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===

The problem is not simply whether a distinction between ideal and material orders is true or false. It concerns the explanatory work performed by that distinction. In the cases examined, the superior order can stabilise intelligibility by placing its source or measure beyond material contingency and transformation. Material processes are then interpreted by reference to an order treated as exempt from material conditions and granted explanatory or normative priority over them.

Calling this division an “invention” does not mean that it is an arbitrary fiction or that the philosophers concerned were deceptive. It means that the division is a symbolic construction responding to genuine philosophical pressures, including the stability of knowledge, the authority of reason, and the possibility of truth. The relevant question is whether the construction explains material and symbolic processes or transfers the explanatory burden to another domain whose relation to those processes remains unspecified.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===

The core thesis is that a duplicated ontology is not required to explain intelligibility, meaning, or value. The OEC refuses both the priority of an order placed beyond spatiotemporal material reality and the simple inversion of the hierarchy. It does not replace the supremacy of the ideal with the supremacy of an undifferentiated material substance.

There is one heterogeneous spatiotemporal material reality within which physical, living, and symbolic organisations can acquire different properties and capacities. Emergence is not the manifestation of something higher within something lower. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form. Emergence is established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and a new property or capacity becomes operative at a determinate threshold. Its occurrence is verified through the concrete effects it introduces into the field of possible operations.

Contemporary proposals such as modal realism, simulation hypotheses, or ontological interpretations of the multiverse should therefore be examined rather than classified in advance. They reproduce a two-world architecture only if they posit another domain and grant it explanatory priority over the material configuration under consideration. A heuristic model, an epistemic limit, or reference to the material environment of a local organisation does not by itself constitute metaphysical duplication.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===

* '''Invention of Two Worlds''': the symbolic construction of distinct ontological domains when one is made the source, ground, or final measure of the other.
* '''Symbolic Hierarchy''': an organisation of intelligibility in which one domain governs how another is interpreted, valued, or explained.
* '''Emergence''': the process in which a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and produces a new property or capacity at a determinate threshold, verified through its concrete effects. Operative excess makes that reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or determining its result.
* '''Rejection of Transcendence''': refusal to assign explanatory or normative priority to an order exempted from material conditions and transformation.
* '''One Field Without Exterior''': the claim that no ontological domain exists outside spatiotemporal material reality. Distinctions between local organisations and their material environments remain entirely internal to that reality.

The historical cases must remain differentiated. Plotinus explicitly organises reality through a hierarchy of procession and return. Hegel does not posit a simple second world; the disagreement concerns the teleological orientation and systematic integration associated with absolute knowing. Kant’s noumenon marks a limit of cognition rather than a superior world available to knowledge. Heidegger, Levinas, and Derrida should likewise not be classified as classical dualists. The narrower question is whether the material supports, relations, and effects through which their decisive concepts operate have been sufficiently specified.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===

Readers should not infer a two-world ontology from the mere presence of distinctions, epistemic limits, relations between local organisations and their material environments, or entities that cannot be directly observed. The relevant test concerns explanatory priority:

* What domains are being distinguished?
* Is one domain treated as the source, ground, or final measure of the other?
* Is the relation between that domain and material processes explained?
* Does the proposal posit a domain beyond spatiotemporal material reality, or only an epistemic limit, a heuristic instrument, or a material environment?
* Does refusing an ontological exterior preserve real differences among material organisations, or does it flatten them?

For classroom or study-group work:

* Compare the different functions performed by intelligible order in Plato, Plotinus, and Descartes.
* Explain why Hegel and Kant cannot be treated as straightforward instances of the same two-world architecture.
* Apply the explanatory-priority test to modal realism, simulation hypotheses, and ontological interpretations of the multiverse without deciding the result in advance.
* Show how one heterogeneous spatiotemporal material reality can contain distinct physical, living, and symbolic regimes without becoming a flat or homogeneous monism.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>o01nmdtu4w4f9epkvrwaezcfbjbw1hd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673235</id>
      <parentid>4673207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:55:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10955" sha1="1x4ehlate4u0ltbewlhh8ppd04ghppf" xml:space="preserve">== 1.2 – Against the Invention of Two Worlds ==
Several influential Western philosophical lineages have organised intelligibility through a hierarchy between ideal and material orders. Plato’s distinction between intelligible Forms and the sensible world and Descartes’s distinction between ''res cogitans'' and ''res extensa'' exemplify different versions of that operation (Plato 1997, 1132, 1259; Descartes 1996, 26, 59). They neither exhaust Western thought nor constitute a single doctrine. The narrower claim is that, where meaning, value, or intelligibility is assigned its source or final measure in an order not exhausted by mutable material processes, contingency, opacity, and error tend to acquire a subordinate status.

In the cases examined here, this hierarchy does more than distinguish domains. It can perform a symbolic stabilising function by placing the source or measure of truth beyond material transformation. The argument is not that every appeal to form or intelligibility constitutes an escape from matter. It is that a duplicated ontology becomes explanatorily incomplete when material processes and symbolic efficacy can be understood only by reference to a superior order whose relation to those processes remains unexplained.

The asymmetry is explicit in some traditions, but it does not take the same form in all of them. Plotinus organises reality through a vertical hierarchy articulated by procession from and return to the One (Plotinus 1966, 198). Hegel cannot be assimilated to a simple two-world architecture: dialectical mediation seeks to overcome fixed oppositions within a systematic movement. The disagreement developed here concerns instead the teleological orientation and final integration associated with absolute knowing, not the postulation of a separate intelligible realm (Hegel [1807] 1977, 27, 45). Kant also requires a different treatment. The noumenon marks a limit of cognition rather than a superior world available to knowledge, and transcendental idealism does not make empirical experience merely illusory. The question raised from the present framework is whether the formal conditions assigned to possible experience have themselves been sufficiently located in material organisation (Kant [1781] 1998, 360).

A more difficult question concerns thinkers who explicitly displace classical metaphysics. Heidegger’s ontological difference is not a second substance; Levinas’s alterity is not an object placed in another world; Derrida’s trace contests the ideal of pure presence (Heidegger [1927] 1962, 41; Levinas [1961] 1969, 77; Derrida [1967] 1997, 71). The question is not whether these concepts simply reproduce a two-world ontology. It is whether the material supports, relations, and effects through which they become operative have been sufficiently specified. Where those conditions remain unspecified, the present framework regards the explanation as incomplete; it does not thereby classify these thinkers as classical dualists.

The ontology developed here rejects the explanatory need for a second domain. No difference or alterity must be exempted from material relations in order to be real, and no ontological tier is immune to material conditions and transformation. Emergence is not the appearance of a higher order within a lower one. According to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations may exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form, thereby making reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new property or capacity counts as emergent only when it becomes operative and is established through its concrete effects. Differences among physical, living, and symbolic regimes remain real without becoming differences between separate worlds.

There are not two worlds. There is one heterogeneous spatiotemporal material reality, without ontological exterior or final ground, and no second world is required to explain what emerges within it.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===

This section develops a specific consequence of the refusal of metaphysical dualism established in §1.1. The previous section rejected explanations that grant priority to a domain outside spatiotemporal material reality. Section 1.2 examines how some philosophical doctrines construct two ordered domains — one assigned explanatory or normative priority, the other treated as derivative, mutable, or deficient.

The section does not claim that this structure exhausts Western philosophy, that every distinction creates two worlds, or that all the thinkers discussed reproduce the same architecture. Its function is diagnostic: to identify cases in which an ideal or intelligible order placed outside or above spatiotemporal material reality becomes its source, ground, or final measure.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===

The problem is not simply whether a distinction between ideal and material orders is true or false. It concerns the explanatory work performed by that distinction. In the cases examined, the superior order can stabilise intelligibility by placing its source or measure beyond material contingency and transformation. Material processes are then interpreted by reference to an order treated as exempt from material conditions and granted explanatory or normative priority over them.

Calling this division an “invention” does not mean that it is an arbitrary fiction or that the philosophers concerned were deceptive. It means that the division is a symbolic construction responding to genuine philosophical pressures, including the stability of knowledge, the authority of reason, and the possibility of truth. The relevant question is whether the construction explains material and symbolic processes or transfers the explanatory burden to another domain whose relation to those processes remains unspecified.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===

The core thesis is that a duplicated ontology is not required to explain intelligibility, meaning, or value. The OEC refuses both the priority of an order placed beyond spatiotemporal material reality and the simple inversion of the hierarchy. It does not replace the supremacy of the ideal with the supremacy of an undifferentiated material substance.

There is one heterogeneous spatiotemporal material reality within which physical, living, and symbolic organisations can acquire different properties and capacities. Emergence is not the manifestation of something higher within something lower. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form. Emergence is established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation. Its occurrence is verified through the concrete effects it introduces into the field of possible operations.

Contemporary proposals such as modal realism, simulation hypotheses, or ontological interpretations of the multiverse should therefore be examined rather than classified in advance. They reproduce a two-world architecture only if they posit another domain and grant it explanatory priority over the material configuration under consideration. A heuristic model, an epistemic limit, or reference to the material environment of a local organisation does not by itself constitute metaphysical duplication.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===

* '''Invention of Two Worlds''': the symbolic construction of distinct ontological domains when one is made the source, ground, or final measure of the other.
* '''Symbolic Hierarchy''': an organisation of intelligibility in which one domain governs how another is interpreted, valued, or explained.
* '''Emergence''': the process in which a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation, verified through its concrete effects. Operative excess makes that reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or determining its result.
* '''Rejection of Transcendence''': refusal to assign explanatory or normative priority to an order exempted from material conditions and transformation.
* '''One Field Without Exterior''': the claim that no ontological domain exists outside spatiotemporal material reality. Distinctions between local organisations and their material environments remain entirely internal to that reality.

The historical cases must remain differentiated. Plotinus explicitly organises reality through a hierarchy of procession and return. Hegel does not posit a simple second world; the disagreement concerns the teleological orientation and systematic integration associated with absolute knowing. Kant’s noumenon marks a limit of cognition rather than a superior world available to knowledge. Heidegger, Levinas, and Derrida should likewise not be classified as classical dualists. The narrower question is whether the material supports, relations, and effects through which their decisive concepts operate have been sufficiently specified.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===

Readers should not infer a two-world ontology from the mere presence of distinctions, epistemic limits, relations between local organisations and their material environments, or entities that cannot be directly observed. The relevant test concerns explanatory priority:

* What domains are being distinguished?
* Is one domain treated as the source, ground, or final measure of the other?
* Is the relation between that domain and material processes explained?
* Does the proposal posit a domain beyond spatiotemporal material reality, or only an epistemic limit, a heuristic instrument, or a material environment?
* Does refusing an ontological exterior preserve real differences among material organisations, or does it flatten them?

For classroom or study-group work:

* Compare the different functions performed by intelligible order in Plato, Plotinus, and Descartes.
* Explain why Hegel and Kant cannot be treated as straightforward instances of the same two-world architecture.
* Apply the explanatory-priority test to modal realism, simulation hypotheses, and ontological interpretations of the multiverse without deciding the result in advance.
* Show how one heterogeneous spatiotemporal material reality can contain distinct physical, living, and symbolic regimes without becoming a flat or homogeneous monism.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1x4ehlate4u0ltbewlhh8ppd04ghppf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673280</id>
      <parentid>4673235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673280</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10954" sha1="d19jtaq321wpoudiyehig1g2xtm41wf" xml:space="preserve">== 1.2 – Against the Invention of Two Worlds ==
Several influential Western philosophical lineages have organised intelligibility through a hierarchy between ideal and material orders. Plato’s distinction between intelligible Forms and the sensible world and Descartes’s distinction between ''res cogitans'' and ''res extensa'' exemplify different versions of that operation (Plato 1997, 1132, 1259; Descartes 1996, 26, 59). They neither exhaust Western thought nor constitute a single doctrine. The narrower claim is that, where meaning, value, or intelligibility is assigned its source or final measure in an order not exhausted by mutable material processes, contingency, opacity, and error tend to acquire a subordinate status.

In the cases examined here, this hierarchy does more than distinguish domains. It can perform a symbolic stabilising function by placing the source or measure of truth beyond material transformation. The argument is not that every appeal to form or intelligibility constitutes an escape from matter. It is that a duplicated ontology becomes explanatorily incomplete when material processes and symbolic efficacy can be understood only by reference to a superior order whose relation to those processes remains unexplained.

The asymmetry is explicit in some traditions, but it does not take the same form in all of them. Plotinus organises reality through a vertical hierarchy articulated by procession from and return to the One (Plotinus 1966, 198). Hegel cannot be assimilated to a simple two-world architecture: dialectical mediation seeks to overcome fixed oppositions within a systematic movement. The disagreement developed here concerns instead the teleological orientation and final integration associated with absolute knowing, not the postulation of a separate intelligible realm (Hegel [1807] 1977, 27, 45). Kant also requires a different treatment. The noumenon marks a limit of cognition rather than a superior world available to knowledge, and transcendental idealism does not make empirical experience merely illusory. The question raised from the present framework is whether the formal conditions assigned to possible experience have themselves been sufficiently located in material organisation (Kant [1781] 1998, 360).

A more difficult question concerns thinkers who explicitly displace classical metaphysics. Heidegger’s ontological difference is not a second substance; Levinas’s alterity is not an object placed in another world; Derrida’s trace contests the ideal of pure presence (Heidegger [1927] 1962, 41; Levinas [1961] 1969, 77; Derrida [1967] 1997, 71). The question is not whether these concepts simply reproduce a two-world ontology. It is whether the material supports, relations, and effects through which they become operative have been sufficiently specified. Where those conditions remain unspecified, the present framework regards the explanation as incomplete; it does not thereby classify these thinkers as classical dualists.

The ontology developed here rejects the explanatory need for a second domain. No difference or alterity must be exempted from material relations in order to be real, and no ontological tier is immune to material conditions and transformation. Emergence is not the appearance of a higher order within a lower one. According to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations may exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form, thereby making reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new property or capacity counts as emergent only when it becomes operative and is established through its material effects. Differences among physical, living, and symbolic regimes remain real without becoming differences between separate worlds.

There are not two worlds. There is one heterogeneous spatiotemporal material reality, without ontological exterior or final ground, and no second world is required to explain what emerges within it.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===

This section develops a specific consequence of the refusal of metaphysical dualism established in §1.1. The previous section rejected explanations that grant priority to a domain outside spatiotemporal material reality. Section 1.2 examines how some philosophical doctrines construct two ordered domains — one assigned explanatory or normative priority, the other treated as derivative, mutable, or deficient.

The section does not claim that this structure exhausts Western philosophy, that every distinction creates two worlds, or that all the thinkers discussed reproduce the same architecture. Its function is diagnostic: to identify cases in which an ideal or intelligible order placed outside or above spatiotemporal material reality becomes its source, ground, or final measure.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===

The problem is not simply whether a distinction between ideal and material orders is true or false. It concerns the explanatory work performed by that distinction. In the cases examined, the superior order can stabilise intelligibility by placing its source or measure beyond material contingency and transformation. Material processes are then interpreted by reference to an order treated as exempt from material conditions and granted explanatory or normative priority over them.

Calling this division an “invention” does not mean that it is an arbitrary fiction or that the philosophers concerned were deceptive. It means that the division is a symbolic construction responding to genuine philosophical pressures, including the stability of knowledge, the authority of reason, and the possibility of truth. The relevant question is whether the construction explains material and symbolic processes or transfers the explanatory burden to another domain whose relation to those processes remains unspecified.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===

The core thesis is that a duplicated ontology is not required to explain intelligibility, meaning, or value. The OEC refuses both the priority of an order placed beyond spatiotemporal material reality and the simple inversion of the hierarchy. It does not replace the supremacy of the ideal with the supremacy of an undifferentiated material substance.

There is one heterogeneous spatiotemporal material reality within which physical, living, and symbolic organisations can acquire different properties and capacities. Emergence is not the manifestation of something higher within something lower. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form. Emergence is established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation. Its occurrence is verified through the material effects it introduces into the field of possible operations.

Contemporary proposals such as modal realism, simulation hypotheses, or ontological interpretations of the multiverse should therefore be examined rather than classified in advance. They reproduce a two-world architecture only if they posit another domain and grant it explanatory priority over the material configuration under consideration. A heuristic model, an epistemic limit, or reference to the material environment of a local organisation does not by itself constitute metaphysical duplication.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Invention of Two Worlds''': the symbolic construction of distinct ontological domains when one is made the source, ground, or final measure of the other.
* '''Symbolic Hierarchy''': an organisation of intelligibility in which one domain governs how another is interpreted, valued, or explained.
* '''Emergence''': the process in which a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation, verified through its material effects. Operative excess makes that reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or determining its result.
* '''Rejection of Transcendence''': refusal to assign explanatory or normative priority to an order exempted from material conditions and transformation.
* '''One Field Without Exterior''': the claim that no ontological domain exists outside spatiotemporal material reality. Distinctions between local organisations and their material environments remain entirely internal to that reality.

The historical cases must remain differentiated. Plotinus explicitly organises reality through a hierarchy of procession and return. Hegel does not posit a simple second world; the disagreement concerns the teleological orientation and systematic integration associated with absolute knowing. Kant’s noumenon marks a limit of cognition rather than a superior world available to knowledge. Heidegger, Levinas, and Derrida should likewise not be classified as classical dualists. The narrower question is whether the material supports, relations, and effects through which their decisive concepts operate have been sufficiently specified.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===

Readers should not infer a two-world ontology from the mere presence of distinctions, epistemic limits, relations between local organisations and their material environments, or entities that cannot be directly observed. The relevant test concerns explanatory priority:

* What domains are being distinguished?
* Is one domain treated as the source, ground, or final measure of the other?
* Is the relation between that domain and material processes explained?
* Does the proposal posit a domain beyond spatiotemporal material reality, or only an epistemic limit, a heuristic instrument, or a material environment?
* Does refusing an ontological exterior preserve real differences among material organisations, or does it flatten them?

For classroom or study-group work:

* Compare the different functions performed by intelligible order in Plato, Plotinus, and Descartes.
* Explain why Hegel and Kant cannot be treated as straightforward instances of the same two-world architecture.
* Apply the explanatory-priority test to modal realism, simulation hypotheses, and ontological interpretations of the multiverse without deciding the result in advance.
* Show how one heterogeneous spatiotemporal material reality can contain distinct physical, living, and symbolic regimes without becoming a flat or homogeneous monism.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>d19jtaq321wpoudiyehig1g2xtm41wf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673208</id>
      <parentid>4673010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12004" sha1="1eswibcsgbf0x9w36vppjaq29dlir4s" xml:space="preserve">== 1.3 – Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject ==

A thermostat changes its output after a temperature difference; a language user can recognise a public sign under an available mark, thereby constitute a local symbolic instance, relate it to other symbols, revise those relations, and let the revision alter later action. Both are material responses, but they do not display the same capacity. Rejecting an immaterial mind therefore does not license the claim that every material response is thought. The problem is to identify the transition in materially realised capacities without converting it into a transition between substances.

This position converges partially with Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation, which treats the individual as the result of an ongoing process rather than as a given substance. His account begins from metastable conditions charged with pre-individual potentials, and the pre-individual is not simply a layer abandoned once individuation occurs: it remains associated with individuated being and can participate in further individuations (Simondon 2005). The disagreement developed here is therefore not that Simondon stores completed forms in advance or posits a merely chronological “before”. It concerns the explanatory status granted to pre-individual reality. The present account begins from materially configured relations whose available compatibilities are not exhausted by their current organisation, without assigning those compatibilities to a distinct pre-individual register.

Spinoza offers a powerful non-dualist model in which Thought and Extension are attributes of one infinite substance. Their distinction does not divide that substance into two beings, and the attributes are not themselves modes. The divergence developed here is therefore not that Spinoza preserves a disguised dualism. It is that thought remains an attribute through which the one substance is eternally expressed, whereas the present account does not begin from substance or attributes. Thought is an emergent capacity of particular material organisations: it appears when a system can retain symbolic instances, establish and revise relations among them, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations (Spinoza [1677] 1996, 83).

Deleuze’s philosophy of difference and becoming offers essential resources, but it also assigns a decisive explanatory role to the virtual. For Deleuze, the virtual is fully real rather than merely possible, and it is not a transcendent realm placed beyond the actual (Deleuze [1968] 1994, 208). The disagreement developed here is narrower: the production of novelty does not require a distinct virtual register as the genetic condition of actuality. According to an explicit criterion, relations within present material configurations can permit realisations that exceed the relations realised in an existing form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. Thought requires no virtual reserve; it emerges when material organisation acquires the capacity for symbolic operation.

In every established human case, thought is realised by a living body rather than housed inside it. The term ''biossoma'' names a living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation. It is not a synonym for any complex system, and it should not be extended automatically to technical configurations. A non-biological system that appeared to satisfy comparable functional criteria would require its own empirical assessment as a possible case of post-biological symbolic emergence. The materialist claim fixes no conclusion in advance about consciousness or subjectivity in such a system.

What must be refused is a hierarchy or transition between substances, not a transition in materially realised capacities within one material field. When an organised system crosses the threshold of symbolic operation, it acquires the capacity to retain symbolic instances, establish and revise relations among them, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations. This transition introduces neither another substance nor another ontological realm. It identifies a change in what the material configuration can do. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Operative excess does not predetermine whether thought or some other capacity will emerge.

Thought does not require an immaterial interior or a sovereign subject standing outside its operations. This does not abolish functional interiority or processes of subjectivation, and symbolic competence alone does not establish consciousness. Functional interiority designates a system's materially organised capacity to retain states or modifications arising from its activity and make them intervene in the modulation of subsequent operations. It can participate in the realisation of thought and subjectivation without being identical to either. Subjectivation names the formation of a position within symbolic and social relations. Consciousness remains a separate attribution governed by the evidential distinctions stated in Section 6.1; it is not a conclusion entailed by thought, functional interiority, or symbolic competence alone.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the third text of the ''Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity'', and it marks a turning point. After the refusal of dualism (Text I) and the dismantling of the two-worlds fiction (Text II), the focus shifts from critique to a positive account of how thought can emerge within material organisation. The text does not claim that matter universally thinks. It identifies a transition in materially realised capacities through which particular organisations acquire capacities that simpler forms of response do not exercise.

This transition clarifies how thought can be materially realised without invoking an immaterial thinking substance or a sovereign subject. At the same time, it preserves functional interiority, processes of subjectivation, and consciousness as distinct questions requiring their own criteria.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The central question is: how can thought be explained without separating a thinking substance from material organisation? Rejecting dualism does not justify treating every material response as thought. The task is therefore to identify the material operations that distinguish symbolic thought from simpler forms of responsiveness.

Simondon, Spinoza, and Deleuze provide important non-dualist resources, but the disagreement developed here concerns the explanatory role assigned respectively to pre-individual reality, substance and attributes, and the virtual. These concepts are not treated as disguised versions of one doctrine or as straightforward forms of transcendence. The present account instead begins from particular material organisations, their current relations, and the compatibilities available within them.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The central thesis is that thought is an emergent capacity of particular material organisations. It becomes operative when a system can recognise public signs under available marks, thereby constitute local symbolic instances, establish and revise relations among symbols, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations.

Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes the relevant reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Operative excess does not, by itself, establish that thought or consciousness has emerged.

Thought is therefore neither an external plane nor an invisible essence. It is a capacity realised through organised material relations. This displaces the immaterial or sovereign subject without abolishing functional interiority, subjectivation, or consciousness as distinct objects of inquiry.

The reformulated question is not simply “who thinks?” but: “Which material operations allow an organised system to recognise public signs under available marks, constitute local symbolic instances, revise relations among symbols, and allow those revisions to alter what it can do?”

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Thought as an Emergent Material Capacity''': a capacity of particular material organisations to perform symbolic operations that modify their later activity.
* '''Functional Interiority''': a system's materially organised capacity to retain states or modifications arising from its activity and make them intervene in the modulation of subsequent operations. It can participate in the realisation of thought and subjectivation without being identical to either, and it is not an immaterial interior.
* '''Biossoma''': a living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation; not a generic term for every complex system.
* '''Symbolic Operation''': the recognition of public signs under available marks, the constitution of local symbolic instances, and the establishment and revision of relations among symbols.
* '''Operative Excess''': the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary.
* '''Differentiated Philosophical Disagreements''': the OEC does not classify Simondon, Spinoza, or Deleuze as classical dualists. It questions whether individuation requires a distinct pre-individual register, whether thought should be understood as an attribute of one infinite substance, and whether novelty requires the virtual as a distinct explanatory register.

The rejection of transcendence concerns any ontological domain exterior to spatiotemporal material reality. It does not deny temporal antecedents, the environment of a local organisation, distinctions between internal and external relations, or functional interiority.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This text asks readers to relinquish the classical image of thought as the activity of an immaterial mind or sovereign subject. It does not eliminate every form of subjectivity or interiority. It relocates them within materially realised operations.

Symbolic competence does not by itself establish consciousness, intention, or a sovereign subject. Each attribution requires its own evidence and criteria.

Suggestions for further engagement in pedagogical contexts:

* Compare the precise disagreements with Simondon, Spinoza, and Deleuze without reducing their positions to disguised dualism.
* Contrast the response of a thermostat with the symbolic operations of a language user.
* Examine why operative excess is an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining what will emerge.
* Analyse the claim that thought is realised by a biossoma rather than housed inside it. Explain why this claim entails neither mind–body dualism nor the identity formula “the body is the mind”.
* Distinguish the attribution of thought from the separate attribution of consciousness.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1eswibcsgbf0x9w36vppjaq29dlir4s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673236</id>
      <parentid>4673208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11984" sha1="n5d1zhcqfngw7krdkac1zuucuf9xvvu" xml:space="preserve">== 1.3 – Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject ==

A thermostat changes its output after a temperature difference; a language user can recognise a public sign under an available mark, thereby constitute a local symbolic instance, relate it to other symbols, revise those relations, and let the revision alter later action. Both are material responses, but they do not display the same capacity. Rejecting an immaterial mind therefore does not license the claim that every material response is thought. The problem is to identify the transition in materially realised capacities without converting it into a transition between substances.

This position converges partially with Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation, which treats the individual as the result of an ongoing process rather than as a given substance. His account begins from metastable conditions charged with pre-individual potentials, and the pre-individual is not simply a layer abandoned once individuation occurs: it remains associated with individuated being and can participate in further individuations (Simondon 2005). The disagreement developed here is therefore not that Simondon stores completed forms in advance or posits a merely chronological “before”. It concerns the explanatory status granted to pre-individual reality. The present account begins from materially configured relations whose available compatibilities are not exhausted by their current organisation, without assigning those compatibilities to a distinct pre-individual register.

Spinoza offers a powerful non-dualist model in which Thought and Extension are attributes of one infinite substance. Their distinction does not divide that substance into two beings, and the attributes are not themselves modes. The divergence developed here is therefore not that Spinoza preserves a disguised dualism. It is that thought remains an attribute through which the one substance is eternally expressed, whereas the present account does not begin from substance or attributes. Thought is an emergent capacity of particular material organisations: it appears when a system can retain symbolic instances, establish and revise relations among them, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations (Spinoza [1677] 1996, 83).

Deleuze’s philosophy of difference and becoming offers essential resources, but it also assigns a decisive explanatory role to the virtual. For Deleuze, the virtual is fully real rather than merely possible, and it is not a transcendent realm placed beyond the actual (Deleuze [1968] 1994, 208). The disagreement developed here is narrower: the production of novelty does not require a distinct virtual register as the genetic condition of actuality. According to an explicit criterion, relations within present material configurations can permit realisations that exceed the relations realised in an existing form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. Thought requires no virtual reserve; it emerges when material organisation acquires the capacity for symbolic operation.

In every established human case, thought is realised by a living body rather than housed inside it. The term ''biossoma'' names a living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation. It is not a synonym for any complex system, and it should not be extended automatically to technical configurations. A non-biological system that appeared to satisfy comparable functional criteria would require its own empirical assessment as a possible case of post-biological symbolic emergence. The materialist claim fixes no conclusion in advance about consciousness or subjectivity in such a system.

What must be refused is a hierarchy or transition between substances, not a transition in materially realised capacities within one material field. When an organised system acquires the capacity for symbolic operation, it can retain symbolic instances, establish and revise relations among them, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations. This transition introduces neither another substance nor another ontological realm. It identifies a change in what the material configuration can do. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Operative excess does not predetermine whether thought or some other capacity will emerge.

Thought does not require an immaterial interior or a sovereign subject standing outside its operations. This does not abolish functional interiority or processes of subjectivation, and symbolic competence alone does not establish consciousness. Functional interiority designates a system's materially organised capacity to retain states or modifications arising from its activity and make them intervene in the modulation of subsequent operations. It can participate in the realisation of thought and subjectivation without being identical to either. Subjectivation names the formation of a position within symbolic and social relations. Consciousness remains a separate attribution governed by the evidential distinctions stated in Section 6.1; it is not a conclusion entailed by thought, functional interiority, or symbolic competence alone.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the third text of the ''Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity'', and it marks a turning point. After the refusal of dualism (Text I) and the dismantling of the two-worlds fiction (Text II), the focus shifts from critique to a positive account of how thought can emerge within material organisation. The text does not claim that matter universally thinks. It identifies a transition in materially realised capacities through which particular organisations acquire capacities that simpler forms of response do not exercise.

This transition clarifies how thought can be materially realised without invoking an immaterial thinking substance or a sovereign subject. At the same time, it preserves functional interiority, processes of subjectivation, and consciousness as distinct questions requiring their own criteria.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The central question is: how can thought be explained without separating a thinking substance from material organisation? Rejecting dualism does not justify treating every material response as thought. The task is therefore to identify the material operations that distinguish symbolic thought from simpler forms of responsiveness.

Simondon, Spinoza, and Deleuze provide important non-dualist resources, but the disagreement developed here concerns the explanatory role assigned respectively to pre-individual reality, substance and attributes, and the virtual. These concepts are not treated as disguised versions of one doctrine or as straightforward forms of transcendence. The present account instead begins from particular material organisations, their current relations, and the compatibilities available within them.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The central thesis is that thought is an emergent capacity of particular material organisations. It becomes operative when a system can recognise public signs under available marks, thereby constitute local symbolic instances, establish and revise relations among symbols, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations.

Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes the relevant reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Operative excess does not, by itself, establish that thought or consciousness has emerged.

Thought is therefore neither an external plane nor an invisible essence. It is a capacity realised through organised material relations. This displaces the immaterial or sovereign subject without abolishing functional interiority, subjectivation, or consciousness as distinct objects of inquiry.

The reformulated question is not simply “who thinks?” but: “Which material operations allow an organised system to recognise public signs under available marks, constitute local symbolic instances, revise relations among symbols, and allow those revisions to alter what it can do?”

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Thought as an Emergent Material Capacity''': a capacity of particular material organisations to perform symbolic operations that modify their later activity.
* '''Functional Interiority''': a system's materially organised capacity to retain states or modifications arising from its activity and make them intervene in the modulation of subsequent operations. It can participate in the realisation of thought and subjectivation without being identical to either, and it is not an immaterial interior.
* '''Biossoma''': a living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation; not a generic term for every complex system.
* '''Symbolic Operation''': the recognition of public signs under available marks, the constitution of local symbolic instances, and the establishment and revision of relations among symbols.
* '''Operative Excess''': the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary.
* '''Differentiated Philosophical Disagreements''': the OEC does not classify Simondon, Spinoza, or Deleuze as classical dualists. It questions whether individuation requires a distinct pre-individual register, whether thought should be understood as an attribute of one infinite substance, and whether novelty requires the virtual as a distinct explanatory register.

The rejection of transcendence concerns any ontological domain exterior to spatiotemporal material reality. It does not deny temporal antecedents, the environment of a local organisation, distinctions between internal and external relations, or functional interiority.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This text asks readers to relinquish the classical image of thought as the activity of an immaterial mind or sovereign subject. It does not eliminate every form of subjectivity or interiority. It relocates them within materially realised operations.

Symbolic competence does not by itself establish consciousness, intention, or a sovereign subject. Each attribution requires its own evidence and criteria.

Suggestions for further engagement in pedagogical contexts:

* Compare the precise disagreements with Simondon, Spinoza, and Deleuze without reducing their positions to disguised dualism.
* Contrast the response of a thermostat with the symbolic operations of a language user.
* Examine why operative excess is an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining what will emerge.
* Analyse the claim that thought is realised by a biossoma rather than housed inside it. Explain why this claim entails neither mind–body dualism nor the identity formula “the body is the mind”.
* Distinguish the attribution of thought from the separate attribution of consciousness.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>n5d1zhcqfngw7krdkac1zuucuf9xvvu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673281</id>
      <parentid>4673236</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673281</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12237" sha1="qcnts2a95o4t6qr4oe9rzxhy61vib1t" xml:space="preserve">== 1.3 – Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject ==

A thermostat changes its output after a temperature difference; a language user can integrate a public sign into the system's own symbolic operations, relate the corresponding symbol to other symbols, revise those relations, and let the revision alter later action. Both are material responses, but they do not display the same capacity. Rejecting an immaterial mind therefore does not license the claim that every material response is thought. The problem is to identify the transition in materially realised capacities without converting it into a transition between substances.

This position converges partially with Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation, which treats the individual as the result of an ongoing process rather than as a given substance. His account begins from metastable conditions charged with pre-individual potentials, and the pre-individual is not simply a layer abandoned once individuation occurs: it remains associated with individuated being and can participate in further individuations (Simondon 2005). The disagreement developed here is therefore not that Simondon stores completed forms in advance or posits a merely chronological “before”. It concerns the explanatory status granted to pre-individual reality. The present account begins from materially configured relations whose available compatibilities are not exhausted by their current organisation, without assigning those compatibilities to a distinct pre-individual register.

Spinoza offers a powerful non-dualist model in which Thought and Extension are attributes of one infinite substance. Their distinction does not divide that substance into two beings, and the attributes are not themselves modes. The divergence developed here is therefore not that Spinoza preserves a disguised dualism. It is that thought remains an attribute through which the one substance is eternally expressed, whereas the present account does not begin from substance or attributes. Thought is an emergent capacity of particular material organisations: it appears when a system can retain symbols, establish and revise relations among them, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations (Spinoza [1677] 1996, 83).

Deleuze’s philosophy of difference and becoming offers essential resources, but it also assigns a decisive explanatory role to the virtual. For Deleuze, the virtual is fully real rather than merely possible, and it is not a transcendent realm placed beyond the actual (Deleuze [1968] 1994, 208). The disagreement developed here is narrower: the production of novelty does not require a distinct virtual register as the genetic condition of actuality. According to an explicit criterion, relations within present material configurations can permit realisations that exceed the relations realised in an existing form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. Thought requires no virtual reserve; it emerges when material organisation acquires the capacity for symbolic operation.

In every established human case, thought is realised by a living body rather than housed inside it. The term ''biossoma'' names a living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation. It is not a synonym for any complex system, and it should not be extended automatically to technical configurations. A non-biological system that appeared to satisfy comparable functional criteria would require its own empirical assessment as a possible case of post-biological symbolic emergence. The materialist claim fixes no conclusion in advance about consciousness or subjectivity in such a system.

What must be refused is a hierarchy or transition between substances, not a transition in materially realised capacities within one material field. When an organised system acquires the capacity for symbolic operation, it can retain symbols, establish and revise relations among them, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations. This transition introduces neither another substance nor another ontological realm. It identifies a change in what the material configuration can do. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Operative excess does not predetermine whether thought or some other capacity will emerge.

Thought does not require an immaterial interior or a sovereign subject standing outside its operations. This does not abolish functional interiority or processes of subjectivation, and symbolic competence alone does not establish consciousness. Functional interiority designates a system's materially organised capacity to retain states or modifications arising from its activity and make them intervene in the modulation of subsequent operations. It can participate in the realisation of thought and subjectivation without being identical to either. Subjectivation names the formation of a position within symbolic and social relations. Consciousness remains a separate attribution governed by the evidential distinctions stated in Section 6.1; it is not a conclusion entailed by thought, functional interiority, or symbolic competence alone.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the third text of the ''Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity'', and it marks a turning point. After the refusal of dualism (Text I) and the dismantling of the two-worlds fiction (Text II), the focus shifts from critique to a positive account of how thought can emerge within material organisation. The text does not claim that matter universally thinks. It identifies a transition in materially realised capacities through which particular organisations acquire capacities that simpler forms of response do not exercise.

This transition clarifies how thought can be materially realised without invoking an immaterial thinking substance or a sovereign subject. At the same time, it preserves functional interiority, processes of subjectivation, and consciousness as distinct questions requiring their own criteria.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The central question is: how can thought be explained without separating a thinking substance from material organisation? Rejecting dualism does not justify treating every material response as thought. The task is therefore to identify the material operations that distinguish symbolic thought from simpler forms of responsiveness.

Simondon, Spinoza, and Deleuze provide important non-dualist resources, but the disagreement developed here concerns the explanatory role assigned respectively to pre-individual reality, substance and attributes, and the virtual. These concepts are not treated as disguised versions of one doctrine or as straightforward forms of transcendence. The present account instead begins from particular material organisations, their current relations, and the compatibilities available within them.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The central thesis is that thought is an emergent capacity of particular material organisations. It becomes operative when a system articulates symbols, establishes or revises relations among them, and uses those relations to modulate subsequent operations. The criterion is identical for biological, technical, and hybrid systems. Public signs provide evidence when the system integrates them into its own symbolic operations; their circulation or fluent reproduction alone does not establish thought.

Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes the relevant reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Operative excess does not, by itself, establish that thought or consciousness has emerged.

Thought is therefore neither an external plane nor an invisible essence. It is a capacity realised through organised material relations. This displaces the immaterial or sovereign subject without abolishing functional interiority, subjectivation, or consciousness as distinct objects of inquiry.

The reformulated question is not simply “who thinks?” but: “Which material operations allow an organised system to articulate symbols, establish or revise relations among them, apply those relations to new situations, and allow the revisions to alter what it can do?”

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Thought as an Emergent Material Capacity''': a capacity of particular material organisations to perform symbolic operations that modify their later activity.
* '''Functional Interiority''': a system's materially organised capacity to retain states or modifications arising from its activity and make them intervene in the modulation of subsequent operations. It can participate in the realisation of thought and subjectivation without being identical to either, and it is not an immaterial interior.
* '''Biossoma''': a living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation; not a generic term for every complex system.
* '''Symbolic Operation''': the articulation of symbols, the establishment or revision of relations among them, and the use of those relations to modulate subsequent operations. Public signs enter this regime only when a system integrates them into these operations.
* '''Operative Excess''': the affirmative causal condition established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or determining the result.
* '''Differentiated Philosophical Disagreements''': the OEC does not classify Simondon, Spinoza, or Deleuze as classical dualists. It questions whether individuation requires a distinct pre-individual register, whether thought should be understood as an attribute of one infinite substance, and whether novelty requires the virtual as a distinct explanatory register.

The rejection of transcendence concerns any ontological domain exterior to spatiotemporal material reality. It does not deny temporal antecedents, the environment of a local organisation, distinctions between internal and external relations, or functional interiority.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This text asks readers to relinquish the classical image of thought as the activity of an immaterial mind or sovereign subject. It does not eliminate every form of subjectivity or interiority. It relocates them within materially realised operations.

Symbolic competence does not by itself establish consciousness, intention, or a sovereign subject. Each attribution requires its own evidence and criteria.

Suggestions for further engagement in pedagogical contexts:

* Compare the precise disagreements with Simondon, Spinoza, and Deleuze without reducing their positions to disguised dualism.
* Contrast the response of a thermostat with the symbolic operations of a language user.
* Examine why operative excess is an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining what will emerge.
* Analyse the claim that thought is realised by a biossoma rather than housed inside it. Explain why this claim entails neither mind–body dualism nor the identity formula “the body is the mind”.
* Distinguish the attribution of thought from the separate attribution of consciousness.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qcnts2a95o4t6qr4oe9rzxhy61vib1t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673282</id>
      <parentid>4673011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19830" sha1="1zh7205st6a9b4syqowc6yv8b6slfns" xml:space="preserve">== 1.4 – The Symbol Is Not Transcendent ==

The previous section located thought within materially organised systems. A further problem now appears. If a symbol can represent an inscribed mark and participate in relations that allow a configuration no longer locally present to condition later operations, does this require a realm of meaning distinct from its physical support?

The answer developed here is no. Symbols are materially realised, but their materiality does not reduce them to ink, sound, voltage, or neural activity considered in isolation. When a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, that event constitutes a trace. In the singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The mark is the material configuration represented by the symbol; the system can then establish and revise relations among symbols. Representation remains materially real; transcendence is unnecessary.

=== Why the symbol can appear transcendent ===

Public signs can appear to exceed their immediate supports. The same word can appear in print, handwriting, speech, or an electrical state. A public sign is a materially stabilised configuration governed by shared conventions or codes. It may circulate among systems, but it functions symbolically for a receiving system only when that system integrates the sign into its own symbolic operations. A mathematical expression can likewise be materially instantiated in different ways and integrated within different systems that share the relevant code and operations.

A legal document can condition what people may do only because people and institutions integrate its public signs into their symbolic operations and relate the corresponding symbols to rules and procedures. The document’s visible characters do not interpret, compare, command, or regulate by themselves. The relevant efficacy belongs to organised systems operating through symbols.

Two shortcuts follow from these examples. The first treats meaning as an ideal object that a material sign merely carries. The second denies representation by reducing a symbolic occurrence to an isolated physical description of its material configuration. Neither is adequate. The first separates meaning from its material operations; the second omits the system-relative integration through which a public sign participates in symbolic operations and enters into relations with other symbols.

Derrida uses the trace to unsettle the priority of pure presence; Lacan gives the Symbolic a constitutive role in the formation of the subject; Heidegger examines language as a site of disclosure (Derrida 1982; Lacan 1981; Heidegger 1971). The three concepts perform different philosophical functions and should not be treated as versions of one doctrine or as straightforward immaterial substances.

Derrida’s trace must also be distinguished from the trace defined here. In the present framework, a trace is the ephemeral event through which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration before recognition and inscription. The shared word does not establish conceptual identity.

The criticism tested here is therefore narrower. It asks whether trace, symbolic order, and linguistic disclosure can be reconstructed through the material supports, relations, and operations that make them effective, without leaving those conditions explanatorily secondary. The disagreement concerns explanatory priority; it does not collapse the three projects into one.

=== From difference to symbol ===

The relevant sequence begins before there is a symbol. A material difference occurs as a variation in a field, object, signal, gesture, or other material configuration. When an organised system discriminates that difference as a new or previously unknown configuration, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace. In the singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a material protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation.

The mark is the material configuration recognised in the inscription and represented by the corresponding symbol. Its passivity is relational: it does not recognise, interpret, compare, or establish relations. A first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference. The system can establish and revise relations among symbols and, through those relations, modulate its subsequent operations. When that articulation creates a symbol, the result is a second-order symbol; the distinction concerns symbolic order, not different material natures of symbols.

Discrimination, inscription, reference, and error must be kept distinct. Discrimination occurs when a capable system encounters a material difference as new or previously unknown; that event constitutes a trace. Inscription is the singular operation that recognises the manifested difference under a protocol and constitutes the mark–symbol relation. Reference is situated: through the corresponding symbol, the system can make the marked configuration relevant to other symbolic operations, including when that configuration is not present at the current location. Later recognition proceeds through the system's established symbolic organisation and does not repeat the inscription. Error remains possible: a public sign can be integrated through an inappropriate symbolic relation, or symbols can be related in a way that supports a failed prediction or intervention. Material realisation explains how representation operates; it does not make representation infallible.

Persistence alone does not make a difference symbolic. A pattern in a rock is not a symbol in itself. If a system discriminates that pattern as a new or previously unknown configuration, the discrimination constitutes a trace. If the manifested difference is recognised under a protocol, the singular inscription constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. Subsequent recognition uses the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system; it neither repeats the inscription nor creates a chronological class of symbols.

The relevant questions must therefore remain distinct: which organised system discriminates the difference; under which protocol is the manifested difference recognised and inscribed; which mark and symbol are thereby co-constituted; and what subsequent symbolic operations become possible?

=== Representation without an ideal realm ===

A symbol represents a mark. The representational relation is internal to a materially organised process: the mark, the symbol, the recognising system, the protocol, and the later effects all require material realisation. Nothing has to cross from an ideal domain into a physical one.

Representation is therefore preserved, but its scope is specified. A symbol is not a miniature copy of an external object and does not contain an immaterial meaning. By relating symbols, a system can nevertheless make a non-local or no-longer-present configuration relevant to its current operations. A clinical system can integrate the public signs in a medical record and relate the corresponding symbols to a present decision. A user can integrate the public signs on a map into symbolic operations that orient action towards a place that is not visible. Mathematical signs can be materially realised across different supports and used by systems that master the relevant code and operations.

The absence involved in these cases is local or temporal, not ontological. The represented configuration may exist elsewhere or may belong to a past material event. In either case, present operation depends on material supports, applicable protocols, signs where communication is involved, and symbols realised in the system. No domain outside spatiotemporal material reality is required.

=== Formal abstraction does not require another realm ===

Formal languages present a harder case because the same relation can be preserved across materially different occurrences. Repeatability does not make the relation immaterial. Public mathematical signs circulate through conventional notations, while each capable system integrates those signs into its own symbolic operations. What persists across media is the reproducibility of operations under explicit rules, not an entity detached from material realisation.

A proof is therefore not a sequence of inscriptions in the technical sense used here. Its signs may occur in writing, speech, memory states, or computation. They function symbolically for systems that integrate them into the relevant operations. A trace occurs only when a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, and inscription is the singular operation that constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The proof is valid when each transformation follows the applicable rules and preserves the inferential relation between its steps. Formal necessity can thus be treated through materially realised and publicly checkable operations without reducing it to the accidental properties of a particular support.

Materialism does not entail instrumentalism. Symbols can carry content and support knowledge because systems use them to represent marks and to establish relations open to correction by further operations. Their reality and epistemic force depend on those material relations; neither is exhausted by immediate practical usefulness.

=== What performs the reorganisation? ===

It is tempting to attribute comparison or reorganisation directly to a symbol. That formulation is too compressed. A mark is passive in the relational sense: it does not recognise, interpret, compare, or establish relations. A symbol is a material instance of legibility and representation. The organised system performs operations by establishing and modifying relations among symbols.

The attribution of agency depends on this distinction. A warning icon on a screen is a public sign; it does not inspect the situation or decide what to do. Within an organisation of sensors, software, users, protocols, and institutions, relevant systems may integrate the sign into their own symbolic operations, relate the corresponding symbols to response procedures, and modify subsequent action. The effect is real, but it belongs to the organised systems and relations and cannot be assigned to the isolated sign.

Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes symbolic reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which symbolic form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. If reconfiguration occurs, the system may reorganise symbols of either order and the relations among them, creating second-order symbols and material configurations not previously operative in the system. If one of those configurations is discriminated as new or previously unknown, that event constitutes a trace and can occasion inscription. The inscriptions and marks are not reorganised. Operative excess does not guarantee that the result will be meaningful, true, or persistent.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the fourth section of Part I, extending the argument from thought (§1.3) to the symbol. If thought is materially realised rather than the activity of a separate substance, the symbol must also be located within material operations. The section retains representation but makes it immanent: a symbol represents a materially inscribed mark and can be related by the system only to other symbols. It is the section that most directly confronts the transcendent treatment of reference in semiotics and philosophy of language.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is whether representation can be explained without making the symbol a bridge to an immaterial essence, signified, or sense. Merely saying that a symbol stands for something leaves its material support and efficacy unexplained; denying representation altogether would obscure how an occurrence is recognised under an established mark. The challenge is therefore to distinguish immanent representation from transcendent reference and to state which entities can enter symbolic relations.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that a trace occurs when a capable system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration. In singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. A first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference; a second-order symbol is created through the articulation of symbols. The system can relate symbols to other symbols, and those relations may reorganise later operations. Representation and operation are therefore complementary and materially realised. The discussion of formal languages shows that their generality does not free them from material supports and protocols.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are trace as discrimination of novelty, singular inscription, mark as the passive and recoverable material configuration, symbol as the materially realised instance that represents a mark, and relations between symbols as the locus of symbolic reorganisation. The mark does not interpret, compare, relate, or revise. Representation is therefore fallible: a later occurrence can be recognised under an established mark and still be misclassified, because reference depends on material discrimination and revisable symbolic criteria rather than infallible access to an object. Functional absence and formal languages can be analysed through materially supported symbols without invoking an immaterial domain. The section engages critically with Derrida, Lacan, and Heidegger while preserving the differences among their projects.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should attend to three distinctions. First, trace is the event of discriminating a new or previously unknown material configuration. Second, singular inscription recognises what the trace manifests under a protocol and constitutes the mark–symbol relation in one operation. Third, the symbol represents the mark, while the organised system establishes relations only among symbols. The pedagogical test is to identify, in a concrete case, the discriminated difference, the inscription protocol, the passive mark, the symbolic order, and the system that relates the symbols.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this section, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish a material difference, a trace, a mark, a public sign, and a symbol;
* explain how singular inscription constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation;
* distinguish later recognition through an established symbolic organisation from inscription;
* state why marks are passive and why recognition, relation, and reorganisation belong to the system operating through symbols;
* defend representation without introducing an immaterial signified;
* explain how relations among symbols can make a represented configuration operable when it is no longer locally present;
* identify the evidence required before describing a process as symbolic.

The guiding question is: '''How can a material system use relations among materially realised symbols when the represented configuration is no longer locally present, without transferring meaning to another world?'''

==== Worked example: a laboratory alert ====

Consider a laboratory system that monitors temperature.

# A sensor changes state in response to a material variation.
# The organised system discriminates the changed state as a new or previously unknown configuration relevant to the experiment; that discrimination constitutes a trace.
# During calibration, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a material protocol and performs singular inscription, constituting the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference.
# Later readings are integrated through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system; they do not repeat inscription or create a chronological class of symbols.
# The system relates those symbols to other symbols concerning time, sample identity, tolerance, and response procedure.
# The system may then display a public warning sign. Trained users can integrate that sign into their own symbolic operations and relate the corresponding symbols to response procedures that modify their actions.

The alert is not an immaterial meaning attached to a coloured shape, and the shape does not act by itself. Its efficacy depends on a material-symbolic organisation in which public signs are locally recognised as symbols and integrated into further symbolic relations.

==== Common confusions ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Statement
! It does not mean
|-
| Symbols are materially realised
| A physical description of their isolated support is a complete symbolic explanation
|-
| Public signs can circulate among systems
| Symbols constituted locally in one system are transferred intact to another
|-
| A symbol represents a mark
| Meaning exists in an ideal realm, or the symbol resembles an external object
|-
| Marks are relationally passive
| Marks are unreal, physically inert, or causally irrelevant as material configurations
|-
| Organised systems establish relations among symbols
| Every responsive system is symbolic, or symbolic relations operate independently of a system
|-
| Operative excess can make symbolic reconfiguration possible without making it necessary
| Inscriptions are reorganised, or the resulting symbolic form is predetermined
|-
| A represented configuration may be locally or temporally absent
| The configuration belongs to a second ontological domain outside spatiotemporal material reality
|}

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is a persistent material pattern not automatically a mark or a symbol?
* What relation is constituted in singular inscription?
* Why does later recognition through an established symbolic organisation not repeat inscription?
* Why can a public sign circulate while a symbol remains local to the system in which it is constituted?
* Which operations belong to the organised system, and why can they not be attributed to a mark or an isolated symbol?
* How can operative excess make symbolic reorganisation possible without making it necessary, and why are inscriptions themselves not reorganised?
* How can a system use relations among symbols to make a locally or temporally absent configuration relevant to present operations without introducing transcendence?

=== Transition ===

Locating symbolic operations within materially organised systems removes the need to posit an immaterial source of meaning. The conclusion does not by itself establish that material order lacks a plan fixed in advance; antiteleology is a separate commitment requiring its own argument.

[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|Section 1.5]] examines whether order and function can remain real without being treated as evidence of a final purpose. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1zh7205st6a9b4syqowc6yv8b6slfns</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673313</id>
      <parentid>4673282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:42:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional closure: align mark, symbol, and function terminology</comment>
      <origin>4673313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19812" sha1="1dmiellbk6tfj9f6b2xicpsbci49q4n" xml:space="preserve">== 1.4 – The Symbol Is Not Transcendent ==

The previous section located thought within materially organised systems. A further problem now appears. If a symbol can represent an inscribed mark and participate in relations that allow a configuration no longer locally present to condition later operations, does this require a realm of meaning distinct from its physical support?

The answer developed here is no. Symbols are materially realised, but their materiality does not reduce them to ink, sound, voltage, or neural activity considered in isolation. When a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, that event constitutes a trace. In the singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The mark is the material configuration represented by the symbol; the system can then establish and revise relations among symbols. Representation remains materially real; transcendence is unnecessary.

=== Why the symbol can appear transcendent ===

Public signs can appear to exceed their immediate supports. The same word can appear in print, handwriting, speech, or an electrical state. A public sign is a materially stabilised configuration governed by shared conventions or codes. It may circulate among systems, but it functions symbolically for a receiving system only when that system integrates the sign into its own symbolic operations. A mathematical expression can likewise be materially instantiated in different ways and integrated within different systems that share the relevant code and operations.

A legal document can condition what people may do only because people and institutions integrate its public signs into their symbolic operations and relate the corresponding symbols to rules and procedures. The document’s visible characters do not interpret, compare, command, or regulate by themselves. The relevant efficacy belongs to organised systems operating through symbols.

Two shortcuts follow from these examples. The first treats meaning as an ideal object that a material sign merely carries. The second denies representation by reducing a symbolic occurrence to an isolated physical description of its material configuration. Neither is adequate. The first separates meaning from its material operations; the second omits the system-relative integration through which a public sign participates in symbolic operations and enters into relations with other symbols.

Derrida uses the trace to unsettle the priority of pure presence; Lacan gives the Symbolic a constitutive role in the formation of the subject; Heidegger examines language as a site of disclosure (Derrida 1982; Lacan 1981; Heidegger 1971). The three concepts perform different philosophical functions and should not be treated as versions of one doctrine or as straightforward immaterial substances.

Derrida’s trace must also be distinguished from the trace defined here. In the present framework, a trace is the ephemeral event through which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration before recognition and inscription. The shared word does not establish conceptual identity.

The criticism tested here is therefore narrower. It asks whether trace, symbolic order, and linguistic disclosure can be reconstructed through the material supports, relations, and operations that make them effective, without leaving those conditions explanatorily secondary. The disagreement concerns explanatory priority; it does not collapse the three projects into one.

=== From difference to symbol ===

The relevant sequence begins before there is a symbol. A material difference occurs as a variation in a field, object, signal, gesture, or other material configuration. When an organised system discriminates that difference as a new or previously unknown configuration, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace. In the singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a material protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation.

The mark is the material configuration recognised in the inscription and represented by the corresponding symbol. Its passivity is relational: it does not recognise, interpret, compare, or establish relations. A first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference. The system can establish and revise relations among symbols and, through those relations, modulate its subsequent operations. When that articulation creates a symbol, the result is a second-order symbol; the distinction concerns symbolic order, not different material natures of symbols.

Discrimination, inscription, reference, and error must be kept distinct. Discrimination occurs when a capable system encounters a material difference as new or previously unknown; that event constitutes a trace. Inscription is the singular operation that recognises the manifested difference under a protocol and constitutes the mark–symbol relation. Reference is situated: through the corresponding symbol, the system can make the marked configuration relevant to other symbolic operations, including when that configuration is not present at the current location. Later recognition proceeds through the system's established symbolic organisation and does not repeat the inscription. Error remains possible: a public sign can be integrated through an inappropriate symbolic relation, or symbols can be related in a way that supports a failed prediction or intervention. Material realisation explains how representation operates; it does not make representation infallible.

Persistence alone does not make a difference symbolic. A pattern in a rock is not a symbol in itself. If a system discriminates that pattern as a new or previously unknown configuration, the discrimination constitutes a trace. If the manifested difference is recognised under a protocol, the singular inscription constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. Subsequent recognition uses the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system; it neither repeats the inscription nor creates a chronological class of symbols.

The relevant questions must therefore remain distinct: which organised system discriminates the difference; under which protocol is the manifested difference recognised and inscribed; which mark and symbol are thereby co-constituted; and what subsequent symbolic operations become possible?

=== Representation without an ideal realm ===

A symbol represents a mark. The representational relation is internal to a materially organised process: the mark, the symbol, the recognising system, the protocol, and the later effects all require material realisation. Nothing has to cross from an ideal domain into a physical one.

Representation is therefore preserved, but its scope is specified. A symbol is not a miniature copy of an external object and does not contain an immaterial meaning. By relating symbols, a system can nevertheless make a non-local or no-longer-present configuration relevant to its current operations. A clinical system can integrate the public signs in a medical record and relate the corresponding symbols to a present decision. A user can integrate the public signs on a map into symbolic operations that orient action towards a place that is not visible. Mathematical signs can be materially realised across different supports and used by systems that master the relevant code and operations.

The absence involved in these cases is local or temporal, not ontological. The represented configuration may exist elsewhere or may belong to a past material event. In either case, present operation depends on material supports, applicable protocols, signs where communication is involved, and symbols realised in the system. No domain outside spatiotemporal material reality is required.

=== Formal abstraction does not require another realm ===

Formal languages present a harder case because the same relation can be preserved across materially different occurrences. Repeatability does not make the relation immaterial. Public mathematical signs circulate through conventional notations, while each capable system integrates those signs into its own symbolic operations. What persists across media is the reproducibility of operations under explicit rules, not an entity detached from material realisation.

A proof is therefore not a sequence of inscriptions in the technical sense used here. Its signs may occur in writing, speech, memory states, or computation. They function symbolically for systems that integrate them into the relevant operations. A trace occurs only when a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, and inscription is the singular operation that constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The proof is valid when each transformation follows the applicable rules and preserves the inferential relation between its steps. Formal necessity can thus be treated through materially realised and publicly checkable operations without reducing it to the accidental properties of a particular support.

Materialism does not entail instrumentalism. Symbols can carry content and support knowledge because systems use them to represent marks and to establish relations open to correction by further operations. Their reality and epistemic force depend on those material relations; neither is exhausted by immediate practical usefulness.

=== What performs the reorganisation? ===

It is tempting to attribute comparison or reorganisation directly to a symbol. That formulation is too compressed. A mark is passive in the relational sense: it does not recognise, interpret, compare, or establish relations. A symbol is a material instance of legibility and representation. The organised system performs operations by establishing and modifying relations among symbols.

The attribution of agency depends on this distinction. A warning icon on a screen is a public sign; it does not inspect the situation or decide what to do. Within an organisation of sensors, software, users, protocols, and institutions, relevant systems may integrate the sign into their own symbolic operations, relate the corresponding symbols to response procedures, and modify subsequent action. The effect is real, but it belongs to the organised systems and relations and cannot be assigned to the isolated sign.

Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes symbolic reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which symbolic form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. If reconfiguration occurs, the system may reorganise symbols of either order and the relations among them, creating second-order symbols and material configurations not previously operative in the system. If one of those configurations is discriminated as new or previously unknown, that event constitutes a trace and can occasion inscription. The inscriptions and marks are not reorganised. Operative excess does not guarantee that the result will be meaningful, true, or persistent.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the fourth section of Part I, extending the argument from thought (§1.3) to the symbol. If thought is materially realised rather than the activity of a separate substance, the symbol must also be located within material operations. The section retains representation but makes it immanent: a symbol represents a materially inscribed mark and can be related by the system only to other symbols. It is the section that most directly confronts the transcendent treatment of reference in semiotics and philosophy of language.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is whether representation can be explained without making the symbol a bridge to an immaterial essence, signified, or sense. Merely saying that a symbol stands for something leaves its material support and efficacy unexplained; denying representation altogether would obscure how an occurrence is recognised under an established mark. The challenge is therefore to distinguish immanent representation from transcendent reference and to state which entities can enter symbolic relations.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that a trace occurs when a capable system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration. In singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. A first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference; a second-order symbol is created through the articulation of symbols. The system can relate symbols to other symbols, and those relations may reorganise later operations. Representation and operation are therefore complementary and materially realised. The discussion of formal languages shows that their generality does not free them from material supports and protocols.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are trace as the event of discriminating a new or previously unknown material configuration, singular inscription, mark as the passive material configuration represented by the corresponding symbol, the two symbolic orders, and relations between symbols as the locus of symbolic reorganisation. The mark does not interpret, compare, relate, or revise. Representation remains fallible because the system can integrate a sign through an inappropriate symbolic relation or relate symbols in ways that misrepresent what occurred. Functional absence and formal languages can be analysed through materially supported symbols without invoking an immaterial domain. The section engages critically with Derrida, Lacan, and Heidegger while preserving the differences among their projects.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should attend to three distinctions. First, trace is the event of discriminating a new or previously unknown material configuration. Second, singular inscription recognises what the trace manifests under a protocol and constitutes the mark–symbol relation in one operation. Third, the symbol represents the mark, while the organised system establishes relations only among symbols. The pedagogical test is to identify, in a concrete case, the discriminated difference, the inscription protocol, the passive mark, the symbolic order, and the system that relates the symbols.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this section, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish a material difference, a trace, a mark, a public sign, and a symbol;
* explain how singular inscription constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation;
* distinguish later recognition through an established symbolic organisation from inscription;
* state why marks are passive and why recognition, relation, and reorganisation belong to the system operating through symbols;
* defend representation without introducing an immaterial signified;
* explain how relations among symbols can make a represented configuration operable when it is no longer locally present;
* identify the evidence required before describing a process as symbolic.

The guiding question is: '''How can a material system use relations among materially realised symbols when the represented configuration is no longer locally present, without transferring meaning to another world?'''

==== Worked example: a laboratory alert ====

Consider a laboratory system that monitors temperature.

# A sensor changes state in response to a material variation.
# The organised system discriminates the changed state as a new or previously unknown configuration relevant to the experiment; that discrimination constitutes a trace.
# During calibration, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a material protocol and performs singular inscription, constituting the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference.
# Later readings are integrated through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system; they do not repeat inscription or create a chronological class of symbols.
# The system relates those symbols to other symbols concerning time, sample identity, tolerance, and response procedure.
# The system may then display a public warning sign. Trained users can integrate that sign into their own symbolic operations and relate the corresponding symbols to response procedures that modify their actions.

The alert is not an immaterial meaning attached to a coloured shape, and the shape does not act by itself. Its efficacy depends on a material-symbolic organisation in which public signs are locally recognised as symbols and integrated into further symbolic relations.

==== Common confusions ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Statement
! It does not mean
|-
| Symbols are materially realised
| A physical description of their isolated support is a complete symbolic explanation
|-
| Public signs can circulate among systems
| Symbols constituted locally in one system are transferred intact to another
|-
| A symbol represents a mark
| Meaning exists in an ideal realm, or the symbol resembles an external object
|-
| Marks are relationally passive
| Marks are unreal, physically inert, or causally irrelevant as material configurations
|-
| Organised systems establish relations among symbols
| Every responsive system is symbolic, or symbolic relations operate independently of a system
|-
| Operative excess can make symbolic reconfiguration possible without making it necessary
| Inscriptions are reorganised, or the resulting symbolic form is predetermined
|-
| A represented configuration may be locally or temporally absent
| The configuration belongs to a second ontological domain outside spatiotemporal material reality
|}

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is a persistent material pattern not automatically a mark or a symbol?
* What relation is constituted in singular inscription?
* Why does later recognition through an established symbolic organisation not repeat inscription?
* Why can a public sign circulate while a symbol remains local to the system in which it is constituted?
* Which operations belong to the organised system, and why can they not be attributed to a mark or an isolated symbol?
* How can operative excess make symbolic reorganisation possible without making it necessary, and why are inscriptions themselves not reorganised?
* How can a system use relations among symbols to make a locally or temporally absent configuration relevant to present operations without introducing transcendence?

=== Transition ===

Locating symbolic operations within materially organised systems removes the need to posit an immaterial source of meaning. The conclusion does not by itself establish that material order lacks a plan fixed in advance; antiteleology is a separate commitment requiring its own argument.

[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|Section 1.5]] examines how order can remain real and functions can be constituted locally without either being treated as evidence of a final purpose. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1dmiellbk6tfj9f6b2xicpsbci49q4n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673209</id>
      <parentid>4673012</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12755" sha1="mhfhkd31rr3m1enr309h41xlft7fobq" xml:space="preserve">== 1.5 – No Ground, No Soul, No Plan ==

Several influential Western philosophical lineages have explained order by reference to final causes, providential design, historical consummation, or cosmic convergence. Aristotle’s unmoved mover, Augustine’s providential history, Hegel’s self-realisation of Spirit, and Teilhard de Chardin’s convergence of evolution towards spirit are not versions of one doctrine. They nevertheless offer distinct cases in which becoming is interpreted through an antecedent end or governing order treated as fixing what the material process must become (Aristotle 1984a, 1072b; Augustine 2003; Hegel [1807] 1977; Teilhard de Chardin [1955] 1959).

Dualism can support this teleological imaginary, but it does not entail it. Where an ideal or eternal order is treated as the origin and norm of a material and temporal one, becoming can be read as movement towards completion. Matter then appears either as the vehicle of a prescribed development or as an obstacle to it. Because finality can also be conceived as immanent, however, rejecting two worlds cannot carry the antiteleological argument by itself.

An additional commitment is therefore required: no cosmic finality or pre-written programme governs material becoming. ‘Ground’ here means an ultimate basis outside or beneath the field that would secure the whole; it does not mean a local material support or enabling condition. ‘Soul’ means an immaterial substance, while ‘plan’ means an antecedent programme imposed upon the course of the real. This refusal leaves local design and the scientific attribution of biological functions untouched. Symbolically organised systems can formulate projects, constitute local ends, and produce arrangements directed towards them; those ends are material and symbolic productions of the systems concerned, not instructions written into reality as a whole.

Spinoza’s critique of final causes already exposes the projection of human purposes onto nature (Spinoza [1677] 1996, 25–29). The present position retains that anti-finalist force without adopting his substance–attribute architecture. Material becoming is not an evolution towards spirit. Nor does it express divine intention or conceal a truth awaiting revelation.

Antiteleology does not imply chaos. Material order can arise and persist wherever material couplings sustain consistent relations under specific conditions. Symbolically organised systems may assign a local purpose to a designed object, and biological inquiry may attribute functions to organismic structures or processes by relating their effects to an organism, lineage, or specified system. These are materially realised symbolic attributions; neither establishes a purpose governing matter as a whole. Coherence is achieved rather than guaranteed. When supporting relations alter, a configuration may persist in another regime. It may instead dissolve or reorganise.

Material efficacy and symbolic sense must remain distinct. Non-symbolic organisations can produce effects, sustain capacities, and participate in material couplings without constituting functions or meanings. Sense arises only in systems capable of locally constituting symbols and relating them. It is materially realised and remains open to correction; it is not an echo of essence. The absence of global purpose therefore leaves both symbolic content and non-symbolic efficacy intact.

Contingency here is structured, not absolute indeterminacy. Physical constraints and available compatibilities delimit what can occur; historical relations condition which configurations arise. When, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, operative excess is established as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations; operative excess neither selects the result in advance nor guarantees its persistence. Contingent outcomes remain causally conditioned without being destined.

The antiteleological commitment excludes any model in which becoming fulfils a destination fixed in advance. It therefore contests readings of Hegelian development as necessary progress towards reconciliation, as well as theological eschatologies (Hegel [1807] 1977). Bergson requires a different diagnosis. He rejects a prearranged programme and radical finalism, yet retains an original impetus expressed through divergent tendencies rather than through a final state fixed in advance (Bergson 1911). The present position agrees that novelty is not prearranged but does not invoke such an impetus as a general explanatory principle.

Kauffman’s account of coevolution explicitly denies a master choreographer while asking whether coevolving systems tend towards the edge of chaos (Kauffman 1995, 223). Such models need not be teleological. The problem begins when scale-specific dynamics are promoted into a universal tendency towards higher order. Direction must be demonstrated at the scale under study rather than projected retrospectively onto the process.

No ultimate ground, immaterial soul, or pre-written plan governs the field. Emergent material configurations arise through local compatibilities and new material couplings that cross operational thresholds; other configurations and continuities require their own causal descriptions. Some persist provisionally; others dissolve or reorganise as conditions change. No destination waits inside the process. The question is now material rather than teleological: what can matter do, and why is the instability that prevents final closure also a condition of further organisation?

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Section 1.5 adds an independent antiteleological commitment to the refusals established in Sections 1.1–1.4. The rejection of dualism, two-world ontologies, an immaterial thinking substance, and a transcendent symbol excludes several traditional supports of teleology, but it does not by itself refute every possible account of immanent finality. This section therefore performs a further operation: it separates material order from any antecedent purpose governing becoming as a whole.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not whether purposes, attributed functions, or directional processes exist at particular scales. Symbolically organised systems can formulate projects and assign purposes to designed objects; biological inquiry can attribute functions to organismic structures or processes by relating their effects to an organism, lineage, or specified system; and specific dynamics may exhibit demonstrable direction.

The question is whether any of these local facts warrants the stronger claim that matter, life, or history is governed by a destination fixed in advance. Aristotle, Augustine, Hegel, and Teilhard de Chardin offer different philosophical systems rather than versions of a single doctrine. They are brought together here only because each provides a distinct case in which becoming is interpreted through an antecedent end or governing order treated as fixing what the material process must become.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
No ultimate ground outside or beneath the material field secures the whole. No immaterial soul directs material organisation, and no pre-written plan determines what becoming must accomplish. This does not remove local material supports, enabling conditions, the scientific attribution of biological functions, or situated purposes constituted by symbolic systems. It denies their promotion into evidence of a purpose governing reality as a whole.

Order can arise where material couplings sustain consistent relations under specific conditions. These processes are neither arbitrary nor destined. Physical constraints delimit what can occur, while historical relations condition which configurations actually arise. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form. It makes reconfiguration possible without selecting the result beforehand or guaranteeing that reconfiguration or persistence will occur.

Emergence must therefore not be identified with survival. A configuration may emerge and dissolve, persist provisionally, or reorganise into another regime. Persistence is one possible history of an emergent configuration, not the definition or measure of emergence itself.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Ultimate ground:''' a basis outside or beneath the material field that would secure the whole. Its rejection does not deny local supports or enabling conditions.
* '''Antiteleology:''' the refusal of a destination or governing purpose inscribed in material becoming as a whole. It does not deny local direction when that direction is demonstrated.
* '''Local purpose and function:''' projects and purposes constituted by symbolically organised systems, together with functions symbolically attributed by relating material effects to a specified organisation, history, or capacity. None constitutes an instruction governing reality as a whole.
* '''Material coupling:''' the process by which materially organised processes reciprocally constrain or enable one another and make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions. A coupling may sustain, regulate, extend, transform, or help produce a capacity; it is not synonymous with emergence or guaranteed stabilisation.
* '''Structured contingency:''' historical singularity operating within material constraints. What occurs is causally conditioned without being prescribed by a final destination.
* '''Operative excess:''' the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result.
* '''Material efficacy and symbolic sense:''' non-symbolic organisations can produce effects, sustain capacities, and participate in material couplings without constituting functions or meanings. Sense arises only where an organised system can constitute symbols and establish relations among them.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
The decisive distinction is one of scale and explanatory status. A locally attributed function does not establish a cosmic purpose. A directional process observed under particular conditions does not demonstrate a universal tendency. A material support is not an ultimate ground, and causal constraint is not destiny.

The chapter must therefore be protected from several common misreadings:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! The chapter claims
! It does not claim
|-
| There is no ultimate ground
| Material organisations lack local supports
|-
| There is no cosmic plan
| Organised systems cannot formulate projects
|-
| Contingency is structured
| Events occur without causes or constraints
|-
| Emergence is not predetermined
| Whatever persists counts as emergent
|-
| Material couplings make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity
| Every junction, order, or stabilisation is a material coupling
|-
| Global purpose is unnecessary
| Symbolic meaning or non-symbolic efficacy is unreal
|}

The absence of a cosmic plan also does not, by itself, establish an ethics of responsibility. It removes an external guarantor, but ethical responsibility requires its own argument concerning vulnerability, response, and the consequences of materially situated action.

Suggestions for further engagement:

* Distinguish global teleology, local design, the scientific attribution of biological function, and scale-specific direction.
* Examine whether a model of self-organisation demonstrates direction at the scale studied or projects it retrospectively onto the process.
* Compare Bergson and Kauffman without classifying either position as straightforwardly teleological.
* Exercise: identify a scientific, political, or historical explanation that assumes an inevitable outcome, then reformulate it in terms of constraints, local compatibilities, material couplings, and open results.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mhfhkd31rr3m1enr309h41xlft7fobq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673237</id>
      <parentid>4673209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673237</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12763" sha1="b61mjmza5peiyhjh5uhheda58rgu79u" xml:space="preserve">== 1.5 – No Ground, No Soul, No Plan ==

Several influential Western philosophical lineages have explained order by reference to final causes, providential design, historical consummation, or cosmic convergence. Aristotle’s unmoved mover, Augustine’s providential history, Hegel’s self-realisation of Spirit, and Teilhard de Chardin’s convergence of evolution towards spirit are not versions of one doctrine. They nevertheless offer distinct cases in which becoming is interpreted through an antecedent end or governing order treated as fixing what the material process must become (Aristotle 1984a, 1072b; Augustine 2003; Hegel [1807] 1977; Teilhard de Chardin [1955] 1959).

Dualism can support this teleological imaginary, but it does not entail it. Where an ideal or eternal order is treated as the origin and norm of a material and temporal one, becoming can be read as movement towards completion. Matter then appears either as the vehicle of a prescribed development or as an obstacle to it. Because finality can also be conceived as immanent, however, rejecting two worlds cannot carry the antiteleological argument by itself.

An additional commitment is therefore required: no cosmic finality or pre-written programme governs material becoming. ‘Ground’ here means an ultimate basis outside or beneath the field that would secure the whole; it does not mean a local material support or enabling condition. ‘Soul’ means an immaterial substance, while ‘plan’ means an antecedent programme imposed upon the course of the real. This refusal leaves local design and the scientific attribution of biological functions untouched. Symbolically organised systems can formulate projects, constitute local ends, and produce arrangements directed towards them; those ends are material and symbolic productions of the systems concerned, not instructions written into reality as a whole.

Spinoza’s critique of final causes already exposes the projection of human purposes onto nature (Spinoza [1677] 1996, 25–29). The present position retains that anti-finalist force without adopting his substance–attribute architecture. Material becoming is not an evolution towards spirit. Nor does it express divine intention or conceal a truth awaiting revelation.

Antiteleology does not imply chaos. Material order can arise and persist wherever material couplings sustain consistent relations under specific conditions. Symbolically organised systems may assign a local purpose to a designed object, and biological inquiry may attribute functions to organismic structures or processes by relating their effects to an organism, lineage, or specified system. These are materially realised symbolic attributions; neither establishes a purpose governing matter as a whole. Coherence is achieved rather than guaranteed. When supporting relations alter, a configuration may persist in another regime. It may instead dissolve or reorganise.

Material efficacy and symbolic sense must remain distinct. Non-symbolic organisations can produce effects, sustain capacities, and participate in material couplings without constituting functions or meanings. Sense arises only in systems capable of locally constituting symbols and relating them. It is materially realised and remains open to correction; it is not an echo of essence. The absence of global purpose therefore leaves both symbolic content and non-symbolic efficacy intact.

Contingency here is structured, not absolute indeterminacy. Physical constraints and available compatibilities delimit what can occur; historical relations condition which configurations arise. When, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, operative excess is established as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations; operative excess neither selects the result in advance nor guarantees its persistence. Contingent outcomes remain causally conditioned without being destined.

The antiteleological commitment excludes any model in which becoming fulfils a destination fixed in advance. It therefore contests readings of Hegelian development as necessary progress towards reconciliation, as well as theological eschatologies (Hegel [1807] 1977). Bergson requires a different diagnosis. He rejects a prearranged programme and radical finalism, yet retains an original impetus expressed through divergent tendencies rather than through a final state fixed in advance (Bergson 1911). The present position agrees that novelty is not prearranged but does not invoke such an impetus as a general explanatory principle.

Kauffman’s account of coevolution explicitly denies a master choreographer while asking whether coevolving systems tend towards the edge of chaos (Kauffman 1995, 223). Such models need not be teleological. The problem begins when scale-specific dynamics are promoted into a universal tendency towards higher order. Direction must be demonstrated at the scale under study rather than projected retrospectively onto the process.

No ultimate ground, immaterial soul, or pre-written plan governs the field. Emergent material configurations arise through materially conditioned reconfigurations that produce new properties, capacities, or effects; the relations and processes involved require their own causal descriptions. Some persist provisionally; others dissolve or reorganise as conditions change. No destination waits inside the process. The question is now material rather than teleological: what can matter do, and why is the instability that prevents final closure also a condition of further organisation?

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Section 1.5 adds an independent antiteleological commitment to the refusals established in Sections 1.1–1.4. The rejection of dualism, two-world ontologies, an immaterial thinking substance, and a transcendent symbol excludes several traditional supports of teleology, but it does not by itself refute every possible account of immanent finality. This section therefore performs a further operation: it separates material order from any antecedent purpose governing becoming as a whole.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not whether purposes, attributed functions, or directional processes exist at particular scales. Symbolically organised systems can formulate projects and assign purposes to designed objects; biological inquiry can attribute functions to organismic structures or processes by relating their effects to an organism, lineage, or specified system; and specific dynamics may exhibit demonstrable direction.

The question is whether any of these local facts warrants the stronger claim that matter, life, or history is governed by a destination fixed in advance. Aristotle, Augustine, Hegel, and Teilhard de Chardin offer different philosophical systems rather than versions of a single doctrine. They are brought together here only because each provides a distinct case in which becoming is interpreted through an antecedent end or governing order treated as fixing what the material process must become.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
No ultimate ground outside or beneath the material field secures the whole. No immaterial soul directs material organisation, and no pre-written plan determines what becoming must accomplish. This does not remove local material supports, enabling conditions, the scientific attribution of biological functions, or situated purposes constituted by symbolic systems. It denies their promotion into evidence of a purpose governing reality as a whole.

Order can arise where material couplings sustain consistent relations under specific conditions. These processes are neither arbitrary nor destined. Physical constraints delimit what can occur, while historical relations condition which configurations actually arise. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form. It makes reconfiguration possible without selecting the result beforehand or guaranteeing that reconfiguration or persistence will occur.

Emergence must therefore not be identified with survival. A configuration may emerge and dissolve, persist provisionally, or reorganise into another regime. Persistence is one possible history of an emergent configuration, not the definition or measure of emergence itself.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Ultimate ground:''' a basis outside or beneath the material field that would secure the whole. Its rejection does not deny local supports or enabling conditions.
* '''Antiteleology:''' the refusal of a destination or governing purpose inscribed in material becoming as a whole. It does not deny local direction when that direction is demonstrated.
* '''Local purpose and function:''' projects and purposes constituted by symbolically organised systems, together with functions symbolically attributed by relating material effects to a specified organisation, history, or capacity. None constitutes an instruction governing reality as a whole.
* '''Material coupling:''' the process by which materially organised processes reciprocally constrain or enable one another and make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions. A coupling may sustain, regulate, extend, transform, or help produce a capacity; it is not synonymous with emergence or guaranteed stabilisation.
* '''Structured contingency:''' historical singularity operating within material constraints. What occurs is causally conditioned without being prescribed by a final destination.
* '''Operative excess:''' the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result.
* '''Material efficacy and symbolic sense:''' non-symbolic organisations can produce effects, sustain capacities, and participate in material couplings without constituting functions or meanings. Sense arises only where an organised system can constitute symbols and establish relations among them.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
The decisive distinction is one of scale and explanatory status. A locally attributed function does not establish a cosmic purpose. A directional process observed under particular conditions does not demonstrate a universal tendency. A material support is not an ultimate ground, and causal constraint is not destiny.

The chapter must therefore be protected from several common misreadings:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! The chapter claims
! It does not claim
|-
| There is no ultimate ground
| Material organisations lack local supports
|-
| There is no cosmic plan
| Organised systems cannot formulate projects
|-
| Contingency is structured
| Events occur without causes or constraints
|-
| Emergence is not predetermined
| Whatever persists counts as emergent
|-
| Material couplings make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity
| Every junction, order, or stabilisation is a material coupling
|-
| Global purpose is unnecessary
| Symbolic meaning or non-symbolic efficacy is unreal
|}

The absence of a cosmic plan also does not, by itself, establish an ethics of responsibility. It removes an external guarantor, but ethical responsibility requires its own argument concerning vulnerability, response, and the consequences of materially situated action.

Suggestions for further engagement:

* Distinguish global teleology, local design, the scientific attribution of biological function, and scale-specific direction.
* Examine whether a model of self-organisation demonstrates direction at the scale studied or projects it retrospectively onto the process.
* Compare Bergson and Kauffman without classifying either position as straightforwardly teleological.
* Exercise: identify a scientific, political, or historical explanation that assumes an inevitable outcome, then reformulate it in terms of constraints, local compatibilities, material couplings, and open results.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>b61mjmza5peiyhjh5uhheda58rgu79u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673283</id>
      <parentid>4673237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13150" sha1="td4fvvkoux6fvcdin3rijcuqjsh74x4" xml:space="preserve">== 1.5 – No Ground, No Soul, No Plan ==

Several influential Western philosophical lineages have explained order by reference to final causes, providential design, historical consummation, or cosmic convergence. Aristotle’s unmoved mover, Augustine’s providential history, Hegel’s self-realisation of Spirit, and Teilhard de Chardin’s convergence of evolution towards spirit are not versions of one doctrine. They nevertheless offer distinct cases in which becoming is interpreted through an antecedent end or governing order treated as fixing what the material process must become (Aristotle 1984a, 1072b; Augustine 2003; Hegel [1807] 1977; Teilhard de Chardin [1955] 1959).

Dualism can support this teleological imaginary, but it does not entail it. Where an ideal or eternal order is treated as the origin and norm of a material and temporal one, becoming can be read as movement towards completion. Matter then appears either as the vehicle of a prescribed development or as an obstacle to it. Because finality can also be conceived as immanent, however, rejecting two worlds cannot carry the antiteleological argument by itself.

An additional commitment is therefore required: no cosmic finality or pre-written programme governs material becoming. ‘Ground’ here means an ultimate basis outside or beneath the field that would secure the whole; it does not mean a local material support or enabling condition. ‘Soul’ means an immaterial substance, while ‘plan’ means an antecedent programme imposed upon the course of the real. This refusal leaves local design and the scientific attribution of biological functions untouched, provided that function is understood as a symbolic attribution justified by demonstrated causal or evolutionary relations rather than as an intrinsic purpose of the material configuration. Symbolically organised systems can formulate projects, constitute local ends, and produce arrangements directed towards them; those ends are material and symbolic productions of the systems concerned, not instructions written into reality as a whole.

Spinoza’s critique of final causes already exposes the projection of human purposes onto nature (Spinoza [1677] 1996, 25–29). The present position retains that anti-finalist force without adopting his substance–attribute architecture. Material becoming is not an evolution towards spirit. Nor does it express divine intention or conceal a truth awaiting revelation.

Antiteleology does not imply chaos. Material order can arise and persist wherever material couplings sustain consistent relations under specific conditions. Symbolically organised systems may assign a local purpose to a designed object, and biological inquiry may attribute functions to organismic structures or processes by relating their effects to an organism, lineage, or specified system. These are materially realised symbolic attributions; neither establishes a purpose governing matter as a whole. Coherence is achieved rather than guaranteed. When supporting relations alter, a configuration may persist in another regime. It may instead dissolve or reorganise.

Material efficacy and symbolic sense must remain distinct. Non-symbolic organisations can produce effects, sustain capacities, and participate in material couplings without constituting functions or meanings. Sense arises only in systems capable of locally constituting symbols and relating them. It is materially realised and remains open to correction; it is not an echo of essence. The absence of global purpose therefore leaves both symbolic content and non-symbolic efficacy intact.

Contingency here is structured, not absolute indeterminacy. Physical constraints and available compatibilities delimit what can occur; historical relations condition which configurations arise. When, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, operative excess is established as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations; operative excess neither selects the result in advance nor guarantees its persistence. Contingent outcomes remain causally conditioned without being destined.

The antiteleological commitment excludes any model in which becoming fulfils a destination fixed in advance. It therefore contests readings of Hegelian development as necessary progress towards reconciliation, as well as theological eschatologies (Hegel [1807] 1977). Bergson requires a different diagnosis. He rejects a prearranged programme and radical finalism, yet retains an original impetus expressed through divergent tendencies rather than through a final state fixed in advance (Bergson 1911). The present position agrees that novelty is not prearranged but does not invoke such an impetus as a general explanatory principle.

Kauffman’s account of coevolution explicitly denies a master choreographer while asking whether coevolving systems tend towards the edge of chaos (Kauffman 1995, 223). Such models need not be teleological. The problem begins when scale-specific dynamics are promoted into a universal tendency towards higher order. Direction must be demonstrated at the scale under study rather than projected retrospectively onto the process.

No ultimate ground, immaterial soul, or pre-written plan governs the field. Emergent material configurations arise through materially conditioned reconfigurations that produce new properties, capacities, or effects; the relations and processes involved require their own causal descriptions. Some persist provisionally; others dissolve or reorganise as conditions change. No destination waits inside the process. The question is now material rather than teleological: what can matter do, and why is the instability that prevents final closure also a condition of further organisation?

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Section 1.5 adds an independent antiteleological commitment to the refusals established in Sections 1.1–1.4. The rejection of dualism, two-world ontologies, an immaterial thinking substance, and a transcendent symbol excludes several traditional supports of teleology, but it does not by itself refute every possible account of immanent finality. This section therefore performs a further operation: it separates material order from any antecedent purpose governing becoming as a whole.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not whether purposes, attributed functions, or directional processes exist at particular scales. Symbolically organised systems can formulate projects and assign purposes to designed objects; biological inquiry can attribute functions to organismic structures or processes by relating their effects to an organism, lineage, or specified system; and specific dynamics may exhibit demonstrable direction.

The question is whether any of these local facts warrants the stronger claim that matter, life, or history is governed by a destination fixed in advance. Aristotle, Augustine, Hegel, and Teilhard de Chardin offer different philosophical systems rather than versions of a single doctrine. They are brought together here only because each provides a distinct case in which becoming is interpreted through an antecedent end or governing order treated as fixing what the material process must become.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
No ultimate ground outside or beneath the material field secures the whole. No immaterial soul directs material organisation, and no pre-written plan determines what becoming must accomplish. This does not remove local material supports, enabling conditions, the scientific attribution of biological functions, or situated purposes constituted by symbolic systems. A biological function remains a symbolic attribution justified by demonstrated causal or evolutionary relations, not an intrinsic purpose of the material configuration. The argument denies the promotion of such attributions into evidence of a purpose governing reality as a whole.

Order can arise where material couplings sustain consistent relations under specific conditions. These processes are neither arbitrary nor destined. Physical constraints delimit what can occur, while historical relations condition which configurations actually arise. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form. It makes reconfiguration possible without selecting the result beforehand or guaranteeing that reconfiguration or persistence will occur.

Emergence must therefore not be identified with survival. A configuration may emerge and dissolve, persist provisionally, or reorganise into another regime. Persistence is one possible history of an emergent configuration, not the definition or measure of emergence itself.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Ultimate ground:''' a basis outside or beneath the material field that would secure the whole. Its rejection does not deny local supports or enabling conditions.
* '''Antiteleology:''' the refusal of a destination or governing purpose inscribed in material becoming as a whole. It does not deny local direction when that direction is demonstrated.
* '''Local purpose and function:''' projects and purposes constituted by symbolically organised systems, together with functions symbolically attributed by relating material effects to a specified organisation, history, or capacity. None constitutes an instruction governing reality as a whole.
* '''Material coupling:''' the process by which materially organised processes reciprocally constrain or enable one another and make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions. A coupling may sustain, regulate, extend, transform, or help produce a capacity; it is not synonymous with emergence or guaranteed stabilisation.
* '''Structured contingency:''' historical singularity operating within material constraints. What occurs is causally conditioned without being prescribed by a final destination.
* '''Operative excess:''' the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result.
* '''Material efficacy and symbolic sense:''' non-symbolic organisations can produce effects, sustain capacities, and participate in material couplings without constituting functions or meanings. Sense arises only where an organised system can constitute symbols and establish relations among them.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
The decisive distinction is one of scale and explanatory status. A locally attributed function does not establish a cosmic purpose. A directional process observed under particular conditions does not demonstrate a universal tendency. A material support is not an ultimate ground, and causal constraint is not destiny.

The chapter must therefore be protected from several common misreadings:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! The chapter claims
! It does not claim
|-
| There is no ultimate ground
| Material organisations lack local supports
|-
| There is no cosmic plan
| Organised systems cannot formulate projects
|-
| Contingency is structured
| Events occur without causes or constraints
|-
| Emergence is not predetermined
| Whatever persists counts as emergent
|-
| Material couplings make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity
| Every junction, order, or stabilisation is a material coupling
|-
| Global purpose is unnecessary
| Symbolic meaning or non-symbolic efficacy is unreal
|}

The absence of a cosmic plan also does not, by itself, establish an ethics of responsibility. It removes an external guarantor, but ethical responsibility requires its own argument concerning vulnerability, response, and the consequences of materially situated action.

Suggestions for further engagement:

* Distinguish global teleology, local design, the scientific attribution of biological function, and scale-specific direction.
* Examine whether a model of self-organisation demonstrates direction at the scale studied or projects it retrospectively onto the process.
* Compare Bergson and Kauffman without classifying either position as straightforwardly teleological.
* Exercise: identify a scientific, political, or historical explanation that assumes an inevitable outcome, then reformulate it in terms of constraints, local compatibilities, material couplings, and open results.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>td4fvvkoux6fvcdin3rijcuqjsh74x4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673210</id>
      <parentid>4671518</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14996" sha1="r0up41v1usy1rqdezsfqsi0b6zuwpbi" xml:space="preserve">== 1.6 – Matter as the Only Substrate ==

To say that matter is the only substrate can sound self-contradictory in a philosophy that rejects ultimate grounds. The apparent contradiction disappears once two senses of ''substrate'' are separated. The chapter rejects a '''substratum''': an inert layer lying beneath appearances and waiting to receive form. It retains “only substrate” as a negative ontological commitment: nothing that exists requires an immaterial substance, a transcendent plane, or a disembodied principle. There is one material field, internally differentiated and capable of producing heterogeneous regimes of organisation.

The position developed here is therefore materialist without treating matter as dead stuff, and non-reductive without adding a second world.

=== No metaphysical floor ===

Classical and modern philosophies often picture matter through a contrast. In hylomorphic descriptions it can appear as what receives form; in Cartesian dualism extension is distinguished from thought; in other systems a material order is supplemented by mind, spirit, value, or intelligible structure. The systems differ, and none should be reduced to a slogan. What matters here is the recurrent explanatory gesture: material processes are treated as insufficient until another principle gives them identity, intelligibility, or direction.

This chapter refuses that supplement. Matter does not sit beneath the world as a featureless base. It names the whole immanent field of interactions, constraints, differences, and possible effects. A body, equation, memory, institution, and computer model differ in their organisation. None needs an immaterial component in order to be real.

This is a claim of '''material sufficiency'''. It does not mean that current science already explains everything. It means that an unexplained phenomenon does not license the introduction of a non-material cause. Gaps in knowledge remain questions for inquiry, not entrances to another ontological domain.

“Matter operates” must also be distinguished from “matter is universally agentive”. Rivers erode, metals expand, and storms alter coastlines. These are operative effects. Symbolic agency requires more specific capacities: material support, discrimination, inscription, recognition through symbols, relations between symbols, and the modulation of further action. The field is active without every configuration becoming a subject.

=== Materialism is not physicalism ===

Physicalism covers several doctrines. Many versions claim that every fact is ultimately fixed by physical facts or that a completed physics would supply the most fundamental description of everything. The OEC makes a different claim. All configurations are materially dependent, yet the vocabulary adequate to one regime may be insufficient for another.

A chemical reaction must be physically possible. Chemical concepts nevertheless identify patterns that are not usefully replaced by a list of elementary interactions. An organism depends on chemistry. Metabolism, regulation, and ecological dependence require biological descriptions. A legal institution depends on bodies, documents, buildings, servers, and repeated practices. Its powers cannot be identified by measuring those supports alone.

This is not an argument for mysterious higher substances. It is an argument about '''organisation and explanatory scale'''. New capacities become operative when material relations cross organisational thresholds. The capacity remains materially realised, but it belongs to the configuration as organised, not to each component taken separately.

Three positions should therefore be distinguished. Reductive physicalism treats one fundamental vocabulary as sufficient in principle; the OEC replies that material dependence does not erase regime-specific organisation or make one scale explanatorily complete. Ontological dualism requires a second kind of substance for mind, meaning, or value; the OEC maintains that symbolic and ethical operations remain materially realised. Threshold materialism, the position defended here, holds that heterogeneous capacities emerge within one material field at specific organisational thresholds, provided that each attributed capacity is demonstrated through its concrete effects.

The last proviso is important. Calling a process “emergent” is not an alternative to explaining it. The analysis must identify the relevant relations, the threshold, and the new operation.

=== Matter as an immanent, self-modulating field ===

“Self-modulating” does not mean that the field forms an intentional whole which directs itself. It means that changes in material relations can alter the conditions of further operation without an external organiser. Feedback, constraint, and material coupling can stabilise a configuration; perturbations can reorganise or dissolve it.

This formulation learns from process philosophies and theories of individuation while declining to turn process into a deeper reserve. Simondon’s metastability and Deleuze’s immanence help displace static substance. The OEC nevertheless resists treating the pre-individual or the virtual as a domain that already contains the new capacity in another form. Material conditions enable and constrain emergence; they do not constitute a hidden inventory of everything that will occur.

Scientific descriptions can illuminate such processes, but they must not be converted into metaphysical proof. The dynamics of fields, phase transitions, and far-from-equilibrium systems show that contemporary science does not require the old image of inert matter. No single scientific theory, however, establishes the ontology of the book. The philosophical claim is assessed by its coherence across regimes and by its capacity to guide inquiry without contradicting empirical knowledge.

=== Heterogeneity without separate worlds ===

One material field can sustain radically different organisations. “One” refers to ontological continuity, not to homogeneity. The molecular, cellular, organismic, technical, symbolic, institutional, and planetary are analytical scales and regimes within the same field. They interact, constrain one another, and sometimes form new couplings.

No scale has automatic explanatory privilege. Smaller does not mean more real; larger does not mean more complete. An account of molecular bonds can be indispensable to a study of a medicine while remaining insufficient to explain access to that medicine. Conversely, an institutional account cannot suspend pharmacology. Adequate explanation may require several scales whose relations are stated rather than collapsed.

The same point prevents a hierarchy of substances. Biological organisation is not a second world added to physics. Symbolic organisation is not a third world added to life. Historically known symbolic systems depend on biological and technical supports. Their defining criteria are functional and remain open to configurations beyond any single species. What changes at a threshold is what the configuration can do.

=== Position among contemporary materialisms ===

This framework shares several commitments with contemporary materialisms: refusal of passive matter, criticism of anthropocentrism, and attention to the material efficacy of representations and institutions. It differs where vitality or agency is attributed too widely.

Jane Bennett’s language of vibrant matter, for example, productively directs attention to non-human effects and assemblages. The OEC preserves that insight while reserving agency for configurations that meet explicit functional criteria. This restriction is not a return to human supremacy. It allows non-human agency in principle, but prevents every causal contribution from being renamed agency.

The resulting position is '''threshold materialism'''. All actual processes are materially realised, but matter is organised heterogeneously rather than uniformly. New capacities can become operative at thresholds of material coupling, and no capacity should be attributed without evidence appropriate to the regime. These claims belong together: material continuity excludes a second substance, while threshold-specific evidence prevents continuity from becoming reduction.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This sixth text of Part I completes the positive ontological assertion that the preceding sections prepared. After refusing dualism (1.1), dissolving the two-worlds fiction (1.2), establishing thought as a materially realised capacity (1.3), redefining the symbol as immanent material representation (1.4), and rejecting ground and teleology (1.5), this section states the affirmative position: matter is the only substrate. There is no other domain, substance, or plane of reality. Thought, meaning, institutions, and symbols are materially realised organisations, capacities, or operations within the same field.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the persistent suspicion that a thoroughgoing materialism must be reductive — that by denying any domain beyond matter, the framework inevitably flattens the complexity of experience, meaning, and ethical life. The challenge for this section is to show that the OEC's materialism is non-reductive: it does not deny the reality of symbolic operations, ethical demands, or subjective experience; it requires their material realisation and the domain-appropriate evidence for the capacities attributed to them.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that matter is sufficient — not in the sense that everything about matter is already known, but in the sense that no non-material principle is required to explain any phenomenon, including complex symbolic and ethical operations. The real is heterogeneous: physical regularities, biological self-maintenance, symbolic inscription, and institutional coordination belong to different regimes of organisation within a single material field. They are not different substances, and none follows from materiality alone without the relations and thresholds specific to its regime. Material sufficiency replaces ontological supplementation, not local dependence: the field requires no exterior ground, while every local configuration persists through material conditions and relations.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The central concept is material sufficiency — the claim that the field does not require supplementation by a non-material principle. Related concepts include material heterogeneity, because one field can sustain qualitatively different organisations and capacities at different thresholds; the refusal of eliminativism, because thought, meaning, and experience are not declared illusory; and explanatory plurality, because the vocabulary adequate to one material regime may be insufficient for another. Non-reduction does not widen “matter” into an undefined catch-all: each capacity must be established through effects and criteria appropriate to the regime in which it occurs.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should resist two temptations. The first is to hear “matter is the only substrate” as “everything is adequately explained by fundamental physics”. The second is to treat materiality as a merely verbal label that removes the need for explanation. The OEC rejects both moves. Matter is not an inert metaphysical substratum, but neither is the material field a single agent that universally organises itself or generates complexity. The task is to identify the concrete relations, constraints, material couplings, and thresholds through which a capacity becomes operative, without introducing an immaterial supplement.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish matter from a passive metaphysical substratum;
* explain why materialism does not entail physicalist reduction;
* separate operative effect from agency;
* understand how one field can contain different regimes and scales;
* state what “material sufficiency” does and does not claim.

The guiding question is: '''How can every process be material without every adequate explanation being written in the vocabulary of fundamental physics?'''

==== Worked example: a digital medical record ====

A digital medical record helps clarify material sufficiency without reduction.

# The record depends on electrical activity, storage media, networks, screens, bodies, and trained users.
# A measurement becomes available through a protocol and materially supported public signs.
# A capable clinical system recognises those signs through symbols and relates the symbols to diagnoses, prior results, uncertainty, and possible interventions.
# Institutional rules determine who may read or alter the record.
# Those symbolic and institutional operations can change treatment and redistribute exposure to benefit or harm.

Nothing in this process is immaterial. Yet a description of voltages alone would not explain the clinical meaning, access rules, or ethical consequences. Different vocabularies track different organisations of the same material field.

==== Common confusions ====

| Claim | It does not mean |
| --- | --- |
| Matter is the only substrate | Matter is an inert foundation beneath the world |
| The field is immanent | Every process is equally accessible to physics |
| Matter has operative effects | Every material configuration is an agent |
| Regimes are irreducible in description | Regimes are separate substances or worlds |
| Symbolic operations are material | Meanings can be read directly from their physical supports |

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is material sufficiency a constraint on explanation rather than a completed explanation?
* What would be lost by describing an institution only at the molecular scale?
* How can a capacity be irreducible to its components without becoming immaterial?
* Which evidence would be required before calling a technical system symbolically agentive?
* Why does “one field” not imply “one vocabulary”?

=== Transition ===

If material configurations require no external ground, their persistence cannot be guaranteed by one. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Section 1.7]] examines instability as the condition under which local order, history, and emergence become possible.

For the preceding refusal of ground and teleology, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|Section 1.5]]. Bibliographic details are gathered in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>r0up41v1usy1rqdezsfqsi0b6zuwpbi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673238</id>
      <parentid>4673210</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673238</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15296" sha1="c4hnek14e8baecxciuoplyf5pymk26s" xml:space="preserve">== 1.6 – Matter as the Only Substrate ==

To say that matter is the only substrate can sound self-contradictory in a philosophy that rejects ultimate grounds. The apparent contradiction disappears once two senses of ''substrate'' are separated. The chapter rejects a '''substratum''': an inert layer lying beneath appearances and waiting to receive form. It retains “only substrate” as a negative ontological commitment: nothing that exists requires an immaterial substance, a transcendent plane, or a disembodied principle. There is one material field, internally differentiated and capable of producing heterogeneous regimes of organisation.

The position developed here is therefore materialist without treating matter as dead stuff, and non-reductive without adding a second world.

=== No metaphysical floor ===

Classical and modern philosophies often picture matter through a contrast. In hylomorphic descriptions it can appear as what receives form; in Cartesian dualism extension is distinguished from thought; in other systems a material order is supplemented by mind, spirit, value, or intelligible structure. The systems differ, and none should be reduced to a slogan. What matters here is the recurrent explanatory gesture: material processes are treated as insufficient until another principle gives them identity, intelligibility, or direction.

This chapter refuses that supplement. Matter does not sit beneath the world as a featureless base. It names the whole immanent field of interactions, constraints, differences, and possible effects. A body, equation, memory, institution, and computer model differ in their organisation. None needs an immaterial component in order to be real.

This is a claim of '''material sufficiency'''. It does not mean that current science already explains everything. It means that an unexplained phenomenon does not license the introduction of a non-material cause. Gaps in knowledge remain questions for inquiry, not entrances to another ontological domain.

“Matter operates” must also be distinguished from “matter is universally agentive”. Rivers erode, metals expand, and storms alter coastlines. These are operative effects. Symbolic agency requires more specific capacities: material support, discrimination, inscription, recognition through symbols, relations between symbols, and the modulation of further action. The field is active without every configuration becoming a subject.

=== Materialism is not physicalism ===

Physicalism covers several doctrines. Many versions claim that every fact is ultimately fixed by physical facts or that a completed physics would supply the most fundamental description of everything. The OEC makes a different claim. All configurations are materially dependent, yet the vocabulary adequate to one regime may be insufficient for another.

A chemical reaction must be physically possible. Chemical concepts nevertheless identify patterns that are not usefully replaced by a list of elementary interactions. An organism depends on chemistry. Metabolism, regulation, and ecological dependence require biological descriptions. A legal institution depends on bodies, documents, buildings, servers, and repeated practices. Its powers cannot be identified by measuring those supports alone.

This is not an argument for mysterious higher substances. It is an argument about '''organisation and explanatory scale'''. New capacities become operative through reconfigurations of material relations. The capacity remains materially realised, but it belongs to the configuration as organised, not to each component taken separately.

Three positions should therefore be distinguished. Reductive physicalism treats one fundamental vocabulary as sufficient in principle; the OEC replies that material dependence does not erase regime-specific organisation or make one scale explanatorily complete. Ontological dualism requires a second kind of substance for mind, meaning, or value; the OEC maintains that symbolic and ethical operations remain materially realised. Threshold materialism, the position defended here, holds that heterogeneous capacities emerge through materially conditioned reconfigurations within one material field, provided that each attributed capacity is demonstrated through its concrete effects.

The last proviso is important. Calling a process “emergent” is not an alternative to explaining it. The analysis must identify the antecedent conditions, the relevant relations and processes, the reconfiguration, and the new property, capacity, or effect.

=== Matter as an immanent, self-modulating field ===

“Self-modulating” does not mean that the field forms an intentional whole which directs itself. It means that changes in material relations can alter the conditions of further operation without an external organiser. Feedback, constraint, and material coupling can stabilise a configuration; perturbations can reorganise or dissolve it.

This formulation learns from process philosophies and theories of individuation while declining to turn process into a deeper reserve. Simondon’s metastability and Deleuze’s immanence help displace static substance. The OEC nevertheless resists treating the pre-individual or the virtual as a domain that already contains the new capacity in another form. Material conditions enable and constrain emergence; they do not constitute a hidden inventory of everything that will occur.

Scientific descriptions can illuminate such processes, but they must not be converted into metaphysical proof. The dynamics of fields, phase transitions, and far-from-equilibrium systems show that contemporary science does not require the old image of inert matter. No single scientific theory, however, establishes the ontology of the book. The philosophical claim is assessed by its coherence across regimes and by its capacity to guide inquiry without contradicting empirical knowledge.

=== Heterogeneity without separate worlds ===

One material field can sustain radically different organisations. “One” refers to ontological continuity, not to homogeneity. The molecular, cellular, organismic, technical, symbolic, institutional, and planetary are analytical scales and regimes within the same field. They interact, constrain one another, and sometimes form new couplings.

No scale has automatic explanatory privilege. Smaller does not mean more real; larger does not mean more complete. An account of molecular bonds can be indispensable to a study of a medicine while remaining insufficient to explain access to that medicine. Conversely, an institutional account cannot suspend pharmacology. Adequate explanation may require several scales whose relations are stated rather than collapsed.

The same point prevents a hierarchy of substances. Biological organisation is not a second world added to physics. Symbolic organisation is not a third world added to life. Historically known symbolic systems depend on biological and technical supports. Their defining criteria concern the operations they demonstrably realise and remain open to configurations beyond any single species. Reconfiguration can change what the material organisation is capable of doing.

=== Position among contemporary materialisms ===

This framework shares several commitments with contemporary materialisms: refusal of passive matter, criticism of anthropocentrism, and attention to the material efficacy of representations and institutions. It differs where vitality or agency is attributed too widely.

Jane Bennett’s language of vibrant matter, for example, productively directs attention to non-human effects and assemblages. The OEC preserves that insight while reserving agency for configurations that meet explicit functional criteria. This restriction is not a return to human supremacy. It allows non-human agency in principle, but prevents every causal contribution from being renamed agency.

The resulting position is '''threshold materialism'''. All actual processes are materially realised, but matter is organised heterogeneously rather than uniformly. A possibility threshold describes the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which new capacity results are separate questions. No capacity should be attributed without evidence appropriate to the regime. These claims belong together: material continuity excludes a second substance, while evidence specific to the attributed capacity prevents continuity from becoming reduction.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This sixth text of Part I completes the positive ontological assertion that the preceding sections prepared. After refusing dualism (1.1), dissolving the two-worlds fiction (1.2), establishing thought as a materially realised capacity (1.3), redefining the symbol as immanent material representation (1.4), and rejecting ground and teleology (1.5), this section states the affirmative position: matter is the only substrate. There is no other domain, substance, or plane of reality. Thought, meaning, institutions, and symbols are materially realised organisations, capacities, or operations within the same field.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the persistent suspicion that a thoroughgoing materialism must be reductive — that by denying any domain beyond matter, the framework inevitably flattens the complexity of experience, meaning, and ethical life. The challenge for this section is to show that the OEC's materialism is non-reductive: it does not deny the reality of symbolic operations, ethical demands, or subjective experience; it requires their material realisation and the domain-appropriate evidence for the capacities attributed to them.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that matter is sufficient — not in the sense that everything about matter is already known, but in the sense that no non-material principle is required to explain any phenomenon, including complex symbolic and ethical operations. The real is heterogeneous: physical regularities, biological self-maintenance, symbolic inscription, and institutional coordination belong to different regimes of organisation within a single material field. They are not different substances, and none follows from materiality alone without the relations, conditions, and processes specific to its regime. Material sufficiency replaces ontological supplementation, not local dependence: the field requires no exterior ground, while every local configuration persists through material conditions and relations.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The central concept is material sufficiency — the claim that the field does not require supplementation by a non-material principle. Related concepts include material heterogeneity, because one field can sustain qualitatively different organisations and capacities through different material configurations; the refusal of eliminativism, because thought, meaning, and experience are not declared illusory; and explanatory plurality, because the vocabulary adequate to one material regime may be insufficient for another. Non-reduction does not widen “matter” into an undefined catch-all: each capacity must be established through effects and criteria appropriate to the regime in which it occurs.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should resist two temptations. The first is to hear “matter is the only substrate” as “everything is adequately explained by fundamental physics”. The second is to treat materiality as a merely verbal label that removes the need for explanation. The OEC rejects both moves. Matter is not an inert metaphysical substratum, but neither is the material field a single agent that universally organises itself or generates complexity. The task is to identify the concrete relations, constraints, material couplings, and reconfigurations through which a capacity becomes operative, without introducing an immaterial supplement.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish matter from a passive metaphysical substratum;
* explain why materialism does not entail physicalist reduction;
* separate operative effect from agency;
* understand how one field can contain different regimes and scales;
* state what “material sufficiency” does and does not claim.

The guiding question is: '''How can every process be material without every adequate explanation being written in the vocabulary of fundamental physics?'''

==== Worked example: a digital medical record ====

A digital medical record helps clarify material sufficiency without reduction.

# The record depends on electrical activity, storage media, networks, screens, bodies, and trained users.
# A measurement becomes available through a protocol and materially supported public signs.
# A capable clinical system recognises those signs through symbols and relates the symbols to diagnoses, prior results, uncertainty, and possible interventions.
# Institutional rules determine who may read or alter the record.
# Those symbolic and institutional operations can change treatment and redistribute exposure to benefit or harm.

Nothing in this process is immaterial. Yet a description of voltages alone would not explain the clinical meaning, access rules, or ethical consequences. Different vocabularies track different organisations of the same material field.

==== Common confusions ====

| Claim | It does not mean |
| --- | --- |
| Matter is the only substrate | Matter is an inert foundation beneath the world |
| The field is immanent | Every process is equally accessible to physics |
| Matter has operative effects | Every material configuration is an agent |
| Regimes are irreducible in description | Regimes are separate substances or worlds |
| Symbolic operations are material | Meanings can be read directly from their physical supports |

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is material sufficiency a constraint on explanation rather than a completed explanation?
* What would be lost by describing an institution only at the molecular scale?
* How can a capacity be irreducible to its components without becoming immaterial?
* Which evidence would be required before calling a technical system symbolically agentive?
* Why does “one field” not imply “one vocabulary”?

=== Transition ===

If material configurations require no external ground, their persistence cannot be guaranteed by one. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Section 1.7]] examines instability as the condition under which local order, history, and emergence become possible.

For the preceding refusal of ground and teleology, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|Section 1.5]]. Bibliographic details are gathered in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>c4hnek14e8baecxciuoplyf5pymk26s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673284</id>
      <parentid>4673238</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15296" sha1="3r0k9wjmppbd4z2d2m9bt9n1xxfbmqe" xml:space="preserve">== 1.6 – Matter as the Only Substrate ==

To say that matter is the only substrate can sound self-contradictory in a philosophy that rejects ultimate grounds. The apparent contradiction disappears once two senses of ''substrate'' are separated. The chapter rejects a '''substratum''': an inert layer lying beneath appearances and waiting to receive form. It retains “only substrate” as a negative ontological commitment: nothing that exists requires an immaterial substance, a transcendent plane, or a disembodied principle. There is one material field, internally differentiated and capable of producing heterogeneous regimes of organisation.

The position developed here is therefore materialist without treating matter as dead stuff, and non-reductive without adding a second world.

=== No metaphysical floor ===

Classical and modern philosophies often picture matter through a contrast. In hylomorphic descriptions it can appear as what receives form; in Cartesian dualism extension is distinguished from thought; in other systems a material order is supplemented by mind, spirit, value, or intelligible structure. The systems differ, and none should be reduced to a slogan. What matters here is the recurrent explanatory gesture: material processes are treated as insufficient until another principle gives them identity, intelligibility, or direction.

This chapter refuses that supplement. Matter does not sit beneath the world as a featureless base. It names the whole immanent field of interactions, constraints, differences, and possible effects. A body, equation, memory, institution, and computer model differ in their organisation. None needs an immaterial component in order to be real.

This is a claim of '''material sufficiency'''. It does not mean that current science already explains everything. It means that an unexplained phenomenon does not license the introduction of a non-material cause. Gaps in knowledge remain questions for inquiry, not entrances to another ontological domain.

“Matter operates” must also be distinguished from “matter is universally agentive”. Rivers erode, metals expand, and storms alter coastlines. These are operative effects. Symbolic agency requires more specific capacities: material support, discrimination, inscription, recognition through symbols, relations between symbols, and the modulation of further action. The field is active without every configuration becoming a subject.

=== Materialism is not physicalism ===

Physicalism covers several doctrines. Many versions claim that every fact is ultimately fixed by physical facts or that a completed physics would supply the most fundamental description of everything. The OEC makes a different claim. All configurations are materially dependent, yet the vocabulary adequate to one regime may be insufficient for another.

A chemical reaction must be physically possible. Chemical concepts nevertheless identify patterns that are not usefully replaced by a list of elementary interactions. An organism depends on chemistry. Metabolism, regulation, and ecological dependence require biological descriptions. A legal institution depends on bodies, documents, buildings, servers, and repeated practices. Its powers cannot be identified by measuring those supports alone.

This is not an argument for mysterious higher substances. It is an argument about '''organisation and explanatory scale'''. New capacities become operative through reconfigurations of material relations. The capacity remains materially realised, but it belongs to the configuration as organised, not to each component taken separately.

Three positions should therefore be distinguished. Reductive physicalism treats one fundamental vocabulary as sufficient in principle; the OEC replies that material dependence does not erase regime-specific organisation or make one scale explanatorily complete. Ontological dualism requires a second kind of substance for mind, meaning, or value; the OEC maintains that symbolic and ethical operations remain materially realised. Threshold materialism, the position defended here, holds that heterogeneous capacities emerge through materially conditioned reconfigurations within one material field, provided that each attributed capacity is demonstrated through its material effects.

The last proviso is important. Calling a process “emergent” is not an alternative to explaining it. The analysis must identify the antecedent conditions, the relevant relations and processes, the reconfiguration, and the new property, capacity, or effect.

=== Matter as an immanent, self-modulating field ===

“Self-modulating” does not mean that the field forms an intentional whole which directs itself. It means that changes in material relations can alter the conditions of further operation without an external organiser. Feedback, constraint, and material coupling can stabilise a configuration; perturbations can reorganise or dissolve it.

This formulation learns from process philosophies and theories of individuation while declining to turn process into a deeper reserve. Simondon’s metastability and Deleuze’s immanence help displace static substance. The OEC nevertheless resists treating the pre-individual or the virtual as a domain that already contains the new capacity in another form. Material conditions enable and constrain emergence; they do not constitute a hidden inventory of everything that will occur.

Scientific descriptions can illuminate such processes, but they must not be converted into metaphysical proof. The dynamics of fields, phase transitions, and far-from-equilibrium systems show that contemporary science does not require the old image of inert matter. No single scientific theory, however, establishes the ontology of the book. The philosophical claim is assessed by its coherence across regimes and by its capacity to guide inquiry without contradicting empirical knowledge.

=== Heterogeneity without separate worlds ===

One material field can sustain radically different organisations. “One” refers to ontological continuity, not to homogeneity. The molecular, cellular, organismic, technical, symbolic, institutional, and planetary are analytical scales and regimes within the same field. They interact, constrain one another, and sometimes form new couplings.

No scale has automatic explanatory privilege. Smaller does not mean more real; larger does not mean more complete. An account of molecular bonds can be indispensable to a study of a medicine while remaining insufficient to explain access to that medicine. Conversely, an institutional account cannot suspend pharmacology. Adequate explanation may require several scales whose relations are stated rather than collapsed.

The same point prevents a hierarchy of substances. Biological organisation is not a second world added to physics. Symbolic organisation is not a third world added to life. Historically known symbolic systems depend on biological and technical supports. Their defining criteria concern the operations they demonstrably realise and remain open to configurations beyond any single species. Reconfiguration can change what the material organisation is capable of doing.

=== Position among contemporary materialisms ===

This framework shares several commitments with contemporary materialisms: refusal of passive matter, criticism of anthropocentrism, and attention to the material efficacy of representations and institutions. It differs where vitality or agency is attributed too widely.

Jane Bennett’s language of vibrant matter, for example, productively directs attention to non-human effects and assemblages. The OEC preserves that insight while reserving agency for configurations that meet explicit functional criteria. This restriction is not a return to human supremacy. It allows non-human agency in principle, but prevents every causal contribution from being renamed agency.

The resulting position is '''threshold materialism'''. All actual processes are materially realised, but matter is organised heterogeneously rather than uniformly. A possibility threshold describes the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which new capacity results are separate questions. No capacity should be attributed without evidence appropriate to the regime. These claims belong together: material continuity excludes a second substance, while evidence specific to the attributed capacity prevents continuity from becoming reduction.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This sixth text of Part I completes the positive ontological assertion that the preceding sections prepared. After refusing dualism (1.1), dissolving the two-worlds fiction (1.2), establishing thought as a materially realised capacity (1.3), redefining the symbol as immanent material representation (1.4), and rejecting ground and teleology (1.5), this section states the affirmative position: matter is the only substrate. There is no other domain, substance, or plane of reality. Thought, meaning, institutions, and symbols are materially realised organisations, capacities, or operations within the same field.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the persistent suspicion that a thoroughgoing materialism must be reductive — that by denying any domain beyond matter, the framework inevitably flattens the complexity of experience, meaning, and ethical life. The challenge for this section is to show that the OEC's materialism is non-reductive: it does not deny the reality of symbolic operations, ethical demands, or subjective experience; it requires their material realisation and the domain-appropriate evidence for the capacities attributed to them.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that matter is sufficient — not in the sense that everything about matter is already known, but in the sense that no non-material principle is required to explain any phenomenon, including complex symbolic and ethical operations. The real is heterogeneous: physical regularities, biological self-maintenance, symbolic inscription, and institutional coordination belong to different regimes of organisation within a single material field. They are not different substances, and none follows from materiality alone without the relations, conditions, and processes specific to its regime. Material sufficiency replaces ontological supplementation, not local dependence: the field requires no exterior ground, while every local configuration persists through material conditions and relations.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The central concept is material sufficiency — the claim that the field does not require supplementation by a non-material principle. Related concepts include material heterogeneity, because one field can sustain qualitatively different organisations and capacities through different material configurations; the refusal of eliminativism, because thought, meaning, and experience are not declared illusory; and explanatory plurality, because the vocabulary adequate to one material regime may be insufficient for another. Non-reduction does not widen “matter” into an undefined catch-all: each capacity must be established through effects and criteria appropriate to the regime in which it occurs.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should resist two temptations. The first is to hear “matter is the only substrate” as “everything is adequately explained by fundamental physics”. The second is to treat materiality as a merely verbal label that removes the need for explanation. The OEC rejects both moves. Matter is not an inert metaphysical substratum, but neither is the material field a single agent that universally organises itself or generates complexity. The task is to identify the concrete relations, constraints, material couplings, and reconfigurations through which a capacity becomes operative, without introducing an immaterial supplement.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish matter from a passive metaphysical substratum;
* explain why materialism does not entail physicalist reduction;
* separate operative effect from agency;
* understand how one field can contain different regimes and scales;
* state what “material sufficiency” does and does not claim.

The guiding question is: '''How can every process be material without every adequate explanation being written in the vocabulary of fundamental physics?'''

==== Worked example: a digital medical record ====

A digital medical record helps clarify material sufficiency without reduction.

# The record depends on electrical activity, storage media, networks, screens, bodies, and trained users.
# A measurement becomes available through a protocol and materially supported public signs.
# A capable clinical system recognises those signs through symbols and relates the symbols to diagnoses, prior results, uncertainty, and possible interventions.
# Institutional rules determine who may read or alter the record.
# Those symbolic and institutional operations can change treatment and redistribute exposure to benefit or harm.

Nothing in this process is immaterial. Yet a description of voltages alone would not explain the clinical meaning, access rules, or ethical consequences. Different vocabularies track different organisations of the same material field.

==== Common confusions ====

| Claim | It does not mean |
| --- | --- |
| Matter is the only substrate | Matter is an inert foundation beneath the world |
| The field is immanent | Every process is equally accessible to physics |
| Matter has operative effects | Every material configuration is an agent |
| Regimes are irreducible in description | Regimes are separate substances or worlds |
| Symbolic operations are material | Meanings can be read directly from their physical supports |

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is material sufficiency a constraint on explanation rather than a completed explanation?
* What would be lost by describing an institution only at the molecular scale?
* How can a capacity be irreducible to its components without becoming immaterial?
* Which evidence would be required before calling a technical system symbolically agentive?
* Why does “one field” not imply “one vocabulary”?

=== Transition ===

If material configurations require no external ground, their persistence cannot be guaranteed by one. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Section 1.7]] examines instability as the condition under which local order, history, and emergence become possible.

For the preceding refusal of ground and teleology, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|Section 1.5]]. Bibliographic details are gathered in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>3r0k9wjmppbd4z2d2m9bt9n1xxfbmqe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673211</id>
      <parentid>4673013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673211</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15937" sha1="to2knqsilstrxp94trwfjovourmzsnw" xml:space="preserve">== 1.7 – Instability as a Condition, Not a Problem ==

A crystal may preserve an ordered lattice for an immense interval; a flame persists only while matter and energy continue to flow; a legal institution may retain its name while its rules and practices change. These cases involve different processes, but their persistence has the same basic ontological form: a dynamic equilibrium among relations that sustains a local organisation. Durability does not make any of them self-sufficient. Stability is real, yet it is achieved within conditions that neither explain nor guarantee themselves.

Instability is therefore not the opposite of order. It names the absence of a final guarantee that a material configuration will continue to hold. A configuration may be regular, robust, and predictable and still be unstable in this precise sense, because its persistence depends on relations whose conditions can vary. The point is not that everything changes rapidly or continuously. It is that no local order is exempt from the material relations through which it exists.

=== Instability, tension, and local order ===

The material field is constituted by relations and tensions; instability characterises the provisional status of the configurations composed within it. The distinction matters. Instability is not a hidden force underneath every event, and it is not another name for constitutive tension. It describes the fact that an achieved organisation can be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved when the relations that sustain its dynamic equilibrium change.

A bridge, an organism, a language, and a star persist over different intervals and through different processes. Loads and material resistance matter to a bridge; metabolism and regulation to an organism; repeated symbolic use to a language; gravitational and thermodynamic relations to a star. These differences require domain-specific explanation. They do not alter the common mechanism: in each case, persistence is the continuing compatibility of relations within determinate limits. A mountain, an organism, an institution, or a concept is not literally the same kind of entity, but each remains identifiable only while the relevant relations maintain a workable dynamic equilibrium at the scale under consideration.

This account neither denies stability nor redescribes it as illusion. It explains why stability can be genuine without becoming absolute. Persistence is not necessarily active regulation: a crystal and a cell do not maintain themselves in the same way. What they share is the dependence of their realised order on a configuration of material relations. To say that a configuration is unstable is thus to say that its capacity to persist has conditions, not that its dissolution is imminent.

=== Against the privilege of permanence ===

Influential metaphysical traditions have treated permanence as the measure of full reality and change as a subordinate problem. The positions involved are not identical: Platonic intelligibility, Aristotelian form, Cartesian certainty, Kantian conditions of experience, and Hegelian reconciliation perform different philosophical tasks. The recurrent hierarchy addressed here appears wherever the stable or invariant is allowed to ground the changing while remaining protected from its contingency.

The OEC reverses neither term and makes no cult of flux. It refuses the assumption that order must be secured by something more real than the relations that compose it. Stability requires no immutable substance behind the configuration. It consists in the temporary compatibility of processes that may continue for a moment or for geological durations. “Temporary” here means without final guarantee, not necessarily brief.

Simondon's account of metastability and Prigogine's analysis of dissipative structures are important interlocutors because both show that organised persistence need not be identified with static equilibrium (Simondon 2005; Prigogine 1997). The OEC nevertheless does not derive a general ontology from one scientific regime, nor adopt a pre-individual field as an antecedent reserve. Far-from-equilibrium dynamics describe specific physical systems; metastability illuminates forms of individuation. The more general claim made here is narrower: every realised order is local, relational, and conditionally sustained.

=== What instability does and does not explain ===

Instability must not be used as a dramatic synonym for disorder, randomness, volatility, fragility, or deterministic chaos. Disorder is relative to an identified pattern or organisation; randomness is defined within a statistical or epistemic model; volatility concerns the rate or magnitude of observable change; fragility concerns low resistance to a relevant perturbation; deterministic chaos concerns sensitive dependence within specified dynamics. A configuration may be ontologically unstable while remaining ordered, predictable, slow-changing, and robust.

For the same reason, instability does not by itself explain novelty. It permits variation because no configuration is absolutely closed against changes in its relations, but it does not force a reorganisation and does not determine what a variation will produce. Many perturbations are absorbed within an existing dynamic equilibrium; others dissolve the configuration; still others alter it without producing a new operative capacity.

The affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible is operative excess, not instability. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new capacity is emergent when a materially conditioned reorganisation crosses an operational threshold and its effects become operative. Instability, operative excess, threshold, and emergence therefore answer different questions: whether persistence is finally guaranteed; whether materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the current form under the stated criterion; where a new capacity becomes operative; and which concrete effects establish that it has emerged.

A stone exposed to erosion is unstable without that fact alone establishing operative excess. A research programme confronted by reproducible results may exhibit both when, under an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in its established conceptual organisation. In neither case does instability predetermine the result. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

=== Dynamic equilibrium without romanticising disruption ===

Because persistence is a dynamic equilibrium, variation is not external to order. Relations can change while an organisation remains identifiable, provided that their compatibility continues to sustain the relevant capacity. This applies at every level, although the processes and evidential criteria differ. Physical cohesion, biological regulation, institutional reproduction, and conceptual consistency are not interchangeable mechanisms; they are different realisations of the same basic condition of local persistence.

This generalisation does not license the conclusion that greater instability is desirable. Disruption can destroy capacities, erase memory, sever support, and concentrate harm. An ecosystem may lose indispensable relations faster than new couplings can form. An institution may be destabilised in ways that remove protections without producing a more responsive order. Ethical and political assessment must therefore examine which capacities are sustained or destroyed and how exposure is redistributed; novelty is not equivalent to improvement.

The claim that instability is a condition, not a problem, has a precise limit. It rejects the metaphysical demand that the real justify change against an imagined norm of permanence. It does not deny practical problems caused by unstable conditions, nor does it convert collapse into a creative principle. Material configurations can persist, vary, reorganise, or dissolve. Their outcomes depend on concrete relations, not on a universal preference for either stability or change.

=== Closing Part I: seven commitments, one field ===

Part I has composed a single position through seven connected commitments: the refusal of metaphysical dualism and of a duplicated world; the location of thought within materially organised systems; the account of symbols as immanent material operations; the rejection of transcendent ground, soul, and plan; the affirmation of matter as the only substrate without physicalist reduction; and the recognition that every local order persists without a final guarantee. Instability completes this architecture by preventing material monism from hardening into a metaphysics of inert substance.

These commitments are not premises from which the remainder of the book follows deductively. They delimit the field in which its concepts must be tested. Part II asks how inquiry should proceed when thought is itself a situated material operation within the same field it seeks to understand.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final section of Part I and serves as a bridge to Part II. It consolidates the founding commitments by addressing the status of instability itself. Whereas the previous sections established what the OEC refuses (dualism, two worlds, transcendent symbols, ground, and teleology) and what it affirms (matter as the only substrate), this section explains why every local order lacks a final guarantee of persistence. Instability is not a defect added to an otherwise self-sufficient configuration; it names the conditional status of material organisation.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is that influential lineages of Western ontology have repeatedly treated instability as something to be mastered, contained, or explained away. Classical substance ontologies often subordinated change to permanence; strands of modern rationalism sought to control contingency through method and system; some post-structuralist arguments treat instability chiefly through undecidability. These tendencies do not exhaust any period or tradition. The question is more precise: what changes if instability is treated not as a deviation from order but as a condition within which orders emerge and persist?

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that stability is a real dynamic equilibrium within relations whose continuation is not absolutely guaranteed. Instability permits variation, but it neither makes reconfiguration necessary nor produces novelty by itself. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form; emergence occurs when a resulting reorganisation crosses an operational threshold and a new capacity becomes effective. Order is therefore not the opposite of instability. It is a local, conditioned achievement within a material field open to variation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The central concept is instability as the absence of a final guarantee of persistence, distinguished from constitutive tension, defect, disorder, and chaos. Dynamic equilibrium names the basic mechanism by which different material organisations persist: their processes differ, but in each case a workable compatibility among relations sustains a local order. Operative excess is more specific. It occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Stability is therefore compatible with instability, and instability is compatible with the absence of operative excess. The section also connects forward to material coupling (§3.3.3) and threshold (§§1.3 and 4.1).

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section is crucial for avoiding two contrary misreadings. The first assumes that the emphasis on instability denies or devalues order. The second makes instability itself a universal creative force. The OEC affirms neither. Local order is real, and its dynamic equilibrium may be extremely durable; novelty requires the more specific relation among operative excess, reorganisation, threshold, and emergent capacity. Readers should also distinguish the general ontological mechanism from the processes that realise it in each domain. A flame, an organism, an institution, and a concept persist through different relations, but each exemplifies conditioned persistence rather than self-sufficient permanence.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish instability from chaos, randomness, and visible volatility;
* explain conditional stability without reducing it to illusion;
* separate instability from operative excess;
* explain why instability permits novelty without causing or guaranteeing it;
* show how this chapter completes the seven commitments of Part I.

The guiding question is: '''What makes a stable configuration real without making its stability absolute?'''

==== Worked example: a candle flame ====

A candle flame appears as a stable object, but it is a maintained pattern and therefore a clear case of dynamic equilibrium.

# Wax melts and is transported through the wick.
# Fuel vapour interacts with oxygen.
# Heat sustains further melting and combustion.
# The visible form persists while these processes remain coupled.
# Remove fuel or oxygen, or alter the conditions sufficiently, and the flame disappears.

The flame is neither unreal nor permanent. Its stability consists in the continued reproduction of a pattern through flow. It offers a simple model of local order. Organisms and institutions realise the same basic mechanism of conditioned dynamic equilibrium through different processes and require additional concepts that the flame does not instantiate.

Now change scale. A laboratory can keep the flame burning under controlled conditions for a long interval. The increased stability results from further couplings — equipment, monitoring, procedures, and intervention — not from escape from instability. Control extends a local order; it does not confer metaphysical permanence.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Can something be stable for millions of years and still be unstable in the sense used here?
* Why does unpredictability alone not establish ontological instability?
* What is the difference between instability and operative excess?
* Why does instability permit novelty without being its affirmative cause?
* Which additional capacities distinguish an institution from the candle-flame example?

=== Transition ===

[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response|Section 2.1]] begins the methodological part of the book: thought is approached as a situated response within the same unstable field, not as observation from outside it. For the materialist commitment on which this chapter depends, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate|Section 1.6]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>to2knqsilstrxp94trwfjovourmzsnw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673239</id>
      <parentid>4673211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16061" sha1="ewqs46o0q24fewdnqp53r3ef2u8g0ho" xml:space="preserve">== 1.7 – Instability as a Condition, Not a Problem ==

A crystal may preserve an ordered lattice for an immense interval; a flame persists only while matter and energy continue to flow; a legal institution may retain its name while its rules and practices change. These cases involve different processes, but their persistence has the same basic ontological form: a dynamic equilibrium among relations that sustains a local organisation. Durability does not make any of them self-sufficient. Stability is real, yet it is achieved within conditions that neither explain nor guarantee themselves.

Instability is therefore not the opposite of order. It names the absence of a final guarantee that a material configuration will continue to hold. A configuration may be regular, robust, and predictable and still be unstable in this precise sense, because its persistence depends on relations whose conditions can vary. The point is not that everything changes rapidly or continuously. It is that no local order is exempt from the material relations through which it exists.

=== Instability, tension, and local order ===

The material field is constituted by relations and tensions; instability characterises the provisional status of the configurations composed within it. The distinction matters. Instability is not a hidden force underneath every event, and it is not another name for constitutive tension. It describes the fact that an achieved organisation can be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved when the relations that sustain its dynamic equilibrium change.

A bridge, an organism, a language, and a star persist over different intervals and through different processes. Loads and material resistance matter to a bridge; metabolism and regulation to an organism; repeated symbolic use to a language; gravitational and thermodynamic relations to a star. These differences require domain-specific explanation. They do not alter the common mechanism: in each case, persistence is the continuing compatibility of relations within determinate limits. A mountain, an organism, an institution, or a concept is not literally the same kind of entity, but each remains identifiable only while the relevant relations maintain a workable dynamic equilibrium at the scale under consideration.

This account neither denies stability nor redescribes it as illusion. It explains why stability can be genuine without becoming absolute. Persistence is not necessarily active regulation: a crystal and a cell do not maintain themselves in the same way. What they share is the dependence of their realised order on a configuration of material relations. To say that a configuration is unstable is thus to say that its capacity to persist has conditions, not that its dissolution is imminent.

=== Against the privilege of permanence ===

Influential metaphysical traditions have treated permanence as the measure of full reality and change as a subordinate problem. The positions involved are not identical: Platonic intelligibility, Aristotelian form, Cartesian certainty, Kantian conditions of experience, and Hegelian reconciliation perform different philosophical tasks. The recurrent hierarchy addressed here appears wherever the stable or invariant is allowed to ground the changing while remaining protected from its contingency.

The OEC reverses neither term and makes no cult of flux. It refuses the assumption that order must be secured by something more real than the relations that compose it. Stability requires no immutable substance behind the configuration. It consists in the temporary compatibility of processes that may continue for a moment or for geological durations. “Temporary” here means without final guarantee, not necessarily brief.

Simondon's account of metastability and Prigogine's analysis of dissipative structures are important interlocutors because both show that organised persistence need not be identified with static equilibrium (Simondon 2005; Prigogine 1997). The OEC nevertheless does not derive a general ontology from one scientific regime, nor adopt a pre-individual field as an antecedent reserve. Far-from-equilibrium dynamics describe specific physical systems; metastability illuminates forms of individuation. The more general claim made here is narrower: every realised order is local, relational, and conditionally sustained.

=== What instability does and does not explain ===

Instability must not be used as a dramatic synonym for disorder, randomness, volatility, fragility, or deterministic chaos. Disorder is relative to an identified pattern or organisation; randomness is defined within a statistical or epistemic model; volatility concerns the rate or magnitude of observable change; fragility concerns low resistance to a relevant perturbation; deterministic chaos concerns sensitive dependence within specified dynamics. A configuration may be ontologically unstable while remaining ordered, predictable, slow-changing, and robust.

For the same reason, instability does not by itself explain novelty. It permits variation because no configuration is absolutely closed against changes in its relations, but it does not force a reorganisation and does not determine what a variation will produce. Many perturbations are absorbed within an existing dynamic equilibrium; others dissolve the configuration; still others alter it without producing a new operative capacity.

The affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible is operative excess, not instability. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new capacity is emergent when a materially conditioned reorganisation produces a capacity that the prior organisation did not realise and its concrete effects are established. Instability, operative excess, possibility threshold, and emergence therefore answer different questions: whether persistence is finally guaranteed; whether materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the current form under the stated criterion; under which material conditions an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; and which new property, capacity, or effect establishes that emergence has occurred.

A stone exposed to erosion is unstable without that fact alone establishing operative excess. A research programme confronted by reproducible results may exhibit both when, under an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in its established conceptual organisation. In neither case does instability predetermine the result. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

=== Dynamic equilibrium without romanticising disruption ===

Because persistence is a dynamic equilibrium, variation is not external to order. Relations can change while an organisation remains identifiable, provided that their compatibility continues to sustain the relevant capacity. This applies at every level, although the processes and evidential criteria differ. Physical cohesion, biological regulation, institutional reproduction, and conceptual consistency are not interchangeable mechanisms; they are different realisations of the same basic condition of local persistence.

This generalisation does not license the conclusion that greater instability is desirable. Disruption can destroy capacities, erase memory, sever support, and concentrate harm. An ecosystem may lose indispensable relations faster than new couplings can form. An institution may be destabilised in ways that remove protections without producing a more responsive order. Ethical and political assessment must therefore examine which capacities are sustained or destroyed and how exposure is redistributed; novelty is not equivalent to improvement.

The claim that instability is a condition, not a problem, has a precise limit. It rejects the metaphysical demand that the real justify change against an imagined norm of permanence. It does not deny practical problems caused by unstable conditions, nor does it convert collapse into a creative principle. Material configurations can persist, vary, reorganise, or dissolve. Their outcomes depend on concrete relations, not on a universal preference for either stability or change.

=== Closing Part I: seven commitments, one field ===

Part I has composed a single position through seven connected commitments: the refusal of metaphysical dualism and of a duplicated world; the location of thought within materially organised systems; the account of symbols as immanent material operations; the rejection of transcendent ground, soul, and plan; the affirmation of matter as the only substrate without physicalist reduction; and the recognition that every local order persists without a final guarantee. Instability completes this architecture by preventing material monism from hardening into a metaphysics of inert substance.

These commitments are not premises from which the remainder of the book follows deductively. They delimit the field in which its concepts must be tested. Part II asks how inquiry should proceed when thought is itself a situated material operation within the same field it seeks to understand.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final section of Part I and serves as a bridge to Part II. It consolidates the founding commitments by addressing the status of instability itself. Whereas the previous sections established what the OEC refuses (dualism, two worlds, transcendent symbols, ground, and teleology) and what it affirms (matter as the only substrate), this section explains why every local order lacks a final guarantee of persistence. Instability is not a defect added to an otherwise self-sufficient configuration; it names the conditional status of material organisation.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is that influential lineages of Western ontology have repeatedly treated instability as something to be mastered, contained, or explained away. Classical substance ontologies often subordinated change to permanence; strands of modern rationalism sought to control contingency through method and system; some post-structuralist arguments treat instability chiefly through undecidability. These tendencies do not exhaust any period or tradition. The question is more precise: what changes if instability is treated not as a deviation from order but as a condition within which orders emerge and persist?

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that stability is a real dynamic equilibrium within relations whose continuation is not absolutely guaranteed. Instability permits variation, but it neither makes reconfiguration necessary nor produces novelty by itself. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form; emergence occurs when a materially conditioned reconfiguration takes place and produces a capacity that was not realised by the prior organisation. Order is therefore not the opposite of instability. It is a local, conditioned achievement within a material field open to variation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The central concept is instability as the absence of a final guarantee of persistence, distinguished from constitutive tension, defect, disorder, and chaos. Dynamic equilibrium names the basic mechanism by which different material organisations persist: their processes differ, but in each case a workable compatibility among relations sustains a local order. Operative excess is more specific. It is established when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Stability is therefore compatible with instability, and instability is compatible with the absence of operative excess. The section also connects forward to material coupling (§3.3.3) and the possibility threshold (§§1.3 and 4.1).

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section is crucial for avoiding two contrary misreadings. The first assumes that the emphasis on instability denies or devalues order. The second makes instability itself a universal creative force. The OEC affirms neither. Local order is real, and its dynamic equilibrium may be extremely durable; novelty requires that a reconfiguration made possible under operative excess produce a new property, capacity, or effect. Readers should also distinguish the general ontological mechanism from the processes that realise it in each domain. A flame, an organism, an institution, and a concept persist through different relations, but each exemplifies conditioned persistence rather than self-sufficient permanence.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish instability from chaos, randomness, and visible volatility;
* explain conditional stability without reducing it to illusion;
* separate instability from operative excess;
* explain why instability permits novelty without causing or guaranteeing it;
* show how this chapter completes the seven commitments of Part I.

The guiding question is: '''What makes a stable configuration real without making its stability absolute?'''

==== Worked example: a candle flame ====

A candle flame appears as a stable object, but it is a maintained pattern and therefore a clear case of dynamic equilibrium.

# Wax melts and is transported through the wick.
# Fuel vapour interacts with oxygen.
# Heat sustains further melting and combustion.
# The visible form persists while these processes remain coupled.
# Remove fuel or oxygen, or alter the conditions sufficiently, and the flame disappears.

The flame is neither unreal nor permanent. Its stability consists in the continued reproduction of a pattern through flow. It offers a simple model of local order. Organisms and institutions realise the same basic mechanism of conditioned dynamic equilibrium through different processes and require additional concepts that the flame does not instantiate.

Now change scale. A laboratory can keep the flame burning under controlled conditions for a long interval. The increased stability results from further couplings — equipment, monitoring, procedures, and intervention — not from escape from instability. Control extends a local order; it does not confer metaphysical permanence.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Can something be stable for millions of years and still be unstable in the sense used here?
* Why does unpredictability alone not establish ontological instability?
* What is the difference between instability and operative excess?
* Why does instability permit novelty without being its affirmative cause?
* Which additional capacities distinguish an institution from the candle-flame example?

=== Transition ===

[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response|Section 2.1]] begins the methodological part of the book: thought is approached as a situated response within the same unstable field, not as observation from outside it. For the materialist commitment on which this chapter depends, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate|Section 1.6]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ewqs46o0q24fewdnqp53r3ef2u8g0ho</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673285</id>
      <parentid>4673239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16061" sha1="18xwu3s59w66pi0a7ji65kok0pwxyiz" xml:space="preserve">== 1.7 – Instability as a Condition, Not a Problem ==

A crystal may preserve an ordered lattice for an immense interval; a flame persists only while matter and energy continue to flow; a legal institution may retain its name while its rules and practices change. These cases involve different processes, but their persistence has the same basic ontological form: a dynamic equilibrium among relations that sustains a local organisation. Durability does not make any of them self-sufficient. Stability is real, yet it is achieved within conditions that neither explain nor guarantee themselves.

Instability is therefore not the opposite of order. It names the absence of a final guarantee that a material configuration will continue to hold. A configuration may be regular, robust, and predictable and still be unstable in this precise sense, because its persistence depends on relations whose conditions can vary. The point is not that everything changes rapidly or continuously. It is that no local order is exempt from the material relations through which it exists.

=== Instability, tension, and local order ===

The material field is constituted by relations and tensions; instability characterises the provisional status of the configurations composed within it. The distinction matters. Instability is not a hidden force underneath every event, and it is not another name for constitutive tension. It describes the fact that an achieved organisation can be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved when the relations that sustain its dynamic equilibrium change.

A bridge, an organism, a language, and a star persist over different intervals and through different processes. Loads and material resistance matter to a bridge; metabolism and regulation to an organism; repeated symbolic use to a language; gravitational and thermodynamic relations to a star. These differences require domain-specific explanation. They do not alter the common mechanism: in each case, persistence is the continuing compatibility of relations within determinate limits. A mountain, an organism, an institution, or a concept is not literally the same kind of entity, but each remains identifiable only while the relevant relations maintain a workable dynamic equilibrium at the scale under consideration.

This account neither denies stability nor redescribes it as illusion. It explains why stability can be genuine without becoming absolute. Persistence is not necessarily active regulation: a crystal and a cell do not maintain themselves in the same way. What they share is the dependence of their realised order on a configuration of material relations. To say that a configuration is unstable is thus to say that its capacity to persist has conditions, not that its dissolution is imminent.

=== Against the privilege of permanence ===

Influential metaphysical traditions have treated permanence as the measure of full reality and change as a subordinate problem. The positions involved are not identical: Platonic intelligibility, Aristotelian form, Cartesian certainty, Kantian conditions of experience, and Hegelian reconciliation perform different philosophical tasks. The recurrent hierarchy addressed here appears wherever the stable or invariant is allowed to ground the changing while remaining protected from its contingency.

The OEC reverses neither term and makes no cult of flux. It refuses the assumption that order must be secured by something more real than the relations that compose it. Stability requires no immutable substance behind the configuration. It consists in the temporary compatibility of processes that may continue for a moment or for geological durations. “Temporary” here means without final guarantee, not necessarily brief.

Simondon's account of metastability and Prigogine's analysis of dissipative structures are important interlocutors because both show that organised persistence need not be identified with static equilibrium (Simondon 2005; Prigogine 1997). The OEC nevertheless does not derive a general ontology from one scientific regime, nor adopt a pre-individual field as an antecedent reserve. Far-from-equilibrium dynamics describe specific physical systems; metastability illuminates forms of individuation. The more general claim made here is narrower: every realised order is local, relational, and conditionally sustained.

=== What instability does and does not explain ===

Instability must not be used as a dramatic synonym for disorder, randomness, volatility, fragility, or deterministic chaos. Disorder is relative to an identified pattern or organisation; randomness is defined within a statistical or epistemic model; volatility concerns the rate or magnitude of observable change; fragility concerns low resistance to a relevant perturbation; deterministic chaos concerns sensitive dependence within specified dynamics. A configuration may be ontologically unstable while remaining ordered, predictable, slow-changing, and robust.

For the same reason, instability does not by itself explain novelty. It permits variation because no configuration is absolutely closed against changes in its relations, but it does not force a reorganisation and does not determine what a variation will produce. Many perturbations are absorbed within an existing dynamic equilibrium; others dissolve the configuration; still others alter it without producing a new operative capacity.

The affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible is operative excess, not instability. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new capacity is emergent when a materially conditioned reorganisation produces a capacity that the prior organisation did not realise and its material effects are established. Instability, operative excess, possibility threshold, and emergence therefore answer different questions: whether persistence is finally guaranteed; whether materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the current form under the stated criterion; under which material conditions an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; and which new property, capacity, or effect establishes that emergence has occurred.

A stone exposed to erosion is unstable without that fact alone establishing operative excess. A research programme confronted by reproducible results may exhibit both when, under an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in its established conceptual organisation. In neither case does instability predetermine the result. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

=== Dynamic equilibrium without romanticising disruption ===

Because persistence is a dynamic equilibrium, variation is not external to order. Relations can change while an organisation remains identifiable, provided that their compatibility continues to sustain the relevant capacity. This applies at every level, although the processes and evidential criteria differ. Physical cohesion, biological regulation, institutional reproduction, and conceptual consistency are not interchangeable mechanisms; they are different realisations of the same basic condition of local persistence.

This generalisation does not license the conclusion that greater instability is desirable. Disruption can destroy capacities, erase memory, sever support, and concentrate harm. An ecosystem may lose indispensable relations faster than new couplings can form. An institution may be destabilised in ways that remove protections without producing a more responsive order. Ethical and political assessment must therefore examine which capacities are sustained or destroyed and how exposure is redistributed; novelty is not equivalent to improvement.

The claim that instability is a condition, not a problem, has a precise limit. It rejects the metaphysical demand that the real justify change against an imagined norm of permanence. It does not deny practical problems caused by unstable conditions, nor does it convert collapse into a creative principle. Material configurations can persist, vary, reorganise, or dissolve. Their outcomes depend on concrete relations, not on a universal preference for either stability or change.

=== Closing Part I: seven commitments, one field ===

Part I has composed a single position through seven connected commitments: the refusal of metaphysical dualism and of a duplicated world; the location of thought within materially organised systems; the account of symbols as immanent material operations; the rejection of transcendent ground, soul, and plan; the affirmation of matter as the only substrate without physicalist reduction; and the recognition that every local order persists without a final guarantee. Instability completes this architecture by preventing material monism from hardening into a metaphysics of inert substance.

These commitments are not premises from which the remainder of the book follows deductively. They delimit the field in which its concepts must be tested. Part II asks how inquiry should proceed when thought is itself a situated material operation within the same field it seeks to understand.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final section of Part I and serves as a bridge to Part II. It consolidates the founding commitments by addressing the status of instability itself. Whereas the previous sections established what the OEC refuses (dualism, two worlds, transcendent symbols, ground, and teleology) and what it affirms (matter as the only substrate), this section explains why every local order lacks a final guarantee of persistence. Instability is not a defect added to an otherwise self-sufficient configuration; it names the conditional status of material organisation.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is that influential lineages of Western ontology have repeatedly treated instability as something to be mastered, contained, or explained away. Classical substance ontologies often subordinated change to permanence; strands of modern rationalism sought to control contingency through method and system; some post-structuralist arguments treat instability chiefly through undecidability. These tendencies do not exhaust any period or tradition. The question is more precise: what changes if instability is treated not as a deviation from order but as a condition within which orders emerge and persist?

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that stability is a real dynamic equilibrium within relations whose continuation is not absolutely guaranteed. Instability permits variation, but it neither makes reconfiguration necessary nor produces novelty by itself. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form; emergence occurs when a materially conditioned reconfiguration takes place and produces a capacity that was not realised by the prior organisation. Order is therefore not the opposite of instability. It is a local, conditioned achievement within a material field open to variation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The central concept is instability as the absence of a final guarantee of persistence, distinguished from constitutive tension, defect, disorder, and chaos. Dynamic equilibrium names the basic mechanism by which different material organisations persist: their processes differ, but in each case a workable compatibility among relations sustains a local order. Operative excess is more specific. It is established when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Stability is therefore compatible with instability, and instability is compatible with the absence of operative excess. The section also connects forward to material coupling (§3.3.3) and the possibility threshold (§§1.3 and 4.1).

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section is crucial for avoiding two contrary misreadings. The first assumes that the emphasis on instability denies or devalues order. The second makes instability itself a universal creative force. The OEC affirms neither. Local order is real, and its dynamic equilibrium may be extremely durable; novelty requires that a reconfiguration made possible under operative excess produce a new property, capacity, or effect. Readers should also distinguish the general ontological mechanism from the processes that realise it in each domain. A flame, an organism, an institution, and a concept persist through different relations, but each exemplifies conditioned persistence rather than self-sufficient permanence.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish instability from chaos, randomness, and visible volatility;
* explain conditional stability without reducing it to illusion;
* separate instability from operative excess;
* explain why instability permits novelty without causing or guaranteeing it;
* show how this chapter completes the seven commitments of Part I.

The guiding question is: '''What makes a stable configuration real without making its stability absolute?'''

==== Worked example: a candle flame ====

A candle flame appears as a stable object, but it is a maintained pattern and therefore a clear case of dynamic equilibrium.

# Wax melts and is transported through the wick.
# Fuel vapour interacts with oxygen.
# Heat sustains further melting and combustion.
# The visible form persists while these processes remain coupled.
# Remove fuel or oxygen, or alter the conditions sufficiently, and the flame disappears.

The flame is neither unreal nor permanent. Its stability consists in the continued reproduction of a pattern through flow. It offers a simple model of local order. Organisms and institutions realise the same basic mechanism of conditioned dynamic equilibrium through different processes and require additional concepts that the flame does not instantiate.

Now change scale. A laboratory can keep the flame burning under controlled conditions for a long interval. The increased stability results from further couplings — equipment, monitoring, procedures, and intervention — not from escape from instability. Control extends a local order; it does not confer metaphysical permanence.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Can something be stable for millions of years and still be unstable in the sense used here?
* Why does unpredictability alone not establish ontological instability?
* What is the difference between instability and operative excess?
* Why does instability permit novelty without being its affirmative cause?
* Which additional capacities distinguish an institution from the candle-flame example?

=== Transition ===

[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response|Section 2.1]] begins the methodological part of the book: thought is approached as a situated response within the same unstable field, not as observation from outside it. For the materialist commitment on which this chapter depends, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate|Section 1.6]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>18xwu3s59w66pi0a7ji65kok0pwxyiz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673286</id>
      <parentid>4673014</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10698" sha1="mimv7t8ehrhnuvxr068lbzr25es74cf" xml:space="preserve">== 2.1 – Thought as Singular Response ==
Part I established a material field without an external ground or final guarantee. The methodological question is therefore how thought can respond to a particular configuration without forcing it through a conceptual grid whose conclusions are fixed in advance. The answer developed here is the singular response: an intervention whose form is constrained by the phenomenon, its history, its scale, the available evidence, and the resistance it offers to existing distinctions.

A singular response is neither a private opinion nor an improvisation without rules. It remains answerable to evidence, valid inference, conceptual consistency, counterexamples, and the consequences of the distinctions it introduces. Singularity removes a guarantee in advance; it does not remove standards of assessment.
=== Against Method as Recipe ===
Descartes sought rules capable of directing reason reliably, whereas Hegel treated method as inseparable from the movement of the concept (Descartes 1996, 3; Hegel [1812–1816] 1969, 28). These projects differ profoundly and should not be reduced to one doctrine. The concern developed here is narrower: a procedure becomes inadequate when it determines in advance which differences can count and how every problem must be resolved.

The argument is not directed against method in science, logic, history, or philosophy. Reproducible procedures, explicit criteria, and valid inference are indispensable within their domains. It rejects the elevation of one method into a universal form that makes every phenomenon an illustration of the framework. A disciplined inquiry may use several methods while allowing the object to determine which are relevant.

Inquiry begins by describing the phenomenon in terms appropriate to its field. It then identifies the resistance that existing distinctions cannot resolve, tests whether a new operator is necessary, formulates the smallest distinction capable of answering that resistance, and confronts the result with mechanisms, evidence, alternative explanations, and counterexamples. A concept should enter because the inquiry needs it, not because an author wishes to display allegiance to a vocabulary.

The refusal of a universal recipe is consequently not a refusal of rational discipline. It increases the burden of justification: the inquiry must show both why inherited distinctions fail and why the proposed reorganisation is preferable to the available alternatives.
=== Singularity: Of the Configuration, Not of the Subject ===
The singularity belongs first to the material configuration of the problem, not to the originality of the thinker. Two investigators may answer the same configuration differently, but their proposals are not equally adequate merely because both are situated. Each can be asked whether it preserves the relevant evidence, identifies a mechanism rather than renaming a difficulty, distinguishes what is supported from what remains uncertain, survives plausible counterexamples, and renders the problem more intelligible and testable.

Response must also be distinguished from reaction. A reaction may reproduce an established pattern automatically. A response, in the technical sense used here, is a materially situated reorganisation of symbolic relations through which a system addresses the configuration under inquiry. Simondon's account of individuation clarifies how metastability can sustain transformation without presupposing a completed form (Simondon 2005, 215). The present argument retains that attention to tension without assuming that every tension is destined for resolution.

Operative excess names a relevant causal condition when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. In thought and inquiry, the comparison can concern symbolic operations that the current conditions permit and those realised in the existing symbolic organisation. This condition makes a reconfiguration of response possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs, and whether its result is invention, revision, suspension, or failure, depend on the full set of materially active relations. Neither truth nor success follows from its occurrence.

No substrate should be declared capable of thought by definition. In established human cases, thought is realised by a biossoma — a living, sensitive body capable of symbolic reorganisation — together with technical supports, languages, and institutions. Claims about non-biological thought require independent evidence of inscription, recognition through symbols, relations among symbols, recursive modulation, and effects on subsequent action. Complexity or adaptive output alone is insufficient.

Objectivity here means answerability to what resists the inquiry. It requires no view from nowhere, but it does require more than agreement or subjective conviction. Laruelle's critique of philosophical sovereignty is relevant to this limit because it challenges philosophy's claim to legislate over its object (Laruelle 1996, 21). The argument does not adopt non-philosophy as a method; it retains the more limited demand that philosophical categories remain exposed to revision.
=== Consequences for Philosophical Writing ===
The form of philosophical writing participates in the response. A text should make visible the movement from resistance to attempted explanation, from the grounds for conceptual reorganisation to the distinction introduced, and from that distinction to its consequences. Its rhythm and organisation are not neutral, but neither must every page invent a unique format. Headings, tables, examples, and pedagogical devices may help a reader reconstruct the argument, but they remain subordinate to it and cannot replace the philosophical development that licenses the distinctions.

Three tests govern this practice: internal consistency, material correspondence, and operative adequacy. The first asks whether the distinctions coexist without contradiction. The second asks whether the claims remain answerable to the evidence and mechanisms of the case. The third asks whether the response reorganises the problem without concealing relevant differences or adding unnecessary metaphysical commitments.

Operative power cannot replace truth. A concept may be rhetorically or practically productive and still misdescribe a phenomenon. Conversely, a careful description may force revision of one of the framework's own operators. That possibility is not a weakness but the practical meaning of exposure to the real.

The decisive test is therefore functional and epistemic: does the form allow the phenomenon to resist the framework, and does the resulting account remain criticisable? Thought is singular when it follows the organisation of its problem; it is rigorous when another investigator can challenge each step.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part II, which addresses method and style after Part I has established the book's ontological commitments. It introduces thought as a singular response: an intervention whose form is constrained by the phenomenon, its history, scale, evidence, and resistance to existing distinctions.

The section does not reject method. It rejects the elevation of one procedure into a universal recipe whose conclusions are fixed before the inquiry encounters its object.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is methodological but has ontological consequences. Without an external guarantee, how can philosophy avoid both dogmatic procedure and arbitrary improvisation? A singular response must remain answerable to evidence, valid inference, conceptual consistency, counterexamples, and the consequences of its distinctions.

The loss of a universal recipe therefore increases the burden of justification. The inquiry must show where an inherited distinction fails, why a new operator is required, and how the proposed reorganisation fares against mechanisms, evidence, and alternatives.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Philosophical thought operates as a singular response to the specific configuration of a problem. Singularity belongs first to that configuration, not to the originality or private standpoint of the thinker. The response may introduce a new distinction, but its adequacy depends on whether it preserves the relevant evidence, identifies mechanisms, survives counterexamples, and renders the problem more intelligible and testable.

In symbolic inquiry, operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which answer results depend on the full set of materially active relations; operative excess neither determines the answer nor guarantees its truth.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Singularity''' belongs to the material configuration of the problem rather than to an unconstrained subject.
* '''Response''' is a materially situated symbolic reorganisation constrained by the configuration addressed and answerable to evidence and argument; it is not an automatic reaction.
* '''Internal consistency''' tests whether the proposed distinctions can coexist without contradiction.
* '''Material correspondence''' tests whether claims remain answerable to the evidence and mechanisms of the case.
* '''Operative adequacy''' tests whether the response reorganises the problem without concealing relevant differences or adding unnecessary metaphysical commitments.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should follow the movement of the argument: phenomenon or resistance, attempted explanation, grounds for conceptual reorganisation, justified distinction, and consequence. Interpretation, logical analysis, empirical method, and historical inquiry remain available when the problem requires them; none is a universal procedure imposed on every case.

Pedagogical devices may help reconstruct this movement, but they cannot substitute for it. A table or list is useful only after the philosophical text has performed the work that makes its distinctions intelligible.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mimv7t8ehrhnuvxr068lbzr25es74cf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Listening as Ontological Exposure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673287</id>
      <parentid>4673015</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10320" sha1="ks82no4oq0yfuxnrq4oenwf9l72f1f7" xml:space="preserve">== 2.2 – Listening as Ontological Exposure ==

Section 2.1 described thought as a singular response. Such a response is impossible if a system merely repeats what its existing categories already permit. Something in the encounter must be able to alter the organisation through which the encounter becomes legible. This chapter calls that condition ''listening''.

Listening is a technical term whose scope extends beyond hearing, but it cannot name every form of causal sensitivity. A system listens in the relevant sense when it can discriminate a material difference, inscribe a new difference or recognise an occurrence through an available symbol, and allow the resulting symbolic relations to condition later operations. The difference does not reorganise the system by itself; the system may reorganise relations among symbols in response to what it has discriminated and recognised. Exposure is material; transformation is possible but never guaranteed.

=== Listening and the Revisability of Interpretation ===

Hermeneutic traditions establish that understanding begins within a historical horizon rather than from a neutral standpoint. Gadamer's &quot;fusion of horizons&quot; and Ricoeur's account of interpretation make prior formation part of the event of understanding (Gadamer [1960] 2004, 305; Ricoeur 1991, 88). Phenomenology, including Merleau-Ponty's embodied perception and Nancy's analysis of resonance, likewise displaces the model of a detached spectator (Merleau-Ponty 1962, 235; Nancy 2007, 11).

The present account retains situatedness, embodiment, historical mediation, and transformation. Its disagreement concerns explanatory priority. Listening is not first the achievement of a sovereign subject who later incorporates meaning; it is a materially realised alteration in the symbolic organisation through which a subject may itself be formed. This does not disprove consciousness or interpretation. It denies only that a conscious subject must be treated as the unchanging origin of the operation.

An acoustic signal can cause a physical response without becoming symbolic. A microphone changes an electrical state, a reflex alters movement, and a thermostat switches an output. Such processes can be complex and effective, but causal sensitivity alone does not establish listening. The relevant process requires discrimination of a difference, inscription or recognition through symbols, relations between that symbol and others, and a possible modification of later operations through those relations.

Exposure means that the system does not control in advance which differences will matter. It does not mean access to an unmediated reality. Instruments, bodies, languages, prior concepts, and institutions shape what can be discriminated. Nor is exposure passive. Preserving a difference long enough to compare it with an established interpretation may enable suspension and revision. The contrast is between imposition, where the grid predetermines the result, and exposure, where a captured material difference can participate in modifying the symbolic organisation through which it is interpreted.

=== The Materiality of Listening: Biossoma and Technical Mediation ===

In established human cases, listening is realised by a ''biossoma'': a living, sensitive body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The body is not a container that receives a message and passes it to an immaterial mind. Perception, memory, affect, language, and action participate in one materially organised process.

Technical systems can extend, filter, record, and transform this process. A stethoscope, database, or language model may participate in a listening arrangement. Participation does not settle whether the technical component listens in the full sense. That attribution requires evidence of inscription, recognition through symbols, relations among symbols, and self-modifying effects at the level assigned to the system. Complexity, responsiveness, or fluent output is not a sufficient shortcut.

Consider a clinician confronted by a laboratory result that conflicts with an expected diagnosis. Reception occurs when the result enters the record. Automatic reaction dismisses it as error because it does not fit the current category. Listening begins when the anomaly is preserved and related to symptoms and prior results, allowing the clinician to revise the relations among diagnostic symbols, repeat a test, or suspend judgement. Interpretation remains present; listening names the more specific event in which its symbolic organisation becomes revisable under material resistance.

Perspectivist and more-than-human approaches caution against making the human standpoint the measure of every signifying process (Viveiros de Castro 2014, 45; Kohn 2013, 32). The same caution applies here, but no organism, collective, or technical system is declared symbolic by analogy alone. The criteria must be demonstrated at the level at which listening is attributed.

=== Listening as Pre-Ethical Exposure ===

Listening can prepare ethical judgement because it allows another configuration to resist assimilation. Glissant's defence of opacity and Moten's work on non-sovereignty are relevant here: both challenge the reduction of alterity to what an established framework can already grasp (Glissant [1990] 1997, 83; Moten 2003, 12).

Exposure is nevertheless not yet ethics. A system can be altered and still act destructively. Ethical assessment requires symbolic recognition of effects, available alternatives, conflicts, and distributions of vulnerability. It asks who becomes more exposed, whose difference is erased, which capacities are sustained, and which relations can be reorganised without converting the other into an instance of the same.

This distinction blocks a naturalistic shortcut. The material fact that systems affect one another does not generate an obligation by itself. It establishes the field within which responsibility can become symbolically operative. The ethical problem begins when a symbolically capable system can relate effects, alternatives, and vulnerabilities, not whenever any causal reconfiguration occurs.

Writing can prolong listening when it preserves the resistance that obliged the inquiry to change. It fails when the encounter leaves every operator and conclusion exactly as they were before the evidence was considered. The relevant test is not whether a text appears open or disoriented, but whether its symbolic organisation is genuinely revisable.

Listening therefore joins material exposure to epistemic discipline. It neither abandons interpretation nor turns receptivity into a moral virtue. It names the capacity of a symbolically organised system to revise relations among symbols in response to material resistance.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Section 2.1 described thought as a singular response constrained by the configuration of a problem. Section 2.2 identifies a condition of such a response: the symbolic organisation through which a phenomenon becomes intelligible must remain revisable under material resistance.

The chapter calls this capacity ''listening''. The term extends beyond hearing but does not name every form of sensitivity or causal reaction.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is to explain how an encounter can revise interpretation without imagining either a sovereign thinker imposing form on passive matter or an unmediated reality entering a passive receiver. Instruments, bodies, languages, concepts, and institutions shape what can be discriminated. The question is how a captured material difference can participate in revising the symbolic organisation through which it is interpreted.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Listening is a materially realised symbolic capacity. A system listens in the relevant sense when it can discriminate a difference, inscribe a new difference or recognise an occurrence through an available symbol, establish relations among symbols, and allow those relations to condition later operations.

The material difference does not interpret or reorganise the system. Reorganisation belongs to the capable system operating through symbolic relations. It may revise, suspend, or retain its prior account; listening makes revision possible but does not guarantee it.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Causal sensitivity''' is a material response to a difference; it does not by itself establish listening.
* '''Listening''' requires demonstrated symbolic operations capable of modifying later activity.
* '''Exposure''' means that the system cannot determine in advance which differences will matter; it does not mean unmediated access to the real.
* '''Interpretation''' remains present but becomes revisable rather than sovereign.
* '''Operative excess''' is not a synonym for every encounter. It occurs only when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether it occurs and which result emerges depend on the full set of materially active relations.
* '''Hesitation''' can suspend an automatic response without guaranteeing a better one.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should distinguish reception, reaction, and listening. A result can be recorded without revising an interpretation; a system can react effectively without symbolic capacity; a symbolically capable system listens only when the discriminated and recognised difference can enter relations that affect later operations.

The connection with Part IV is conditional rather than automatic. Listening can prepare ethical judgement by preserving a difference against premature assimilation, but material exposure does not generate an obligation by itself. Ethical assessment requires the further symbolic articulation of effects, alternatives, and distributions of vulnerability.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ks82no4oq0yfuxnrq4oenwf9l72f1f7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/No Redemption, No Teleology</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476965</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673288</id>
      <parentid>4673016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11056" sha1="1ppi8mk9mb3c75grcbr0f9j22ic7is9" xml:space="preserve">== 2.3 – No Redemption, No Teleology ==

The rejection of ontological teleology means that reality as a whole has no destination inscribed in advance. It does not mean that organisms lack functions, agents cannot pursue goals, designed systems have no set points, inquiry cannot reach conclusions, or outcomes cannot improve under explicit criteria. These distinctions are necessary if an anti-teleological ontology is not to become a denial of ordinary causal explanation and practical orientation.

Ontological teleology directs a process towards an end built into reality. A local goal is a represented outcome that guides an agent or designed system. Biological function attributes a contribution to a trait or process within an organism, lineage, or system. Teleonomy describes apparently goal-directed organisation through natural mechanisms such as selection, development, and feedback. Progress names improvement relative to an explicit criterion. None of the latter four entails the first.

=== Disguised Teleologies: From Spirit to Silicon ===

Redemption is stronger than change, hope, or purposive action. It organises a process around the recovery of a lost wholeness, fulfilment in a final reconciliation, or escape from a deficient condition. Some readings of Hegel treat reconciliation in this way, and Teilhard de Chardin explicitly interprets evolution through convergence towards an Omega Point (Hegel [1807] 1977, 69; Teilhard de Chardin [1955] 1959, 262).

Other thinkers cannot be placed under the same description without a separate argument. Overcoming in Nietzsche, retrieval of the question of Being in Heidegger, messianic interruption in Benjamin, historical emancipation in Marx, and technological futures in contemporary writing perform different conceptual functions (Marx [1867] 1990; Heidegger [1927] 1962; Nietzsche 2006; Benjamin 1999; Harari 2016; Bostrom 2014). A responsible critique must identify the precise mechanism by which a text converts an end into the measure of the process. The label ''redemption'' cannot replace that analysis.

The practical test is whether the account makes the present intelligible through a completed future that the process is said to realise. Where this occurs, the future functions as an origin in reverse. Where it does not, disagreement with a project or hope is insufficient to classify it as teleological.

=== Teleology in Scientific Discourse ===

Biology can ask what a structure does and how it contributes to an organism or lineage without claiming that a future purpose caused that structure to appear. Accounts of selection, development, inheritance, constraint, and causal role offer distinct explanations of function, and debates about their scope cannot be settled by treating functional language as a disguised survival of final causes (Mayr 1988, 1997).

To say that a wing has a function in flight does not mean that flight reached backwards in time and produced wings. Nor does a present use by itself explain the history of a trait. Current causal role, evolutionary history, level of attribution, and evidence distinguishing function from accidental utility are separate questions. The same discipline applies beyond biology: a thermostat may have a designed set point, an institution may adopt a target, and a person may act for a reason without matter as a whole sharing any of those ends.

Evolution is not a ladder. It can produce local trends, increasing complexity in some lineages and simplification in others. No general hierarchy follows in which later means higher, complexity means value, or humanity constitutes life's destination (Gould 1996). Emergence is likewise non-evaluative: a new capacity may enlarge operations while increasing fragility, dependence, or harm. Prediction and progress remain legitimate when their conditions and criteria are stated; neither amounts to prophecy or universal ascent.

=== Insistence Without Destination ===

The alternative to teleology is not purposelessness but insistence: persistence and reorganisation without convergence towards a predetermined end. This claim must be stated conditionally. Material systems can persist, transform, stabilise locally, or cease. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary.

Operative excess is an affirmative causal condition of emergence, not a deficit and not the name of collapse. It participates causally by making reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which concrete form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Crisis or failure may accompany or follow this process, but neither causes it. No dramatic rupture should be converted into a universal motor of novelty.

Precedence, by contrast, is the retrospective inference that an emerged form was already contained in its antecedents. Teleology projects the same error forward by treating the later form as the destination of the earlier process. Conditioned emergence avoids both claims: antecedent conditions enable and constrain novelty without necessarily specifying it exhaustively, and the later result neither causes nor validates the process that preceded it.

This account permits warranted conclusions without promising final closure. A calculation can be completed, an empirical claim confirmed, and an argument justified. What remains open is the wider field: conclusions depend on conditions, evidence may change, and new questions can reorganise what appeared settled. The absence of redemption blocks the conversion of a result into a standpoint exempt from revision; it does not diminish the pursuit of truth.

=== Ethics Without Redemption ===

Ethical orientation does not require a promised end of history. Symbolically capable systems act within relations that distribute vulnerability, protection, voice, and possibilities of repair. They can compare consequences, recognise conflicts, revise norms, and pursue local improvements. The absence of cosmic guarantee makes these judgements more exposed, not meaningless.

A goal must therefore be stated, its effects examined, and those affected allowed to resist its categories. Butler's account of precarious life, Mbembe's analysis of violence, and Glissant's defence of opacity offer different resources for this work; they should not be collapsed into one doctrine of salvation or its refusal (Butler 2004, 2005; Mbembe 2003, [2013] 2017; Glissant [1990] 1997).

No future state absolves present decisions. Equally, rejecting teleology does not absolve inquiry from distinguishing repair from damage. Ethical judgement remains local, revisable, and criticisable, but it is not arbitrary: it must articulate the criteria by which an intervention redistributes vulnerability, capacity, and exposure.

Part II therefore closes without a universal recipe or promised reconciliation, but not without method, truth, or orientation. Its discipline is to make each response answerable to the configuration it reorganises and to keep every conclusion within the conditions that warrant it.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This final section of Part II develops the methodological consequences of the antiteleological commitment introduced in Section 1.5. It distinguishes a cosmic or historical destination fixed in advance from biological function, local goals, warranted conclusions, and progress under explicit criteria.

The distinction allows Part II to close without a universal recipe or promised reconciliation, but not without method, truth, orientation, or the possibility of completing a particular argument.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the unargued passage from local direction to universal destination. A trait can have a biological function, an agent can pursue a goal, and an inquiry can reach a justified conclusion without implying that matter, life, or history is moving towards a final state.

The same discipline applies to philosophical criticism. Hegelian reconciliation, theological eschatology, Nietzschean overcoming, Heideggerian retrieval, Benjaminian interruption, and technological projections perform different functions. None should be classified as redemptive or teleological without identifying the exact mechanism by which a future end becomes the measure of the process.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The central thesis is that no destination inscribed in reality governs material becoming. This does not prohibit local ends, conclusions, or improvements. It requires each of them to state its scale, conditions, criteria, and evidence.

Insistence names persistence and reorganisation without convergence towards a predetermined end. Operative excess supplies an affirmative causal condition of emergence when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; its occurrence and result depend on the full set of materially active relations. Neither concept turns novelty into progress or guarantees a desirable result.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Ontological teleology''' assigns a destination to reality or to a process as part of its structure.
* '''Local goal''' is a represented outcome guiding an agent or designed system; it does not become the goal of the wider material field.
* '''Biological function''' can be explained through causal role, selection, development, inheritance, or constraint without future causation.
* '''Progress''' is improvement relative to an explicit criterion; it does not establish universal ascent.
* '''Redemption''' organises a process around recovered wholeness, final reconciliation, or escape from a deficient condition.
* '''Insistence''' names persistence and reorganisation without a destination fixed in advance.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should not oppose truth to openness. A calculation may be completed, an empirical claim confirmed, and an argument justified, while remaining dependent on evidence and conditions that can later be revised. The absence of cosmic guarantee does not weaken the pursuit of truth; it prevents a warranted result from becoming a standpoint exempt from criticism.

For each claim of direction, readers should ask: whose end is represented, at what scale, through which mechanism, and under which criterion? They should also distinguish what the process produces from what an observer retrospectively treats as its destination.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1ppi8mk9mb3c75grcbr0f9j22ic7is9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673314</id>
      <parentid>4673288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:43:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional closure: distinguish biological function attribution from teleology</comment>
      <origin>4673314</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11336" sha1="ar0j2ld95zkefa3wjrq2i28ycpysxsz" xml:space="preserve">== 2.3 – No Redemption, No Teleology ==

The rejection of ontological teleology means that reality as a whole has no destination inscribed in advance. It does not prevent biological inquiry from attributing functions, agents from pursuing goals, symbolically designed systems from having set points, inquiry from reaching conclusions, or outcomes from improving under explicit criteria. These distinctions are necessary if an anti-teleological ontology is not to become a denial of ordinary causal explanation and practical orientation.

Ontological teleology directs a process towards an end built into reality. A local goal is a symbolically represented outcome that guides an agent or designed system. In biological discourse, function is a symbolic attribution that relates the effects of a trait or process to an organism, lineage, or specified system. Teleonomy describes apparently goal-directed organisation through natural mechanisms such as selection, development, and feedback. Progress names improvement relative to an explicit criterion. None of the latter four entails the first.

=== Disguised Teleologies: From Spirit to Silicon ===

Redemption is stronger than change, hope, or purposive action. It organises a process around the recovery of a lost wholeness, fulfilment in a final reconciliation, or escape from a deficient condition. Some readings of Hegel treat reconciliation in this way, and Teilhard de Chardin explicitly interprets evolution through convergence towards an Omega Point (Hegel [1807] 1977, 69; Teilhard de Chardin [1955] 1959, 262).

Other thinkers cannot be placed under the same description without a separate argument. Overcoming in Nietzsche, retrieval of the question of Being in Heidegger, messianic interruption in Benjamin, historical emancipation in Marx, and technological futures in contemporary writing perform different conceptual functions (Marx [1867] 1990; Heidegger [1927] 1962; Nietzsche 2006; Benjamin 1999; Harari 2016; Bostrom 2014). A responsible critique must identify the precise mechanism by which a text converts an end into the measure of the process. The label ''redemption'' cannot replace that analysis.

The practical test is whether the account makes the present intelligible through a completed future that the process is said to realise. Where this occurs, the future functions as an origin in reverse. Where it does not, disagreement with a project or hope is insufficient to classify it as teleological.

=== Teleology in Scientific Discourse ===

Biology can ask what a structure does and how its effects contribute to an organism or lineage without claiming that a future purpose caused that structure to appear. Accounts of selection, development, inheritance, constraint, and causal role provide distinct grounds for attributing biological functions, and debates about their scope cannot be settled by treating this symbolic explanatory language as a disguised survival of final causes (Mayr 1988, 1997).

To attribute to a wing the function of contributing to flight does not mean that flight reached backwards in time and produced wings. Nor does a present use by itself explain the history of a trait. Current causal role, evolutionary history, level of attribution, and evidence distinguishing an attributed function from an accidental use are separate questions. The same discipline applies beyond biology: a thermostat may have a set point assigned through its design, an institution may adopt a target, and a person may act for a reason without matter as a whole sharing any of those ends.

Evolution is not a ladder. It can produce local trends, increasing complexity in some lineages and simplification in others. No general hierarchy follows in which later means higher, complexity means value, or humanity constitutes life's destination (Gould 1996). Emergence is likewise non-evaluative: a new capacity may enlarge operations while increasing fragility, dependence, or harm. Prediction and progress remain legitimate when their conditions and criteria are stated; neither amounts to prophecy or universal ascent.

=== Insistence Without Destination ===

The alternative to teleology is not purposelessness but insistence: persistence and reorganisation without convergence towards a predetermined end. This claim must be stated conditionally. Material systems can persist, transform, stabilise locally, or cease. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary.

Operative excess is an affirmative causal condition of emergence, not a deficit and not the name of collapse. It participates causally by making reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which concrete form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Crisis or failure may accompany or follow this process, but neither causes it. No dramatic rupture should be converted into a universal motor of novelty.

Precedence, by contrast, is the retrospective inference that an emerged form was already contained in its antecedents. Teleology projects the same error forward by treating the later form as the destination of the earlier process. Conditioned emergence avoids both claims: antecedent conditions enable and constrain novelty without necessarily specifying it exhaustively, and the later result neither causes nor validates the process that preceded it.

This account permits warranted conclusions without promising final closure. A calculation can be completed, an empirical claim confirmed, and an argument justified. What remains open is the wider field: conclusions depend on conditions, evidence may change, and new questions can reorganise what appeared settled. The absence of redemption blocks the conversion of a result into a standpoint exempt from revision; it does not diminish the pursuit of truth.

=== Ethics Without Redemption ===

Ethical orientation does not require a promised end of history. Symbolically capable systems act within relations that distribute vulnerability, protection, voice, and possibilities of repair. They can compare consequences, recognise conflicts, revise norms, and pursue local improvements. The absence of cosmic guarantee makes these judgements more exposed, not meaningless.

A goal must therefore be stated, its effects examined, and those affected allowed to resist its categories. Butler's account of precarious life, Mbembe's analysis of violence, and Glissant's defence of opacity offer different resources for this work; they should not be collapsed into one doctrine of salvation or its refusal (Butler 2004, 2005; Mbembe 2003, [2013] 2017; Glissant [1990] 1997).

No future state absolves present decisions. Equally, rejecting teleology does not absolve inquiry from distinguishing repair from damage. Ethical judgement remains local, revisable, and criticisable, but it is not arbitrary: it must articulate the criteria by which an intervention redistributes vulnerability, capacity, and exposure.

Part II therefore closes without a universal recipe or promised reconciliation, but not without method, truth, or orientation. Its discipline is to make each response answerable to the configuration it reorganises and to keep every conclusion within the conditions that warrant it.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This final section of Part II develops the methodological consequences of the antiteleological commitment introduced in Section 1.5. It distinguishes a cosmic or historical destination fixed in advance from the scientific attribution of biological function, local goals, warranted conclusions, and progress under explicit criteria.

The distinction allows Part II to close without a universal recipe or promised reconciliation, but not without method, truth, orientation, or the possibility of completing a particular argument.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the unargued passage from local direction to universal destination. Biological inquiry can attribute a function to a trait, an agent can pursue a goal, and an inquiry can reach a justified conclusion without implying that matter, life, or history is moving towards a final state.

The same discipline applies to philosophical criticism. Hegelian reconciliation, theological eschatology, Nietzschean overcoming, Heideggerian retrieval, Benjaminian interruption, and technological projections perform different functions. None should be classified as redemptive or teleological without identifying the exact mechanism by which a future end becomes the measure of the process.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The central thesis is that no destination inscribed in reality governs material becoming. This does not prohibit local ends, conclusions, or improvements. It requires each of them to state its scale, conditions, criteria, and evidence.

Insistence names persistence and reorganisation without convergence towards a predetermined end. Operative excess supplies an affirmative causal condition of emergence when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; its occurrence and result depend on the full set of materially active relations. Neither concept turns novelty into progress or guarantees a desirable result.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Ontological teleology''' assigns a destination to reality or to a process as part of its structure.
* '''Local goal''' is a represented outcome guiding an agent or designed system; it does not become the goal of the wider material field.
* '''Biological function''' is a symbolic attribution whose justification may appeal to causal role, selection, development, inheritance, or constraint without invoking future causation.
* '''Progress''' is improvement relative to an explicit criterion; it does not establish universal ascent.
* '''Redemption''' organises a process around recovered wholeness, final reconciliation, or escape from a deficient condition.
* '''Insistence''' names persistence and reorganisation without a destination fixed in advance.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should not oppose truth to openness. A calculation may be completed, an empirical claim confirmed, and an argument justified, while remaining dependent on evidence and conditions that can later be revised. The absence of cosmic guarantee does not weaken the pursuit of truth; it prevents a warranted result from becoming a standpoint exempt from criticism.

For each claim of direction, readers should ask: whose end is represented, at what scale, through which mechanism, and under which criterion? They should also distinguish what the process produces from what an observer retrospectively treats as its destination.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ar0j2ld95zkefa3wjrq2i28ycpysxsz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/I - The Refusal of Linear Complexity</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476966</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673240</id>
      <parentid>4673017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673240</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12427" sha1="t8v2czcwbqn7stw32t4w7yvmzh11qe6" xml:space="preserve">== 3.1.1 – The Refusal of Linear Complexity ==

Complexity is not a linear property, nor does it emerge as if each structure had to restart its path from zero. Its historical accumulation is acknowledged and retroactively legible, even though it is not guided by any extrinsic vector or external purpose. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity rejects both the teleology of progress and the illusion of an absolute beginning. Complexity is historically cumulative — yes — but this accumulation does not proceed by mere addition; rather, it unfolds through successive reorganisations of complex matter. There is no leap from nothing, but neither is there a straight line: there is folding, displacement, and creative iteration over what is already structured.

This chapter opens Part III by establishing what the framework means by “complexity”, a term with legitimate but non-equivalent uses across several disciplines. The argument first separates quantitative and computational measures from claims about emergent capacity, then defines operative excess across structural and symbolic forms without making it a synonym for complexity or variation, and finally places these distinctions in dialogue with complexity theory.

=== Complexity as Quantity: The Insufficiency of Measurement ===

Some accounts reduce complexity to growth in the number of elements, interactions, or informational variables. General systems theory, however, cannot fairly be reduced to component counting: Bertalanffy's central contribution was to emphasise organisation, openness, and relations across systems (Bertalanffy 1968, 32). Quantitative measures remain legitimate for specified questions. The philosophical mistake is to infer emergent novelty from “many parts” alone. A complicated machine may be difficult to describe without acquiring a new capacity at the scale under study.

Kolmogorov complexity measures the length of the shortest description capable of generating an object, whereas Shannon entropy measures uncertainty over a distribution of messages (Kolmogorov 1965, 3; Shannon 1948, 379). These are not defective versions of one ontological concept; they answer different formal questions. Neither incompressibility nor high entropy, by itself, demonstrates reorganisation, emergence, symbolic operation, or consciousness. Conversely, signals and networks can be complex in their relevant technical senses without exhausting the philosophical question asked here.

Network science measures degree distributions, clustering, path lengths, and other relations that can support powerful causal explanations when joined to mechanisms and dynamics (Barabási 2002; Watts 2003). Such measurements do not automatically establish a new system-level capacity. The relevant question is which organisation the measured relations sustain, under what conditions, and what counterfactual difference their alteration makes.

=== Operative Excess in Structural and Symbolic Forms ===

The present framework uses ''emergence'' when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a new capacity at a stated scale. It uses ''operative excess'' for the causal condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible; whether it occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Complexity, emergence, and operative excess must therefore be distinguished without separating emergence from its affirmative material motor.

Operative excess names an opening of material realisability, not a lack, residue, or external energy. In a structural organisation, the comparison concerns relations whose realisation current material conditions permit and relations realised in the present form. Where symbolic operations exist, it can concern their materially realised symbolic organisation. In both cases, the criterion of comparison must be explicit. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. It does not predetermine the resulting configuration, imply that every material configuration is symbolic, or make every change an emergence.

Thermodynamic entropy and operative excess belong to different explanatory registers. Entropy is a precisely defined state function whose interpretation depends on the physical ensemble and process under study; it should not be reduced to disorder or a universal drift towards homogeneity. Operative excess is not a competing physical magnitude. It describes the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present form, and it cannot be inferred from non-equilibrium conditions alone.

Genome size, gene count, behavioural repertoire, and organisational differentiation measure different features and do not form one ladder of development. Gould's ''Full House'' challenges the inference from local trends or exceptional maxima to an intrinsic direction of evolution (Gould 1996, 58). Evolution can preserve, transform, simplify, and recombine earlier organisations. None of this licenses the conclusion that complexity always grows or that biological evolution is an accumulation of operative excess.

=== Dialogue with Complexity Theory: Morin, Prigogine, Kauffman ===

Morin's paradigm of complexity resists mechanistic reduction and emphasises recursive interactions, organisation, and the relation between parts and wholes (Morin [1990] 2008). The present framework retains this resistance while declining to infer a harmonising totality from systemic interdependence. Claims of reorganisation must remain local to specified configurations and mechanisms.

Prigogine's work on dissipative structures demonstrates that ordered patterns can be sustained under far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). This result concerns specified physical regimes. It supports neither a universal ontology of instability nor, by itself, a claim of operative excess. In chemical or biological matter, operative excess must be established by stating the criterion, identifying the relations whose realisation the current conditions permit and those realised in the present form, and then determining independently whether reconfiguration occurs. Cross-domain comparison remains possible only when the mechanisms and scale of the analogy are stated.

Kauffman's work investigates how self-organisation may contribute to biological order alongside selection (Kauffman 1993, 173). “Edge of chaos” is a model-dependent description, not a universal location where complexity occurs. The appropriate question is whether a given system exhibits a transition in dynamics and a new capacity under specified conditions, not whether order and disorder lack every boundary in principle.

The refusal of linear complexity is therefore a refusal to infer universal progress from increase under one measure. Historical accumulation, simplification, loss, recombination, and threshold effects can coexist. A claim of emergence must identify a new capacity, its material conditions, the scale at which it operates, and the evidence that distinguishes it from mere complication or surprise.

Thought, in this model, does not emerge as the climax of an evolutionary line, but as an operative fold over pre-existing material. To think is to rearticulate inherited tensions within a new regime of legibility — symbolic when that operation relates materially instantiated symbols. Hence, there is no evolution without bifurcation, no thought without operative discontinuity. The history of complex matter is made of strata, layers, and recesses — not of an arrow. Even so, these layers allow the recognition of historical patterns of transformation, without implying prior orientation or final direction.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection begins the detailed development of Part III. It distinguishes four questions that subsequent chapters require the reader to keep separate: how complexity is measured, whether a process is non-linear, whether a new capacity has emerged, and whether operative excess is present as a causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Section 3.1.2 will apply this discipline to material and symbolic relations; Section 3.1.3 will apply it to continuity and stability.

The subsection does not oppose the OEC to a single “standard scientific usage”. Complexity has several legitimate technical meanings. The philosophical task is to prevent a measure designed for one question from becoming an unsupported conclusion about another.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not measurement itself. Shannon entropy, Kolmogorov complexity, network measures, and systems descriptions answer different questions and can provide indispensable evidence. The error begins when high entropy, low compressibility, numerous components, or dense connections are taken by themselves to demonstrate emergent novelty.

The chapter therefore asks what additional evidence is required before moving from a quantitative or formal description to an ontological claim about a new material capacity.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The central thesis is that quantitative increase does not by itself establish qualitative transformation. Non-linearity can alter the relation between a change and its effects without producing a new capacity. Emergence is the stronger claim that a materially conditioned reconfiguration has produced a property, capacity, or effect unavailable to the prior organisation at the scale under study.

Operative excess names an affirmative causal condition of the relevant reorganisation: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which result emerges depend on the full set of materially active relations. Complexity, non-linearity, emergence, and operative excess are related, but none is a synonym for the others.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
- '''Measured complexity''' describes a specified feature under a stated formalism; it does not independently establish emergence.
- '''Non-linearity''' means that effects need not vary proportionally with their conditions; it is neither a synonym nor a sufficient criterion for emergence.
- '''Emergence''' requires a new capacity at a determinate scale, verified through the effects it introduces into the field of possible operations.
- '''Operative excess''' occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. The symbolic case is one application of the operator, not its exclusive domain.
- '''Historical accumulation without a ladder''' allows inheritance, simplification, loss, recombination, and threshold effects without projecting a universal ascent towards greater complexity or value.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
When encountering a claim about complexity, readers should ask four separate questions. What has been measured? Is the process non-linear? Which new capacity is alleged to have emerged, and at what scale? Under which explicit criterion do materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form, if operative excess is being claimed?

The chapter's examples should be used to practise these distinctions, not to rank systems on a single ladder. A complicated configuration may remain within the same operational regime; a simpler reorganisation may produce a new capacity. The argument is established by the organisation, mechanism, scale, and effects, not by the dramatic appearance or descriptive difficulty of the case.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>t8v2czcwbqn7stw32t4w7yvmzh11qe6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673289</id>
      <parentid>4673240</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12366" sha1="k07hya1v5f9wc9pvqoxosvpmiiqkj7f" xml:space="preserve">== 3.1.1 – The Refusal of Linear Complexity ==

Complexity is an epistemic determination made under stated criteria, models, scales, and questions. It therefore does not name a single intrinsic quantity that places every material organisation on one linear ladder. Material histories nevertheless matter: a configuration can inherit, preserve, transform, simplify, or recombine relations formed in earlier processes. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity rejects both the teleology of progress and the illusion of an absolute beginning. Historical dependence is real, but no single measure converts it into a universal accumulation of complexity. There is no leap from nothing and no line that every organisation must follow.

This chapter opens Part III by establishing what the framework means by “complexity”, a term with legitimate but non-equivalent uses across several disciplines. The argument first separates quantitative and computational measures from claims about emergent capacity, then defines operative excess across structural and symbolic forms without making it a synonym for complexity or variation, and finally places these distinctions in dialogue with complexity theory.

=== Complexity as Quantity: The Insufficiency of Measurement ===

Some accounts reduce complexity to growth in the number of elements, interactions, or informational variables. General systems theory, however, cannot fairly be reduced to component counting: Bertalanffy's central contribution was to emphasise organisation, openness, and relations across systems (Bertalanffy 1968, 32). Quantitative measures remain legitimate for specified questions. The philosophical mistake is to infer emergent novelty from “many parts” alone. A complicated machine may be difficult to describe without acquiring a new capacity at the scale under study.

Kolmogorov complexity measures the length of the shortest description capable of generating an object, whereas Shannon entropy measures uncertainty over a distribution of messages (Kolmogorov 1965, 3; Shannon 1948, 379). These are not defective versions of one ontological concept; they answer different formal questions. Neither incompressibility nor high entropy, by itself, demonstrates reorganisation, emergence, symbolic operation, or consciousness. Conversely, signals and networks can be complex in their relevant technical senses without exhausting the philosophical question asked here.

Network science measures degree distributions, clustering, path lengths, and other relations that can support powerful causal explanations when joined to mechanisms and dynamics (Barabási 2002; Watts 2003). Such measurements do not automatically establish a new system-level capacity. The relevant question is which organisation the measured relations sustain, under what conditions, and what counterfactual difference their alteration makes.

=== Operative Excess in Structural and Symbolic Forms ===

The present framework uses ''emergence'' when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a new capacity at a stated scale. It uses ''operative excess'' for the causal condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible; whether it occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Complexity, emergence, and operative excess must therefore be distinguished without separating emergence from its affirmative material motor.

Operative excess names an opening of material realisability, not a lack, residue, or external energy. In a structural organisation, the comparison concerns relations whose realisation current material conditions permit and relations realised in the present form. Where symbolic operations exist, it can concern their materially realised symbolic organisation. In both cases, the criterion of comparison must be explicit. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. It does not predetermine the resulting configuration, imply that every material configuration is symbolic, or make every change an emergence.

Thermodynamic entropy and operative excess belong to different explanatory registers. Entropy is a precisely defined state function whose interpretation depends on the physical ensemble and process under study; it should not be reduced to disorder or a universal drift towards homogeneity. Operative excess is not a competing physical magnitude. It describes the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present form, and it cannot be inferred from non-equilibrium conditions alone.

Genome size, gene count, behavioural repertoire, and organisational differentiation measure different features and do not form one ladder of development. Gould's ''Full House'' challenges the inference from local trends or exceptional maxima to an intrinsic direction of evolution (Gould 1996, 58). Evolution can preserve, transform, simplify, and recombine earlier organisations. None of this licenses the conclusion that complexity always grows or that biological evolution is an accumulation of operative excess.

=== Dialogue with Complexity Theory: Morin, Prigogine, Kauffman ===

Morin's paradigm of complexity resists mechanistic reduction and emphasises recursive interactions, organisation, and the relation between parts and wholes (Morin [1990] 2008). The present framework retains this resistance while declining to infer a harmonising totality from systemic interdependence. Claims of reorganisation must remain local to specified configurations and mechanisms.

Prigogine's work on dissipative structures demonstrates that ordered patterns can be sustained under far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). This result concerns specified physical regimes. It supports neither a universal ontology of instability nor, by itself, a claim of operative excess. In chemical or biological matter, operative excess must be established by stating the criterion, identifying the relations whose realisation the current conditions permit and those realised in the present form, and then determining independently whether reconfiguration occurs. Cross-domain comparison remains possible only when the mechanisms and scale of the analogy are stated.

Kauffman's work investigates how self-organisation may contribute to biological order alongside selection (Kauffman 1993, 173). “Edge of chaos” is a model-dependent description, not a universal location where complexity occurs. The appropriate question is whether a given system exhibits a transition in dynamics and a new capacity under specified conditions, not whether order and disorder lack every boundary in principle.

The refusal of linear complexity is therefore a refusal to infer universal progress from increase under one measure. Historical accumulation, simplification, loss, recombination, and threshold effects can coexist. A claim of emergence must identify a new capacity, its material conditions, the scale at which it operates, and the evidence that distinguishes it from mere complication or surprise.

Thought, in this model, does not emerge as the climax of an evolutionary line. It is realised when a material system articulates symbols, establishes or revises relations among them, and uses those relations to modulate later operations. Its occurrence depends on a material history without making that history a ladder directed towards thought. Analyses may identify bifurcations, continuities, losses, and transformations under explicit criteria, while neither those epistemic divisions nor the scales used to describe them introduce ruptures into the ontological continuity of matter.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection begins the detailed development of Part III. It distinguishes four questions that subsequent chapters require the reader to keep separate: how complexity is measured, whether a process is non-linear, whether a new capacity has emerged, and whether operative excess is present as a causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Section 3.1.2 will apply this discipline to material and symbolic relations; Section 3.1.3 will apply it to continuity and stability.

The subsection does not oppose the OEC to a single “standard scientific usage”. Complexity has several legitimate technical meanings. The philosophical task is to prevent a measure designed for one question from becoming an unsupported conclusion about another.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not measurement itself. Shannon entropy, Kolmogorov complexity, network measures, and systems descriptions answer different questions and can provide indispensable evidence. The error begins when high entropy, low compressibility, numerous components, or dense connections are taken by themselves to demonstrate emergent novelty.

The chapter therefore asks what additional evidence is required before moving from a quantitative or formal description to an ontological claim about a new material capacity.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The central thesis is that quantitative increase does not by itself establish qualitative transformation. Non-linearity can alter the relation between a change and its effects without producing a new capacity. Emergence is the stronger claim that a materially conditioned reconfiguration has produced a property, capacity, or effect unavailable to the prior organisation at the scale under study.

Operative excess names an affirmative causal condition of the relevant reorganisation: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which result emerges depend on the full set of materially active relations. Complexity, non-linearity, emergence, and operative excess are related, but none is a synonym for the others.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Measured complexity''' describes a specified feature under a stated formalism; it does not independently establish emergence.
* '''Non-linearity''' means that effects need not vary proportionally with their conditions; it is neither a synonym nor a sufficient criterion for emergence.
* '''Emergence''' requires a new capacity at a determinate scale, verified through the effects it introduces into the field of possible operations.
* '''Operative excess''' occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. The symbolic case is one application of the operator, not its exclusive domain.
* '''Historical accumulation without a ladder''' allows inheritance, simplification, loss, recombination, and threshold effects without projecting a universal ascent towards greater complexity or value.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
When encountering a claim about complexity, readers should ask four separate questions. What has been measured? Is the process non-linear? Which new capacity is alleged to have emerged, and at what scale? Under which explicit criterion do materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form, if operative excess is being claimed?

The chapter's examples should be used to practise these distinctions, not to rank systems on a single ladder. A complicated configuration may remain within the same operational regime; a simpler reorganisation may produce a new capacity. The argument is established by the organisation, mechanism, scale, and effects, not by the dramatic appearance or descriptive difficulty of the case.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>k07hya1v5f9wc9pvqoxosvpmiiqkj7f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/II - Relational Tension as Ontological Principle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673290</id>
      <parentid>4673018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12383" sha1="1s4ti38h2gdctg1l2yiwlec1jf3wy0z" xml:space="preserve">== 3.1.2 – Relational Tension as Ontological Principle ==

A cell boundary depends on exchanges it regulates; a legal category depends on documents, institutions, and acts of recognition; a tree remains distinct from soil and fungi while depending on both. These cases resist a choice between isolated things and an undifferentiated web. Material configurations do not first exist as fully self-sufficient things and only later acquire connections.

Before anything else, a distinction must be made: in the physical universe, there are countless forms of material organisation that are not symbolic — from the formation of galaxies and solar systems through gravitational action to the configuration of magnetic fields. These structures result from fundamental forces and organise matter according to stable principles, but they do not operate through inscription or internal codified reorganisation. Their existence and relations do not depend on observation. A situated portion of that reality becomes concrete for an observing system when it is observed or captured; it becomes conceptually intelligible only when a symbolically capable system represents and relates what has been captured. Observation establishes the concrete without, by itself, adding the formalism through which the concrete may later be known and explained.

The framework acknowledges material relations that require no symbolisation — dependence, transfer, constraint, coupling, composition, and incompatibility — and symbolic relations established by systems capable of inscription and recognition. The word ''relation'' is not reserved for the symbolic regime. What distinguishes symbolic relation is that materially instantiated symbols are related in ways that can modulate subsequent operations.

=== Relation as Foundation Without Foundation ===

Relations are not merely external links added to self-sufficient substances. The relata involved in a process can be partly constituted, constrained, or transformed by their relations. This constitutive relevance does not establish priority over materially organised participants: concrete relations require participants, even when those participants acquire determinate capacities only within the relation.

Simondon's account of individuation provides an important parallel: the individual is not a fully constituted substance before the processes through which it becomes determinate (Simondon 2005, 35). The present framework retains this processual insight while treating every relation as materially instantiated. It does not replace the pre-individual with a universal asymmetry between symboliser and symbolised, because many individuating relations are not symbolic at all.

This position must be carefully distinguished from the ontic structural realism of Ladyman and Ross, who argue that &quot;there are no things, only structures&quot; (Ladyman and Ross 2007, 130). While sharing the rejection of substance ontology, the OEC diverges on a decisive point: structural realism retains the concept of structure as a formal-mathematical entity — a set of relations definable independently of any material substrate. The OEC rejects this formalism. Relations, in the OEC, are materially realised dependencies, transfers, constraints, couplings, compositions, or incompatibilities. There is no relation without material realisation. Inscription is required only when a capable system discriminates and recognises a new difference within a symbolic regime; it is not a condition of material relation in general. The distinction is between a structuralism of form and a materialism of operative relation.

=== Tension, Not Harmony ===

Symbolic relation introduces a specific sequence. A material difference gives rise to a trace when a capable system discriminates it as a new or previously unknown configuration. In singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The mark is the material configuration represented by the symbol; it does not recognise, compare, or act. A first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference, while a second-order symbol is created through the articulation of symbols. The system, not the mark or an isolated symbol, establishes and revises symbolic relations and can allow them to modulate further operations.

Tension names an incompatibility, gradient, or unresolved constraint within a material configuration. It may be reduced, sustained, redistributed, or intensified. In a symbolic system, a discriminated difference may participate in materially active relations that make symbolic reorganisation possible. Tension alone neither establishes operative excess nor makes any response necessary; whether symbolic reorganisation occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Material relations do not cease to exist when no symbolic reorganisation follows.

This formulation opens productive philosophical dialogues. Merleau-Ponty's genetic phenomenology, particularly in ''Le visible et l'invisible'' (Merleau-Ponty 1964a, 138), treats the body as a sensitive locus constituted through its relations with the visible rather than as a static given. Foucault's ''L'Archéologie du savoir'' directs attention towards the material and institutional conditions under which statements become available and related within a discursive formation (Foucault 1972, 132). Neither account supplies the OEC's concepts of inscription, mark, or symbol; the comparison concerns the displacement of a self-sufficient subject and the material conditions of legibility.

The OEC retains representation as a materially realised symbolic operation. A material configuration does not become reorganised merely because it is observed or symbolised. A capable system can discriminate a difference, inscribe it by constituting the corresponding mark–symbol relation, and subsequently reorganise symbols of either order and the relations among them. The mark remains passive in the symbolic relation, and the material configuration represented is not thereby transformed. If symbolic reorganisation produces a material configuration that the system discriminates as new or previously unknown, that event constitutes a trace and can occasion inscription.

In Glissant, relation is not reducible to connection but is associated with tremor and the destabilisation of closed identity (Glissant [1990] 1997, 56). In Deleuze, relations participate in the production of difference through immanent variation rather than functioning as attributes added to completed terms (Deleuze [1968] 1994, 72). The OEC retains the challenge to self-sufficient identity while refusing to make symbolic reorganisation the model of every material relation. Material relations can constitute and transform configurations without inscription. Symbolic reorganisation is a specific emergent regime in which a capable system alters relations among materially instantiated symbols in response to differences it has discriminated and recognised.

Network models can represent either pre-specified nodes or processes in which nodes and capacities change through interaction. The ontological claim is not that relation exists before every relatum, but that many identities and capacities are relational achievements. Systems differ: some persist structurally, some regulate deviations, and some reorganise relations among symbols. No one regime should be universalised.

Structural equilibrium, metastability, regulation, and symbolic revisability describe different regimes of persistence. Exposure to change can matter without becoming the universal source of stability. Complexity is not itself a threshold of symbolic relation; symbolic capacity requires the additional mechanisms of discrimination, inscription, recognition, and relations among symbols.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Section 3.1.1 distinguished measured complexity, non-linearity, emergence, and operative excess. This subsection now asks what kind of relations compose, constrain, or transform material configurations. It distinguishes material relation from symbolic relation and prepares Section 3.1.3, where continuity and stability are separated.

The sequence prevents two reductions. Material relations do not depend on a symbolic observer, but symbolic relations are not merely another name for physical interaction. Each regime requires its own operations and evidence.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is to avoid choosing between self-sufficient things and an undifferentiated web. Material participants are required for every concrete relation, yet their determinate capacities can depend on the relations through which they are composed and maintained.

A second problem concerns knowledge. A material organisation exists independently of observation. A situated portion of it becomes concrete for an observing system when it is observed or captured. Conceptual intelligibility requires the further operation of a symbolically capable system. Observation does not create the real, and the concrete does not already include the formalism later used to represent and explain it.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The central thesis is that many identities and capacities are relational achievements. This gives relations constitutive relevance without priority over materially organised participants: a concrete relation requires participants, even when those participants acquire determinate capacities only within that relation.

Material relations include dependencies, transfers, constraints, couplings, compositions, and incompatibilities. Symbolic relation is a specific emergent regime. It requires a capable system to discriminate a new material configuration, recognise and singularly inscribe the manifested difference, and subsequently establish relations among symbols. Inscription is therefore not a condition of material relation in general.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Material relation''' names a materially realised dependence, transfer, constraint, coupling, composition, or incompatibility that requires no prior symbolisation.
* '''Concrete''' is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material observing system. It is not yet, for that reason alone, symbolic or theoretical.
* '''Symbolic relation''' exists when a capable system establishes relations among materially instantiated symbols and allows those relations to modulate later operations.
* '''Singular inscription''' recognises the difference manifested by a trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. Later recognition proceeds through the established symbolic organisation; it does not repeat inscription or reorganise the mark.
* '''Relational tension''' names an incompatibility, gradient, or unresolved constraint. It must not be confused with operative excess, which is established only when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic or structural form and thereby make reconfiguration possible.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
For any case, readers should first identify the material participants and the dependencies or constraints that relate them. They should then ask whether observation has made a portion of the real concrete for a system and whether symbolic operations have actually occurred. The existence of a material relation does not establish inscription; the presence of tension does not establish operative excess; and a symbol never reorganises anything in isolation.

A useful comparison is to analyse a magnetic field, a living boundary, and a legal category. All involve material relations. Only the latter two may involve regulation, and only a suitably organised system can establish relations among symbols. The analytical gain lies in identifying the additional operations rather than describing every relation as already symbolic.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1s4ti38h2gdctg1l2yiwlec1jf3wy0z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/III - Stability Is Not Continuity</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673212</id>
      <parentid>4673109</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673212</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12157" sha1="d1qevgqspupjl7x96ecqqitijbgepj7" xml:space="preserve">== 3.1.3 – Stability Is Not Continuity ==

Stability is not identical with continuity, but neither term excludes the other. Continuity is material persistence through time and need not be motionless repetition. Stability is the persistence of a configuration or capacity under a stated range of perturbations and at a stated scale. It can result from structure, regulation, or symbolic mediation; a stable configuration can persist without operative excess being established.

=== The Illusion of Continuity ===

Claims of identity through time operate under different criteria. A person changes biologically and symbolically while retaining many material continuities; a species is tracked through populations and lineages rather than one fixed essence; an institution can persist through turnover of members and revision of practices. None of these examples proves that continuity is illusory. Each requires an account of what persists, what changes, and which scale and criterion support the attribution of identity.

These cases combine continuity and stability differently. A person's biossoma preserves material and organisational continuities while memory, narrative, and social recognition contribute symbolic forms of identity. A species persists through genealogical relations and population processes. An institution depends on people, documents, infrastructures, rules, and practices whose coupling may preserve some capacities while transforming others. Reorganisation is possible without being continuous or required in every interval.

This distinction must be carefully separated from Alfred North Whitehead's process metaphysics, with which it shares certain superficial features. Whitehead rejected substance in favour of &quot;actual occasions of experience&quot; — momentary events that perish immediately upon coming into being, such that all continuity is the inheritance of one occasion by another (Whitehead [1929] 1978, 29). The OEC accepts the rejection of substance but diverges from Whitehead on two points. First, Whitehead's &quot;occasions of experience&quot; retain a proto-subjectivist dimension — each occasion has a &quot;subjective aim&quot; that orients its becoming. The OEC rejects all forms of proto-subjectivity: there is no aim, no orientation, no experiential interiority at the fundamental level of material reorganisation. Second, Whitehead's scheme remains cosmological in aspiration — it seeks to describe the ultimate structure of all reality. The OEC is not cosmology; it is an ontology of operative configurations, and it makes no claims about the ultimate nature of physical reality as such.

=== Stability as Material Coupling ===

The symbolic designates a materially realised regime in which a capable system discriminates a difference, inscribes or recognises it through symbols, establishes relations among those symbols, and allows those relations to modulate subsequent operations. Symbolic reorganisation does not result from fracture or failure as a cause. Where, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic form, operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which symbolic form results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

Material coupling, developed in §3.3.3, explains one important class of stability: two or more processes constrain or enable one another in a way that sustains a specified capacity. Not every stability requires active modulation; structural arrangement can suffice within suitable conditions. Every attribution must state the perturbations, scale, and interval relative to which the configuration is stable.

Stability may be structural, regulated, or symbolically mediated, and these modes can overlap. A crystal can be structurally stable under suitable conditions. Homeostatic processes can counter deviations. Symbolically capable systems can recognise occurrences under marks and reorganise relations among symbols. DNA participates in biochemical coding practices as described by biological theory, but calling DNA itself a symbolic system requires an explicit account of the system and level to which discrimination and symbol relations are attributed.

The distinction becomes clear in the phenomenon of homeostasis. In living systems, to maintain oneself means to adjust, not to preserve identity. Homeostatic stability results from non-symbolic material modulation, in which living matter reorganises internal equilibria in response to variations (Morin 1980, 274). Simondon's account of metastable individuation — where stability is the result of internal resolution of incompatibilities (Simondon 2005, 215) — resonates here. The OEC accepts this plasticity but does not assign a distinct explanatory status to a pre-individual field as a common origin. It begins instead from presently configured matter. Where, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form, operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. This operator applies across material levels; the asymmetry between a system that symbolises and what it symbolises arises only in the specific regime of symbolic organisation. Canguilhem's reading is also invoked: the normal is not statistical regularity but normative capacity in the face of the unforeseen (Canguilhem 1966, 92).

A persistent objection must be addressed: do not the laws of physics themselves constitute permanent features of reality? If so, does not the OEC's claim that &quot;stability is not continuity&quot; fail at the most fundamental level? The OEC's response is twofold. First, the status of physical laws is an open question in physics itself: whether laws are eternal regularities, emergent features of the universe's history, or descriptions of local operative regimes remains debated (Smolin 2013, 92). The OEC does not need to resolve this debate; it only needs to note that the permanence of physical laws is not self-evident. Second, even if physical laws are permanent, this does not undermine the OEC's claim, which concerns the ontological status of configurations, not of the principles that govern material interaction. A law may be permanent while every configuration it governs is transient. The distinction between laws and configurations is precisely the distinction between the conditions of operative reorganisation and the operative reorganisations themselves.

The relevant dialogues require different distinctions. Prigogine's work on dissipative structures shows that ordered patterns can be sustained under specified far-from-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). The OEC retains that result without treating instability or collapse as a universal creative origin; operative excess must be demonstrated by stating the criterion and identifying the materially realisable relations and the relations realised in the present form that the criterion compares. Latour's distribution of agency across heterogeneous networks draws attention to material participation (Latour 2005, 12), but causal participation alone does not establish symbolic operation. Symbolic status requires evidence of discrimination, inscription, recognition through symbols, relations among symbols, and their effects on subsequent operations. Harman's emphasis on object identity provides a contrasting account of persistence (Harman 2011, 5); the OEC instead explains stability through conditional organisation. Haraway's analyses of sympoiesis foreground interdependence and multispecies composition (Haraway 2016, 45); the OEC asks which concrete couplings sustain each configuration without presuming harmony, symbolic organisation, or one mechanism across all cases.

Stability is not the negation of change. Some configurations persist because they reorganise; others persist because their structure remains compatible with prevailing conditions. Continuity, regulation, and symbolic revision are distinct resources. The common point is conditionality: no finite configuration carries a final guarantee of persistence, but this absence of guarantee does not imply perpetual change, chaos, or the need for continuous self-reorganisation.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection completes Section 3.1 by separating continuity from stability. Section 3.1.1 rejected a linear ladder of complexity; Section 3.1.2 distinguished material and symbolic relations. Section 3.1.3 now asks how a configuration or capacity can persist without being treated as an invariant substance.

The distinction prepares the later account of material coupling and local order. It also prevents persistence, regulation, and symbolic revision from being treated as one mechanism.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the equation of stability with unchanged continuity. A configuration may remain materially continuous while changing its capacities, or preserve a capacity while replacing many of its components. Conversely, structural continuity does not show how the configuration responds to a relevant perturbation.

The attribution of stability must therefore identify what persists, the perturbations under consideration, the relevant scale, and the interval of assessment. This does not imply that every stable configuration actively regulates itself or continuously consumes new inputs.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Continuity is material persistence through time. Stability is the persistence of a specified configuration or capacity under a stated range of perturbations. Stability may be structural, regulated, or symbolically mediated, and these modes can overlap.

Material coupling explains an important class of stability, but not every case. A structural arrangement can remain stable under suitable conditions without active modulation. Homeostatic regulation can counter deviations. A symbolically capable system can revise relations among symbols. In every case, stability is conditional without thereby being unreal or merely apparent.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
- '''Continuity''' names material persistence through time; it does not require motionless identity.
- '''Stability''' names persistence under specified perturbations, at a stated scale and interval.
- '''Structural stability''' can arise from an arrangement remaining compatible with prevailing conditions.
- '''Regulated stability''' uses functional processes to counter or accommodate deviations.
- '''Symbolically mediated stability''' involves a capable system recognising occurrences through symbols and altering relations among symbols.
- '''Operative excess''' is not required for every stable configuration. It occurs only when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should ask four questions when stability is attributed. What exactly persists? Against which perturbation? At what scale? Through which material mechanism? These questions distinguish a crystal lattice, homeostasis, institutional persistence, and symbolic revision without forcing them into one model.

The subsection prepares the analysis of local order in Section 3.3. If different configurations persist through different conditional mechanisms, their stability does not establish a universal principle of order. It identifies a local achievement whose conditions and limits must be demonstrated.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>d1qevgqspupjl7x96ecqqitijbgepj7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673291</id>
      <parentid>4673212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673291</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12157" sha1="o7z3ojjn8vp2w936o0x91k5vm6zot65" xml:space="preserve">== 3.1.3 – Stability Is Not Continuity ==

Stability is not identical with continuity, but neither term excludes the other. Continuity is material persistence through time and need not be motionless repetition. Stability is the persistence of a configuration or capacity under a stated range of perturbations and at a stated scale. It can result from structure, regulation, or symbolic mediation; a stable configuration can persist without operative excess being established.

=== The Illusion of Continuity ===

Claims of identity through time operate under different criteria. A person changes biologically and symbolically while retaining many material continuities; a species is tracked through populations and lineages rather than one fixed essence; an institution can persist through turnover of members and revision of practices. None of these examples proves that continuity is illusory. Each requires an account of what persists, what changes, and which scale and criterion support the attribution of identity.

These cases combine continuity and stability differently. A person's biossoma preserves material and organisational continuities while memory, narrative, and social recognition contribute symbolic forms of identity. A species persists through genealogical relations and population processes. An institution depends on people, documents, infrastructures, rules, and practices whose coupling may preserve some capacities while transforming others. Reorganisation is possible without being continuous or required in every interval.

This distinction must be carefully separated from Alfred North Whitehead's process metaphysics, with which it shares certain superficial features. Whitehead rejected substance in favour of &quot;actual occasions of experience&quot; — momentary events that perish immediately upon coming into being, such that all continuity is the inheritance of one occasion by another (Whitehead [1929] 1978, 29). The OEC accepts the rejection of substance but diverges from Whitehead on two points. First, Whitehead's &quot;occasions of experience&quot; retain a proto-subjectivist dimension — each occasion has a &quot;subjective aim&quot; that orients its becoming. The OEC rejects all forms of proto-subjectivity: there is no aim, no orientation, no experiential interiority at the fundamental level of material reorganisation. Second, Whitehead's scheme remains cosmological in aspiration — it seeks to describe the ultimate structure of all reality. The OEC is not cosmology; it is an ontology of operative configurations, and it makes no claims about the ultimate nature of physical reality as such.

=== Stability as Material Coupling ===

The symbolic designates a materially realised regime in which a capable system discriminates a difference, inscribes or recognises it through symbols, establishes relations among those symbols, and allows those relations to modulate subsequent operations. Symbolic reorganisation does not result from fracture or failure as a cause. Where, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic form, operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which symbolic form results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

Material coupling, developed in §3.3.3, explains one important class of stability: two or more processes constrain or enable one another in a way that sustains a specified capacity. Not every stability requires active modulation; structural arrangement can suffice within suitable conditions. Every attribution must state the perturbations, scale, and interval relative to which the configuration is stable.

Stability may be structural, regulated, or symbolically mediated, and these modes can overlap. A crystal can be structurally stable under suitable conditions. Homeostatic processes can counter deviations. Symbolically capable systems can recognise occurrences under marks and reorganise relations among symbols. DNA participates in biochemical coding practices as described by biological theory, but calling DNA itself a symbolic system requires an explicit account of the system and level to which discrimination and symbol relations are attributed.

The distinction becomes clear in the phenomenon of homeostasis. In living systems, to maintain oneself means to adjust, not to preserve identity. Homeostatic stability results from non-symbolic material modulation, in which living matter reorganises internal equilibria in response to variations (Morin 1980, 274). Simondon's account of metastable individuation — where stability is the result of internal resolution of incompatibilities (Simondon 2005, 215) — resonates here. The OEC accepts this plasticity but does not assign a distinct explanatory status to a pre-individual field as a common origin. It begins instead from presently configured matter. Where, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form, operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. This operator applies across material levels; the asymmetry between a system that symbolises and what it symbolises arises only in the specific regime of symbolic organisation. Canguilhem's reading is also invoked: the normal is not statistical regularity but normative capacity in the face of the unforeseen (Canguilhem 1966, 92).

A persistent objection must be addressed: do not the laws of physics themselves constitute permanent features of reality? If so, does not the OEC's claim that &quot;stability is not continuity&quot; fail at the most fundamental level? The OEC's response is twofold. First, the status of physical laws is an open question in physics itself: whether laws are eternal regularities, emergent features of the universe's history, or descriptions of local operative regimes remains debated (Smolin 2013, 92). The OEC does not need to resolve this debate; it only needs to note that the permanence of physical laws is not self-evident. Second, even if physical laws are permanent, this does not undermine the OEC's claim, which concerns the ontological status of configurations, not of the principles that govern material interaction. A law may be permanent while every configuration it governs is transient. The distinction between laws and configurations is precisely the distinction between the conditions of operative reorganisation and the operative reorganisations themselves.

The relevant dialogues require different distinctions. Prigogine's work on dissipative structures shows that ordered patterns can be sustained under specified far-from-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). The OEC retains that result without treating instability or collapse as a universal creative origin; operative excess must be demonstrated by stating the criterion and identifying the materially realisable relations and the relations realised in the present form that the criterion compares. Latour's distribution of agency across heterogeneous networks draws attention to material participation (Latour 2005, 12), but causal participation alone does not establish symbolic operation. Symbolic status requires evidence of discrimination, inscription, recognition through symbols, relations among symbols, and their effects on subsequent operations. Harman's emphasis on object identity provides a contrasting account of persistence (Harman 2011, 5); the OEC instead explains stability through conditional organisation. Haraway's analyses of sympoiesis foreground interdependence and multispecies composition (Haraway 2016, 45); the OEC asks which concrete couplings sustain each configuration without presuming harmony, symbolic organisation, or one mechanism across all cases.

Stability is not the negation of change. Some configurations persist because they reorganise; others persist because their structure remains compatible with prevailing conditions. Continuity, regulation, and symbolic revision are distinct resources. The common point is conditionality: no finite configuration carries a final guarantee of persistence, but this absence of guarantee does not imply perpetual change, chaos, or the need for continuous self-reorganisation.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection completes Section 3.1 by separating continuity from stability. Section 3.1.1 rejected a linear ladder of complexity; Section 3.1.2 distinguished material and symbolic relations. Section 3.1.3 now asks how a configuration or capacity can persist without being treated as an invariant substance.

The distinction prepares the later account of material coupling and local order. It also prevents persistence, regulation, and symbolic revision from being treated as one mechanism.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the equation of stability with unchanged continuity. A configuration may remain materially continuous while changing its capacities, or preserve a capacity while replacing many of its components. Conversely, structural continuity does not show how the configuration responds to a relevant perturbation.

The attribution of stability must therefore identify what persists, the perturbations under consideration, the relevant scale, and the interval of assessment. This does not imply that every stable configuration actively regulates itself or continuously consumes new inputs.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Continuity is material persistence through time. Stability is the persistence of a specified configuration or capacity under a stated range of perturbations. Stability may be structural, regulated, or symbolically mediated, and these modes can overlap.

Material coupling explains an important class of stability, but not every case. A structural arrangement can remain stable under suitable conditions without active modulation. Homeostatic regulation can counter deviations. A symbolically capable system can revise relations among symbols. In every case, stability is conditional without thereby being unreal or merely apparent.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Continuity''' names material persistence through time; it does not require motionless identity.
* '''Stability''' names persistence under specified perturbations, at a stated scale and interval.
* '''Structural stability''' can arise from an arrangement remaining compatible with prevailing conditions.
* '''Regulated stability''' uses functional processes to counter or accommodate deviations.
* '''Symbolically mediated stability''' involves a capable system recognising occurrences through symbols and altering relations among symbols.
* '''Operative excess''' is not required for every stable configuration. It occurs only when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should ask four questions when stability is attributed. What exactly persists? Against which perturbation? At what scale? Through which material mechanism? These questions distinguish a crystal lattice, homeostasis, institutional persistence, and symbolic revision without forcing them into one model.

The subsection prepares the analysis of local order in Section 3.3. If different configurations persist through different conditional mechanisms, their stability does not establish a universal principle of order. It identifies a local achievement whose conditions and limits must be demonstrated.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>o7z3ojjn8vp2w936o0x91k5vm6zot65</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673315</id>
      <parentid>4673291</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:43:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional closure: remove non-symbolic attribution of function</comment>
      <origin>4673315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12187" sha1="ahl2zrkt648dm3o26f25k0p4k7uguqk" xml:space="preserve">== 3.1.3 – Stability Is Not Continuity ==

Stability is not identical with continuity, but neither term excludes the other. Continuity is material persistence through time and need not be motionless repetition. Stability is the persistence of a configuration or capacity under a stated range of perturbations and at a stated scale. It can result from structure, regulation, or symbolic mediation; a stable configuration can persist without operative excess being established.

=== The Illusion of Continuity ===

Claims of identity through time operate under different criteria. A person changes biologically and symbolically while retaining many material continuities; a species is tracked through populations and lineages rather than one fixed essence; an institution can persist through turnover of members and revision of practices. None of these examples proves that continuity is illusory. Each requires an account of what persists, what changes, and which scale and criterion support the attribution of identity.

These cases combine continuity and stability differently. A person's biossoma preserves material and organisational continuities while memory, narrative, and social recognition contribute symbolic forms of identity. A species persists through genealogical relations and population processes. An institution depends on people, documents, infrastructures, rules, and practices whose coupling may preserve some capacities while transforming others. Reorganisation is possible without being continuous or required in every interval.

This distinction must be carefully separated from Alfred North Whitehead's process metaphysics, with which it shares certain superficial features. Whitehead rejected substance in favour of &quot;actual occasions of experience&quot; — momentary events that perish immediately upon coming into being, such that all continuity is the inheritance of one occasion by another (Whitehead [1929] 1978, 29). The OEC accepts the rejection of substance but diverges from Whitehead on two points. First, Whitehead's &quot;occasions of experience&quot; retain a proto-subjectivist dimension — each occasion has a &quot;subjective aim&quot; that orients its becoming. The OEC rejects all forms of proto-subjectivity: there is no aim, no orientation, no experiential interiority at the fundamental level of material reorganisation. Second, Whitehead's scheme remains cosmological in aspiration — it seeks to describe the ultimate structure of all reality. The OEC is not cosmology; it is an ontology of operative configurations, and it makes no claims about the ultimate nature of physical reality as such.

=== Stability as Material Coupling ===

The symbolic designates a materially realised regime in which a capable system discriminates a difference, inscribes or recognises it through symbols, establishes relations among those symbols, and allows those relations to modulate subsequent operations. Symbolic reorganisation does not result from fracture or failure as a cause. Where, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic form, operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which symbolic form results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

Material coupling, developed in §3.3.3, explains one important class of stability: two or more processes constrain or enable one another in a way that sustains a specified capacity. Not every stability requires active modulation; structural arrangement can suffice within suitable conditions. Every attribution must state the perturbations, scale, and interval relative to which the configuration is stable.

Stability may be structural, regulated, or symbolically mediated, and these modes can overlap. A crystal can be structurally stable under suitable conditions. Homeostatic processes can counter deviations. Symbolically capable systems can recognise occurrences under marks and reorganise relations among symbols. DNA participates in biochemical coding practices as described by biological theory, but calling DNA itself a symbolic system requires an explicit account of the system and level to which discrimination and symbol relations are attributed.

The distinction becomes clear in the phenomenon of homeostasis. In living systems, to maintain oneself means to adjust, not to preserve identity. Homeostatic stability results from non-symbolic material modulation, in which living matter reorganises internal equilibria in response to variations (Morin 1980, 274). Simondon's account of metastable individuation — where stability is the result of internal resolution of incompatibilities (Simondon 2005, 215) — resonates here. The OEC accepts this plasticity but does not assign a distinct explanatory status to a pre-individual field as a common origin. It begins instead from presently configured matter. Where, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form, operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. This operator applies across material levels; the asymmetry between a system that symbolises and what it symbolises arises only in the specific regime of symbolic organisation. Canguilhem's reading is also invoked: the normal is not statistical regularity but normative capacity in the face of the unforeseen (Canguilhem 1966, 92).

A persistent objection must be addressed: do not the laws of physics themselves constitute permanent features of reality? If so, does not the OEC's claim that &quot;stability is not continuity&quot; fail at the most fundamental level? The OEC's response is twofold. First, the status of physical laws is an open question in physics itself: whether laws are eternal regularities, emergent features of the universe's history, or descriptions of local operative regimes remains debated (Smolin 2013, 92). The OEC does not need to resolve this debate; it only needs to note that the permanence of physical laws is not self-evident. Second, even if physical laws are permanent, this does not undermine the OEC's claim, which concerns the ontological status of configurations, not of the principles that govern material interaction. A law may be permanent while every configuration it governs is transient. The distinction between laws and configurations is precisely the distinction between the conditions of operative reorganisation and the operative reorganisations themselves.

The relevant dialogues require different distinctions. Prigogine's work on dissipative structures shows that ordered patterns can be sustained under specified far-from-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). The OEC retains that result without treating instability or collapse as a universal creative origin; operative excess must be demonstrated by stating the criterion and identifying the materially realisable relations and the relations realised in the present form that the criterion compares. Latour's distribution of agency across heterogeneous networks draws attention to material participation (Latour 2005, 12), but causal participation alone does not establish symbolic operation. Symbolic status requires evidence of discrimination, inscription, recognition through symbols, relations among symbols, and their effects on subsequent operations. Harman's emphasis on object identity provides a contrasting account of persistence (Harman 2011, 5); the OEC instead explains stability through conditional organisation. Haraway's analyses of sympoiesis foreground interdependence and multispecies composition (Haraway 2016, 45); the OEC asks which concrete couplings sustain each configuration without presuming harmony, symbolic organisation, or one mechanism across all cases.

Stability is not the negation of change. Some configurations persist because they reorganise; others persist because their structure remains compatible with prevailing conditions. Continuity, regulation, and symbolic revision are distinct resources. The common point is conditionality: no finite configuration carries a final guarantee of persistence, but this absence of guarantee does not imply perpetual change, chaos, or the need for continuous self-reorganisation.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection completes Section 3.1 by separating continuity from stability. Section 3.1.1 rejected a linear ladder of complexity; Section 3.1.2 distinguished material and symbolic relations. Section 3.1.3 now asks how a configuration or capacity can persist without being treated as an invariant substance.

The distinction prepares the later account of material coupling and local order. It also prevents persistence, regulation, and symbolic revision from being treated as one mechanism.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the equation of stability with unchanged continuity. A configuration may remain materially continuous while changing its capacities, or preserve a capacity while replacing many of its components. Conversely, structural continuity does not show how the configuration responds to a relevant perturbation.

The attribution of stability must therefore identify what persists, the perturbations under consideration, the relevant scale, and the interval of assessment. This does not imply that every stable configuration actively regulates itself or continuously consumes new inputs.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Continuity is material persistence through time. Stability is the persistence of a specified configuration or capacity under a stated range of perturbations. Stability may be structural, regulated, or symbolically mediated, and these modes can overlap.

Material coupling explains an important class of stability, but not every case. A structural arrangement can remain stable under suitable conditions without active modulation. Homeostatic regulation can counter deviations. A symbolically capable system can revise relations among symbols. In every case, stability is conditional without thereby being unreal or merely apparent.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Continuity''' names material persistence through time; it does not require motionless identity.
* '''Stability''' names persistence under specified perturbations, at a stated scale and interval.
* '''Structural stability''' can arise from an arrangement remaining compatible with prevailing conditions.
* '''Regulated stability''' depends on material feedback and regulatory processes that counter or accommodate deviations.
* '''Symbolically mediated stability''' involves a capable system recognising occurrences through symbols and altering relations among symbols.
* '''Operative excess''' is not required for every stable configuration. It occurs only when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should ask four questions when stability is attributed. What exactly persists? Against which perturbation? At what scale? Through which material mechanism? These questions distinguish a crystal lattice, homeostasis, institutional persistence, and symbolic revision without forcing them into one model.

The subsection prepares the analysis of local order in Section 3.3. If different configurations persist through different conditional mechanisms, their stability does not establish a universal principle of order. It identifies a local achievement whose conditions and limits must be demonstrated.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ahl2zrkt648dm3o26f25k0p4k7uguqk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/I - The Regime of Precedence</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673241</id>
      <parentid>4673116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673241</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10674" sha1="lof9i4c8jtj0pkbkdjadrwfsq1ecwa2" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.1 – The Regime of Precedence ==

A code repository precedes a running application, and a seed precedes a mature plant. Neither fact shows that the earlier configuration already contains every later operation in finished form. The regime of precedence begins when temporal or causal priority is converted into a sufficient ontological ground.

Several influential philosophical lineages explain novelty through antecedent substances, principles, conditions, conflicts, or historical formations. These explanatory roles are not equivalent, and the diagnosis advanced here is not a universal claim about Western philosophy. The regime of precedence begins only when an antecedent is made sufficient to specify the identity and capacities of the later configuration, so that novelty becomes the fulfilment, derivation, or retrospective confirmation of what was already there.

This is not merely a matter of language but of philosophical architecture. In moving away from theological creation, several traditions retained models in which novelty is intelligible only as the unfolding of a prior principle, sufficient reason, dialectical necessity, or transcendental condition (Aristotle 1984a, 71; Leibniz 1989, 210; Hegel [1807] 1977, 179). Derrida's ''différance'' complicates rather than simply repeats this architecture (Derrida [1967] 1997, 41). The present objection is not that explanation requires conditions; any material explanation does. It is that conditions are sometimes treated as if they already contained the complete identity and capacities of what later emerged.

The classical cases already require differentiation. Anaximander's ''apeiron'' functions as that from which things arise and to which they return, whereas Heraclitean conflict concerns the tension through which an ordered world persists rather than a separate substance containing its results (Kirk and Raven 1957, 105; Freeman 1949, 254). Plato assigns explanatory priority to intelligible Forms in relation to visible things, while Aristotle distinguishes several senses of cause and principle and gives the unmoved mover a final-causal role (Plato 1997, 41d; Aristotle 1984a, 1072b). The present criticism does not treat these doctrines as one account of origin. It asks, in each case, whether the relevant antecedent or principle explains the conditions of a process or makes the later form derivative from an order already sufficient to determine it.

Modern accounts redistribute the explanatory work. Descartes seeks certainty through the thinking subject; Leibniz formulates the principle of sufficient reason; Kant locates the conditions of possible experience in ''a priori'' forms (Descartes 1996, 17; Leibniz 1989, 210; Kant [1781] 1998, 154). A transcendental condition is not a temporal cause or a hidden plan, and it does not by itself contain the empirical identity of what appears. The narrower question is whether the relevant conditions are treated as necessary constraints on intelligibility or as a sufficient explanation of the concrete capacities that later become operative.

Hegel cannot be reduced to an initial lack awaiting repair. Determinate negation makes development internal to the transformation of a form rather than dependent on an external model (Hegel [1807] 1977, 179). The disagreement concerns the systematic role of that development: whether a later determination becomes intelligible within a movement whose moments acquire their place through the whole, and whether this makes novelty part of an ultimately integrative trajectory.

Twentieth-century critiques complicate rather than merely preserve precedence. Freud relates psychic formation to conflict, repetition, and repression; Heidegger displaces causal origin through the temporality of existence; Derrida's ''différance'' contests pure presence; Nancy thinks existence through being-with; Foucault analyses subjects within historically specific practices and formations (Freud [1920] 1955, 60; Heidegger [1927] 1962, 184; Derrida [1967] 1997, 41; Nancy 1991, 39; Foucault 1972, 63). These projects cannot be reduced to a shared logic of lack. The question posed from the present framework is whether their distinct operators can be materially specified in a way that identifies the reconfiguration and effects through which a genuinely new capacity arises, rather than redescribing it solely through an antecedent field, difference, or historical condition.

The cases examined here reveal a recurrent risk: novelty can be redescribed as synthesis, detour, deviation, or delay until its distinctive capacities disappear from the explanation. The criticism does not demand operativity without cause. It demands that causal history and enabling conditions be distinguished from a foundation said to specify the later result exhaustively.

What remains difficult to articulate is the appearance of a capacity that follows materially from a history without being completely described by that history. Heidegger's ''Ereignis'', Derrida's ''différance'', and Foucault's discontinuity offer different resources for resisting simple derivation and cannot be collapsed into one logic of aftermath (Heidegger [1927] 1962, 248; Derrida [1967] 1997, 41; Foucault 1972, 141). The question is whether their resources permit a materially conditioned novelty whose organisation is not preformed as a latent identity.

The framework neither replaces absence with fullness nor structure with flux. It does not reject the historical question of where a configuration came from; it rejects the conversion of that history into a sufficient ground. Operative excess is present when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It is an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Emergence occurs when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that the prior organisation did not realise. Antecedent conditions enable and constrain the transition without specifying the concrete result in advance. Operative excess is therefore an affirmative causal motor of emergence across structural and symbolic material organisations; it is neither a symbolic exception nor an agent.

This is not an update of vitalism. Material heterogeneity remains open to causal investigation even when no single causal chain exhausts a complex transition. Emergence is not necessarily the resolution of contradiction, collapse, or lack. It is a conditioned reorganisation in which a new capacity appears at an identifiable scale and must be established through its operations and effects. No finality or redemptive logic follows.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection opens Section 3.2 by introducing the regime of precedence. The term does not name temporal sequence or causal explanation as such. It names the conversion of an antecedent condition, principle, or history into a sufficient ground that is said to specify the identity and capacities of what later emerges.

The following subsections examine different versions of this conversion and progressively separate enabling conditions from a foundation that precontains the result.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not that philosophy explains the present through its history or an effect through its causes. Material explanation requires antecedent conditions. The problem arises when those conditions are made sufficient to determine the later form, causing novelty to appear as derivation, fulfilment, or retrospective confirmation.

The historical examples perform different explanatory functions. Substance, sufficient reason, transcendental conditions, dialectical development, repression, ''différance'', and historical formation must not be treated as versions of one doctrine.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The section does not deny temporal priority, causal history, or enabling conditions. It rejects the inference that a later capacity must already have existed in completed or latent form because its emergence depended on earlier configurations.

Emergence remains materially conditioned. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form. Emergence is established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and produces a capacity that was not realised by the prior organisation. Antecedent conditions enable and constrain the transition without specifying its concrete result in advance.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
- '''Temporal or causal precedence''' states that one configuration or process occurred earlier or contributed to another; this is not yet an ontological foundation.
- '''Regime of precedence''' arises when priority is made sufficient to determine the later identity or capacity.
- '''Retroactive origin''' reads the achieved result back into its antecedents as if they had already specified it.
- '''Enabling condition''' makes a transition possible and constrains it without necessarily fixing the result.
- '''Operative excess''' supplies an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Asking where a configuration came from is legitimate and often necessary. Readers should instead test the answer: does it identify material conditions and mechanisms, or does it make the later result appear already complete in its antecedents? Could the same conditions have supported more than one outcome? Which new capacity appeared, at what scale, and through which reorganisation?

The inquiry should combine historical and present-tense questions: which relations enabled the transition, which reconfiguration occurred, which new property, capacity, or effect resulted, and which relations now sustain it? Refusing precedence does not erase history; it prevents history from becoming destiny.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>lof9i4c8jtj0pkbkdjadrwfsq1ecwa2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673292</id>
      <parentid>4673241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10674" sha1="db4hikidi1o09lxzyvxgj063mqu26gb" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.1 – The Regime of Precedence ==

A code repository precedes a running application, and a seed precedes a mature plant. Neither fact shows that the earlier configuration already contains every later operation in finished form. The regime of precedence begins when temporal or causal priority is converted into a sufficient ontological ground.

Several influential philosophical lineages explain novelty through antecedent substances, principles, conditions, conflicts, or historical formations. These explanatory roles are not equivalent, and the diagnosis advanced here is not a universal claim about Western philosophy. The regime of precedence begins only when an antecedent is made sufficient to specify the identity and capacities of the later configuration, so that novelty becomes the fulfilment, derivation, or retrospective confirmation of what was already there.

This is not merely a matter of language but of philosophical architecture. In moving away from theological creation, several traditions retained models in which novelty is intelligible only as the unfolding of a prior principle, sufficient reason, dialectical necessity, or transcendental condition (Aristotle 1984a, 71; Leibniz 1989, 210; Hegel [1807] 1977, 179). Derrida's ''différance'' complicates rather than simply repeats this architecture (Derrida [1967] 1997, 41). The present objection is not that explanation requires conditions; any material explanation does. It is that conditions are sometimes treated as if they already contained the complete identity and capacities of what later emerged.

The classical cases already require differentiation. Anaximander's ''apeiron'' functions as that from which things arise and to which they return, whereas Heraclitean conflict concerns the tension through which an ordered world persists rather than a separate substance containing its results (Kirk and Raven 1957, 105; Freeman 1949, 254). Plato assigns explanatory priority to intelligible Forms in relation to visible things, while Aristotle distinguishes several senses of cause and principle and gives the unmoved mover a final-causal role (Plato 1997, 41d; Aristotle 1984a, 1072b). The present criticism does not treat these doctrines as one account of origin. It asks, in each case, whether the relevant antecedent or principle explains the conditions of a process or makes the later form derivative from an order already sufficient to determine it.

Modern accounts redistribute the explanatory work. Descartes seeks certainty through the thinking subject; Leibniz formulates the principle of sufficient reason; Kant locates the conditions of possible experience in ''a priori'' forms (Descartes 1996, 17; Leibniz 1989, 210; Kant [1781] 1998, 154). A transcendental condition is not a temporal cause or a hidden plan, and it does not by itself contain the empirical identity of what appears. The narrower question is whether the relevant conditions are treated as necessary constraints on intelligibility or as a sufficient explanation of the concrete capacities that later become operative.

Hegel cannot be reduced to an initial lack awaiting repair. Determinate negation makes development internal to the transformation of a form rather than dependent on an external model (Hegel [1807] 1977, 179). The disagreement concerns the systematic role of that development: whether a later determination becomes intelligible within a movement whose moments acquire their place through the whole, and whether this makes novelty part of an ultimately integrative trajectory.

Twentieth-century critiques complicate rather than merely preserve precedence. Freud relates psychic formation to conflict, repetition, and repression; Heidegger displaces causal origin through the temporality of existence; Derrida's ''différance'' contests pure presence; Nancy thinks existence through being-with; Foucault analyses subjects within historically specific practices and formations (Freud [1920] 1955, 60; Heidegger [1927] 1962, 184; Derrida [1967] 1997, 41; Nancy 1991, 39; Foucault 1972, 63). These projects cannot be reduced to a shared logic of lack. The question posed from the present framework is whether their distinct operators can be materially specified in a way that identifies the reconfiguration and effects through which a genuinely new capacity arises, rather than redescribing it solely through an antecedent field, difference, or historical condition.

The cases examined here reveal a recurrent risk: novelty can be redescribed as synthesis, detour, deviation, or delay until its distinctive capacities disappear from the explanation. The criticism does not demand operativity without cause. It demands that causal history and enabling conditions be distinguished from a foundation said to specify the later result exhaustively.

What remains difficult to articulate is the appearance of a capacity that follows materially from a history without being completely described by that history. Heidegger's ''Ereignis'', Derrida's ''différance'', and Foucault's discontinuity offer different resources for resisting simple derivation and cannot be collapsed into one logic of aftermath (Heidegger [1927] 1962, 248; Derrida [1967] 1997, 41; Foucault 1972, 141). The question is whether their resources permit a materially conditioned novelty whose organisation is not preformed as a latent identity.

The framework neither replaces absence with fullness nor structure with flux. It does not reject the historical question of where a configuration came from; it rejects the conversion of that history into a sufficient ground. Operative excess is present when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It is an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Emergence occurs when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that the prior organisation did not realise. Antecedent conditions enable and constrain the transition without specifying the concrete result in advance. Operative excess is therefore an affirmative causal motor of emergence across structural and symbolic material organisations; it is neither a symbolic exception nor an agent.

This is not an update of vitalism. Material heterogeneity remains open to causal investigation even when no single causal chain exhausts a complex transition. Emergence is not necessarily the resolution of contradiction, collapse, or lack. It is a conditioned reorganisation in which a new capacity appears at an identifiable scale and must be established through its operations and effects. No finality or redemptive logic follows.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection opens Section 3.2 by introducing the regime of precedence. The term does not name temporal sequence or causal explanation as such. It names the conversion of an antecedent condition, principle, or history into a sufficient ground that is said to specify the identity and capacities of what later emerges.

The following subsections examine different versions of this conversion and progressively separate enabling conditions from a foundation that precontains the result.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not that philosophy explains the present through its history or an effect through its causes. Material explanation requires antecedent conditions. The problem arises when those conditions are made sufficient to determine the later form, causing novelty to appear as derivation, fulfilment, or retrospective confirmation.

The historical examples perform different explanatory functions. Substance, sufficient reason, transcendental conditions, dialectical development, repression, ''différance'', and historical formation must not be treated as versions of one doctrine.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The section does not deny temporal priority, causal history, or enabling conditions. It rejects the inference that a later capacity must already have existed in completed or latent form because its emergence depended on earlier configurations.

Emergence remains materially conditioned. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form. Emergence is established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and produces a capacity that was not realised by the prior organisation. Antecedent conditions enable and constrain the transition without specifying its concrete result in advance.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
* '''Temporal or causal precedence''' states that one configuration or process occurred earlier or contributed to another; this is not yet an ontological foundation.
* '''Regime of precedence''' arises when priority is made sufficient to determine the later identity or capacity.
* '''Retroactive origin''' reads the achieved result back into its antecedents as if they had already specified it.
* '''Enabling condition''' makes a transition possible and constrains it without necessarily fixing the result.
* '''Operative excess''' supplies an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Asking where a configuration came from is legitimate and often necessary. Readers should instead test the answer: does it identify material conditions and mechanisms, or does it make the later result appear already complete in its antecedents? Could the same conditions have supported more than one outcome? Which new capacity appeared, at what scale, and through which reorganisation?

The inquiry should combine historical and present-tense questions: which relations enabled the transition, which reconfiguration occurred, which new property, capacity, or effect resulted, and which relations now sustain it? Refusing precedence does not erase history; it prevents history from becoming destiny.

For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>db4hikidi1o09lxzyvxgj063mqu26gb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/II - The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673242</id>
      <parentid>4673119</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673242</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7134" sha1="jtzuqihxt8s7w4zzu60vi1tgt7xdw5u" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.2 – The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity ==
One recurrent strategy in classical ontology makes the new intelligible by subordinating it to what precedes it. On this reading, what appears is explained as consequence, actualisation, or conformity to an anterior principle. The problem is not that classical thought formed a single doctrine, nor that every appeal to antecedent conditions cancels novelty. It arises when the prior condition is treated as already containing the identity of what later appears.

From Anaximander's ''apeiron'' to Aristotle's unmoved mover, from Heraclitean conflict to Platonic Forms, classical accounts assign different roles to anterior principles, causes, and intelligible structures (Kirk and Raven 1957, 105; Freeman 1949, 254; Plato 1997, 41d; Aristotle 1984a, 1072b). These positions should not be treated as one doctrine. The shared question is whether the antecedent merely enables and constrains the new or whether the later form is understood as the realisation of an identity already contained in what preceded it.

When the second alternative is adopted, novelty is converted into the expression of a codified necessity. The problem is not that an event can be traced to causes — causal traceability is indispensable — but that explanation becomes retrospective containment: whatever occurred is redescribed as what had to occur.

Such retrospective necessity confuses a warranted reconstruction of conditions with the claim that those conditions contained a complete model of the result. A materialist account can preserve causes, dispositions, and constraints while accepting that their reorganisation produces capacities not attributable to any component in isolation.

The target is therefore not substance or anteriority as such but the belief that everything that begins must make explicit what was already implicit. Emergence is a local, conditioned reconfiguration rather than the execution of a preformed identity. It can respond to prior relations without being reducible to a replay of them.

Matter is not a passive substrate awaiting the realisation of form. Material configurations vary, couple, and reconfigure under causal constraints. A new organisation may appear before failure, during crisis, or through gradual integration; no single narrative of saturation or collapse governs every emergence.

The philosophical proposition is consequently not a denial of beginnings. Material processes have beginnings, causes, and earliest documented stages. An “origin” becomes problematic when a later symbolic narrative selects one such point and treats it as a sovereign foundation that contained the whole subsequent organisation.

To think in this context is both to reconstruct what gave rise to a configuration and to test which capacities cannot be explained by component history alone. Operative listening keeps the explanatory scheme revisable when the evidence resists it.

The error lies not in temporal regression as a research method but in turning precedence into ontological superiority. Something can continue material processes while acquiring a capacity that is not a mere repetition of them. A material disposition constrains what can occur without serving as a complete plan of the result.

The OEC locates the transition more precisely. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. If a reconfiguration produces a new capacity that becomes effective in the resulting organisation, emergence has occurred. The antecedent configuration is causally indispensable, but it is not thereby an ontologically superior model in which the emergent capacity already existed in completed form.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection is the first historical test of the regime of precedence introduced in §3.2.1. It compares distinct classical accounts of anterior principle, cause, form, and necessity in order to isolate one recurrent risk: treating what precedes a configuration as if it already contained the complete identity of what later emerges. Section 3.2.3 will examine how related explanatory demands are reformulated in modern philosophies of foundation and structure.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is how to reconstruct causes and antecedent conditions without converting explanation into retrospective necessity. Anaximander, Heraclitus, Plato, and Aristotle do not offer one theory and do not assign the same role to origin, conflict, form, or cause. The comparison asks a narrower question of each case: does the antecedent enable and constrain the later organisation, or is the later treated as the execution of an identity already present in what came before?

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis separates causal conditioning from ontological preformation. Material processes have beginnings, causes, constraints, dispositions, and histories. None of these facts entails that a later capacity was completely specified in advance. A configuration can continue antecedent processes and nevertheless acquire, through reorganisation, a capacity that cannot be attributed to its components in isolation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key distinction is between precedence and ontological superiority. Precedence concerns temporal or causal order; ontological superiority is the additional claim that the earlier principle contains, grounds, or measures the identity of the later configuration. Operative excess names the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form. Emergence is demonstrated when the reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation. These concepts preserve causal explanation while rejecting the inference from “conditioned by” to “already contained in”.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should avoid two shortcuts. The first treats every classical appeal to cause, form, or potency as a denial of novelty; the second assumes that acknowledging emergence requires abandoning causal reconstruction. The section supports neither conclusion. A useful reading exercise is to take a claimed origin and ask separately what it causally enables, what it constrains, and whether the later capacity is being inferred as a preformed result. The decisive question is: '''when does a legitimate account of antecedent conditions become a retrospective claim that the outcome had to be what it became?'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>jtzuqihxt8s7w4zzu60vi1tgt7xdw5u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/III - Modernity’s Continuation: Foundation and Structure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673244</id>
      <parentid>4673120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673244</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7355" sha1="gpuyqzavb43brhn16h8cjroriiu3ff7" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.3 – Modernity's Continuation: Foundation and Structure ==

Several modern philosophies relocate rather than simply abolish the demand for foundation. The differences among them are decisive: epistemic certainty, sufficient reason, transcendental conditions, and dialectical development are not interchangeable doctrines. The comparison made here concerns one restricted question: whether the framework that makes an event intelligible is also taken to determine in advance the identity of what can appear.

Descartes seeks a secure beginning for knowledge in the certainty of the ''cogito'' (Descartes 1996, 17). This is an epistemological foundation, not a transcendental theory of material emergence. Its relevance to the regime of precedence lies in the order of justification: later claims acquire warrant through a starting point whose certainty is meant to resist doubt. The OEC does not deny the need for reasons; it asks whether a foundational sequence of reasons should also govern the ontology of novelty.

Leibniz's principle of sufficient reason states that no fact is true or existent without a sufficient reason why it is so rather than otherwise (Leibniz 1989, 210). This does not mean that every fact is deductively available to finite knowers. The pressure relevant here is instead the expectation of complete intelligibility in principle. If a sufficient reason is interpreted as an exhaustive specification of the result, emergence is reduced to what a completed account would reveal as already determined. The OEC preserves causal and explanatory reason while refusing that stronger inference.

Kant transforms the problem by asking for the ''a priori'' conditions under which objects of experience are possible for us (Kant [1781] 1998, 154). The categories are neither substances nor empirical causes, and Kant's position does not imply that experience cannot surprise. The narrower divergence is that transcendental conditions determine the general form under which something can count as an object of possible experience, whereas the OEC investigates how new material capacities become operative before and independently of their complete symbolic articulation.

Hegel's dialectic gives contradiction, mediation, and historical development a constitutive role, and it cannot be reduced to static foundationalism (Hegel [1807] 1977, 69). It offers a powerful account of how determinate forms transform through their relations. The critical question is whether the new retains genuine contingency when its place can be retrospectively comprehended within the self-development of the whole. The disagreement concerns systematic necessity, not the bare use of contradiction or mediation.

Modern foundation and structure thus present several different versions of the regime of precedence. Structure is not itself a philosophical error: material organisations have structures, and those structures enable as well as constrain. The problem begins when the conditions of intelligibility, justification, or systemic development are treated as a complete ontological model of what can emerge.

The framework rejects the demand that every novelty conform to a preformed conceptual or ontological model. Emergence does not exceed all conditions: it is materially conditioned. What it exceeds is the claim that those conditions supply an exhaustive description, a sufficient guarantee, or a fixed identity of the capacity that appears.

To emerge is not necessarily to realise a latent structure or to produce instability. It is for a materially conditioned reconfiguration to produce a new capacity. Structures can enable the transition as well as constrain it; inquiry must identify their material role rather than dismissing them as containment.

What is at stake is an ontology of intelligibility in which some meanings and capacities arise with new organisations. Emergence is not a universal motor and does not by itself establish symbolic organisation or thought. Those stronger attributions require evidence of inscription, relations among symbols, recursive modulation, and effects on subsequent operations.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection follows the classical cases of §3.2.2 by asking how several modern systems reformulate the demand for explanatory precedence. Descartes, Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel are compared through different problems — certainty, sufficient reason, transcendental conditions, and dialectical development — rather than treated as instances of one doctrine. Section 3.2.4 will then examine critiques that displace substantial origin through history, trace, archive, and relation.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is whether a framework that makes knowledge or experience intelligible must also determine the identity of every material novelty. Descartes orders justification from a secure epistemic beginning; Leibniz affirms sufficient reason without reducing it to what finite knowers can deduce; Kant specifies conditions of possible experience rather than empirical causes; Hegel makes mediation and development internal to the concept. The section asks where each contribution ends and the stronger claim of ontological preformation would begin.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is not that modern philosophy simply repeats classical substance. It is that distinct modern accounts can be read through a recurrent risk: turning conditions of justification, intelligibility, or development into an exhaustive model of the capacities that may emerge. The OEC retains reasons, structures, mediation, and material conditions while denying that they supply a complete identity or guarantee of the result in advance.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key distinctions are epistemic foundation versus material cause; sufficient reason versus finite deduction; transcendental condition versus empirical mechanism; and dialectical intelligibility versus a predetermined material outcome. Emergence is materially conditioned: operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form, and emergence is established when a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and produces a capacity that was not realised by the prior organisation. Structure can enable this transition and is not rejected merely for preceding it.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This subsection prepares §5.2, but it must not replace four philosophers with a single narrative called “modernity”. Readers should ask of each argument what kind of precedence is at issue, what it legitimately explains, and whether a further inference to ontological predetermination has been made. A useful comparison is to place the same emergent case under four questions: what warrants knowledge of it, what explains why it occurred, under what conditions it becomes an object of experience, and whether its place in a larger development makes its concrete form necessary. The questions are related, but their answers are not interchangeable.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>gpuyqzavb43brhn16h8cjroriiu3ff7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/IV - Critical Displacement without Abandonment</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673245</id>
      <parentid>4673115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673245</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6808" sha1="dfdqbb9vtmf6wpebr2x8tcmik3zx89i" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.4 – Critical Displacement without Abandonment ==
Several twentieth-century critiques displaced rather than simply abolished questions of origin. Trauma, repression, forgetting, trace, archive, and dispositif do not perform the same function, and none should be treated as a disguised foundation without analysis. Their value lies precisely in showing how subjects and meanings depend on histories that are neither transparent nor sovereign.

Freud's accounts of repetition, repression, and deferred action show how psychic novelty can be organised by a history that is not consciously available (Freud [1920] 1955). The present disagreement is limited: such mechanisms should not become a universal model in which every novelty is only the return or deformation of an earlier content.

Heidegger's history of Being and analysis of concealment make disclosure inseparable from a historical horizon (Heidegger [1927] 1962). This supplies a warning against claims of unmediated presence. It does not, by itself, establish that every material emergence is the return of what was withdrawn.

Derrida's critique of presence establishes that repetition and difference inhabit every signifying identity and that inscription never begins from pure self-presence (Derrida [1967] 1997). The present framework retains this insight for symbolic systems while refusing to infer that material novelty in general is merely belated writing.

Nancy's ''being-in-common'' resists substantial enclosure by making coexistence constitutive (Nancy 1991). This relation to exposure is retained; the account developed here adds the need to identify concrete material couplings and the capacities they sustain rather than treating exposure alone as an explanation of emergence.

Foucault's archives and dispositifs show how fields of visibility, statement, and action are historically organised (Foucault 1972). Such conditions can explain why a novelty becomes legible and efficacious without entailing that the novelty was fully encoded in the prior regime.

These critical resources displace substantial origin without abandoning history, mediation, or relationality. The present argument should not seek a “positivity without network”, because material emergence always depends on relations. It asks instead when a relational history enables a capacity it did not contain as a complete specification.

The framework therefore retains critical displacement without promoting absence, repression, forgetting, or structure into a total foundation. Matter can reconfigure under specific conditions in ways that produce a capacity not reducible to return, echo, or supplement. The new remains materially related to its antecedents even where it cannot be exhaustively reintegrated into their prior description.

Anteriority, causal reconstruction, and records remain legitimate conditions of inquiry. What is refused is their conversion into an ontological debt that cancels novelty. Thought operates in the present through material inheritances and revisable reconstructions; there is no absolute presence outside those relations.

To say that something emerges is to claim that a materially conditioned reorganisation produces a new capacity that the prior organisation did not realise. In the OEC, operative excess makes such reorganisation possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. Whether reorganisation occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Prior symbolic inscription is required only where the capacity itself is symbolic. Operative excess is an affirmative causal motor of emergence, not a synonym for all causation, change, complexity, or variation.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
After the classical and modern cases in §§3.2.2–3.2.3, this subsection examines twentieth-century critiques that already displace substantial origin. Freud, Heidegger, Derrida, Nancy, and Foucault introduce different accounts of deferred action, historical disclosure, trace, coexistence, archive, and dispositif. The subsection asks what these resources explain and where they should not be generalised into a complete ontology of material emergence.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is how to preserve history, mediation, repetition, exposure, and organised fields of legibility without making every novelty the return, deformation, or delayed manifestation of what preceded it. The thinkers discussed do not secretly repeat one foundation. Each demonstrates a different way in which subjects, meanings, or statements depend on relations they do not sovereignly control. The critical question is whether a specific account of symbolic or historical formation can be extended to material emergence in general.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis retains critical displacement without converting absence, repression, forgetting, trace, exposure, or structure into a universal ground. Material novelty remains related to antecedent configurations and can be reconstructed through records and causes. It is nevertheless emergent when a materially conditioned reorganisation produces a new operative capacity that the prior configuration did not contain as a complete specification.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key distinctions are symbolic history versus material emergence; enabling relation versus exhaustive specification; and critical displacement versus total explanation. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form; it does not make reconfiguration necessary. Prior inscription is required only where the capacity at issue is symbolic. This prevents Derrida's analysis of signification, for example, from being silently generalised into a theory of every material transition.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should evaluate each interlocutor separately. Ask what domain the concept was designed to explain, which evidence supports its use there, and what additional argument would be required to extend it. A useful exercise is to compare a case of deferred symbolic recognition with a non-symbolic material transition: both have histories, but only the first necessarily involves inscription and interpretation. The subsection's discipline is neither to abandon the critical traditions nor to let their vocabularies decide every case in advance.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>dfdqbb9vtmf6wpebr2x8tcmik3zx89i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/V - The Irruption Without Ground</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476975</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673246</id>
      <parentid>4673118</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673246</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11372" sha1="alu20ykeebnzedyhb34jsprrmg9jafs" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.5 – The Irruption Without Ground ==

In an autocatalytic network, reactions that were separately possible can become mutually sustaining once a material organisation reaches the relevant conditions. The example does not abolish chemistry or causal history; it raises a narrower question: when does a conditioned change justify saying that a new capacity has become operative? Irruption without ground names that appearance without treating any antecedent as a complete blueprint.

There is a point at which philosophies organised by foundation hesitate: the conception of something emerging without an antecedent that guarantees its identity. This does not mean an event without causes or relations. It means a positive capacity whose concrete form was not completely specified by what preceded it and cannot be reassigned to a sovereign origin after the fact.

The framework suspends origin as a sovereign explanatory concept, not material history. What emerges does not result as a conclusion follows deductively from premises: antecedent conditions constrain the process without necessarily specifying it. The event has causes and conditions but no prior plan that guarantees its identity. Emergence is inaugural only in the restricted sense that a capacity becomes operative which was not previously realised at that level of organisation.

=== What &quot;Without Ground&quot; Means — And What It Does Not Mean ===

The claim that emergence occurs “without ground” invites immediate misunderstanding and must be delimited. It does not mean emergence in a vacuum, without a material context, causal history, pre-existing configuration, or enabling conditions. Matter does not emerge from nothing. “Without ground” means that no antecedent is promoted into a sufficient foundation that contains, specifies, and guarantees the later capacity. Conditions can have real explanatory force while remaining insufficient for an exhaustive reduction. The distinction is between causal explanation and ontological preformation, not between conditions and explanation.

Abiogenesis illustrates the required discipline without proving the thesis in advance. Research investigates chemical environments, catalytic surfaces, self-maintaining networks, heredity, and compartmentalisation as possible conditions and mechanisms for transitions towards living organisation. Current explanatory incompleteness is not evidence of ontological irreducibility. The philosophical claim must instead be tested against a successful account: even if every relevant mechanism were described, would the capacity of the organised system be attributable to any component in isolation, or would it belong to the organisation of their material coupling? Kauffman's work on self-organisation supplies hypotheses for this inquiry rather than a licence to declare order “free” (Kauffman 1993, 173).

=== Possibility Without Reserve ===

One clarification remains, because the argument will be pressed on its modal vocabulary: what does it mean to say that something ''can'' emerge, if there is no reservoir of possibilities in which the &quot;can&quot; would be housed? The answer is that modal talk, in this framework, does not name a stock of pre-existing possibilia. &quot;Possible&quot; is an operative predicate of actual configurations: it names the compatibilities that a present arrangement sustains — the couplings it could enter, given its properties, tensions, and relations — without those couplings existing anywhere as waiting entities. Compatibilities are not beings held in reserve; they are relational properties of what is actually there, in the way that a surface's capacity to be scratched is a property of the surface and not a ghostly scratch subsisting beside it.

When a reconfiguration produces a new capacity, it is therefore imprecise to say that the capacity &quot;was possible&quot; in the sense of pre-existing its emergence: what pre-existed were material conditions and relations that permitted the reconfiguration, and the capacity is what that reconfiguration produced. Modal statements are themselves symbolic operations — retrospective or anticipatory inscriptions that track the dispositions of actual configurations, always revisable, never windows onto a domain of unrealised worlds. The framework thus keeps the full use of &quot;can&quot;, &quot;could&quot;, and &quot;might&quot; while refusing their reification, against real possible worlds (§1.2) as much as against the virtual reserve: modality is a manner of describing the actual, not a second region of being.

The regime of precedence can survive even where rupture is affirmed if every novelty is reduced to aftermath. Simondon's pre-individual field and Glissant's poetics of relation offer different alternatives to substantial origin and should not be treated as equivalent grounds (Simondon 2005, 78; Glissant [1990] 1997, 15). The present divergence is narrower: metastability and relation are enabling conditions, but neither should be treated as a reservoir in which the identity of every later form already resides.

The alternative refuses a latent field or virtual reservoir in which the identity of what emerges would already be contained. Material conditions precede and causally contribute to every emergence. They delimit and enable what can happen without necessarily specifying or guaranteeing the new capacity. Emergence therefore comes from its conditions without relating to them as a programmed output: it occurs through a reorganisation whose new property, capacity, or effect must be demonstrated.

=== Irruption as Material Process ===

This conception modifies rather than abandons explanation. Inquiry reconstructs causes, conditions, mechanisms, reconfigurations, and effects while resisting the retrospective fiction that the outcome was completely contained in its antecedents. Where a possibility threshold is used, it describes the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; it does not establish that the reconfiguration or emergence occurred. Philosophy remains interpretive and criticisable; it does not merely adhere to whatever imposes itself.

Irruption, as conceived here, is material throughout. Material configurations reorganise through causal interactions among configurations and environments, without requiring a plan, programme, or final end. Conditions outside a local organisation can be causally decisive; what they need not provide is a complete symbolic or structural specification of the result. Reconfiguration can produce a new condition without recovering a former one.

Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. This condition is neither a missing foundation nor a stock of finished possibilities; it identifies an opening of material realisability within the actual configuration.

The philosophical cost of this position is high. It demands that we abandon the notion that reality must be made completely intelligible by origin, and accept instead that intelligibility is a local achievement of symbolically organised inquiry. When operative excess is established in a present symbolic organisation, thought may participate in reconfiguration by reorganising relations among symbols. This response neither reveals a hidden plan nor dispenses with the reconstruction of what preceded it.

Emergence does not self-validate. A claim of emergence is warranted only when evidence identifies the antecedent conditions and relevant processes, establishes the reconfiguration and the new capacity, and shows why the capacity cannot be assigned to the components independently at the scale in question. Reorganisational effects are evidence to be examined, not authority exempt from criticism.

In this ontology, sovereign origin gives way to a material account of possibility and reconfiguration. Causes, histories, and mechanisms remain indispensable, while no ''archē'' or final plan is required. The task is to explain how a material organisation acquires a capacity that could not operate before the relevant relations were established.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection articulates the OEC's positive concept of emergence: the irruption without ground. After the preceding subsections diagnosed and displaced the regime of precedence, this one states what the OEC proposes in its place: emergence as the appearance of genuinely new operative capacities within the field, without prior determination.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the intelligibility of novelty: if there is no founding origin or template, how can the new be understood? An account of emergence must examine antecedent constraints, the processes through which reconfiguration occurred, and the effects that establish novelty, while resisting the temptation to treat the outcome as though it had already been specified by those conditions.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Emergence is irruption in a delimited sense: it is not the unfolding of a completed form stored in a virtual or latent reserve, but a materially conditioned reorganisation made possible under operative excess that produces a capacity not realised by the prior organisation. Operative excess makes that reorganisation possible without making it necessary or determining its result. Unpredictability is not the criterion of emergence. A transition may be modelled or anticipated without the later capacity having existed in advance as a finished identity.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
Irruption names the appearance of a new operative capacity without a sovereign ground. “Without ground” excludes an antecedent that completely specifies and guarantees the result; it does not exclude causes, histories, environments, or enabling conditions. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition established when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form, making reconfiguration possible without determining its result. The new capacity and its emergence must be warranted by the reconfiguration and its concrete effects rather than by surprise or explanatory incompleteness.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should test the distinction against cases whose mechanisms can be investigated: the emergence of living organisation from chemistry or of institutional capacities from coordinated practices. Ask what preceded the transition, under which explicit criterion materially realisable relations exceeded the relations realised in the present form, where a new capacity became operative, and which effects demonstrate it. Explanatory gaps do not prove emergence, and successful prediction does not disprove it. Claims about consciousness require the separate criteria stated in §6.1 rather than inference from complexity alone.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>alu20ykeebnzedyhb34jsprrmg9jafs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673293</id>
      <parentid>4673246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11372" sha1="hvhl5mn73p7btf2szjaqgbyqupk6qii" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.5 – The Irruption Without Ground ==

In an autocatalytic network, reactions that were separately possible can become mutually sustaining once a material organisation reaches the relevant conditions. The example does not abolish chemistry or causal history; it raises a narrower question: when does a conditioned change justify saying that a new capacity has become operative? Irruption without ground names that appearance without treating any antecedent as a complete blueprint.

There is a point at which philosophies organised by foundation hesitate: the conception of something emerging without an antecedent that guarantees its identity. This does not mean an event without causes or relations. It means a positive capacity whose concrete form was not completely specified by what preceded it and cannot be reassigned to a sovereign origin after the fact.

The framework suspends origin as a sovereign explanatory concept, not material history. What emerges does not result as a conclusion follows deductively from premises: antecedent conditions constrain the process without necessarily specifying it. The event has causes and conditions but no prior plan that guarantees its identity. Emergence is inaugural only in the restricted sense that a capacity becomes operative which was not previously realised at that level of organisation.

=== What &quot;Without Ground&quot; Means — And What It Does Not Mean ===

The claim that emergence occurs “without ground” invites immediate misunderstanding and must be delimited. It does not mean emergence in a vacuum, without a material context, causal history, pre-existing configuration, or enabling conditions. Matter does not emerge from nothing. “Without ground” means that no antecedent is promoted into a sufficient foundation that contains, specifies, and guarantees the later capacity. Conditions can have real explanatory force while remaining insufficient for an exhaustive reduction. The distinction is between causal explanation and ontological preformation, not between conditions and explanation.

Abiogenesis illustrates the required discipline without proving the thesis in advance. Research investigates chemical environments, catalytic surfaces, self-maintaining networks, heredity, and compartmentalisation as possible conditions and mechanisms for transitions towards living organisation. Current explanatory incompleteness is not evidence of ontological irreducibility. The philosophical claim must instead be tested against a successful account: even if every relevant mechanism were described, would the capacity of the organised system be attributable to any component in isolation, or would it belong to the organisation of their material coupling? Kauffman's work on self-organisation supplies hypotheses for this inquiry rather than a licence to declare order “free” (Kauffman 1993, 173).

=== Possibility Without Reserve ===

One clarification remains, because the argument will be pressed on its modal vocabulary: what does it mean to say that something ''can'' emerge, if there is no reservoir of possibilities in which the &quot;can&quot; would be housed? The answer is that modal talk, in this framework, does not name a stock of pre-existing possibilia. &quot;Possible&quot; is an operative predicate of actual configurations: it names the compatibilities that a present arrangement sustains — the couplings it could enter, given its properties, tensions, and relations — without those couplings existing anywhere as waiting entities. Compatibilities are not beings held in reserve; they are relational properties of what is actually there, in the way that a surface's capacity to be scratched is a property of the surface and not a ghostly scratch subsisting beside it.

When a reconfiguration produces a new capacity, it is therefore imprecise to say that the capacity &quot;was possible&quot; in the sense of pre-existing its emergence: what pre-existed were material conditions and relations that permitted the reconfiguration, and the capacity is what that reconfiguration produced. Modal statements are themselves symbolic operations — retrospective or anticipatory inscriptions that track the dispositions of actual configurations, always revisable, never windows onto a domain of unrealised worlds. The framework thus keeps the full use of &quot;can&quot;, &quot;could&quot;, and &quot;might&quot; while refusing their reification, against real possible worlds (§1.2) as much as against the virtual reserve: modality is a manner of describing the actual, not a second region of being.

The regime of precedence can survive even where rupture is affirmed if every novelty is reduced to aftermath. Simondon's pre-individual field and Glissant's poetics of relation offer different alternatives to substantial origin and should not be treated as equivalent grounds (Simondon 2005, 78; Glissant [1990] 1997, 15). The present divergence is narrower: metastability and relation are enabling conditions, but neither should be treated as a reservoir in which the identity of every later form already resides.

The alternative refuses a latent field or virtual reservoir in which the identity of what emerges would already be contained. Material conditions precede and causally contribute to every emergence. They delimit and enable what can happen without necessarily specifying or guaranteeing the new capacity. Emergence therefore comes from its conditions without relating to them as a programmed output: it occurs through a reorganisation whose new property, capacity, or effect must be demonstrated.

=== Irruption as Material Process ===

This conception modifies rather than abandons explanation. Inquiry reconstructs causes, conditions, mechanisms, reconfigurations, and effects while resisting the retrospective fiction that the outcome was completely contained in its antecedents. Where a possibility threshold is used, it describes the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; it does not establish that the reconfiguration or emergence occurred. Philosophy remains interpretive and criticisable; it does not merely adhere to whatever imposes itself.

Irruption, as conceived here, is material throughout. Material configurations reorganise through causal interactions among configurations and environments, without requiring a plan, programme, or final end. Conditions outside a local organisation can be causally decisive; what they need not provide is a complete symbolic or structural specification of the result. Reconfiguration can produce a new condition without recovering a former one.

Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. This condition is neither a missing foundation nor a stock of finished possibilities; it identifies an opening of material realisability within the actual configuration.

The philosophical cost of this position is high. It demands that we abandon the notion that reality must be made completely intelligible by origin, and accept instead that intelligibility is a local achievement of symbolically organised inquiry. When operative excess is established in a present symbolic organisation, thought may participate in reconfiguration by reorganising relations among symbols. This response neither reveals a hidden plan nor dispenses with the reconstruction of what preceded it.

Emergence does not self-validate. A claim of emergence is warranted only when evidence identifies the antecedent conditions and relevant processes, establishes the reconfiguration and the new capacity, and shows why the capacity cannot be assigned to the components independently at the scale in question. Reorganisational effects are evidence to be examined, not authority exempt from criticism.

In this ontology, sovereign origin gives way to a material account of possibility and reconfiguration. Causes, histories, and mechanisms remain indispensable, while no ''archē'' or final plan is required. The task is to explain how a material organisation acquires a capacity that could not operate before the relevant relations were established.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection articulates the OEC's positive concept of emergence: the irruption without ground. After the preceding subsections diagnosed and displaced the regime of precedence, this one states what the OEC proposes in its place: emergence as the appearance of genuinely new operative capacities within the field, without prior determination.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the intelligibility of novelty: if there is no founding origin or template, how can the new be understood? An account of emergence must examine antecedent constraints, the processes through which reconfiguration occurred, and the effects that establish novelty, while resisting the temptation to treat the outcome as though it had already been specified by those conditions.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Emergence is irruption in a delimited sense: it is not the unfolding of a completed form stored in a virtual or latent reserve, but a materially conditioned reorganisation made possible under operative excess that produces a capacity not realised by the prior organisation. Operative excess makes that reorganisation possible without making it necessary or determining its result. Unpredictability is not the criterion of emergence. A transition may be modelled or anticipated without the later capacity having existed in advance as a finished identity.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
Irruption names the appearance of a new operative capacity without a sovereign ground. “Without ground” excludes an antecedent that completely specifies and guarantees the result; it does not exclude causes, histories, environments, or enabling conditions. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition established when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present symbolic or structural form, making reconfiguration possible without determining its result. The new capacity and its emergence must be warranted by the reconfiguration and its material effects rather than by surprise or explanatory incompleteness.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should test the distinction against cases whose mechanisms can be investigated: the emergence of living organisation from chemistry or of institutional capacities from coordinated practices. Ask what preceded the transition, under which explicit criterion materially realisable relations exceeded the relations realised in the present form, where a new capacity became operative, and which effects demonstrate it. Explanatory gaps do not prove emergence, and successful prediction does not disprove it. Claims about consciousness require the separate criteria stated in §6.1 rather than inference from complexity alone.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>hvhl5mn73p7btf2szjaqgbyqupk6qii</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VI - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476976</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673294</id>
      <parentid>4671453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673294</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6274" sha1="i5jcg8u9ulxd2xw9yj45m327oz3f150" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.6 – Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence ==
Philosophical language normally presents an argument in sequence, and this expository order can tempt readers to convert “stated first” into “ontologically fundamental”. The danger lies in that conversion, not in anteriority, consequence, or succession themselves. Material processes have duration and causal order; emergence without a sovereign origin does not mean emergence without genealogy.

Saussure shows that linguistic value depends on differences within a system and distinguishes relations in the syntagmatic chain from associative relations (Saussure 1916, 88). The linear unfolding of a signifier is relevant to the present problem, but it does not reduce language to temporal chaining and it is not a theory of material emergence. The lesson is more limited: the order in which signs are combined can be mistaken for the order of the process represented unless the distinction is kept explicit.

Derrida's ''différance'' shows that signifying identity depends on spacing, repetition, and deferral rather than self-present origin (Derrida [1967] 1997, 41). This insight concerns the organisation of signification and cannot be made, without further argument, either a complete theory of material emergence or an obstacle to it.

Gadamer's hermeneutics makes understanding an encounter between historically formed horizons rather than a derivation from an unconditioned subject (Gadamer [1960] 2004, 289). The resulting mediation does not prohibit novelty; it shows that novelty becomes intelligible through a history that can itself be transformed.

The broader problem is a category error between different kinds of order. Expository order governs how a text unfolds; logical order governs entailment; temporal order concerns succession; causal order concerns dependence. None alone establishes ontological precedence. A rigorous account must state which order it invokes and at what scale.

Causal explanation need not reduce an event to a calculable result. Feedback, reciprocal constraint, non-linearity, and path dependence complicate causal analysis while leaving temporal succession intact. The relevant refusal is of exhaustive preformation, not of consequence.

The framework therefore does not negate time or causal sequence. It refuses their conversion into a ladder whose earlier stage is automatically more fundamental and whose later stage was already destined. Emergence follows antecedent conditions temporally while adding a capacity that their prior description did not exhaust.

Material processes have duration independently of observation and measurement. Measured time is a symbolic organisation that compares and represents duration under a reference, unit, and procedure; symbolic temporality can additionally articulate sequence, simultaneity, past, present, and future. Language can describe, represent, classify, coordinate, and intervene; no single function exhausts it, and not every symbolic form is linear. Sequential exposition may nevertheless conceal reciprocal dependence. Explicit cross-reference, diagrams, models of feedback, and scale-sensitive analysis can make those relations legible without pretending to abolish sequence.

Thought is not freed from explanation but disciplined against confusing explanation with predetermination. The fact that an account can be arranged as premises and conclusions does not show that the material capacity emerged by deduction. Philosophy must preserve temporal and causal evidence while revising concepts that hide the operations they were meant to clarify.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection addresses the role of language and logic in reinforcing the regime of precedence. Discursive presentation is necessarily ordered: terms are introduced, sentences unfold, and conclusions follow premises. That order is operative rather than neutral because it can encourage us to confuse the sequence of an explanation with the organisation of the process explained.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
Can philosophy describe emergence in sequence without treating that sequence as the ontology of the process described? Logical argument, narrative, and discursive exposition have orders of their own. These orders can clarify temporal and causal relations, but they can also encourage an unwarranted passage from “first in the account” to “ontologically fundamental”. The difficulty is a risk of projection, not an unavoidable defect of language or logic.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Language and logic become a “prison of sequence” only when expository or inferential order is projected onto every material event. The real includes duration, succession, and causal dependence, while many configurations also involve reciprocal constraint, feedback, and scale-dependent relations. Emergence follows antecedent conditions without following from them as a conclusion follows from premises. Critical exposition marks these differences instead of erasing sequence.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key distinctions are expository order, logical entailment, temporal succession, causal dependence, and ontological precedence. None can silently substitute for another. Language is materially and symbolically operative, but it does not impose one universal order on every process; symbolic resources also include diagrams, cross-references, recursive definitions, and models that can represent non-linear relations.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should attend to the relation between the sequential form of the book and the multiple temporal and causal organisations of the processes it describes. For any “therefore”, ask whether it marks logical entailment, empirical causation, chronological succession, or only the next step of the exposition. Cross-references, returns, diagrams, and conceptual dependencies can represent relations that a single line of prose does not display, without pretending that thought can occupy a standpoint outside material sequence.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>i5jcg8u9ulxd2xw9yj45m327oz3f150</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VII - Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476977</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673213</id>
      <parentid>4673117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673213</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14316" sha1="nyj1emzl7xajekairq47t81hwwl70z4" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.7 – Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence ==

A railway signalling fault can recur after its first incident has been repaired. Identifying the earliest failure may be historically necessary, but it does not explain why the fault continues under later conditions. The case directs attention from what came first to what remains operative. The preceding sections call this displacement a move from precedence to insistence.

=== The limit of precedence ===

Temporal precedence is indispensable in many explanations. Fuel must be present before combustion; prior training affects later performance; an institution inherits procedures from earlier decisions. The present analysis does not dispute such dependencies.

A '''regime of precedence''' arises when “earlier than” is silently transformed into “ontologically more fundamental than”. A cause, condition, or historical event is then treated as if it already contained the identity and capacities of the later configuration. A later event is identified, an earlier condition is reconstructed, and that condition is interpreted as the event's true origin. The novelty is thereby reduced to the unfolding of what was supposedly there all along.

This reconstruction can erase emergence. Conditions constrain and enable, but they need not specify the complete operation that later becomes possible. A history of components is necessary for explanation; it is not always sufficient to explain the capacities of their organised coupling.

The point is not to replace retrospective explanation with attention to an isolated present. Present configurations are sedimented histories. The point is to prevent history from becoming destiny.

=== The concept of insistence ===

'''Insistence''' names the continued operative presence of a relation, pressure, configuration, or unresolved difference through renewed material operations. What insists does not persist because it was first. It persists because couplings keep reproducing it, because a pressure remains unintegrated, or because the configuration continues to generate effects that require response.

The definition covers two related cases. A configuration insists when renewed material operations maintain its operative consistency under changing conditions. A difference or pressure insists when its effects remain active without being integrated into the current organisation. Neither case makes insistence a hidden force. The analysis must identify what continues, through which material supports, with which effects, and over what interval.

Insistence is not repetition, although recurrent operations can sustain it; altered operations may continue the same operative configuration. It is more specific than persistence, because it directs attention to the renewed work or pressure through which continuation remains effective. It is not inertia, since active adjustment and reorganisation may be required. Nor is it operative excess: an excess may insist, but insistence does not by itself establish that, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form. Even where operative excess is established, it makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Finally, insistence does not abolish precedence; what came first may be causally relevant without being what remains operative.

The term should not be applied automatically to every durable object. A rock may persist, but calling its persistence “insistence” is analytically useful only when an ongoing operative relation or pressure has been identified and the concept distinguishes something that “persistence” alone would leave obscure.

=== Material and symbolic cases ===

In a living organism, continued viability depends on renewed exchange, repair, regulation, and adjustment. The organism does not endure as an unchanged substance. Its configuration insists through operations that preserve a range of organisation while components and conditions change.

In an institution, a rule insists through documents, software, training, budgets, sanctions, expectations, and repeated decisions. Its historical origin may explain how it began. Its present material supports explain how it continues. If those supports are altered, the rule may cease to operate even while its founding text remains.

In a symbolic inquiry, an anomalous result can insist when later tests reproduce effects not represented in the accepted framework. The anomaly is not important because it came first; it becomes important because it continues to constrain interpretation and action. Here insistence and operative excess may intersect when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations made realisable by the continuing results exceed the relations realised in the available symbolic organisation.

These cases are not claims that one mechanism operates identically in biology, institutions, and science. They show how the same question can be specified differently: what must keep happening for this configuration or pressure to remain operative?

=== Insistence is not a new ground ===

A concept introduced to displace origins can easily become another origin. If insistence were described as a universal energy, law, or motor behind all change, it would repeat the structure it is meant to criticise.

Insistence has no independent existence behind configurations. It is an analytical operator for continued operation in a determinate case. It does not explain by itself. Saying “the system insists” is incomplete until the relations, supports, repetitions, corrections, and effects are described.

For the same reason, insistence should not replace causal analysis. A complete inquiry may need to reconstruct the antecedent conditions that made the configuration possible, identify any threshold that was crossed, and specify the relations or couplings sustaining its current operation. It may also need to determine what remains unintegrated, which effects continue despite attempts to suppress or absorb them, and what kind of reorganisation would alter the pattern.

Precedence and insistence are not mutually exclusive observations. The displacement concerns explanatory privilege: no antecedent is assumed to contain the later capacity, and no present configuration is understood without the operations that sustain it.

=== Against the objection of irrationalism ===

If novelty is not fully specified by what preceded it, does explanation become impossible? No. The objection confuses determination with intelligibility.

An emergent capacity can be studied through its material conditions, threshold, organisation, and effects. What is refused is the stronger claim that a complete account of prior components would, by itself, make the new capacity deductively inevitable. Explanation can be constrained, evidence-based, and revisable without treating the future as already contained in the past.

Intelligibility is often partly retrospective. Once a new capacity operates, inquiry can identify relations that were necessary, compare cases, and refine models. Retrospective analysis does not prove that the capacity was preformed. It shows how a singular outcome became materially possible.

Kuhn’s account of scientific change and Bachelard’s account of epistemological rupture offer useful analogies: new conceptual organisations can alter the standards by which evidence is interpreted. This framework does not convert those histories of science into an ontological proof. They illustrate how intelligibility can itself be reorganised.

=== The ethical dimension ===

Insistence has ethical relevance when a material pressure, injury, exclusion, or unregistered effect continues to demand symbolic response. The demand is not morally authoritative merely because it persists. Harmful institutions and dominating classifications can insist as effectively as neglected vulnerabilities.

Ethical evaluation therefore requires more than attention to what insists. It asks how a possible response would redistribute exposure, maintain capacities for response and repair, preserve heterogeneity, and remain open to contestation. Insistence identifies what cannot responsibly be treated as resolved; it does not decide the response in advance.

'''Hesitation''' becomes important here. It suspends an automatic answer long enough to determine whether the current symbolic framework can register the continuing pressure. '''Decision''' then reorganises relations without the guarantee that every consequence is known. These operators are developed in Part IV.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final subsection of §3.2. It introduces insistence as a corrective to the explanatory privilege of precedence, not as its replacement. Precedence asks what came before and remains indispensable to causal history; insistence asks what continues to operate now, through which supports and effects. The distinction completes the critique of sovereign origin and prepares §3.3 on local order.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
How can inquiry preserve antecedent causes without assuming that the earliest condition contains the identity of the later configuration? The section answers by adding a second analytical axis. A history explains how a configuration became possible; insistence identifies the operations or pressures through which something remains effective. Neither axis becomes a universal principle.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Insistence names the continued operative presence of a configuration, relation, pressure, or unresolved difference through renewed material operations. It can involve material coupling, repeated support, adjustment, or effects that remain unintegrated, but none of these mechanisms should be assumed in advance. What insists matters because of what continues to operate, not because it was first.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key distinctions are precedence versus explanatory privilege, persistence versus insistence, repetition versus renewed operation, and insistence versus operative excess. An excess may insist, but insistence alone does not establish that, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present form. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Harmful institutions can also insist, so the concept carries no automatic ethical authority.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should note that insistence is not mere stubbornness or repetition; it is the ongoing maintenance of a configuration under changing conditions. A railway network, for example, persists not because its founding moment governs every journey but because tracks, signalling, labour, energy, rules, and repairs continue to couple. This concept connects directly to Part IV: institutions insist through continued material and symbolic work, and may dissolve when the relations that sustain them fail.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish a real antecedent from a founding origin;
* define insistence without confusing it with repetition, inertia, or operative excess;
* explain how causal history and emergent novelty can be studied together;
* answer the objection that emergence without origin is irrational;
* connect insistence with local order in Section 3.3.

The guiding question is: '''What explains the continuation or reorganisation of a configuration now, rather than merely naming what preceded it?'''

==== Worked example: a recurring railway failure ====

Imagine a railway signalling fault that appears intermittently.

# The first incident has many antecedent conditions: hardware, software, maintenance history, weather, and operating procedures.
# A quick repair restores service, but similar faults recur.
# The pattern insists because its effects continue across interventions; this fact alone does not yet establish operative excess.
# If, according to an explicit criterion, the operations made realisable by the continuing results exceed the operations realised in the existing symbolic framework, operative excess makes its reconfiguration possible; whether investigators widen the field of analysis depends on the full set of materially active relations.
# A new coupling or failure mode becomes identifiable, and maintenance is reorganised.
# The historical cause still matters, but it is the continuing operative pressure that prevents the first explanation from closing the case.

The example shows why insistence is neither mystery nor rhetorical emphasis. It directs attention to continued effects and to the work required to alter them.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why does criticism of precedence not abolish causal history?
* What additional evidence is needed before calling persistence “insistence”?
* Can a harmful institution insist? What follows?
* How are insistence and operative excess related without being identical?
* Why is retrospective intelligibility compatible with genuine emergence?

For the critique of sequential language that prepares this move, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VI - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence|Section 3.2.6]].

=== From emergence to local order ===

The move from precedence to insistence completes the analysis of emergence without origin. Novelty is materially conditioned but not treated as the expression of a founding reserve. Once a new capacity appears, its continuation depends on couplings that must be maintained. The next question is therefore not “Which eternal order does it instantiate?” but “How does this configuration hold together here?”

[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Section 3.3.1]] begins the analysis of order as a local effect. It examines how insistence can produce relative consistency without becoming a principle of universal order.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>nyj1emzl7xajekairq47t81hwwl70z4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673247</id>
      <parentid>4673213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673247</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14316" sha1="c00nyuthbx4ce11jjhqungeck1svqs4" xml:space="preserve">== 3.2.7 – Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence ==

A railway signalling fault can recur after its first incident has been repaired. Identifying the earliest failure may be historically necessary, but it does not explain why the fault continues under later conditions. The case directs attention from what came first to what remains operative. The preceding sections call this displacement a move from precedence to insistence.

=== The limit of precedence ===

Temporal precedence is indispensable in many explanations. Fuel must be present before combustion; prior training affects later performance; an institution inherits procedures from earlier decisions. The present analysis does not dispute such dependencies.

A '''regime of precedence''' arises when “earlier than” is silently transformed into “ontologically more fundamental than”. A cause, condition, or historical event is then treated as if it already contained the identity and capacities of the later configuration. A later event is identified, an earlier condition is reconstructed, and that condition is interpreted as the event's true origin. The novelty is thereby reduced to the unfolding of what was supposedly there all along.

This reconstruction can erase emergence. Conditions constrain and enable, but they need not specify the complete operation that later becomes possible. A history of components is necessary for explanation; it is not always sufficient to explain the capacities of their organised coupling.

The point is not to replace retrospective explanation with attention to an isolated present. Present configurations are sedimented histories. The point is to prevent history from becoming destiny.

=== The concept of insistence ===

'''Insistence''' names the continued operative presence of a relation, pressure, configuration, or unresolved difference through renewed material operations. What insists does not persist because it was first. It persists because couplings keep reproducing it, because a pressure remains unintegrated, or because the configuration continues to generate effects that require response.

The definition covers two related cases. A configuration insists when renewed material operations maintain its operative consistency under changing conditions. A difference or pressure insists when its effects remain active without being integrated into the current organisation. Neither case makes insistence a hidden force. The analysis must identify what continues, through which material supports, with which effects, and over what interval.

Insistence is not repetition, although recurrent operations can sustain it; altered operations may continue the same operative configuration. It is more specific than persistence, because it directs attention to the renewed work or pressure through which continuation remains effective. It is not inertia, since active adjustment and reorganisation may be required. Nor is it operative excess: an excess may insist, but insistence does not by itself establish that, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form. Even where operative excess is established, it makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Finally, insistence does not abolish precedence; what came first may be causally relevant without being what remains operative.

The term should not be applied automatically to every durable object. A rock may persist, but calling its persistence “insistence” is analytically useful only when an ongoing operative relation or pressure has been identified and the concept distinguishes something that “persistence” alone would leave obscure.

=== Material and symbolic cases ===

In a living organism, continued viability depends on renewed exchange, repair, regulation, and adjustment. The organism does not endure as an unchanged substance. Its configuration insists through operations that preserve a range of organisation while components and conditions change.

In an institution, a rule insists through documents, software, training, budgets, sanctions, expectations, and repeated decisions. Its historical origin may explain how it began. Its present material supports explain how it continues. If those supports are altered, the rule may cease to operate even while its founding text remains.

In a symbolic inquiry, an anomalous result can insist when later tests reproduce effects not represented in the accepted framework. The anomaly is not important because it came first; it becomes important because it continues to constrain interpretation and action. Here insistence and operative excess may intersect when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations made realisable by the continuing results exceed the relations realised in the available symbolic organisation.

These cases are not claims that one mechanism operates identically in biology, institutions, and science. They show how the same question can be specified differently: what must keep happening for this configuration or pressure to remain operative?

=== Insistence is not a new ground ===

A concept introduced to displace origins can easily become another origin. If insistence were described as a universal energy, law, or motor behind all change, it would repeat the structure it is meant to criticise.

Insistence has no independent existence behind configurations. It is an analytical operator for continued operation in a determinate case. It does not explain by itself. Saying “the system insists” is incomplete until the relations, supports, repetitions, corrections, and effects are described.

For the same reason, insistence should not replace causal analysis. A complete inquiry may need to reconstruct the antecedent conditions that made the configuration possible, identify the reconfiguration through which its capacities arose, and specify the relations or couplings sustaining its current operation. It may also need to determine what remains unintegrated, which effects continue despite attempts to suppress or absorb them, and what kind of reorganisation would alter the pattern.

Precedence and insistence are not mutually exclusive observations. The displacement concerns explanatory privilege: no antecedent is assumed to contain the later capacity, and no present configuration is understood without the operations that sustain it.

=== Against the objection of irrationalism ===

If novelty is not fully specified by what preceded it, does explanation become impossible? No. The objection confuses determination with intelligibility.

An emergent capacity can be studied through its material conditions, reconfiguration, organisation, and effects. What is refused is the stronger claim that a complete account of prior components would, by itself, make the new capacity deductively inevitable. Explanation can be constrained, evidence-based, and revisable without treating the future as already contained in the past.

Intelligibility is often partly retrospective. Once a new capacity operates, inquiry can identify relations that were necessary, compare cases, and refine models. Retrospective analysis does not prove that the capacity was preformed. It shows how a singular outcome became materially possible.

Kuhn’s account of scientific change and Bachelard’s account of epistemological rupture offer useful analogies: new conceptual organisations can alter the standards by which evidence is interpreted. This framework does not convert those histories of science into an ontological proof. They illustrate how intelligibility can itself be reorganised.

=== The ethical dimension ===

Insistence has ethical relevance when a material pressure, injury, exclusion, or unregistered effect continues to demand symbolic response. The demand is not morally authoritative merely because it persists. Harmful institutions and dominating classifications can insist as effectively as neglected vulnerabilities.

Ethical evaluation therefore requires more than attention to what insists. It asks how a possible response would redistribute exposure, maintain capacities for response and repair, preserve heterogeneity, and remain open to contestation. Insistence identifies what cannot responsibly be treated as resolved; it does not decide the response in advance.

'''Hesitation''' becomes important here. It suspends an automatic answer long enough to determine whether the current symbolic framework can register the continuing pressure. '''Decision''' then reorganises relations without the guarantee that every consequence is known. These operators are developed in Part IV.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final subsection of §3.2. It introduces insistence as a corrective to the explanatory privilege of precedence, not as its replacement. Precedence asks what came before and remains indispensable to causal history; insistence asks what continues to operate now, through which supports and effects. The distinction completes the critique of sovereign origin and prepares §3.3 on local order.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
How can inquiry preserve antecedent causes without assuming that the earliest condition contains the identity of the later configuration? The section answers by adding a second analytical axis. A history explains how a configuration became possible; insistence identifies the operations or pressures through which something remains effective. Neither axis becomes a universal principle.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Insistence names the continued operative presence of a configuration, relation, pressure, or unresolved difference through renewed material operations. It can involve material coupling, repeated support, adjustment, or effects that remain unintegrated, but none of these mechanisms should be assumed in advance. What insists matters because of what continues to operate, not because it was first.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key distinctions are precedence versus explanatory privilege, persistence versus insistence, repetition versus renewed operation, and insistence versus operative excess. An excess may insist, but insistence alone does not establish that, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present form. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Harmful institutions can also insist, so the concept carries no automatic ethical authority.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should note that insistence is not mere stubbornness or repetition; it is the ongoing maintenance of a configuration under changing conditions. A railway network, for example, persists not because its founding moment governs every journey but because tracks, signalling, labour, energy, rules, and repairs continue to couple. This concept connects directly to Part IV: institutions insist through continued material and symbolic work, and may dissolve when the relations that sustain them fail.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish a real antecedent from a founding origin;
* define insistence without confusing it with repetition, inertia, or operative excess;
* explain how causal history and emergent novelty can be studied together;
* answer the objection that emergence without origin is irrational;
* connect insistence with local order in Section 3.3.

The guiding question is: '''What explains the continuation or reorganisation of a configuration now, rather than merely naming what preceded it?'''

==== Worked example: a recurring railway failure ====

Imagine a railway signalling fault that appears intermittently.

# The first incident has many antecedent conditions: hardware, software, maintenance history, weather, and operating procedures.
# A quick repair restores service, but similar faults recur.
# The pattern insists because its effects continue across interventions; this fact alone does not yet establish operative excess.
# If, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the conditions of inquiry exceed those realised in the existing symbolic framework, operative excess makes reorganisation possible. If reorganisation occurs, investigators may widen the field of analysis.
# A new coupling or failure mode becomes identifiable, and maintenance is reorganised.
# The historical cause still matters, but it is the continuing operative pressure that prevents the first explanation from closing the case.

The example shows why insistence is neither mystery nor rhetorical emphasis. It directs attention to continued effects and to the work required to alter them.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why does criticism of precedence not abolish causal history?
* What additional evidence is needed before calling persistence “insistence”?
* Can a harmful institution insist? What follows?
* How are insistence and operative excess related without being identical?
* Why is retrospective intelligibility compatible with genuine emergence?

For the critique of sequential language that prepares this move, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VI - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence|Section 3.2.6]].

=== From emergence to local order ===

The move from precedence to insistence completes the analysis of emergence without origin. Novelty is materially conditioned but not treated as the expression of a founding reserve. Once a new capacity appears, its continuation depends on couplings that must be maintained. The next question is therefore not “Which eternal order does it instantiate?” but “How does this configuration hold together here?”

[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Section 3.3.1]] begins the analysis of order as a local effect. It examines how insistence can produce relative consistency without becoming a principle of universal order.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>c00nyuthbx4ce11jjhqungeck1svqs4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673136</id>
      <parentid>4671455</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:25:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10043" sha1="531lo4nest1w6tsbjr1lxizfxknkpp7" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.1 – Against Order as Principle ==

Several philosophical traditions use order to make change intelligible, but they do so in different ways. Plato's ''Timaeus'' presents a cosmos ordered in relation to an intelligible model (Plato 1997). Aristotle distinguishes material, formal, efficient, and final causes and treats final causation as internal to the explanation of natural beings rather than as the plan of an external designer (Aristotle 1984b, 194b23–35). Hegel interprets historical and conceptual development through a dialectical process that cannot be reduced to a static scheme imposed from outside (Hegel [1807] 1977, 27).

These positions should not be collapsed into one doctrine. The structural question is narrower: does an account explain a particular order through the conditions and operations that sustain it, or does it assign order a universal explanatory priority that guarantees every configuration in advance? The OEC contests the second move, not form, causality, intelligibility, or scientific regularity as such.

=== Order as effect ===

To call order an '''effect''' is to redirect inquiry towards production and persistence. A pattern exists because specified relations hold within a range of conditions; it may alter or disappear when those relations change. Its duration can be brief or immense. “Effect” therefore does not mean weak, illusory, recent, or merely subjective. It means conditioned rather than self-grounding.

A salt crystal has a material lattice before any observer names it. Its organisation depends on molecular properties and conditions of crystallisation; it is neither a human projection nor evidence of a cosmic plan. When scientists investigate the lattice, measurements, concepts, diagrams, and classifications make aspects of that material organisation concrete as an object of knowledge. The symbolic account is materially realised and corrigible, but it does not create the lattice it represents.

Material order and symbolic or normative order can interact without being identical. Material order concerns the configuration and its relations. Symbolic order concerns the operations through which capable systems recognise occurrences through symbols, relate those symbols, and make a configuration available for description, coordination, or regulation. Normative orders add criteria governing what should count or be done. Naming, interpretation, exclusion, and revision must not be projected backwards onto material regularities that operate without symbolic organisation.

The same distinction reconfigures form. A form can be a persisting material configuration produced by specified relations rather than an essence imposed on passive matter. Matter is not a formless residuum awaiting an exterior principle: actual material relations can produce, sustain, and transform forms without plan or final end.

=== Laws, regularities, and domain-specific mechanisms ===

Rejecting order as a metaphysical principle does not require denying physical laws or robust regularities. A scientific law can support explanation, prediction, and counterfactual reasoning. Whether laws are fundamental, emergent, local, dispositional, or features of our best representations is a further philosophical dispute that this section does not settle by definition. Its limited claim is that no observed regularity, by itself, proves that all reality realises one prior order.

Prigogine and Stengers describe dissipative structures produced and maintained under specified non-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 132). Their analysis shows how some physical orders arise and persist through flows of matter and energy. It does not establish a universal metaphysics of instability and should not be projected without evidence onto symbolic or institutional domains.

Simondon conceives individuation through modulation within metastable fields (Simondon 2005, 215). The OEC retains the importance of relations, tensions, and metastability while declining to treat the pre-individual as a distinct reservoir containing later identities in advance. Antecedent material conditions enable and constrain an order; they need not constitute a transcendent ground or a complete specification of what will emerge.

Gould likewise shows why exceptional increases in biological complexity should not be treated as evidence of a universal evolutionary direction (Gould 1996, 58). Some lineages become more complex under particular measures, while others simplify or persist within earlier ranges. The relevant orders must be explained by historically specific mechanisms and environments, not by a general law of ascent.

=== Order without a hidden author ===

Symbolic and institutional orders may arise and persist without one author who designed the whole. A language depends on many speakers, inherited distinctions, material media, and institutions. A transport timetable may be deliberately designed, yet it operates only through vehicles, staff, infrastructure, clocks, rules, and repeated compliance. Distributed production does not make authorship impossible; it prevents the whole order from being attributed automatically to one sovereign source.

Responsibility also remains. Particular actors may exercise power, exclude alternatives, conceal costs, or prevent revision even when no one designed the entire institution. “Emergent” must not become an excuse for treating a symbolic or institutional order as nobody's responsibility. The absence of a universal author is compatible with identifiable decisions and unequal capacities to intervene.

=== Emergence is not the new sovereign principle ===

The rejection of universal order would fail if emergence were installed as a universal force that explains everything. Emergence is a specific claim. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Emergence is established only if a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs, crosses an operational threshold, and makes a new capacity effective. Some processes meet these conditions; others are continuations, repetitions, decompositions, or transformations adequately explained without positing a new capacity.

The task is therefore diagnostic rather than devotional. For each apparent order, inquiry must ask which relations sustain it, at what scale, through which mechanisms, what it enables, and under which changes it would cease to hold. Local order can be durable, intelligible, and causally effective without becoming a transcendent foundation. Emergence remains one type of material change among others.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection initiates §3.3 by challenging the conversion of order into a universal explanatory principle. It preserves material patterns, scientific laws, symbolic rules, and institutional arrangements as real objects of inquiry while asking how each is produced and sustained. The sections that follow develop conditioned order (§3.3.2), functional coupling (§3.3.3), retrospective origin (§3.3.4), symbolic order (§3.3.5), variation (§3.3.6), and the transition to ethical assessment (§3.3.7).

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not that classical and modern traditions shared one doctrine. Plato, Aristotle, and Hegel assign different functions to model, causation, and dialectical development. The question is whether a particular order is explained through its material conditions and operations or whether order is invoked as what guarantees every possible configuration in advance. Rejecting the second claim must not entail denying durable regularities or domain-specific laws.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Order is not one universal principle but a conditioned effect whose mechanism must be identified in each case. Functional coupling is one possible mechanism; structural arrangement, physical constraints, and other domain-specific processes may also sustain order. Material order concerns the configuration investigated. Symbolic order concerns materially realised operations through which a capable system recognises and relates symbols; normative order further organises criteria for judgement or action. These orders can interact without becoming identical.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key distinctions are order as universal guarantee versus order as local effect; material order versus symbolic and normative order; duration versus metaphysical necessity; and domain-specific regularity versus a cosmic plan. Operative excess is not universal. It is established only when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a symbolic or structural form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Emergence is likewise one kind of change, established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and makes a new capacity effective; it is not the replacement principle for all order.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should first identify which sense of “order” is being used and at what scale. For a material pattern, ask which relations and mechanisms produce it. For a scientific law, ask what explanatory and counterfactual work it supports without deciding its metaphysical status by definition. For a symbolic or institutional order, identify the systems, media, rules, authors, and distributed practices involved. Finally ask whether “emergence” is being demonstrated through a new capacity or merely used as a substitute name for change.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>531lo4nest1w6tsbjr1lxizfxknkpp7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673214</id>
      <parentid>4673136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10039" sha1="57fb7ypuja9clqxmc4pdr7mgtbqt1f2" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.1 – Against Order as Principle ==

Several philosophical traditions use order to make change intelligible, but they do so in different ways. Plato's ''Timaeus'' presents a cosmos ordered in relation to an intelligible model (Plato 1997). Aristotle distinguishes material, formal, efficient, and final causes and treats final causation as internal to the explanation of natural beings rather than as the plan of an external designer (Aristotle 1984b, 194b23–35). Hegel interprets historical and conceptual development through a dialectical process that cannot be reduced to a static scheme imposed from outside (Hegel [1807] 1977, 27).

These positions should not be collapsed into one doctrine. The structural question is narrower: does an account explain a particular order through the conditions and operations that sustain it, or does it assign order a universal explanatory priority that guarantees every configuration in advance? The OEC contests the second move, not form, causality, intelligibility, or scientific regularity as such.

=== Order as effect ===

To call order an '''effect''' is to redirect inquiry towards production and persistence. A pattern exists because specified relations hold within a range of conditions; it may alter or disappear when those relations change. Its duration can be brief or immense. “Effect” therefore does not mean weak, illusory, recent, or merely subjective. It means conditioned rather than self-grounding.

A salt crystal has a material lattice before any observer names it. Its organisation depends on molecular properties and conditions of crystallisation; it is neither a human projection nor evidence of a cosmic plan. When scientists investigate the lattice, measurements, concepts, diagrams, and classifications make aspects of that material organisation concrete as an object of knowledge. The symbolic account is materially realised and corrigible, but it does not create the lattice it represents.

Material order and symbolic or normative order can interact without being identical. Material order concerns the configuration and its relations. Symbolic order concerns the operations through which capable systems recognise occurrences through symbols, relate those symbols, and make a configuration available for description, coordination, or regulation. Normative orders add criteria governing what should count or be done. Naming, interpretation, exclusion, and revision must not be projected backwards onto material regularities that operate without symbolic organisation.

The same distinction reconfigures form. A form can be a persisting material configuration produced by specified relations rather than an essence imposed on passive matter. Matter is not a formless residuum awaiting an exterior principle: actual material relations can produce, sustain, and transform forms without plan or final end.

=== Laws, regularities, and domain-specific mechanisms ===

Rejecting order as a metaphysical principle does not require denying physical laws or robust regularities. A scientific law can support explanation, prediction, and counterfactual reasoning. Whether laws are fundamental, emergent, local, dispositional, or features of our best representations is a further philosophical dispute that this section does not settle by definition. Its limited claim is that no observed regularity, by itself, proves that all reality realises one prior order.

Prigogine and Stengers describe dissipative structures produced and maintained under specified non-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 132). Their analysis shows how some physical orders arise and persist through flows of matter and energy. It does not establish a universal metaphysics of instability and should not be projected without evidence onto symbolic or institutional domains.

Simondon conceives individuation through modulation within metastable fields (Simondon 2005, 215). The OEC retains the importance of relations, tensions, and metastability while declining to treat the pre-individual as a distinct reservoir containing later identities in advance. Antecedent material conditions enable and constrain an order; they need not constitute a transcendent ground or a complete specification of what will emerge.

Gould likewise shows why exceptional increases in biological complexity should not be treated as evidence of a universal evolutionary direction (Gould 1996, 58). Some lineages become more complex under particular measures, while others simplify or persist within earlier ranges. The relevant orders must be explained by historically specific mechanisms and environments, not by a general law of ascent.

=== Order without a hidden author ===

Symbolic and institutional orders may arise and persist without one author who designed the whole. A language depends on many speakers, inherited distinctions, material media, and institutions. A transport timetable may be deliberately designed, yet it operates only through vehicles, staff, infrastructure, clocks, rules, and repeated compliance. Distributed production does not make authorship impossible; it prevents the whole order from being attributed automatically to one sovereign source.

Responsibility also remains. Particular actors may exercise power, exclude alternatives, conceal costs, or prevent revision even when no one designed the entire institution. “Emergent” must not become an excuse for treating a symbolic or institutional order as nobody's responsibility. The absence of a universal author is compatible with identifiable decisions and unequal capacities to intervene.

=== Emergence is not the new sovereign principle ===

The rejection of universal order would fail if emergence were installed as a universal force that explains everything. Emergence is a specific claim. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Emergence is established only if a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs, crosses an operational threshold, and makes a new capacity effective. Some processes meet these conditions; others are continuations, repetitions, decompositions, or transformations adequately explained without positing a new capacity.

The task is therefore diagnostic rather than devotional. For each apparent order, inquiry must ask which relations sustain it, at what scale, through which mechanisms, what it enables, and under which changes it would cease to hold. Local order can be durable, intelligible, and causally effective without becoming a transcendent foundation. Emergence remains one type of material change among others.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection initiates §3.3 by challenging the conversion of order into a universal explanatory principle. It preserves material patterns, scientific laws, symbolic rules, and institutional arrangements as real objects of inquiry while asking how each is produced and sustained. The sections that follow develop conditioned order (§3.3.2), material coupling (§3.3.3), retrospective origin (§3.3.4), symbolic order (§3.3.5), variation (§3.3.6), and the transition to ethical assessment (§3.3.7).

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not that classical and modern traditions shared one doctrine. Plato, Aristotle, and Hegel assign different functions to model, causation, and dialectical development. The question is whether a particular order is explained through its material conditions and operations or whether order is invoked as what guarantees every possible configuration in advance. Rejecting the second claim must not entail denying durable regularities or domain-specific laws.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Order is not one universal principle but a conditioned effect whose mechanism must be identified in each case. Material coupling is one possible mechanism; structural arrangement, physical constraints, and other domain-specific processes may also sustain order. Material order concerns the configuration investigated. Symbolic order concerns materially realised operations through which a capable system recognises and relates symbols; normative order further organises criteria for judgement or action. These orders can interact without becoming identical.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key distinctions are order as universal guarantee versus order as local effect; material order versus symbolic and normative order; duration versus metaphysical necessity; and domain-specific regularity versus a cosmic plan. Operative excess is not universal. It is established only when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a symbolic or structural form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Emergence is likewise one kind of change, established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and makes a new capacity effective; it is not the replacement principle for all order.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should first identify which sense of “order” is being used and at what scale. For a material pattern, ask which relations and mechanisms produce it. For a scientific law, ask what explanatory and counterfactual work it supports without deciding its metaphysical status by definition. For a symbolic or institutional order, identify the systems, media, rules, authors, and distributed practices involved. Finally ask whether “emergence” is being demonstrated through a new capacity or merely used as a substitute name for change.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>57fb7ypuja9clqxmc4pdr7mgtbqt1f2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673248</id>
      <parentid>4673214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9859" sha1="2wywl7q6f78d3yke59occaikvljpzsl" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.1 – Against Order as Principle ==

Several philosophical traditions use order to make change intelligible, but they do so in different ways. Plato's ''Timaeus'' presents a cosmos ordered in relation to an intelligible model (Plato 1997). Aristotle distinguishes material, formal, efficient, and final causes and treats final causation as internal to the explanation of natural beings rather than as the plan of an external designer (Aristotle 1984b, 194b23–35). Hegel interprets historical and conceptual development through a dialectical process that cannot be reduced to a static scheme imposed from outside (Hegel [1807] 1977, 27).

These positions should not be collapsed into one doctrine. The structural question is narrower: does an account explain a particular order through the conditions and operations that sustain it, or does it assign order a universal explanatory priority that guarantees every configuration in advance? The OEC contests the second move, not form, causality, intelligibility, or scientific regularity as such.

=== Order as effect ===

To call order an '''effect''' is to redirect inquiry towards production and persistence. A pattern exists because specified relations hold within a range of conditions; it may alter or disappear when those relations change. Its duration can be brief or immense. “Effect” therefore does not mean weak, illusory, recent, or merely subjective. It means conditioned rather than self-grounding.

A salt crystal has a material lattice before any observer names it. Its organisation depends on molecular properties and conditions of crystallisation; it is neither a human projection nor evidence of a cosmic plan. When scientists investigate the lattice, measurements, concepts, diagrams, and classifications make aspects of that material organisation concrete as an object of knowledge. The symbolic account is materially realised and corrigible, but it does not create the lattice it represents.

Material order and symbolic or normative order can interact without being identical. Material order concerns the configuration and its relations. Symbolic order concerns the operations through which capable systems recognise occurrences through symbols, relate those symbols, and make a configuration available for description, coordination, or regulation. Normative orders add criteria governing what should count or be done. Naming, interpretation, exclusion, and revision must not be projected backwards onto material regularities that operate without symbolic organisation.

The same distinction reconfigures form. A form can be a persisting material configuration produced by specified relations rather than an essence imposed on passive matter. Matter is not a formless residuum awaiting an exterior principle: actual material relations can produce, sustain, and transform forms without plan or final end.

=== Laws, regularities, and domain-specific mechanisms ===

Rejecting order as a metaphysical principle does not require denying physical laws or robust regularities. A scientific law can support explanation, prediction, and counterfactual reasoning. Whether laws are fundamental, emergent, local, dispositional, or features of our best representations is a further philosophical dispute that this section does not settle by definition. Its limited claim is that no observed regularity, by itself, proves that all reality realises one prior order.

Prigogine and Stengers describe dissipative structures produced and maintained under specified non-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 132). Their analysis shows how some physical orders arise and persist through flows of matter and energy. It does not establish a universal metaphysics of instability and should not be projected without evidence onto symbolic or institutional domains.

Simondon conceives individuation through modulation within metastable fields (Simondon 2005, 215). The OEC retains the importance of relations, tensions, and metastability while declining to treat the pre-individual as a distinct reservoir containing later identities in advance. Antecedent material conditions enable and constrain an order; they need not constitute a transcendent ground or a complete specification of what will emerge.

Gould likewise shows why exceptional increases in biological complexity should not be treated as evidence of a universal evolutionary direction (Gould 1996, 58). Some lineages become more complex under particular measures, while others simplify or persist within earlier ranges. The relevant orders must be explained by historically specific mechanisms and environments, not by a general law of ascent.

=== Order without a hidden author ===

Symbolic and institutional orders may arise and persist without one author who designed the whole. A language depends on many speakers, inherited distinctions, material media, and institutions. A transport timetable may be deliberately designed, yet it operates only through vehicles, staff, infrastructure, clocks, rules, and repeated compliance. Distributed production does not make authorship impossible; it prevents the whole order from being attributed automatically to one sovereign source.

Responsibility also remains. Particular actors may exercise power, exclude alternatives, conceal costs, or prevent revision even when no one designed the entire institution. “Emergent” must not become an excuse for treating a symbolic or institutional order as nobody's responsibility. The absence of a universal author is compatible with identifiable decisions and unequal capacities to intervene.

=== Emergence is not the new sovereign principle ===

The rejection of universal order would fail if emergence were installed as a universal force that explains everything. Emergence is a specific claim. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Emergence is established only if a materially conditioned reconfiguration occurs and produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation. Some processes meet these conditions; others are continuations, repetitions, decompositions, or transformations adequately explained without positing novelty of that kind.

The task is therefore diagnostic rather than devotional. For each apparent order, inquiry must ask which relations sustain it, at what scale, through which mechanisms, what it enables, and under which changes it would cease to hold. Local order can be durable, intelligible, and causally effective without becoming a transcendent foundation. Emergence remains one type of material change among others.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection initiates §3.3 by challenging the conversion of order into a universal explanatory principle. It preserves material patterns, scientific laws, symbolic rules, and institutional arrangements as real objects of inquiry while asking how each is produced and sustained. The sections that follow develop conditioned order (§3.3.2), material coupling (§3.3.3), retrospective origin (§3.3.4), symbolic order (§3.3.5), variation (§3.3.6), and the transition to ethical assessment (§3.3.7).

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is not that classical and modern traditions shared one doctrine. Plato, Aristotle, and Hegel assign different functions to model, causation, and dialectical development. The question is whether a particular order is explained through its material conditions and operations or whether order is invoked as what guarantees every possible configuration in advance. Rejecting the second claim must not entail denying durable regularities or domain-specific laws.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Order is not one universal principle but a conditioned effect whose mechanism must be identified in each case. Material coupling is one possible mechanism; structural arrangement, physical constraints, and other domain-specific processes may also sustain order. Material order concerns the configuration investigated. Symbolic order concerns materially realised operations through which a capable system recognises and relates symbols; normative order further organises criteria for judgement or action. These orders can interact without becoming identical.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key distinctions are order as universal guarantee versus order as local effect; material order versus symbolic and normative order; duration versus metaphysical necessity; and domain-specific regularity versus a cosmic plan. Operative excess is not universal: it is established only when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a symbolic or structural form and thereby make reconfiguration possible. Emergence is likewise one kind of change, not the replacement principle for all order.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should first identify which sense of “order” is being used and at what scale. For a material pattern, ask which relations and mechanisms produce it. For a scientific law, ask what explanatory and counterfactual work it supports without deciding its metaphysical status by definition. For a symbolic or institutional order, identify the systems, media, rules, authors, and distributed practices involved. Finally ask whether “emergence” is being demonstrated through a new capacity or merely used as a substitute name for change.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2wywl7q6f78d3yke59occaikvljpzsl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/II - The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476979</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673141</id>
      <parentid>4671456</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9238" sha1="8o2cfwywfddq0at5vk11tefxbliiis2" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.2 – The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field ==
A whirlpool, a crystal lattice, and a galaxy can all display order, although their mechanisms and durations differ. None requires a plan placed before the relations that sustain it. The problem is therefore not whether order is real, but how a configuration acquires consistency without turning that consistency into a universal principle.

Order, as conceived in this chapter, does not present itself as a transcendent instance or as a plan preceding matter. It arises as a local and conditioned effect of material relations. No material order carries a final guarantee of persistence: configurations remain dependent on conditions that can change, without this implying that matter is continuous agitation or that durable stability is unreal.

The image of pre-established harmony gives way here to a field in which local order and variation coexist. Stability is a conditioned interval rather than an unconditional foundation. A torsion names a local inflection of material relations that acquires consistency within determinate limits. Some torsions depend on functional coupling; others may depend primarily on structural constraints or mechanisms specific to their domain. This formulation resonates with process philosophy, particularly Whitehead's account of relational events rather than fixed substantial aggregates, while retaining relational composition and refusing the experiential occasions already set aside above (§3.1.3).

Such relational composition is not chaos conceived as absolute disorganisation, but a dynamic regime of material interactions. Some material reorganisations produce temporary patterns or torsions. A torsion becomes symbolically legible only when a capable system represents selected regularities through locally constituted symbols; a new inscription is required only when the system discriminates a new or previously unknown configuration and singularly inscribes it. Stability in a non-symbolic configuration requires no interpretation. These patterns may acquire substantial durability while remaining dependent on the conditions that sustain them. “Ephemeral” therefore means conditioned, not necessarily brief.

The distinction between teleological and emergent order concerns whether a pattern realises an end fixed in advance. A whirlpool offers one useful example of a real pattern sustained by ongoing flows, but not every order is brief, fluid, or centreless in the same sense. The example clarifies dependence on conditions; it does not supply a universal image of matter. A mountain, organism, institution, or concept involves different processes, yet the same basic mechanism of persistence applies: a dynamic equilibrium among relevant relations sustains an identifiable local order within determinate limits.

Stability is neither the universal natural state nor a universal exception. Regularities arise through different processes. Climate systems, ecosystems, organisms, and dissipative structures cannot be assimilated to one domain-specific process without evidence. Prigogine and Stengers show that some physical orders arise and persist under specified non-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984). Extending that physical model to every order would be an ontological proposal, not a conclusion licensed by thermodynamics. Fluctuation and collapse do not generate novelty by themselves. Operative excess applies where, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in an identifiable form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, and its attribution requires evidence appropriate to the regime.

Local order can coexist with variation and with processes described as disordered at another scale. Chaos is not a universal substance or a necessary condition of every order. The relevant task is to identify the interactions and thresholds that sustain the configuration under study. Morin's complex thought remains useful here insofar as it resists the simple opposition of order and disorder without turning either term into a new foundation.

Such a formulation rejects order as essence while retaining order as a state, pattern, or capacity to be explained. A local torsion points not towards an ideal totality but towards material relations that sustain a configuration under specified conditions. Inscription should be reserved for systems capable of discriminating and symbolising a difference.

Scale is not fixed. A molecular configuration lasting seconds and a galactic structure persisting for billions of years may both be conditioned material orders, but duration is not their only relevant difference; their mechanisms and perturbations also differ. Long duration does not convert order into a foundation, nor should it be dismissed as a mere pause.

Such torsion need not be directed by an agent or aimed at an end. It can arise through material conditions, tensions, and converging processes that sustain a pattern without a prior design. This is unplanned order. It counts as emergent order only if a reconfiguration made possible under operative excess occurs, crosses an operational threshold, and makes a new capacity effective. Material consistency can therefore precede symbolic meaning and representation without every ordered configuration being emergent.

Duration can make recurrences available to a capable system, but duration does not itself produce inscription and is not a substance. Material form is a consistency sustained by relations; where a new capacity appears at a threshold, that form is emergent. No antecedent plan is required, and no symbolic operation should be attributed to the material pattern before a capable system performs it.

Material configurations can display order before any system names them. Symbolic legibility is a further operation: a capable system selects a scale, discriminates recurrences, and relates symbols through which that order becomes describable. The description is situated and partial, but the material pattern is not created merely by being described. “Ephemeral torsion” therefore names a conditioned material configuration; its recognition as order belongs to a distinct symbolic operation.

Torsion is one figure of conditioned order: a material configuration without a prior plan and without a final guarantee. Its symbolic interpretation is a distinct operation that renders selected regularities intelligible. Material order need not be symbolic, and instability means absence of unconditional persistence rather than a real that never rests.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Section 3.3.1 rejected order as a universal principle placed before matter. This subsection provides the positive account that the rejection requires: order is a local, conditioned configuration within a field open to variation. Section 3.3.3 then develops functional coupling as one mechanism through which specified capacities can be sustained, regulated, extended, or transformed.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
If order is neither a transcendent plan nor a permanent foundation, how can it still be real? The difficulty disappears once material consistency is distinguished from permanence. A whirlpool is real even though it depends on the flow that sustains it; an ecosystem is organised even though its organisation changes with its relations. Order can therefore persist without becoming necessary.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The figure of torsion names a local inflection that endures while its enabling conditions continue. “Ephemeral” refers to this dependence, not to chronological brevity: a pattern lasting seconds and one lasting millions of years can share the same ontological status. The distinction matters. Duration changes the scale of observation; it does not convert a conditioned configuration into a foundation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are torsion as a local inflection of material relations, dynamic equilibrium as the basic condition of persistence, ephemerality as absence of final guarantee, and scale as part of every claim about stability. Functional coupling can sustain a torsion where the relevant causal criteria are met, but it is not the only possible mechanism of order. Symbolic legibility is a further operation: a material pattern may persist before a capable system represents selected regularities through symbols.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Use the concept by asking which relations sustain an apparently stable system, at what scale it is identified, through which domain-specific processes its dynamic equilibrium is maintained, and what change would alter that equilibrium. The exercise avoids two opposite errors. Conditional order is neither eternal nor unreal, and lack of a final guarantee does not imply that every configuration is fragile, volatile, or already dissolving.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>8o2cfwywfddq0at5vk11tefxbliiis2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673215</id>
      <parentid>4673141</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673215</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9232" sha1="pd9fhhjeyim1omncxy492a06jh3pzap" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.2 – The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field ==
A whirlpool, a crystal lattice, and a galaxy can all display order, although their mechanisms and durations differ. None requires a plan placed before the relations that sustain it. The problem is therefore not whether order is real, but how a configuration acquires consistency without turning that consistency into a universal principle.

Order, as conceived in this chapter, does not present itself as a transcendent instance or as a plan preceding matter. It arises as a local and conditioned effect of material relations. No material order carries a final guarantee of persistence: configurations remain dependent on conditions that can change, without this implying that matter is continuous agitation or that durable stability is unreal.

The image of pre-established harmony gives way here to a field in which local order and variation coexist. Stability is a conditioned interval rather than an unconditional foundation. A torsion names a local inflection of material relations that acquires consistency within determinate limits. Some torsions depend on material coupling; others may depend primarily on structural constraints or mechanisms specific to their domain. This formulation resonates with process philosophy, particularly Whitehead's account of relational events rather than fixed substantial aggregates, while retaining relational composition and refusing the experiential occasions already set aside above (§3.1.3).

Such relational composition is not chaos conceived as absolute disorganisation, but a dynamic regime of material interactions. Some material reorganisations produce temporary patterns or torsions. A torsion becomes symbolically legible only when a capable system represents selected regularities through locally constituted symbols; a new inscription is required only when the system discriminates a new or previously unknown configuration and singularly inscribes it. Stability in a non-symbolic configuration requires no interpretation. These patterns may acquire substantial durability while remaining dependent on the conditions that sustain them. “Ephemeral” therefore means conditioned, not necessarily brief.

The distinction between teleological and emergent order concerns whether a pattern realises an end fixed in advance. A whirlpool offers one useful example of a real pattern sustained by ongoing flows, but not every order is brief, fluid, or centreless in the same sense. The example clarifies dependence on conditions; it does not supply a universal image of matter. A mountain, organism, institution, or concept involves different processes, yet the same basic mechanism of persistence applies: a dynamic equilibrium among relevant relations sustains an identifiable local order within determinate limits.

Stability is neither the universal natural state nor a universal exception. Regularities arise through different processes. Climate systems, ecosystems, organisms, and dissipative structures cannot be assimilated to one domain-specific process without evidence. Prigogine and Stengers show that some physical orders arise and persist under specified non-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984). Extending that physical model to every order would be an ontological proposal, not a conclusion licensed by thermodynamics. Fluctuation and collapse do not generate novelty by themselves. Operative excess applies where, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in an identifiable form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, and its attribution requires evidence appropriate to the regime.

Local order can coexist with variation and with processes described as disordered at another scale. Chaos is not a universal substance or a necessary condition of every order. The relevant task is to identify the interactions and thresholds that sustain the configuration under study. Morin's complex thought remains useful here insofar as it resists the simple opposition of order and disorder without turning either term into a new foundation.

Such a formulation rejects order as essence while retaining order as a state, pattern, or capacity to be explained. A local torsion points not towards an ideal totality but towards material relations that sustain a configuration under specified conditions. Inscription should be reserved for systems capable of discriminating and symbolising a difference.

Scale is not fixed. A molecular configuration lasting seconds and a galactic structure persisting for billions of years may both be conditioned material orders, but duration is not their only relevant difference; their mechanisms and perturbations also differ. Long duration does not convert order into a foundation, nor should it be dismissed as a mere pause.

Such torsion need not be directed by an agent or aimed at an end. It can arise through material conditions, tensions, and converging processes that sustain a pattern without a prior design. This is unplanned order. It counts as emergent order only if a reconfiguration made possible under operative excess occurs, crosses an operational threshold, and makes a new capacity effective. Material consistency can therefore precede symbolic meaning and representation without every ordered configuration being emergent.

Duration can make recurrences available to a capable system, but duration does not itself produce inscription and is not a substance. Material form is a consistency sustained by relations; where a new capacity appears at a threshold, that form is emergent. No antecedent plan is required, and no symbolic operation should be attributed to the material pattern before a capable system performs it.

Material configurations can display order before any system names them. Symbolic legibility is a further operation: a capable system selects a scale, discriminates recurrences, and relates symbols through which that order becomes describable. The description is situated and partial, but the material pattern is not created merely by being described. “Ephemeral torsion” therefore names a conditioned material configuration; its recognition as order belongs to a distinct symbolic operation.

Torsion is one figure of conditioned order: a material configuration without a prior plan and without a final guarantee. Its symbolic interpretation is a distinct operation that renders selected regularities intelligible. Material order need not be symbolic, and instability means absence of unconditional persistence rather than a real that never rests.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Section 3.3.1 rejected order as a universal principle placed before matter. This subsection provides the positive account that the rejection requires: order is a local, conditioned configuration within a field open to variation. Section 3.3.3 then develops material coupling as one mechanism through which specified capacities can be sustained, regulated, extended, or transformed.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
If order is neither a transcendent plan nor a permanent foundation, how can it still be real? The difficulty disappears once material consistency is distinguished from permanence. A whirlpool is real even though it depends on the flow that sustains it; an ecosystem is organised even though its organisation changes with its relations. Order can therefore persist without becoming necessary.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The figure of torsion names a local inflection that endures while its enabling conditions continue. “Ephemeral” refers to this dependence, not to chronological brevity: a pattern lasting seconds and one lasting millions of years can share the same ontological status. The distinction matters. Duration changes the scale of observation; it does not convert a conditioned configuration into a foundation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are torsion as a local inflection of material relations, dynamic equilibrium as the basic condition of persistence, ephemerality as absence of final guarantee, and scale as part of every claim about stability. Material coupling can sustain a torsion where the relevant causal criteria are met, but it is not the only possible mechanism of order. Symbolic legibility is a further operation: a material pattern may persist before a capable system represents selected regularities through symbols.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Use the concept by asking which relations sustain an apparently stable system, at what scale it is identified, through which domain-specific processes its dynamic equilibrium is maintained, and what change would alter that equilibrium. The exercise avoids two opposite errors. Conditional order is neither eternal nor unreal, and lack of a final guarantee does not imply that every configuration is fragile, volatile, or already dissolving.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>pd9fhhjeyim1omncxy492a06jh3pzap</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673249</id>
      <parentid>4673215</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673249</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9291" sha1="16qeea3nnnvjtxxxus23el9bbutnrt5" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.2 – The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field ==
A whirlpool, a crystal lattice, and a galaxy can all display order, although their mechanisms and durations differ. None requires a plan placed before the relations that sustain it. The problem is therefore not whether order is real, but how a configuration acquires consistency without turning that consistency into a universal principle.

Order, as conceived in this chapter, does not present itself as a transcendent instance or as a plan preceding matter. It arises as a local and conditioned effect of material relations. No material order carries a final guarantee of persistence: configurations remain dependent on conditions that can change, without this implying that matter is continuous agitation or that durable stability is unreal.

The image of pre-established harmony gives way here to a field in which local order and variation coexist. Stability is a conditioned interval rather than an unconditional foundation. A torsion names a local inflection of material relations that acquires consistency within determinate limits. Some torsions depend on material coupling; others may depend primarily on structural constraints or mechanisms specific to their domain. This formulation resonates with process philosophy, particularly Whitehead's account of relational events rather than fixed substantial aggregates, while retaining relational composition and refusing the experiential occasions already set aside above (§3.1.3).

Such relational composition is not chaos conceived as absolute disorganisation, but a dynamic regime of material interactions. Some material reorganisations produce temporary patterns or torsions. A torsion becomes symbolically legible only when a capable system represents selected regularities through locally constituted symbols; a new inscription is required only when the system discriminates a new or previously unknown configuration and singularly inscribes it. Stability in a non-symbolic configuration requires no interpretation. These patterns may acquire substantial durability while remaining dependent on the conditions that sustain them. “Ephemeral” therefore means conditioned, not necessarily brief.

The distinction between teleological and emergent order concerns whether a pattern realises an end fixed in advance. A whirlpool offers one useful example of a real pattern sustained by ongoing flows, but not every order is brief, fluid, or centreless in the same sense. The example clarifies dependence on conditions; it does not supply a universal image of matter. A mountain, organism, institution, or concept involves different processes, yet the same basic mechanism of persistence applies: a dynamic equilibrium among relevant relations sustains an identifiable local order within determinate limits.

Stability is neither the universal natural state nor a universal exception. Regularities arise through different processes. Climate systems, ecosystems, organisms, and dissipative structures cannot be assimilated to one domain-specific process without evidence. Prigogine and Stengers show that some physical orders arise and persist under specified non-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984). Extending that physical model to every order would be an ontological proposal, not a conclusion licensed by thermodynamics. Fluctuation and collapse do not generate novelty by themselves. Operative excess applies where, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in an identifiable form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, and its attribution requires evidence appropriate to the regime.

Local order can coexist with variation and with processes described as disordered at another scale. Chaos is not a universal substance or a necessary condition of every order. The relevant task is to identify the interactions and material conditions that sustain the configuration under study. Morin's complex thought remains useful here insofar as it resists the simple opposition of order and disorder without turning either term into a new foundation.

Such a formulation rejects order as essence while retaining order as a state, pattern, or capacity to be explained. A local torsion points not towards an ideal totality but towards material relations that sustain a configuration under specified conditions. Inscription should be reserved for systems capable of discriminating and symbolising a difference.

Scale is not fixed. A molecular configuration lasting seconds and a galactic structure persisting for billions of years may both be conditioned material orders, but duration is not their only relevant difference; their mechanisms and perturbations also differ. Long duration does not convert order into a foundation, nor should it be dismissed as a mere pause.

Such torsion need not be directed by an agent or aimed at an end. It can arise through material conditions, tensions, and converging processes that sustain a pattern without a prior design. This is unplanned order. It counts as emergent order only if a reconfiguration made possible under operative excess occurs and produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation. Material consistency can therefore precede symbolic meaning and representation without every ordered configuration being emergent.

Duration can make recurrences available to a capable system, but duration does not itself produce inscription and is not a substance. Material form is a consistency sustained by relations; where a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a new capacity, that form is emergent. No antecedent plan is required, and no symbolic operation should be attributed to the material pattern before a capable system performs it.

Material configurations can display order before any system names them. Symbolic legibility is a further operation: a capable system selects a scale, discriminates recurrences, and relates symbols through which that order becomes describable. The description is situated and partial, but the material pattern is not created merely by being described. “Ephemeral torsion” therefore names a conditioned material configuration; its recognition as order belongs to a distinct symbolic operation.

Torsion is one figure of conditioned order: a material configuration without a prior plan and without a final guarantee. Its symbolic interpretation is a distinct operation that renders selected regularities intelligible. Material order need not be symbolic, and instability means absence of unconditional persistence rather than a real that never rests.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Section 3.3.1 rejected order as a universal principle placed before matter. This subsection provides the positive account that the rejection requires: order is a local, conditioned configuration within a field open to variation. Section 3.3.3 then develops material coupling as one mechanism through which specified capacities can be sustained, regulated, extended, or transformed.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
If order is neither a transcendent plan nor a permanent foundation, how can it still be real? The difficulty disappears once material consistency is distinguished from permanence. A whirlpool is real even though it depends on the flow that sustains it; an ecosystem is organised even though its organisation changes with its relations. Order can therefore persist without becoming necessary.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The figure of torsion names a local inflection that endures while its enabling conditions continue. “Ephemeral” refers to this dependence, not to chronological brevity: a pattern lasting seconds and one lasting millions of years can share the same ontological status. The distinction matters. Duration changes the scale of observation; it does not convert a conditioned configuration into a foundation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are torsion as a local inflection of material relations, dynamic equilibrium as the basic condition of persistence, ephemerality as absence of final guarantee, and scale as part of every claim about stability. Material coupling can sustain a torsion where the relevant causal criteria are met, but it is not the only possible mechanism of order. Symbolic legibility is a further operation: a material pattern may persist before a capable system represents selected regularities through symbols.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Use the concept by asking which relations sustain an apparently stable system, at what scale it is identified, through which domain-specific processes its dynamic equilibrium is maintained, and what change would alter that equilibrium. The exercise avoids two opposite errors. Conditional order is neither eternal nor unreal, and lack of a final guarantee does not imply that every configuration is fragile, volatile, or already dissolving.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>16qeea3nnnvjtxxxus23el9bbutnrt5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673295</id>
      <parentid>4673249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673295</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9429" sha1="gl09pfkd4obmkh6mjk5rcn8a5v7xiaz" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.2 – The Emergence of Order as an Ephemeral Torsion of the Unstable Field ==
A whirlpool, a crystal lattice, and a galaxy can all display order, although their mechanisms and durations differ. None requires a plan placed before the relations that sustain it. The problem is therefore not whether order is real, but how a configuration acquires consistency without turning that consistency into a universal principle.

Order, as conceived in this chapter, does not present itself as a transcendent instance or as a plan preceding matter. It arises as a local and conditioned effect of material relations. No material order carries a final guarantee of persistence: configurations remain dependent on conditions that can change, without this implying that matter is continuous agitation or that durable stability is unreal.

The image of pre-established harmony gives way here to a field in which local order and variation coexist. Stability is a conditioned interval rather than an unconditional foundation. A torsion names a local inflection of material relations that acquires consistency within determinate limits. Some torsions depend on material coupling; others may depend primarily on structural constraints or mechanisms specific to their domain. This formulation resonates with process philosophy, particularly Whitehead's account of relational events rather than fixed substantial aggregates, while retaining relational composition and refusing the experiential occasions already set aside above (§3.1.3).

Such relational composition is not chaos conceived as absolute disorganisation, but a dynamic regime of material interactions. Some material reorganisations produce temporary patterns or torsions. A torsion becomes symbolically legible only when a capable system represents selected regularities through locally constituted symbols; a new inscription is required only when the system discriminates a new or previously unknown configuration and singularly inscribes it. Stability in a non-symbolic configuration requires no interpretation. These patterns may acquire substantial durability while remaining dependent on the conditions that sustain them. “Ephemeral” therefore means conditioned, not necessarily brief.

The distinction between teleological and emergent order concerns whether a pattern realises an end fixed in advance. A whirlpool offers one useful example of a real pattern sustained by ongoing flows, but not every order is brief, fluid, or centreless in the same sense. The example clarifies dependence on conditions; it does not supply a universal image of matter. A mountain, organism, institution, or concept involves different processes, yet the same basic mechanism of persistence applies: a dynamic equilibrium among relevant relations sustains an identifiable local order within determinate limits.

Stability is neither the universal natural state nor a universal exception. Regularities arise through different processes. Climate systems, ecosystems, organisms, and dissipative structures cannot be assimilated to one domain-specific process without evidence. Prigogine and Stengers show that some physical orders arise and persist under specified non-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984). Extending that physical model to every order would be an ontological proposal, not a conclusion licensed by thermodynamics. Fluctuation and collapse do not generate novelty by themselves. Operative excess applies where, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in an identifiable form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, and its attribution requires evidence appropriate to the regime.

Local order can coexist with variation and with processes described as disordered at another scale. Chaos is not a universal substance or a necessary condition of every order. The relevant task is to identify the interactions and material conditions that sustain the configuration under study. Morin's complex thought remains useful here insofar as it resists the simple opposition of order and disorder without turning either term into a new foundation.

Such a formulation rejects order as essence while retaining order as a state, pattern, or capacity to be explained. A local torsion points not towards an ideal totality but towards material relations that sustain a configuration under specified conditions. Inscription should be reserved for systems capable of discriminating and symbolising a difference.

The scale selected for analysis is not fixed. A molecular configuration represented as lasting seconds and a galactic structure represented as persisting for billions of years may both be conditioned material orders, but duration is not their only relevant difference; their mechanisms and perturbations also differ. Long duration does not convert order into a foundation, nor should it be dismissed as a mere pause.

Such torsion need not be directed by an agent or aimed at an end. It can arise through material conditions, tensions, and converging processes that sustain a pattern without a prior design. This is unplanned order. It counts as emergent order only if a reconfiguration made possible under operative excess occurs and produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation. Material consistency can therefore precede symbolic meaning and representation without every ordered configuration being emergent.

Duration can make recurrences available to a capable system, but duration does not itself produce inscription and is not a substance. Material form is a consistency sustained by relations; where a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a new capacity, that form is emergent. No antecedent plan is required, and no symbolic operation should be attributed to the material pattern before a capable system performs it.

Material configurations can display order before any system names them. Symbolic legibility is a further operation: a capable system selects a scale, discriminates recurrences, and relates symbols through which that order becomes describable. The description is situated and partial, but the material pattern is not created merely by being described. “Ephemeral torsion” therefore names a conditioned material configuration; its recognition as order belongs to a distinct symbolic operation.

Torsion is one figure of conditioned order: a material configuration without a prior plan and without a final guarantee. Its symbolic interpretation is a distinct operation that renders selected regularities intelligible. Material order need not be symbolic, and instability means absence of unconditional persistence rather than a real that never rests.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Section 3.3.1 rejected order as a universal principle placed before matter. This subsection provides the positive account that the rejection requires: order is a local, conditioned configuration within a field open to variation. Section 3.3.3 then develops material coupling as one mechanism through which specified capacities can be sustained, regulated, extended, or transformed.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
If order is neither a transcendent plan nor a permanent foundation, how can it still be real? The difficulty disappears once material consistency is distinguished from permanence. A whirlpool is real even though it depends on the flow that sustains it; an ecosystem is organised even though its organisation changes with its relations. Order can therefore persist without becoming necessary.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The figure of torsion names a local inflection that endures while its enabling conditions continue. “Ephemeral” refers to this dependence, not to brevity in measured time: a pattern represented as lasting seconds and one represented as lasting millions of years can share the same conditioned ontological status. The distinction matters. Duration is the persistence of material processes independently of measurement; it does not convert a conditioned configuration into a foundation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are torsion as a local inflection of material relations, dynamic equilibrium as the basic condition of persistence, ephemerality as absence of final guarantee, and scale as part of every claim about stability. Material coupling can sustain a torsion where the relevant causal criteria are met, but it is not the only possible mechanism of order. Symbolic legibility is a further operation: a material pattern may persist before a capable system represents selected regularities through symbols.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Use the concept by asking which relations sustain an apparently stable system, at what scale it is identified, through which domain-specific processes its dynamic equilibrium is maintained, and what change would alter that equilibrium. The exercise avoids two opposite errors. Conditional order is neither eternal nor unreal, and lack of a final guarantee does not imply that every configuration is fragile, volatile, or already dissolving.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>gl09pfkd4obmkh6mjk5rcn8a5v7xiaz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673147</id>
      <parentid>4671454</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673147</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9445" sha1="d8fkunuhhg9xfigiuury9yw0cor699i" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.3 – Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling ==

The analysis now shifts from the appearance of order to mechanisms that sustain capacities. Functional coupling occurs when two or more materially organised processes constrain or enable one another in a way that makes an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions.

=== Defining Functional Coupling ===

Functional coupling is not interaction in the generic sense: not every material process that affects another constitutes a coupling. It occurs when two or more materially organised processes are related so that their exchanges, constraints, or mutual effects make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions. The contribution need not be symmetrical, and the coupling need not produce a new capacity. It may sustain, regulate, extend, or transform one. A claim of coupling must therefore identify the processes, the material relation between them, the capacity at issue, the relevant scale, and the counterfactual effect expected if the relation were interrupted or altered.

Some couplings participate in emergence. This stronger claim requires more than the existence of interaction. Operative excess must be established by an explicit criterion showing that the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. A materially conditioned reconfiguration must then occur, and a new capacity must become effective at an operational threshold. Functional coupling can be part of that reconfiguration, but it is not synonymous with operative excess, threshold-crossing, or emergence.

Consider a concrete example at the biological scale. The evolutionary history of mitochondria is explained through endosymbiosis: ancestral organisms entered a relation that became an integrated cellular organisation (Margulis 1970, 45). Present eukaryotic cells depend on coordinated processes distributed across mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, membranes, metabolic pathways, and transport mechanisms. The relevant functional coupling is not a vague assertion that the whole exceeds its parts. It is the demonstrable contribution of these connected processes to specified cellular capacities, together with the changes produced when a relation is interrupted.

At the social scale, a legal system depends on enforcement institutions, economic relations, cultural norms, and technologies of inscription. These elements contribute differently to capacities for processing claims, coordinating decisions, and implementing remedies. Altering one component may reorganise a capacity, be absorbed by redundancy, or make little difference; the counterfactual effect must be investigated rather than presumed.

=== Coupling, Not Contingency ===

Order is neither unconditioned nor arbitrary. A coupling can be robust across a range of perturbations, replaceable through another route, or fragile. Locality specifies the conditions and scale of the claim; contingency denies metaphysical necessity; causal dependence identifies what follows under the actual organisation. “Locally necessary” should be used only where the relevant mechanism supports that modal claim, not as a general definition of coupling.

Conditional and scale-bound knowledge can support prediction and practice without claiming a final ontology. This point does not deny the role of general laws in engineering or science. It requires each inference to state the conditions under which the relevant coupling and regularity hold.

=== Coupling and Thermodynamics ===

Some stabilities result from recurrent flows and mutual modulation; others depend primarily on structural arrangement. Thermodynamics supplies indispensable models for physical systems within its domain, but it is not a universal template for legal, linguistic, or symbolic order.

The second law constrains entropy change under precisely defined conditions; “disorder” is at best an informal gloss. An isolated system is an idealisation used in physical modelling, not a claim that every operative system is open in the same way. Prigogine's dissipative structures show how some far-from-equilibrium systems sustain ordered patterns through energy and matter flows (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). Functional coupling can organise the relevance of these relations without replacing their physical explanation.

Functional coupling can be investigated across domains, but its mechanisms remain domain-specific. Chemical autocatalysis, biological symbiosis, neural synchronisation, linguistic convention, and institutional practice are not one process. Each claim must identify the coupled processes, connecting exchanges or constraints, the capacity sustained, the relevant scale, and the expected effect of interruption.

=== From Essence to Ecology ===

This conception enters into dialogue with Simondon's account of individuation within a metastable milieu. Coupling never occurs without a substrate: it is realised through bodies, membranes, chemical gradients, documents, machines, signals, buildings, or other concrete media. The present argument refuses only to convert that substrate into a formal entity or a reservoir containing the coupled capacity in advance.

Duration must be distinguished from ontological foundation. The persistence of an organised structure does not imply essentiality. Where functional coupling is claimed, duration shows only that the relevant relations continued to sustain the specified capacity under those conditions. Other forms of stability may depend primarily on structural arrangements and require a different causal account.

Consequently, the centre of philosophical analysis shifts from presumed essence to the conditions and relations that sustain a capacity. The question “what does this order do, and what does it allow to be done?” supplements rather than abolishes the question of composition. Where order depends on functional coupling, analysis traces the compatibility of the participating processes and tests how changes in their relations alter the capacity. It should not assume that every local order has one coupling or that every interruption produces immediate dissolution.

Order does not ground the real; specified material relations sustain a local order. A coupling can acquire functional consistency and later become symbolically visible. Material order may exist without naming, and a stable configuration need not be volatile or fragile even though its persistence carries no final guarantee.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection introduces one of the OEC's principal analytical concepts: functional coupling. It follows the account of local order in §§3.3.1–3.3.2 by specifying how relations among materially organised processes can sustain, regulate, extend, transform, or, in some cases, help produce a capacity. It is one mechanism of order, not a universal replacement for every domain-specific causal explanation.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is how to describe organised wholes without appealing to a prior plan, a designer, or a teleological principle. Functional coupling identifies the local compatibility through which heterogeneous organisations affect and sustain one another under specific constraints. No appeal to chance alone or to an invisible coordinator is required.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Functional coupling is local because it relates determinate processes, at a stated scale, under determinate conditions. The relation must make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity, and that contribution should support a counterfactual expectation about what would change if the relation were interrupted or altered. Some couplings participate in the emergence of capacities unavailable to the components in isolation; others sustain or regulate an existing organisation. Interaction alone establishes neither claim.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are the coupled processes, the material exchanges or constraints connecting them, the specified capacity, the scale and conditions of the claim, and counterfactual relevance. Function refers to a demonstrated contribution to a capacity, not to a pre-written purpose. Functional coupling must also be separated from operative excess and emergence: a coupling may exist without excess; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; and an emergent case requires that a materially conditioned reconfiguration occur and make a new capacity effective at an operational threshold.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This concept recurs throughout the book, but it must be demonstrated rather than applied by analogy alone. In a biological, technical, symbolic, or institutional case, readers should identify the processes, the connecting relation, the capacity sustained, the relevant conditions, and the expected result of interruption. A crystal lattice, a metabolic cycle, and a court procedure may all exhibit order, but they do not thereby instantiate one mechanism. The comparison becomes rigorous only when the relevant causal organisation is specified.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>d8fkunuhhg9xfigiuury9yw0cor699i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673216</id>
      <parentid>4673147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673216</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9561" sha1="8irxw4frr2c4nyk7vztd225idzjaigp" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.3 – Order as an Effect of Material Coupling ==

The analysis now shifts from the appearance of order to mechanisms that sustain capacities. Material coupling occurs when two or more materially organised processes constrain or enable one another in a way that makes an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions.

=== Defining Material Coupling ===

Material coupling is not interaction in the generic sense: not every material process that affects another constitutes a coupling. It occurs when two or more materially organised processes are related so that their exchanges, constraints, or mutual effects make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions. The contribution need not be symmetrical, and the coupling need not produce a new capacity. It may sustain, regulate, extend, or transform one. A claim of coupling must therefore identify the processes, the material relation between them, the capacity at issue, the relevant scale, and the counterfactual effect expected if the relation were interrupted or altered.

Some couplings participate in emergence. This stronger claim requires more than the existence of interaction. Operative excess must be established by an explicit criterion showing that the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. A materially conditioned reconfiguration must then occur, and a new capacity must become effective at an operational threshold. Material coupling can be part of that reconfiguration, but it is not synonymous with operative excess, threshold-crossing, or emergence.

Consider a concrete example at the biological scale. The evolutionary history of mitochondria is explained through endosymbiosis: ancestral organisms entered a relation that became an integrated cellular organisation (Margulis 1970, 45). Present eukaryotic cells depend on coordinated processes distributed across mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, membranes, metabolic pathways, and transport mechanisms. The relevant material coupling is not a vague assertion that the whole exceeds its parts. It is the demonstrable contribution of these connected processes to specified cellular capacities, together with the changes produced when a relation is interrupted.

At the social scale, a legal system depends on enforcement institutions, economic relations, cultural norms, and technologies of inscription. These elements contribute differently to capacities for processing claims, coordinating decisions, and implementing remedies. Altering one component may reorganise a capacity, be absorbed by redundancy, or make little difference; the counterfactual effect must be investigated rather than presumed.

=== Coupling, Not Contingency ===

Order is neither unconditioned nor arbitrary. A coupling can be robust across a range of perturbations, replaceable through another route, or fragile. Locality specifies the conditions and scale of the claim; contingency denies metaphysical necessity; causal dependence identifies what follows under the actual organisation. “Locally necessary” should be used only where the relevant mechanism supports that modal claim, not as a general definition of coupling.

Conditional and scale-bound knowledge can support prediction and practice without claiming a final ontology. This point does not deny the role of general laws in engineering or science. It requires each inference to state the conditions under which the relevant coupling and regularity hold.

=== Coupling and Thermodynamics ===

Some stabilities result from recurrent flows and mutual modulation; others depend primarily on structural arrangement. Thermodynamics supplies indispensable models for physical systems within its domain, but it is not a universal template for legal, linguistic, or symbolic order.

The second law constrains entropy change under precisely defined conditions; “disorder” is at best an informal gloss. An isolated system is an idealisation used in physical modelling, not a claim that every operative system is open in the same way. Prigogine's dissipative structures show how some far-from-equilibrium systems sustain ordered patterns through energy and matter flows (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). Material coupling can organise the relevance of these relations without replacing their physical explanation.

Material coupling can be investigated across domains, but its mechanisms remain domain-specific. Chemical autocatalysis, biological symbiosis, neural synchronisation, linguistic convention, and institutional practice are not one process. Each claim must identify the coupled processes, connecting exchanges or constraints, the capacity sustained, the relevant scale, and the expected effect of interruption.

=== From Essence to Ecology ===

This conception enters into dialogue with Simondon's account of individuation within a metastable milieu. Coupling never occurs without a substrate: it is realised through bodies, membranes, chemical gradients, documents, machines, signals, buildings, or other concrete media. The present argument refuses only to convert that substrate into a formal entity or a reservoir containing the coupled capacity in advance.

Duration must be distinguished from ontological foundation. The persistence of an organised structure does not imply essentiality. Where material coupling is claimed, duration shows only that the relevant relations continued to sustain the specified capacity under those conditions. Other forms of stability may depend primarily on structural arrangements and require a different causal account.

Consequently, the centre of philosophical analysis shifts from presumed essence to the conditions and relations that sustain a capacity. The question “what does this order do, and what does it allow to be done?” supplements rather than abolishes the question of composition. Where order depends on material coupling, analysis traces the compatibility of the participating processes and tests how changes in their relations alter the capacity. It should not assume that every local order has one coupling or that every interruption produces immediate dissolution.

Order does not ground the real; specified material relations sustain a local order. A coupling can acquire material consistency and later become symbolically visible. Material order may exist without naming, and a stable configuration need not be volatile or fragile even though its persistence carries no final guarantee.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection introduces one of the OEC's principal analytical concepts: material coupling. It follows the account of local order in §§3.3.1–3.3.2 by specifying how relations among materially organised processes can sustain, regulate, extend, transform, or, in some cases, help produce a capacity. It is one mechanism of order, not a universal replacement for every domain-specific causal explanation.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is how to describe organised wholes without appealing to a prior plan, a designer, or a teleological principle. Material coupling identifies the local compatibility through which heterogeneous organisations affect and sustain one another under specific constraints. No appeal to chance alone or to an invisible coordinator is required.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Material coupling is local because it relates determinate processes, at a stated scale, under determinate conditions. The relation must make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity, and that contribution should support a counterfactual expectation about what would change if the relation were interrupted or altered. Some couplings participate in the emergence of capacities unavailable to the components in isolation; others sustain or regulate an existing organisation. Interaction alone establishes neither claim.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are the coupled processes, the material exchanges or constraints connecting them, the specified capacity, the scale and conditions of the claim, and counterfactual relevance. A material coupling is demonstrated through the contribution of the coupled processes to a capacity and through the effects of altering their relation. That contribution is a material effect, not an intrinsic function or a pre-written purpose. A function is constituted only when a symbolic system assigns such a role within a delimited configuration. Material coupling must also be separated from operative excess and emergence: a coupling may exist without excess, while an emergent case requires reorganisation under excess and a new capacity at a demonstrated threshold.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This concept recurs throughout the book, but it must be demonstrated rather than applied by analogy alone. In a biological, technical, symbolic, or institutional case, readers should identify the processes, the connecting relation, the capacity sustained, the relevant conditions, and the expected result of interruption. A crystal lattice, a metabolic cycle, and a court procedure may all exhibit order, but they do not thereby instantiate one mechanism. The comparison becomes rigorous only when the relevant causal organisation is specified.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>8irxw4frr2c4nyk7vztd225idzjaigp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673250</id>
      <parentid>4673216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:57:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673250</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9556" sha1="pqunq5tk07urp6srtrh7r0pw6rd1ujy" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.3 – Order as an Effect of Material Coupling ==

The analysis now shifts from the appearance of order to mechanisms that sustain capacities. Material coupling occurs when two or more materially organised processes constrain or enable one another in a way that makes an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions.

=== Defining Material Coupling ===

Material coupling is not interaction in the generic sense: not every material process that affects another constitutes a coupling. It occurs when two or more materially organised processes are related so that their exchanges, constraints, or mutual effects make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions. The contribution need not be symmetrical, and the coupling need not produce a new capacity. It may sustain, regulate, extend, or transform one. A claim of coupling must therefore identify the processes, the material relation between them, the capacity at issue, the relevant scale, and the counterfactual effect expected if the relation were interrupted or altered.

Some couplings participate in emergence. This stronger claim requires more than the existence of interaction. Operative excess must be established by an explicit criterion showing that the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. A materially conditioned reconfiguration must then occur and produce a new capacity. Material coupling can be part of that reconfiguration, but it is not synonymous with operative excess, reconfiguration, or emergence.

Consider a concrete example at the biological scale. The evolutionary history of mitochondria is explained through endosymbiosis: ancestral organisms entered a relation that became an integrated cellular organisation (Margulis 1970, 45). Present eukaryotic cells depend on coordinated processes distributed across mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, membranes, metabolic pathways, and transport mechanisms. The relevant material coupling is not a vague assertion that the whole exceeds its parts. It is the demonstrable contribution of these connected processes to specified cellular capacities, together with the changes produced when a relation is interrupted.

At the social scale, a legal system depends on enforcement institutions, economic relations, cultural norms, and technologies of inscription. These elements contribute differently to capacities for processing claims, coordinating decisions, and implementing remedies. Altering one component may reorganise a capacity, be absorbed by redundancy, or make little difference; the counterfactual effect must be investigated rather than presumed.

=== Coupling, Not Contingency ===

Order is neither unconditioned nor arbitrary. A coupling can be robust across a range of perturbations, replaceable through another route, or fragile. Locality specifies the conditions and scale of the claim; contingency denies metaphysical necessity; causal dependence identifies what follows under the actual organisation. “Locally necessary” should be used only where the relevant mechanism supports that modal claim, not as a general definition of coupling.

Conditional and scale-bound knowledge can support prediction and practice without claiming a final ontology. This point does not deny the role of general laws in engineering or science. It requires each inference to state the conditions under which the relevant coupling and regularity hold.

=== Coupling and Thermodynamics ===

Some stabilities result from recurrent flows and mutual modulation; others depend primarily on structural arrangement. Thermodynamics supplies indispensable models for physical systems within its domain, but it is not a universal template for legal, linguistic, or symbolic order.

The second law constrains entropy change under precisely defined conditions; “disorder” is at best an informal gloss. An isolated system is an idealisation used in physical modelling, not a claim that every operative system is open in the same way. Prigogine's dissipative structures show how some far-from-equilibrium systems sustain ordered patterns through energy and matter flows (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). Material coupling can organise the relevance of these relations without replacing their physical explanation.

Material coupling can be investigated across domains, but its mechanisms remain domain-specific. Chemical autocatalysis, biological symbiosis, neural synchronisation, linguistic convention, and institutional practice are not one process. Each claim must identify the coupled processes, connecting exchanges or constraints, the capacity sustained, the relevant scale, and the expected effect of interruption.

=== From Essence to Ecology ===

This conception enters into dialogue with Simondon's account of individuation within a metastable milieu. Coupling never occurs without a substrate: it is realised through bodies, membranes, chemical gradients, documents, machines, signals, buildings, or other concrete media. The present argument refuses only to convert that substrate into a formal entity or a reservoir containing the coupled capacity in advance.

Duration must be distinguished from ontological foundation. The persistence of an organised structure does not imply essentiality. Where material coupling is claimed, duration shows only that the relevant relations continued to sustain the specified capacity under those conditions. Other forms of stability may depend primarily on structural arrangements and require a different causal account.

Consequently, the centre of philosophical analysis shifts from presumed essence to the conditions and relations that sustain a capacity. The question “what does this order do, and what does it allow to be done?” supplements rather than abolishes the question of composition. Where order depends on material coupling, analysis traces the compatibility of the participating processes and tests how changes in their relations alter the capacity. It should not assume that every local order has one coupling or that every interruption produces immediate dissolution.

Order does not ground the real; specified material relations sustain a local order. A coupling can acquire material consistency and later become symbolically visible. Material order may exist without naming, and a stable configuration need not be volatile or fragile even though its persistence carries no final guarantee.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection introduces one of the OEC's principal analytical concepts: material coupling. It follows the account of local order in §§3.3.1–3.3.2 by specifying how relations among materially organised processes can sustain, regulate, extend, transform, or, in some cases, help produce a capacity. It is one mechanism of order, not a universal replacement for every domain-specific causal explanation.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is how to describe organised wholes without appealing to a prior plan, a designer, or a teleological principle. Material coupling identifies the local compatibility through which heterogeneous organisations affect and sustain one another under specific constraints. No appeal to chance alone or to an invisible coordinator is required.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Material coupling is local because it relates determinate processes, at a stated scale, under determinate conditions. The relation must make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity, and that contribution should support a counterfactual expectation about what would change if the relation were interrupted or altered. Some couplings participate in the emergence of capacities unavailable to the components in isolation; others sustain or regulate an existing organisation. Interaction alone establishes neither claim.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are the coupled processes, the material exchanges or constraints connecting them, the specified capacity, the scale and conditions of the claim, and counterfactual relevance. A material coupling is demonstrated through the contribution of the coupled processes to a capacity and through the effects of altering their relation. That contribution is a material effect, not an intrinsic function or a pre-written purpose. A function is constituted only when a symbolic system assigns such a role within a delimited configuration. Material coupling must also be separated from operative excess and emergence: a coupling may exist without excess, while an emergent case requires reorganisation under excess and a new property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This concept recurs throughout the book, but it must be demonstrated rather than applied by analogy alone. In a biological, technical, symbolic, or institutional case, readers should identify the processes, the connecting relation, the capacity sustained, the relevant conditions, and the expected result of interruption. A crystal lattice, a metabolic cycle, and a court procedure may all exhibit order, but they do not thereby instantiate one mechanism. The comparison becomes rigorous only when the relevant causal organisation is specified.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>pqunq5tk07urp6srtrh7r0pw6rd1ujy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/IV - The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673217</id>
      <parentid>4671457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673217</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9101" sha1="1skiwulrkwxiu8hgz0hyckbj85mn5oj" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.4 – The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination ==
When we speak of origin, we often imagine a point: an inaugural instant, primal scene, or instituting rupture. What is affirmed as origin is usually what has survived long enough to be recognised and narrated as such. The designation of an origin is always a reading; material processes can nonetheless have real beginnings, causes, and earliest documented stages.

This operation becomes illusory when the selected point is treated as a complete foundation. The gesture of naming a beginning can stabilise the field in which that gesture becomes intelligible. Only with sufficient symbolic consistency can a system look back and say, “it began here”; the narrative does not capture reality as a whole but reorganises selected events into an intelligible beginning.

Many material emergences occur without symbolic nomination. Others, including linguistic and institutional novelties, arise within fields that are already symbolic. In both cases, the event and its later designation as an origin must be distinguished. A field can reorganise without representing that reorganisation as a beginning. Simondon's account of individuation helps explain how form can arise from metastable tensions rather than a sovereign centre, while the present argument refuses to convert the pre-individual into a reserve of ready-made outcomes (Simondon 2005, 47).

Merleau-Ponty's account of embodied perception rejects an unconditioned originary vision in favour of situated involvement in an already inhabited world (Merleau-Ponty 1964a, 13). Whitehead's notions of nexus and concrescence likewise offer a relational alternative to an absolute rupture (Whitehead [1929] 1978, 33). The OEC retains the importance of relational composition without adopting the experiential character Whitehead assigns to actual occasions. These resources do not show that beginnings are unreal; they show why a beginning need not function as a self-sufficient foundation.

The same distinction applies to the acquisition of language. No child knows the instant they began to speak; repeated sounds, embodied interaction, imitation, and social recognition form a gradual process. The later designation of a “first word” selects one moment from material and social beginnings that were real but not reducible to that label.

Heidegger's use of ''Ur-sprung'' seeks an origin understood as a leap into provenance rather than as an ordinary efficient cause (Heidegger 2002, 41). The present framework does not assimilate that project to a simple first cause. Its narrower disagreement concerns the explanatory privilege of originary disclosure. Material processes may have beginnings and causes without an inaugural revelation that grants them their truth; some are later narrated as starting points only after a configuration has stabilised.

Such post-nomination is not neutral. To name an origin can establish a regime of inclusion and exclusion, especially when the designation acquires legal, political, or epistemic authority. A founding narrative delimits what will be told and what will be forgotten. Origin is therefore not simply an ontological given; it is also a strategy of legibility. When a constitution proclaims itself “foundational,” a national narrative declares where everything began, or a racial theory claims an identity origin, the selection may silence alternatives and convert difference into hierarchy.

Origin can therefore function as a normative device: a founding designation may legitimate what comes after, select what will be remembered, and marginalise what resists the authorised order. Naming always selects aspects of a field, but selection is not automatically wrongful exclusion. The ethical and political question arises when that selection suppresses relevant events, affected positions, or alternative lineages and then presents its partial account as the whole (Nancy 1991, 112; Agamben [1998] 1999, 86).

Events and relations excluded from a dominant narrative do not necessarily leave a record. Where material traces, testimonies, or other records persist, however, they may permit a symbolic system to revise the account and make previously excluded differences legible. The field of the actual exceeds what any one symbolic regime names. A city that rebuilds after catastrophe — through improvised streets, changing flows, and uncharted zones — may have several material beginnings without one sovereign architectural origin; its reconstruction depends on multiple relations. A later plan and the name “reconstruction” organise selected processes without exhausting what initiated or sustained them.

When “origin” is used, three different claims can be conflated: a material beginning, the earliest event documented by an inquiry, and a later symbolic designation that grants one event a founding function. Material processes can have real beginnings, causes, and earliest documented stages. The critique developed here concerns the third claim: a present order selects part of its history and narrates it as the source that already contained what followed.

The risk lies in treating every kind of origin as retrospective. Material beginnings are not created by narration. What is retrospective is the investment of a selected beginning with the power to found, legitimate, or explain the whole present order. A documented first event can be evidentially warranted without becoming a complete foundation.

As Foucault argues, genealogies show that what appears necessary was contingent (Foucault 1977b, 145). The present analysis adds that what appears inaugural may be what persisted and continued to be recognised as such. A retrospectively designated origin is a symbolic reference that a system reproduces after the relevant events have dispersed.

The retrospective designation of origin is not merely an error; it can perform a function by coordinating memory, explanation, and action. If it is treated as absolute truth, however, a useful symbolic selection becomes enclosure. Thought must therefore remain alert to the risk of mistaking a surviving record or residue for a complete foundation, a name for a principle, or a narrative for reality.

Material processes begin, but the real as a whole need not possess one founding origin. A symbolic order can select, preserve, and reproduce a beginning as though it contained the later field. The event remains real; the founding function is a situated operation of narration.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
After §3.3.3 specified material coupling as one mechanism that can sustain capacities, this subsection examines how a present symbolic order can organise its history. A selected beginning may be granted a founding function and made to appear as though it already contained or legitimated the later configuration.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
Why does an established order look inevitable? Persistence supplies the present with a privileged viewpoint: events that contributed to the surviving configuration are selected as its history, while abandoned paths recede from view. Sequence is not destiny. The origin-story nevertheless presents contingency as necessity.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Post-nomination does not create the material organisation that it names. Three claims must be separated: a material beginning, the earliest event documented by an inquiry, and the retrospective designation that grants one event a founding function. The relevant distinction is therefore not simply between event and origin, but among processes that occur, records that can be evidentially warranted, and beginnings subsequently authorised by a narrative.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
Retrospective illusion converts a selected beginning into necessity or foundation. Post-nomination consolidates a present configuration by giving it a name and a lineage. Symbolic selection determines which events count as precursors and can exclude alternative relations or affected positions. Such exclusion may leave traces and records, but it does not do so automatically. None of these operations should be confused with singular inscription, which co-constitutes a mark and its first symbol when a new difference is recognised and inscribed.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Test an origin-story — a nation, an institution, or even a remembered “first word” — by separating three layers: the material processes and possible beginnings, the evidence for the earliest documented event, and the later point selected for a founding function. Then ask which alternatives are omitted and whether the omission has explanatory, ethical, or political consequences. The aim is not to abolish historical narration, but to prevent a useful and partial narrative from masquerading as an ontological foundation.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>1skiwulrkwxiu8hgz0hyckbj85mn5oj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673296</id>
      <parentid>4673217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673296</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9247" sha1="fe0zj3a080z45883xuvwd2v2citjirn" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.4 – The Retrospective Illusion of Origin: Order as Post-Nomination ==
When we speak of origin, we often imagine a point: an inaugural instant, primal scene, or instituting rupture. What is affirmed as origin is usually what has survived long enough to be recognised and narrated as such. The designation of an origin is always a reading; material processes can nonetheless have real beginnings, causes, and earliest documented stages.

This operation becomes illusory when the selected point is treated as a complete foundation. The gesture of naming a beginning can stabilise the field in which that gesture becomes intelligible. Only with sufficient symbolic consistency can a system look back and say, “it began here”; the narrative does not capture reality as a whole but reorganises selected events into an intelligible beginning.

Many material emergences occur without symbolic nomination. Others, including linguistic and institutional novelties, arise within fields that are already symbolic. In both cases, the event and its later designation as an origin must be distinguished. A field can reorganise without representing that reorganisation as a beginning. Simondon's account of individuation helps explain how form can arise from metastable tensions rather than a sovereign centre, while the present argument refuses to convert the pre-individual into a reserve of ready-made outcomes (Simondon 2005, 47).

Merleau-Ponty's account of embodied perception rejects an unconditioned originary vision in favour of situated involvement in an already inhabited world (Merleau-Ponty 1964a, 13). Whitehead's notions of nexus and concrescence likewise offer a relational alternative to an absolute rupture (Whitehead [1929] 1978, 33). The OEC retains the importance of relational composition without adopting the experiential character Whitehead assigns to actual occasions. These resources do not show that beginnings are unreal; they show why a beginning need not function as a self-sufficient foundation.

The same distinction applies to the acquisition of language. No child knows the instant they began to speak; repeated sounds, embodied interaction, imitation, and social recognition form a gradual process. The later designation of a “first word” selects one moment from material and social beginnings that were real but not reducible to that label.

Heidegger's use of ''Ur-sprung'' seeks an origin understood as a leap into provenance rather than as an ordinary efficient cause (Heidegger 2002, 41). The present framework does not assimilate that project to a simple first cause. Its narrower disagreement concerns the explanatory privilege of originary disclosure. Material processes may have beginnings and causes without an inaugural revelation that grants them their truth; some are later narrated as starting points only after a configuration has stabilised.

Such post-nomination is not neutral. To name an origin can establish a regime of inclusion and exclusion, especially when the designation acquires legal, political, or epistemic authority. A founding narrative delimits what will be told and what will be forgotten. Origin is therefore not simply an ontological given; it is also a strategy of legibility. When a constitution proclaims itself “foundational,” a national narrative declares where everything began, or a racial theory claims an identity origin, the selection may silence alternatives and convert difference into hierarchy.

Origin can therefore function as a normative device: a founding designation may legitimate what comes after, select what will be remembered, and marginalise what resists the authorised order. Naming always selects aspects of a field, but selection is not automatically wrongful exclusion. The ethical and political question arises when that selection suppresses relevant events, affected positions, or alternative lineages and then presents its partial account as the whole (Nancy 1991, 112; Agamben [1998] 1999, 86).

Events and relations excluded from a dominant narrative do not necessarily leave a record. Where material remnants, testimonies, or records persist, however, they may permit a symbolic system to revise the account and make previously excluded differences legible. These remnants are not automatically traces in the OEC's technical sense. The field of the actual exceeds what any one symbolic regime names. A city that rebuilds after catastrophe — through improvised streets, changing flows, and uncharted zones — may have several material beginnings without one sovereign architectural origin; its reconstruction depends on multiple relations. A later plan and the name “reconstruction” organise selected processes without exhausting what initiated or sustained them.

When “origin” is used, three different claims can be conflated: a material beginning, the earliest event documented by an inquiry, and a later symbolic designation that grants one event a founding function. Material processes can have real beginnings, causes, and earliest documented stages. The critique developed here concerns the third claim: a present order selects part of its history and narrates it as the source that already contained what followed.

The risk lies in treating every kind of origin as retrospective. Material beginnings are not created by narration. What is retrospective is the investment of a selected beginning with the power to found, legitimate, or explain the whole present order. A documented first event can be evidentially warranted without becoming a complete foundation.

As Foucault argues, genealogies show that what appears necessary was contingent (Foucault 1977b, 145). The present analysis adds that what appears inaugural may be what persisted and continued to be recognised as such. A retrospectively designated origin is a symbolic reference that a system reproduces after the relevant events have dispersed.

The retrospective designation of origin is not merely an error; it can perform a function by coordinating memory, explanation, and action. If it is treated as absolute truth, however, a useful symbolic selection becomes enclosure. Thought must therefore remain alert to the risk of mistaking a surviving record or residue for a complete foundation, a name for a principle, or a narrative for reality.

Material processes begin, but the real as a whole need not possess one founding origin. A symbolic order can select, preserve, and reproduce a beginning as though it contained the later field. The event remains real; the founding function is a situated operation of narration.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
After §3.3.3 specified material coupling as one mechanism that can sustain capacities, this subsection examines how a present symbolic order can organise its history. A selected beginning may be granted a founding function and made to appear as though it already contained or legitimated the later configuration.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
Why does an established order look inevitable? Persistence supplies the present with a privileged viewpoint: events that contributed to the surviving configuration are selected as its history, while abandoned paths recede from view. Sequence is not destiny. The origin-story nevertheless presents contingency as necessity.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Post-nomination does not create the material organisation that it names. Three claims must be separated: a material beginning, the earliest event documented by an inquiry, and the retrospective designation that grants one event a founding function. The relevant distinction is therefore not simply between event and origin, but among processes that occur, records that can be evidentially warranted, and beginnings subsequently authorised by a narrative.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
Retrospective illusion converts a selected beginning into necessity or foundation. Post-nomination consolidates a present configuration by giving it a name and a lineage. Symbolic selection determines which events count as precursors and can exclude alternative relations or affected positions. Such exclusion may leave material modifications or records, but neither is automatically a trace in the OEC's technical sense. These operations should also be distinguished from singular inscription, which recognises the difference manifested by a trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Test an origin-story — a nation, an institution, or even a remembered “first word” — by separating three layers: the material processes and possible beginnings, the evidence for the earliest documented event, and the later point selected for a founding function. Then ask which alternatives are omitted and whether the omission has explanatory, ethical, or political consequences. The aim is not to abolish historical narration, but to prevent a useful and partial narrative from masquerading as an ontological foundation.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>fe0zj3a080z45883xuvwd2v2citjirn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/V - Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673218</id>
      <parentid>4671470</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10547" sha1="6j34hkhjhqnjk6epxpoj18jmvz6c4u6" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.5 – Order as a Symbolic Gesture Without an Author ==

Material organisation can persist without being named. This section concerns the narrower phenomenon of symbolic orders through which a system classifies, coordinates, and reproduces selected material relations. No symbolic order explains itself. A legal, linguistic, epistemic, or institutional order can present its categories as natural even though they arose through historically contingent material and symbolic operations. Successive revisions can make those operations difficult to recover. In this restricted sense, the order conceals its genealogy as it reproduces its criteria of legibility (Derrida 1996, 17).

The task is not to dissolve material order into symbolic interpretation. It is to restore symbolically articulated order to its status as a belated and revisable gesture, often without a single author or origin. A symbolic order is an artefact posterior to many of the material relations it classifies. Its danger lies in presenting a situated regime of legibility as the natural or complete structure of the real.

Foucault's analyses of archives, epistemes, and relations between knowledge and power show how historically specific rules and institutions condition which statements can circulate as true, rational, or valid (Foucault 1972, 135). This does not make truth reducible to power or every epistemic order the product of one legislator. It shows that a regime of knowledge has material, technical, and political conditions whose distributed production can be obscured when its criteria appear neutral or timeless.

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity extends this inquiry while preserving a distinction that discursivist readings can obscure. Material structures and regularities may exist without symbolic legibility. A symbolic order is the further, materially realised organisation through which a capable system classifies, relates, communicates, or regulates selected aspects of them. The framework therefore does not reject structure or form as such. It rejects their conversion into self-grounding or exhaustive principles and asks which material and symbolic operations produce and maintain each order.

Simondon provides an important resource by treating individuation as a process within metastable conditions rather than beginning from a fully constituted individual (Simondon 2009, 6). Metastability does not mean that every system continuously reorganises or that durable order is unreal. It identifies an organisation whose consistency does not exhaust the tensions and possible transformations of the system. The OEC retains this attention to conditioned persistence while declining to generalise one mechanism to every domain: material organisation may persist without being named, whereas symbolic order requires systems that sustain and reproduce forms of legibility.

The question then is not only “where does order come from?”, but “how does a material organisation become symbolically legible to a particular system, and with what effects?”. Symbolic order is not the precondition of material intelligibility written into the real. It arises where a capable system can recognise occurrences through symbols, relate those symbols, and sustain the public signs, practices, or procedures through which a classification is reproduced. The material configuration classified need not itself be symbolic, and its legibility does not reveal an exhaustive hidden structure. It selects relations at a scale and for purposes that must be stated.

Deleuze's critique of the repetition of the same and the coding of difference helps identify a recurrent risk: an established order can treat what does not fit its available patterns as noise, error, or dysfunction (Deleuze [1968] 1994, 28, 56). This filtering has material consequences where classifications guide institutional action. An institutional order does not determine what can exist in the real; it conditions what can count as legible, admissible, or actionable within its procedures. A difference excluded from recognition remains materially real, but it does not necessarily leave a record, constitute a trace for that system, or await a predetermined future recognition.

Every symbolic order selects distinctions and therefore leaves other relations unarticulated at the chosen scale. Selection alone is not yet domination, and not every omission is an exclusion in the political sense. Exclusion arises when a symbolic or normative order makes materially relevant differences systematically illegible, inadmissible, or unactionable and blocks the affected positions from contesting its criteria. Decolonial analyses by Denise Ferreira da Silva (2007, 33) and Gloria Anzaldúa (1987, 25) show how dominant regimes of rationality can perform precisely this operation. The critical question is therefore not whether any order selects, but how its selections are produced, whose capacities they affect, and whether revision and redress remain possible.

Whitehead offers a complementary relational vocabulary in which actual occasions form ''nexūs'' with patterns of relative consistency rather than receiving order from an external plan (Whitehead [1929] 1978, 21). This helps show how organisation can be relational without requiring a sovereign author. The convergence is nonetheless partial. The present framework does not adopt prehension as the universal form of relation, the “occasion of experience” as its basic unit, or one cosmological mechanism for every order (§3.1.3). Each case still requires an account of the specific relations and constraints that sustain it.

A symbolically stabilised order can conceal the operations and decisions through which it is reproduced. Where its categories acquire normative or institutional force, repetition may make them appear natural and immune to revision. A revealing example can be observed in biology. The classification of life into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, genera, and species is a revisable symbolic grid: an epistemic architecture that stabilises a descriptive regime across the variation of living processes. Taxonomic categories track material differences, but no single hierarchy exhausts those differences or converts its own historical scheme into the intrinsic structure of life. Biological science draws cuts, establishes relations, and names entities in order to operate cognitively on that variation. The danger begins when an effective classification is mistaken for the final architecture of the real. Every classificatory act can disclose patterns while leaving other differences outside its present criteria.

Ethical evaluation is not opposed to order as such. It asks what an order enables, which differences it suppresses, how burdens and benefits are distributed, and whether those affected can contest and revise it. Closure becomes ethically dangerous when an order presents its current criteria as natural, complete, or immune to correction.

Stability remains a descriptive property and can be practically valuable, but it is not sufficient for ethical justification. Responsiveness, revisability, public justification, and possibilities of redress supply additional criteria. An order is not justified merely because it persists, nor condemned merely because it stabilises a field.

The task is therefore not to refuse order but to keep its production, scope, and effects available for criticism. A symbolic order is justified neither by the mere fact that it persists nor condemned merely because it selects. Ethical evaluation begins when reasons and effects are examined through the explicit criteria already established: capacities for response and repair, destructive asymmetries of exposure, preserved heterogeneity, and open possibilities of contestation and revision.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
Post-nomination raises an immediate question: who performs the symbolic consolidation of order? This subsection moves from retrospective narration to distributed production. It asks how a coherent regime can arise from many local actions without being designed as a whole.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The difficulty lies in explaining coherence without smuggling in a sovereign designer. Languages, markets, scientific classifications, and institutions involve intentional agents, yet their overall organisation normally exceeds any participant's plan. Authorship and agency are different questions. The absence of a single author does not imply the absence of agents, decisions, or material consequences.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Symbolic or institutional order can be reproduced through several mechanisms — rules, public signs, records, infrastructures, habits, sanctions, and, where demonstrable, material couplings — without any participant having authored the whole. This does not make every material order symbolic: a crystal or whirlpool can be organised without naming itself. Shared signs and practices allow differently situated systems to recognise and reproduce a public classification without transferring one local symbol intact between them. Responsibility consequently becomes differentiated rather than erased: it depends on causal participation, knowledge, authority, available alternatives, and capacity to sustain, contest, or revise the arrangement.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
Authorless order concerns the absence of a sovereign plan, not the absence of agents. Material coupling is one possible mechanism of coherence and must not be presumed in every institution. Public signs, records, and repeated practices can stabilise a shared regime of legibility, while symbols remain locally constituted within capable systems. Differentiated responsibility tracks unequal causal participation, knowledge, authority, and power; it must never be reduced to the formula “everyone and no one is responsible”.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Choose an institution or convention and map four elements: the participants, the material infrastructures, the feedback mechanisms that reproduce it, and the differences it excludes. Then ask who can change each element. This turns the absence of a single author into a more exact analysis of agency and accountability rather than an excuse for political resignation.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6j34hkhjhqnjk6epxpoj18jmvz6c4u6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VI - Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673149</id>
      <parentid>4671471</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11969" sha1="cewmmnu1oemftqwkyc0dh9nelqake9w" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.6 – Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation ==

Several influential Western lineages have rendered variation intelligible by subordinating it to form, ''logos'', final cause, divine plan, a priori condition, or historical totality. The examples below isolate those strategies; they do not define Western philosophy as a whole, reduce each author to one doctrine, or deny traditions that treat becoming otherwise. The argument concerns a recurrent operation: variation is acknowledged, but its intelligibility is secured by an ordering term granted explanatory priority.

Plato's ''Timaeus'' explains the ordered cosmos through the activity of a demiurge oriented by an intelligible model. The account is complicated by necessity and the receptacle, and should not be reduced to an assertion that sensible things are unreal. The point relevant here is narrower: intelligible form has explanatory priority in making cosmic order comprehensible, while material becoming is measured against that order.

Aristotle relocates form and final causation within natural beings rather than appealing to a separate intelligible model. Form does not simply precede matter in time, and change is not excluded from his ontology. The disagreement concerns the explanatory work assigned to formal and final causes: development is understood through the actualisation of capacities characteristic of an organised being, whereas the present framework asks whether a particular trajectory can be explained through material constraints and relations without treating an end as its governing cause.

Selected Christian metaphysical traditions give created order a divine source and history an eschatological horizon. Augustine and Aquinas cannot be reduced to one doctrine, and neither simply identifies material change with sin. The relevant divergence is that the intelligibility and final orientation of creation are secured by a transcendent creator, whereas the OEC permits local purposes within systems but rejects a cosmic plan governing material becoming.

Modern philosophy redistributes these questions rather than simply preserving one structure. Descartes combines a mechanistic account of extended nature with a divine guarantee of clear and distinct perception; Leibniz proposes pre-established harmony; Kant assigns a priori forms and categories to the constitution of possible experience, not straightforwardly to the production of things in themselves. The question posed here is whether the formal conditions of intelligibility have themselves been sufficiently located in material organisation, not whether modern reason literally creates the real.

Hegel makes order dynamic by treating apparent oppositions through dialectical mediation within a developing whole. This is not the mechanical rule that every conflict produces a simple higher synthesis. The divergence concerns the systematic and teleological orientation of the movement: contingency is ultimately integrated within an account of spirit's self-comprehension, while the OEC offers no guarantee of final reconciliation or completed totality.

This diagnosis does not reject the value of these systems or assign them one doctrine. It isolates a recurrent explanatory strategy: variation becomes intelligible through a privileged formal, final, transcendental, or systematic principle. The OEC does not oppose form to variation. It asks how determinate forms arise and persist without converting their conditions of intelligibility into a guarantee that governs the field as a whole.

It is against this genealogy that the Ontology of Emergent Complexity develops its account. The aim is not to dissolve thought into indeterminate relativism, but to prevent variation from being treated only as error relative to a final form. The real is approached as a field of conditioned configurations and possible reorganisation, where no finite form is guaranteed to persist under every change of conditions and no model exhausts the field as a completed totality.

Within this framework, “absolute order” means an order that is total, final, independent of conditions, and immune to every possible perturbation. It is not a very durable local order but the conversion of conditioned regularity into an unconditional foundation. Calling absolute order ontologically unthinkable is therefore a conceptual claim, not an empirical assertion that every system is continuously changing.

Unthinkable not for cognitive insufficiency, but for structural inadequacy: if thought is attentive to the real, it already lies within variation — not outside it, as an exterior vantage point. No material organisation is exempt from conditions that may change. Couplings, tensions, ruptures, and recombinations can alter a configuration without requiring every stable system to reorganise continuously. The idea of total order remains a symbolic abstraction, not a description warranted by the conditional stability of particular systems.

Gilbert Simondon is here a decisive interlocutor. By rejecting individuation as a finished conclusion, he shows how some organised beings persist through metastable relations and unresolved potentials. That account does not establish that every material configuration is merely an operative pause or that every stable system continuously reorganises. Form need not reveal a plan; it can name a robust but conditioned organisation.

Whitehead likewise refuses substance as the sole model of reality and describes actual occasions in relational processes of concrescence. The present framework borrows part of this relational grammar while refusing to generalise experience or prehension as the form of every material relation (§3.1.3). The relevant convergence is that consistency need not be imposed by an external superior order; the divergence is that the OEC requires domain-specific mechanisms and does not derive every local order from one cosmological scheme.

From this dialogue, variation can be treated as structurally possible within material existence rather than as a mere accident measured against a final form. This does not make continuous change the new universal principle. Instability is not failure: it names the absence of a final guarantee of persistence. Material order consists in local regularities and compatibilities that can exist before they are described. Legibility is the further symbolic operation through which a system selects, names, and relates those regularities.

Local order may be weak or robust, brief or exceptionally durable. Its stability is genuine when a configuration persists under specified perturbations; “conditioned” means that persistence has a range, not that it is merely an expressive pause or a point of reading. No finite material configuration is guaranteed to persist under every possible change of conditions. Systems differ greatly in durability and in their capacity for reorganisation; transformation is possible, not a seed or destiny hidden within each structure.

Several sciences study regimes in which stability depends on ongoing conditions. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics analyses dissipative structures; dynamical-systems theory analyses changes in trajectories and attractors; research on morphogenesis examines the production of form; and chaos theory studies deterministic sensitivity in specified systems. These fields do not jointly prove that every complex system tends towards “organised instability”. They provide domain-specific models that clarify how some orders are produced, maintained, and lost.

As Judith Butler observes, normativity is not the expression of an original truth but the reiterated effect of regulated performativity (Butler 1990, 2). This insight concerns symbolic and normative orders. Material order need not result from performative or operative repetition, although it too remains conditioned by the relations that sustain it.

To posit absolute order is to convert a model of consistency into an unconditional claim about the real. The problem is not that ordered models cannot be rigorous; it is that no finite symbolic configuration can establish its own exemption from unregistered relations, altered conditions, or counter-evidence. The rejection of absolute order therefore requires neither a cult of disruption nor a preference for dissolution. It requires that the scope, conditions, and failure criteria of every claim to order remain explicit.

This epistemic restraint has an ethical consequence only with an additional normative premise: affected configurations should retain meaningful capacities to contest harmful arrangements and seek repair. On that premise, a doctrine of final order is dangerous when it makes its categories immune to the claims of those they exclude or damage. Acknowledged partiality does not by itself make judgement good, but it keeps correction possible.

The framework does not install a new universal order. It directs attention to the variation that remains possible within and beyond any form. Reorganisation occurs when altered relations and conditions produce it; not every form is continuously reorganising, and conditioned orders can remain robust for long durations. When reorganisation occurs, it is itself conditioned and remains open to further change. Order does not suspend the real; it names regularities and compatibilities whose range and scale must be stated.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection draws together the preceding account of local torsion, functional coupling, post-nomination, and distributed authorship. Their combined consequence is stronger than the claim that no absolute order has yet been achieved: a total and final ordering is structurally incompatible with a real in which variation remains possible.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
Could a sufficiently comprehensive system map, regulate, or explain the real without remainder? Such a system would need to stand outside variation, include every scale, and anticipate every new compatibility. Yet the system itself would remain a material configuration within the field it sought to close.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The real admits continuing variation because no material order carries a final guarantee of persistence. This does not make operative excess universal. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. No hidden infinity or stock of latent possibilities is required for either claim.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The field of variation names the real as admitting further change and possible reorganisation, not as undergoing continuous change at every scale. Operative excess is more specific: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. In symbolic cases, partiality describes the situated reach of every model or institution, while revisability is the capacity to respond when previously excluded differences become legible.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Three distinctions prevent misunderstanding: provisional does not mean negligible, partial does not mean arbitrary, and open-ended does not mean directionless. Apply them to a scientific model or a legal institution. Its limits do not make it useless; they determine the conditions under which it remains answerable to what exceeds it.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>cewmmnu1oemftqwkyc0dh9nelqake9w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673219</id>
      <parentid>4673149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673219</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11967" sha1="jtkb255sme2ne8e7wd33sfmhm37rp4x" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.6 – Unthinkability of Absolute Order: The Real as a Field of Variation ==

Several influential Western lineages have rendered variation intelligible by subordinating it to form, ''logos'', final cause, divine plan, a priori condition, or historical totality. The examples below isolate those strategies; they do not define Western philosophy as a whole, reduce each author to one doctrine, or deny traditions that treat becoming otherwise. The argument concerns a recurrent operation: variation is acknowledged, but its intelligibility is secured by an ordering term granted explanatory priority.

Plato's ''Timaeus'' explains the ordered cosmos through the activity of a demiurge oriented by an intelligible model. The account is complicated by necessity and the receptacle, and should not be reduced to an assertion that sensible things are unreal. The point relevant here is narrower: intelligible form has explanatory priority in making cosmic order comprehensible, while material becoming is measured against that order.

Aristotle relocates form and final causation within natural beings rather than appealing to a separate intelligible model. Form does not simply precede matter in time, and change is not excluded from his ontology. The disagreement concerns the explanatory work assigned to formal and final causes: development is understood through the actualisation of capacities characteristic of an organised being, whereas the present framework asks whether a particular trajectory can be explained through material constraints and relations without treating an end as its governing cause.

Selected Christian metaphysical traditions give created order a divine source and history an eschatological horizon. Augustine and Aquinas cannot be reduced to one doctrine, and neither simply identifies material change with sin. The relevant divergence is that the intelligibility and final orientation of creation are secured by a transcendent creator, whereas the OEC permits local purposes within systems but rejects a cosmic plan governing material becoming.

Modern philosophy redistributes these questions rather than simply preserving one structure. Descartes combines a mechanistic account of extended nature with a divine guarantee of clear and distinct perception; Leibniz proposes pre-established harmony; Kant assigns a priori forms and categories to the constitution of possible experience, not straightforwardly to the production of things in themselves. The question posed here is whether the formal conditions of intelligibility have themselves been sufficiently located in material organisation, not whether modern reason literally creates the real.

Hegel makes order dynamic by treating apparent oppositions through dialectical mediation within a developing whole. This is not the mechanical rule that every conflict produces a simple higher synthesis. The divergence concerns the systematic and teleological orientation of the movement: contingency is ultimately integrated within an account of spirit's self-comprehension, while the OEC offers no guarantee of final reconciliation or completed totality.

This diagnosis does not reject the value of these systems or assign them one doctrine. It isolates a recurrent explanatory strategy: variation becomes intelligible through a privileged formal, final, transcendental, or systematic principle. The OEC does not oppose form to variation. It asks how determinate forms arise and persist without converting their conditions of intelligibility into a guarantee that governs the field as a whole.

It is against this genealogy that the Ontology of Emergent Complexity develops its account. The aim is not to dissolve thought into indeterminate relativism, but to prevent variation from being treated only as error relative to a final form. The real is approached as a field of conditioned configurations and possible reorganisation, where no finite form is guaranteed to persist under every change of conditions and no model exhausts the field as a completed totality.

Within this framework, “absolute order” means an order that is total, final, independent of conditions, and immune to every possible perturbation. It is not a very durable local order but the conversion of conditioned regularity into an unconditional foundation. Calling absolute order ontologically unthinkable is therefore a conceptual claim, not an empirical assertion that every system is continuously changing.

Unthinkable not for cognitive insufficiency, but for structural inadequacy: if thought is attentive to the real, it already lies within variation — not outside it, as an exterior vantage point. No material organisation is exempt from conditions that may change. Couplings, tensions, ruptures, and recombinations can alter a configuration without requiring every stable system to reorganise continuously. The idea of total order remains a symbolic abstraction, not a description warranted by the conditional stability of particular systems.

Gilbert Simondon is here a decisive interlocutor. By rejecting individuation as a finished conclusion, he shows how some organised beings persist through metastable relations and unresolved potentials. That account does not establish that every material configuration is merely an operative pause or that every stable system continuously reorganises. Form need not reveal a plan; it can name a robust but conditioned organisation.

Whitehead likewise refuses substance as the sole model of reality and describes actual occasions in relational processes of concrescence. The present framework borrows part of this relational grammar while refusing to generalise experience or prehension as the form of every material relation (§3.1.3). The relevant convergence is that consistency need not be imposed by an external superior order; the divergence is that the OEC requires domain-specific mechanisms and does not derive every local order from one cosmological scheme.

From this dialogue, variation can be treated as structurally possible within material existence rather than as a mere accident measured against a final form. This does not make continuous change the new universal principle. Instability is not failure: it names the absence of a final guarantee of persistence. Material order consists in local regularities and compatibilities that can exist before they are described. Legibility is the further symbolic operation through which a system selects, names, and relates those regularities.

Local order may be weak or robust, brief or exceptionally durable. Its stability is genuine when a configuration persists under specified perturbations; “conditioned” means that persistence has a range, not that it is merely an expressive pause or a point of reading. No finite material configuration is guaranteed to persist under every possible change of conditions. Systems differ greatly in durability and in their capacity for reorganisation; transformation is possible, not a seed or destiny hidden within each structure.

Several sciences study regimes in which stability depends on ongoing conditions. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics analyses dissipative structures; dynamical-systems theory analyses changes in trajectories and attractors; research on morphogenesis examines the production of form; and chaos theory studies deterministic sensitivity in specified systems. These fields do not jointly prove that every complex system tends towards “organised instability”. They provide domain-specific models that clarify how some orders are produced, maintained, and lost.

As Judith Butler observes, normativity is not the expression of an original truth but the reiterated effect of regulated performativity (Butler 1990, 2). This insight concerns symbolic and normative orders. Material order need not result from performative or operative repetition, although it too remains conditioned by the relations that sustain it.

To posit absolute order is to convert a model of consistency into an unconditional claim about the real. The problem is not that ordered models cannot be rigorous; it is that no finite symbolic configuration can establish its own exemption from unregistered relations, altered conditions, or counter-evidence. The rejection of absolute order therefore requires neither a cult of disruption nor a preference for dissolution. It requires that the scope, conditions, and failure criteria of every claim to order remain explicit.

This epistemic restraint has an ethical consequence only with an additional normative premise: affected configurations should retain meaningful capacities to contest harmful arrangements and seek repair. On that premise, a doctrine of final order is dangerous when it makes its categories immune to the claims of those they exclude or damage. Acknowledged partiality does not by itself make judgement good, but it keeps correction possible.

The framework does not install a new universal order. It directs attention to the variation that remains possible within and beyond any form. Reorganisation occurs when altered relations and conditions produce it; not every form is continuously reorganising, and conditioned orders can remain robust for long durations. When reorganisation occurs, it is itself conditioned and remains open to further change. Order does not suspend the real; it names regularities and compatibilities whose range and scale must be stated.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This subsection draws together the preceding account of local torsion, material coupling, post-nomination, and distributed authorship. Their combined consequence is stronger than the claim that no absolute order has yet been achieved: a total and final ordering is structurally incompatible with a real in which variation remains possible.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
Could a sufficiently comprehensive system map, regulate, or explain the real without remainder? Such a system would need to stand outside variation, include every scale, and anticipate every new compatibility. Yet the system itself would remain a material configuration within the field it sought to close.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The real admits continuing variation because no material order carries a final guarantee of persistence. This does not make operative excess universal. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. No hidden infinity or stock of latent possibilities is required for either claim.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The field of variation names the real as admitting further change and possible reorganisation, not as undergoing continuous change at every scale. Operative excess is more specific: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. In symbolic cases, partiality describes the situated reach of every model or institution, while revisability is the capacity to respond when previously excluded differences become legible.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Three distinctions prevent misunderstanding: provisional does not mean negligible, partial does not mean arbitrary, and open-ended does not mean directionless. Apply them to a scientific model or a legal institution. Its limits do not make it useless; they determine the conditions under which it remains answerable to what exceeds it.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>jtkb255sme2ne8e7wd33sfmhm37rp4x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/VII - Ontological and Ethical Consequences</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673140</id>
      <parentid>4671458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10494" sha1="4x6sco65o8sy45zm55cpdqshe3dnzpd" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.7 – Ontological and Ethical Consequences ==

A scientific model can remain useful while failing outside its scale; an institution can remain stable while distributing avoidable harm; a material pattern can persist before anyone names it. These cases block one conclusion: neither stability nor order carries moral authority by itself. The consequences of Part III begin from that resistance.

=== Introduction ===
If matter contains no pre-inscribed finality, local reconfigurations can stabilise new operative compatibilities without realising a script or remedying a lack. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or prescribing the result. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new capacity counts as emergent only when a materially conditioned reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and makes that capacity effective; complexity, instability, or surprise alone does not establish that result.

Within this framework, knowledge is materially mediated, situated representation open to correction. A capable system recognises an occurrence under an available mark, thereby constitutes a local symbolic instance, and can relate that symbol to others; through those relations, the system may reorganise later operations. Intervention can test and extend knowledge without replacing truth by usefulness (Hacking 1983). This ontology engages with Simondon's metastable individuation, Deleuze's difference, Barad's material production of phenomena, and Cartwright's “patchwork” of laws (Simondon 2005; Deleuze [1968] 1994; Barad 2007; Cartwright 1999), while retaining the divergences already established: no pre-individual reserve, no virtual register, no universal symbolic agency, and no inference from local regularity to cosmic order.
=== Rejection of Teleology as a Moral or Cosmic Structure ===
Teleology converts order into destiny when it presupposes ends that govern nature or history as a whole. The analysis rejects that grammar: nothing in the real demands perfection, final synthesis, or inscribed improvement. Emergence is established when a materially conditioned reconfiguration made possible under operative excess crosses an operational threshold and makes a new capacity effective, rather than by realising a ''telos''. Simondon's account of tensions within metastable fields remains a relevant comparison, but the OEC does not adopt the pre-individual as an antecedent reserve (Simondon 2005).

Order is a local and conditioned achievement; stability describes persistence under specified perturbations and at a specified scale. Effective theories and mosaics of regularity show how inquiry can work with limited domains without requiring one law to organise every level (Cartwright 1999). These scientific and philosophical resources do not by themselves refute every possible cosmic teleology. They support the more limited claim developed here: local regularity supplies no evidence that stability is the destination of matter or a universal moral criterion.
=== Ethics of Responding to Instability, not of Adhering to Stability ===
Conditioned stability carries no automatic moral authority, but that ontological claim does not generate an ethics by itself. A further normative premise is required: symbolically responsive configurations have reasons to reduce avoidable harm and destructive asymmetry, preserve capacities for response, and maintain possibilities of contestation, correction, and repair. On that premise, ethical judgement becomes a '''situated response''' to concrete distributions of exposure rather than obedience to an invariant order.

Norms are historically and materially instituted through practices, apparatuses, and relations of power, but this genealogy does not settle their legitimacy (Foucault 1977a). They must be assessed through their reasons and effects on bodies, relations, and response-capacities. Shared vulnerability does not make all beings identical or equally exposed (Butler 2004). Latour's networks illuminate distributed causal participation, yet participation alone does not establish symbolic agency or responsibility (Latour 2005). The ''biossoma'' names the living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation in established human cases; any attribution beyond those cases requires evidence appropriate to the proposed regime.

Mbembe's critique of lethal rationalities shows why ethical evaluation is inseparable from political arrangements of exposure (Mbembe 2003). Barad and Stengers provide resources for thinking the material effects of decisions and the obligations of situated practice (Barad 2007; Stengers [2003] 2010). Decisions should make their criteria, conditions, expected costs, incurred losses, and possibilities of redress explicit. Ethical failure may involve avoidable harm, destructive asymmetry, exclusion, or blocked repair whether or not operative excess is present. Reorganisation is not equivalent to improvement.
=== Order as a Local Condition of Meaning, not as a Universal Criterion ===
Material orders are local configurations of regularities and compatibilities. A symbolic order exists where a capable system constitutes symbols, establishes relations among them, and allows those relations to modulate further operations. It may represent a material order, coordinate action, or organise a normative regime, but it is not identical to the configuration represented.

Bachelard's epistemological rupture describes how an established symbolic framework can be reorganised when it obstructs inquiry (Bachelard [1938] 2002). In the OEC, rupture or failure is not the affirmative cause of emergence. In a symbolic organisation, operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the current form. That condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether it occurs and which symbolic configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Hacking's emphasis on intervention shows how action can test representation, but successful intervention does not exhaust truth (Hacking 1983). Scientific models articulate selected relations under conditions and at scales that must be stated; they are neither transparent mirrors nor free constructions (Frigg and Nguyen 2020).

In politics, institutions and norms are contingent arrangements whose evaluation includes efficacy, revisability, the exposures they distribute, and the exclusions they produce (Foucault 1977a; Stengers [2003] 2010). Glissant's '''right to opacity''' limits the totalising pretension of any local order without making every claim immune to criticism (Glissant [1990] 1997). Across these domains, justification must make criteria, limits, costs, and affected positions explicit.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This final subsection of Part III is the hinge leading into Part IV. The analysis of local order now turns towards the material effects of symbolic and institutional ordering. Such orders can protect some relations, expose others, and distribute response-capacity unevenly; these effects must be demonstrated rather than inferred from order alone.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
No ethical rule follows automatically from a description of the real. The ontological analysis removes one familiar justification: a contingent order cannot establish the legitimacy of its exclusions merely by presenting them as natural necessity. A further normative premise is required before visible effects become reasons for reducing avoidable harm, preserving response-capacity, and maintaining contestation, correction, and redress.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Every symbolic or institutional order that affects vulnerable configurations distributes exposure and response-capacity. Contingency does not make all orders equivalent: they can be assessed through their material effects, the burdens they impose, their responsiveness to alterity, and their capacity for correction. Ethics begins where such an order must answer for the differences it sustains or suppresses.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
Situated response replaces obedience to an invariant ideal. Shared vulnerability identifies exposure without reducing different beings to the same condition or degree of harm. Revisability and redress prevent provisional arrangements from hardening into dogma. Distributed causal participation does not by itself establish symbolic agency; responsibility must be located where capacities for understanding, decision, intervention, and repair can be demonstrated.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Read the transition to Part IV through three tests. Instability is not a good to be celebrated; the question is how a response protects vulnerable relations without absolutising its own form. Contingency is not relativism; material consequences still distinguish better from worse arrangements. Revisability is not disposability; sustaining a just order may require continuous work precisely because no foundation guarantees it.

==== Check your understanding ====

# Why does conditional stability not make an order unreal?
# What distinguishes a material regularity from a symbolic order?
# Why can an effective order still require ethical criticism?
# Which additional premise is needed before a description of vulnerability becomes a reason for action?

=== Transition to Part IV ===
The ontological and ethical consequences developed in this part supply a method rather than a final synthesis. Orders must be analysed through their scales, conditions, capacities, costs, and exclusions. Ethical and political judgement then asks whether those orders remain open to contestation, correction, and redress. Part IV applies this discipline to vulnerability, symbolic reorganisation, and politics beyond the sovereign subject.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>4x6sco65o8sy45zm55cpdqshe3dnzpd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673251</id>
      <parentid>4673140</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:57:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673251</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10508" sha1="e1i0hak5hhuufij450045wv7sy3uo7q" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.7 – Ontological and Ethical Consequences ==

A scientific model can remain useful while failing outside its scale; an institution can remain stable while distributing avoidable harm; a material pattern can persist before anyone names it. These cases block one conclusion: neither stability nor order carries moral authority by itself. The consequences of Part III begin from that resistance.

=== Introduction ===
If matter contains no pre-inscribed finality, local reconfigurations can stabilise new operative compatibilities without realising a script or remedying a lack. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or prescribing the result. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new capacity counts as emergent only when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces that capacity and its concrete effects are established; complexity, instability, or surprise alone does not establish that result.

Within this framework, knowledge is materially mediated, situated representation open to correction. A capable system recognises an occurrence under an available mark, thereby constitutes a local symbolic instance, and can relate that symbol to others; through those relations, the system may reorganise later operations. Intervention can test and extend knowledge without replacing truth by usefulness (Hacking 1983). This ontology engages with Simondon's metastable individuation, Deleuze's difference, Barad's material production of phenomena, and Cartwright's “patchwork” of laws (Simondon 2005; Deleuze [1968] 1994; Barad 2007; Cartwright 1999), while retaining the divergences already established: no pre-individual reserve, no virtual register, no universal symbolic agency, and no inference from local regularity to cosmic order.
=== Rejection of Teleology as a Moral or Cosmic Structure ===
Teleology converts order into destiny when it presupposes ends that govern nature or history as a whole. The analysis rejects that grammar: nothing in the real demands perfection, final synthesis, or inscribed improvement. Emergence is established when a materially conditioned reconfiguration made possible under operative excess produces a property, capacity, or effect that the prior organisation did not realise, rather than by realising a ''telos''. Simondon's account of tensions within metastable fields remains a relevant comparison, but the OEC does not adopt the pre-individual as an antecedent reserve (Simondon 2005).

Order is a local and conditioned achievement; stability describes persistence under specified perturbations and at a specified scale. Effective theories and mosaics of regularity show how inquiry can work with limited domains without requiring one law to organise every level (Cartwright 1999). These scientific and philosophical resources do not by themselves refute every possible cosmic teleology. They support the more limited claim developed here: local regularity supplies no evidence that stability is the destination of matter or a universal moral criterion.
=== Ethics of Responding to Instability, not of Adhering to Stability ===
Conditioned stability carries no automatic moral authority, but that ontological claim does not generate an ethics by itself. A further normative premise is required: symbolically responsive configurations have reasons to reduce avoidable harm and destructive asymmetry, preserve capacities for response, and maintain possibilities of contestation, correction, and repair. On that premise, ethical judgement becomes a '''situated response''' to concrete distributions of exposure rather than obedience to an invariant order.

Norms are historically and materially instituted through practices, apparatuses, and relations of power, but this genealogy does not settle their legitimacy (Foucault 1977a). They must be assessed through their reasons and effects on bodies, relations, and response-capacities. Shared vulnerability does not make all beings identical or equally exposed (Butler 2004). Latour's networks illuminate distributed causal participation, yet participation alone does not establish symbolic agency or responsibility (Latour 2005). The ''biossoma'' names the living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation in established human cases; any attribution beyond those cases requires evidence appropriate to the proposed regime.

Mbembe's critique of lethal rationalities shows why ethical evaluation is inseparable from political arrangements of exposure (Mbembe 2003). Barad and Stengers provide resources for thinking the material effects of decisions and the obligations of situated practice (Barad 2007; Stengers [2003] 2010). Decisions should make their criteria, conditions, expected costs, incurred losses, and possibilities of redress explicit. Ethical failure may involve avoidable harm, destructive asymmetry, exclusion, or blocked repair whether or not operative excess is present. Reorganisation is not equivalent to improvement.
=== Order as a Local Condition of Meaning, not as a Universal Criterion ===
Material orders are local configurations of regularities and compatibilities. A symbolic order exists where a capable system constitutes symbols, establishes relations among them, and allows those relations to modulate further operations. It may represent a material order, coordinate action, or organise a normative regime, but it is not identical to the configuration represented.

Bachelard's epistemological rupture describes how an established symbolic framework can be reorganised when it obstructs inquiry (Bachelard [1938] 2002). In the OEC, rupture or failure is not the affirmative cause of emergence. In a symbolic organisation, operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the current form. That condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether it occurs and which symbolic configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Hacking's emphasis on intervention shows how action can test representation, but successful intervention does not exhaust truth (Hacking 1983). Scientific models articulate selected relations under conditions and at scales that must be stated; they are neither transparent mirrors nor free constructions (Frigg and Nguyen 2020).

In politics, institutions and norms are contingent arrangements whose evaluation includes efficacy, revisability, the exposures they distribute, and the exclusions they produce (Foucault 1977a; Stengers [2003] 2010). Glissant's '''right to opacity''' limits the totalising pretension of any local order without making every claim immune to criticism (Glissant [1990] 1997). Across these domains, justification must make criteria, limits, costs, and affected positions explicit.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This final subsection of Part III is the hinge leading into Part IV. The analysis of local order now turns towards the material effects of symbolic and institutional ordering. Such orders can protect some relations, expose others, and distribute response-capacity unevenly; these effects must be demonstrated rather than inferred from order alone.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
No ethical rule follows automatically from a description of the real. The ontological analysis removes one familiar justification: a contingent order cannot establish the legitimacy of its exclusions merely by presenting them as natural necessity. A further normative premise is required before visible effects become reasons for reducing avoidable harm, preserving response-capacity, and maintaining contestation, correction, and redress.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Every symbolic or institutional order that affects vulnerable configurations distributes exposure and response-capacity. Contingency does not make all orders equivalent: they can be assessed through their material effects, the burdens they impose, their responsiveness to alterity, and their capacity for correction. Ethics begins where such an order must answer for the differences it sustains or suppresses.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
Situated response replaces obedience to an invariant ideal. Shared vulnerability identifies exposure without reducing different beings to the same condition or degree of harm. Revisability and redress prevent provisional arrangements from hardening into dogma. Distributed causal participation does not by itself establish symbolic agency; responsibility must be located where capacities for understanding, decision, intervention, and repair can be demonstrated.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Read the transition to Part IV through three tests. Instability is not a good to be celebrated; the question is how a response protects vulnerable relations without absolutising its own form. Contingency is not relativism; material consequences still distinguish better from worse arrangements. Revisability is not disposability; sustaining a just order may require continuous work precisely because no foundation guarantees it.

==== Check your understanding ====

# Why does conditional stability not make an order unreal?
# What distinguishes a material regularity from a symbolic order?
# Why can an effective order still require ethical criticism?
# Which additional premise is needed before a description of vulnerability becomes a reason for action?

=== Transition to Part IV ===
The ontological and ethical consequences developed in this part supply a method rather than a final synthesis. Orders must be analysed through their scales, conditions, capacities, costs, and exclusions. Ethical and political judgement then asks whether those orders remain open to contestation, correction, and redress. Part IV applies this discipline to vulnerability, symbolic reorganisation, and politics beyond the sovereign subject.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>e1i0hak5hhuufij450045wv7sy3uo7q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673297</id>
      <parentid>4673251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673297</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10472" sha1="4yk6m35tnt14sb102qdgf6f83li57h2" xml:space="preserve">== 3.3.7 – Ontological and Ethical Consequences ==

A scientific model can remain useful while failing outside its scale; an institution can remain stable while distributing avoidable harm; a material pattern can persist before anyone names it. These cases block one conclusion: neither stability nor order carries moral authority by itself. The consequences of Part III begin from that resistance.

=== Introduction ===
If matter contains no pre-inscribed finality, local reconfigurations can stabilise new operative compatibilities without realising a script or remedying a lack. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or prescribing the result. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new capacity counts as emergent only when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces that capacity and its material effects are established; complexity, instability, or surprise alone does not establish that result.

Within this framework, knowledge is materially mediated, situated representation open to correction. A capable system can integrate public signs into its own symbolic operations, relate the corresponding symbols to other symbols, and use those relations to reorganise later operations. Intervention can test and extend knowledge without replacing truth by usefulness (Hacking 1983). This ontology engages with Simondon's metastable individuation, Deleuze's difference, Barad's material production of phenomena, and Cartwright's “patchwork” of laws (Simondon 2005; Deleuze [1968] 1994; Barad 2007; Cartwright 1999), while retaining the divergences already established: no pre-individual reserve, no virtual register, no universal symbolic agency, and no inference from local regularity to cosmic order.
=== Rejection of Teleology as a Moral or Cosmic Structure ===
Teleology converts order into destiny when it presupposes ends that govern nature or history as a whole. The analysis rejects that grammar: nothing in the real demands perfection, final synthesis, or inscribed improvement. Emergence is established when a materially conditioned reconfiguration made possible under operative excess produces a property, capacity, or effect that the prior organisation did not realise, rather than by realising a ''telos''. Simondon's account of tensions within metastable fields remains a relevant comparison, but the OEC does not adopt the pre-individual as an antecedent reserve (Simondon 2005).

Order is a local and conditioned achievement; stability describes persistence under specified perturbations and at a specified scale. Effective theories and mosaics of regularity show how inquiry can work with limited domains without requiring one law to organise every level (Cartwright 1999). These scientific and philosophical resources do not by themselves refute every possible cosmic teleology. They support the more limited claim developed here: local regularity supplies no evidence that stability is the destination of matter or a universal moral criterion.
=== Ethics of Responding to Instability, not of Adhering to Stability ===
Conditioned stability carries no automatic moral authority, but that ontological claim does not generate an ethics by itself. A further normative premise is required: symbolically responsive configurations have reasons to reduce avoidable harm and destructive asymmetry, preserve capacities for response, and maintain possibilities of contestation, correction, and repair. On that premise, ethical judgement becomes a '''situated response''' to concrete distributions of exposure rather than obedience to an invariant order.

Norms are historically and materially instituted through practices, apparatuses, and relations of power, but this genealogy does not settle their legitimacy (Foucault 1977a). They must be assessed through their reasons and effects on bodies, relations, and response-capacities. Shared vulnerability does not make all beings identical or equally exposed (Butler 2004). Latour's networks illuminate distributed causal participation, yet participation alone does not establish symbolic agency or responsibility (Latour 2005). The ''biossoma'' names the living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation in established human cases; any attribution beyond those cases requires evidence appropriate to the proposed regime.

Mbembe's critique of lethal rationalities shows why ethical evaluation is inseparable from political arrangements of exposure (Mbembe 2003). Barad and Stengers provide resources for thinking the material effects of decisions and the obligations of situated practice (Barad 2007; Stengers [2003] 2010). Decisions should make their criteria, conditions, expected costs, incurred losses, and possibilities of redress explicit. Ethical failure may involve avoidable harm, destructive asymmetry, exclusion, or blocked repair whether or not operative excess is present. Reorganisation is not equivalent to improvement.
=== Order as a Local Condition of Meaning, not as a Universal Criterion ===
Material orders are local configurations of regularities and compatibilities. A symbolic order exists where a capable system constitutes symbols, establishes relations among them, and allows those relations to modulate further operations. It may represent a material order, coordinate action, or organise a normative regime, but it is not identical to the configuration represented.

Bachelard's epistemological rupture describes how an established symbolic framework can be reorganised when it obstructs inquiry (Bachelard [1938] 2002). In the OEC, rupture or failure is not the affirmative cause of emergence. In a symbolic organisation, operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the current form. That condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether it occurs and which symbolic configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Hacking's emphasis on intervention shows how action can test representation, but successful intervention does not exhaust truth (Hacking 1983). Scientific models articulate selected relations under conditions and at scales that must be stated; they are neither transparent mirrors nor free constructions (Frigg and Nguyen 2020).

In politics, institutions and norms are contingent arrangements whose evaluation includes efficacy, revisability, the exposures they distribute, and the exclusions they produce (Foucault 1977a; Stengers [2003] 2010). Glissant's '''right to opacity''' limits the totalising pretension of any local order without making every claim immune to criticism (Glissant [1990] 1997). Across these domains, justification must make criteria, limits, costs, and affected positions explicit.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This final subsection of Part III is the hinge leading into Part IV. The analysis of local order now turns towards the material effects of symbolic and institutional ordering. Such orders can protect some relations, expose others, and distribute response-capacity unevenly; these effects must be demonstrated rather than inferred from order alone.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
No ethical rule follows automatically from a description of the real. The ontological analysis removes one familiar justification: a contingent order cannot establish the legitimacy of its exclusions merely by presenting them as natural necessity. A further normative premise is required before visible effects become reasons for reducing avoidable harm, preserving response-capacity, and maintaining contestation, correction, and redress.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
Every symbolic or institutional order that affects vulnerable configurations distributes exposure and response-capacity. Contingency does not make all orders equivalent: they can be assessed through their material effects, the burdens they impose, their responsiveness to alterity, and their capacity for correction. Ethics begins where such an order must answer for the differences it sustains or suppresses.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
Situated response replaces obedience to an invariant ideal. Shared vulnerability identifies exposure without reducing different beings to the same condition or degree of harm. Revisability and redress prevent provisional arrangements from hardening into dogma. Distributed causal participation does not by itself establish symbolic agency; responsibility must be located where capacities for understanding, decision, intervention, and repair can be demonstrated.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Read the transition to Part IV through three tests. Instability is not a good to be celebrated; the question is how a response protects vulnerable relations without absolutising its own form. Contingency is not relativism; material consequences still distinguish better from worse arrangements. Revisability is not disposability; sustaining a just order may require continuous work precisely because no foundation guarantees it.

==== Check your understanding ====

# Why does conditional stability not make an order unreal?
# What distinguishes a material regularity from a symbolic order?
# Why can an effective order still require ethical criticism?
# Which additional premise is needed before a description of vulnerability becomes a reason for action?

=== Transition to Part IV ===
The ontological and ethical consequences developed in this part supply a method rather than a final synthesis. Orders must be analysed through their scales, conditions, capacities, costs, and exclusions. Ethical and political judgement then asks whether those orders remain open to contestation, correction, and redress. Part IV applies this discipline to vulnerability, symbolic reorganisation, and politics beyond the sovereign subject.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>4yk6m35tnt14sb102qdgf6f83li57h2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673137</id>
      <parentid>4671047</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:25:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5029" sha1="e38upgd7b4e9h7hcihg3gs7trz5jsrr" xml:space="preserve">== 7.1 — Philosophical Interlocutors ==

== How to use this map ==

The authors gathered here are interlocutors rather than authorities. Each one identifies a problem, sharpens a distinction, or reveals a limit. The relevant question is never simply, “Who influenced the framework?” It is: which philosophical operation is retained, and where does a displacement become necessary?

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Problem field
! Interlocutors
! What the dialogue retains
! Where the argument moves
|-
| Ground, substance, and necessity
| Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas
| The demand to explain persistence, form, and intelligible order
| Persistence is treated as a local material achievement; no separate realm of Forms, invariant substance, or necessary being is required
|-
| Immanence and the limits of foundation
| Spinoza, Descartes, Kant, Hegel
| The force of immanent causation, the problem of certainty, the conditions of experience, and the historicity of form
| The single field is not a substance, the subject is not a ground, and history has no final totality
|-
| Duration, process, and individuation
| Bergson, Whitehead, Simondon
| Duration cannot be reduced to measured time; becoming and individuation precede the finished individual
| Duration is treated through material organisation rather than assigned spiritual privilege; experience is not universal; preindividual tension and eternal objects are not retained as independent explanatory reserves preceding local organisation
|-
| Difference, multiplicity, and emergence
| Deleuze, Guattari, DeLanda
| Difference and multiplicity resist identity-first ontology and static models of order
| The virtual is not retained as a distinct ontological register; operative excess addresses a narrower problem in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a current form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; potentiality remains materially configured in the present
|-
| Non-equilibrium and complex organisation
| Prigogine, Stengers, Kauffman, Morin
| Order may arise in open, unstable systems without an external designer
| Scientific models constrain ontological claims but do not by themselves establish a general ontology; complexity is not a universal metric or a synonym for complication
|-
| Inscription, mediation, and technics
| Derrida, Peirce, Stiegler, Clark and Chalmers
| Signs, writing, technical supports, and extended practices unsettle the image of a self-contained mind
| Trace, mark, and symbol receive distinct material criteria; inscription does not imply consciousness, and symbolic relations occur between symbols rather than marks
|-
| Power, vulnerability, and political subjectivation
| Foucault, Levinas, Butler, Fanon, Haraway, Rancière
| Subjects are formed within relations of power, exposure, recognition, embodiment, and exclusion
| Ethics is evaluated through the material redistribution of exposure, response, contestation, and repair without installing an absolute Other or a transcendent norm
|}

== Convergences are not identities ==

Several of these dialogues are close enough to invite assimilation. Simondon supplies a language of individuation and metastability, yet the present account does not retain the preindividual as a distinct explanatory reserve. Deleuze radicalises immanence and difference, yet the virtual is not retained as a distinct ontological register. Operative excess addresses only the narrower problem in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a current form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Whitehead places process before substance, yet experience is not distributed throughout matter. Spinoza offers a powerful model of immanent causation, yet a single infinite substance would turn the material field into a ground.

The differences matter because they prevent familiar concepts from silently governing the new argument. A borrowed term must either keep its original commitments or be explicitly displaced. Similar vocabulary is not evidence of theoretical identity.

== A practical reading method ==

When an author appears in the book, use four questions:

# What problem does the author make visible?
# Which conceptual gain is retained?
# Which commitment cannot be retained without altering the present argument?
# What becomes thinkable after the displacement?

This method turns intellectual history into an active comparison. The interlocutor does not certify the framework; the encounter forces the framework to become more exact.

For the editions cited and related works, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>e38upgd7b4e9h7hcihg3gs7trz5jsrr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.4 – Further Readings and Connections</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673139</id>
      <parentid>4670957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:25:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3592" sha1="7mcpeoxcom7gednhmv0bxrun9f4wsg1" xml:space="preserve">== 7.4 — Further Readings and Connections ==

== Route A — Foundations and their displacement ==

* Plato, ''Timaeus and Critias'': a classical cosmological articulation of intelligible order and material becoming.
* Augustine, ''Confessions'': time, inwardness, and the theological orientation of memory.
* Husserl, ''Ideas I'': the transcendental reorganisation of the relation between consciousness and world.
* Lacan, ''Écrits'': a major account of symbolic structure organised around lack, useful as a contrast to operative excess as an affirmative material condition that makes reconfiguration possible without grounding it in lack.

Read these works to identify how an origin, subject, or constitutive absence can become an explanatory centre. The relevant comparison concerns structure, not a summary judgement on an entire author.

== Route B — Multiplicity, individuation, and technics ==

* Deleuze and Guattari, ''Mille plateaux'': multiplicity, assemblage, and non-linear organisation.
* Simondon, ''On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects'': technical individuation and the relation between human and technical ensembles.
* Stiegler, ''Technics and Time 1'': technics, exteriorisation, and the constitutive role of material supports.
* Morin, ''Introduction à la pensée complexe'': complexity as a demand placed on thought and method.

This route clarifies why relations and technical supports cannot be treated as secondary. It also exposes the point at which virtuality, pre-individuality, or complexity-as-method diverges from the more restrictive material criteria used here.

== Route C — Embodiment and being-with ==

* Merleau-Ponty, ''The Primacy of Perception'': embodied access to a world that precedes reflective abstraction.
* Nancy, ''Being Singular Plural'': coexistence and relational constitution.
* Derrida, ''Writing and Difference'': writing, difference, and the instability of conceptual boundaries.

These readings deepen the critique of the self-contained subject. Compare their accounts of embodiment, relation, and writing with the functional criteria for material inscription developed in Part VI.

== Route D — Power, conflict, and political appearance ==

* Fanon, ''The Wretched of the Earth'': colonial violence, political transformation, and the material production of subject positions.
* Foucault, ''Power/Knowledge'': the coupling of power, institutional practice, and regimes of truth.
* Mouffe, ''Agonistics'': conflict as a constitutive problem of democratic politics.
* Rancière, ''Dissensus'': political appearance and disputes over who or what can count.
* Kant, ''Perpetual Peace and Other Essays'': a contrasting universalist architecture of political normativity.

This route helps test the move from vulnerability to institutional reorganisation. It also guards against reducing politics to individual intention.

== Route E — Limits of the human and the work of art ==

* Agamben, ''The Man Without Content'': aesthetics, artistic production, and the status of the modern spectator.
* Bostrom, “Why I Want to Be a Posthuman When I Grow Up”: an explicit defence of posthuman enhancement against which threshold, vulnerability, and responsibility can be tested.

Full publication details for every work recommended here are collected in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

Further reading should multiply points of resistance rather than supply a canon. A useful source is one that makes a distinction harder to sustain, more precise, or newly revisable.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>7mcpeoxcom7gednhmv0bxrun9f4wsg1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Theoretical Appendix</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>476989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673258</id>
      <parentid>4671038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673258</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8213" sha1="b70umaghg82ilbexmwgjvjbmdfff7l7" xml:space="preserve">== Theoretical Appendix ==

=== Individuation, inscription, and consciousness ===

==== The question ====

A scientist who studies a star, a cell, or a neural system belongs to the same material field as the object studied. There is no external viewpoint from which the universe can be observed as a completed whole. Does it follow that the universe knows itself through the scientist?

The tempting answer moves too quickly. It passes from the immanence of knowledge to a cosmic subject, as though every material process participated in one consciousness. Immanence establishes only that knowing occurs within the material field. It does not turn that field into a mind.

==== Local individuation within one field ====

Individuation names the formation and persistence of a relatively distinct configuration through relations, constraints, and exchanges. A cell, an organism, a measuring apparatus, and a scientific community are individuated in different ways. None is self-sufficient. Each depends on an environment and remains exposed to changes that may alter or dissolve it.

The unity of the material field therefore does not erase local distinctions. Monism concerns substrate: no immaterial substance has to be added. It does not imply that every capacity belongs to matter everywhere. Metabolism requires one organisation; symbolic inscription requires another; consciousness requires the joint satisfaction, in the same persistent system, of the formal conditions defined by the Symbolic Threshold Test. Capacities are local achievements.

==== Four distinctions that prevent confusion ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Term
! Minimal criterion
! What must not be inferred
|-
| Material process
| A change or persistence produced by physical relations
| That the process is already a sign, a thought, or an experience
|-
| Inscription
| A system discriminates a new difference and, in the inaugural event, co-constitutes a mark and a symbol
| That the system is conscious or acts intentionally
|-
| Knowledge
| Symbolic operations are organised, tested, and revised under material constraint
| That knowledge is a view from outside the field or a transparent copy of the real
|-
| Consciousness
| The theoretical criterion records &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; failure of any condition records &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records undecided attribution, not a third state. &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; is assessed only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.
| The criterion is formal and presently unvalidated: the thresholds are not empirically calibrated and no validated instrument measures &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;. It must not be used as a diagnostic classification of current systems.
|}

These distinctions are cumulative only in a limited sense. Conscious knowledge depends on material organisation, but material organisation does not automatically become knowledge. An apparatus may register and inscribe a difference without possessing experience. A symbolic system may produce coherent linguistic sequences without that performance settling whether a conscious regime exists.

==== Inscription is a singular event ====

When a system first discriminates a new difference, inscription co-constitutes the mark and the inaugural symbol. They are not successive stages. The mark is the material configuration made available by that inscription; the symbol is its material dimension of legibility and representation. The mark does not act, interpret, or enter into relations with other marks. The system relates symbols.

Later occurrences recognised under the available mark are further symbolic instances. They do not repeat the inaugural inscription. This distinction matters for scientific practice: a novel result and a later reading classified by an established protocol do not have the same status, even when both leave material records.

==== Knowledge remains materially constrained ====

Knowledge is neither a passive mirror nor an arbitrary construction. Observation reorganises material differences through instruments, protocols, concepts, archives, and practices of criticism. Such mediation prevents a view from nowhere; material correspondence prevents pure conventionalism. A measurement can be revised because the world resists the way it has been measured.

The scientist studying quantum phenomena is therefore an organised part of the field, using material-symbolic means to produce constrained knowledge about another part of it. This relation supports no inference to a universe-wide observer. The knowing configuration is local, historically formed, and dependent on apparatus, language, institutions, and bodies.

==== The threshold of consciousness ====

The existence of consciousness and its degree must be kept apart. Let &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; designate whether the conscious regime exists. The admissible ontological values are binary: &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;. When the available evidence cannot decide between them, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records epistemic suspension. It does not name a third or intermediate kind of being. Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may gradual dimensions be assessed as &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt;.

The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value.

The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework.

Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; designate variation in the density or richness of conscious organisation. The sequence is therefore:

&lt;pre&gt;
material organisation → possible inscription and symbolic operation
symbolic operation ≠ proof of consciousness
C = 0 or C = 1; U = undecided by us
if C = 1, then D may vary
&lt;/pre&gt;

The distinction blocks two symmetrical errors. Panpsychism distributes experience wherever matter operates. Anthropocentrism restricts consciousness by definition to familiar human forms. A threshold account permits neither shortcut: the relevant organisation and the evidence for it must be specified case by case.

==== What immanence permits us to say ====

The universe contains local configurations capable of producing knowledge about other configurations and about their own operations. If such a configuration satisfies the joint conditions defined by the Symbolic Threshold Test, that knowledge may also be experienced from a situated perspective. Nothing in this claim requires the universe as a whole to recognise, know, or experience itself.

Immanence removes the external observer. It does not install a cosmic subject in the observer's place.

==== Questions for study ====

* Why does one material field not imply one consciousness?
* Can an apparatus inscribe a result without being conscious? Which capacities would have to be distinguished?
* Why is &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; an epistemic status rather than an intermediate degree of consciousness?
* What changes after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; makes the variable &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; meaningful?
* How can knowledge be mediated without becoming arbitrary?

For the full C/U/D protocol and the definitions used here, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|6.1]]. For cited editions and further reading, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>b70umaghg82ilbexmwgjvjbmdfff7l7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673305</id>
      <parentid>4673258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:05:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673305</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8273" sha1="iz0gao3t2u5eawo3ho4bztmgj8l8j6o" xml:space="preserve">== Theoretical Appendix ==

=== Individuation, inscription, and consciousness ===

==== The question ====

A scientist who studies a star, a cell, or a neural system belongs to the same material field as the object studied. There is no external viewpoint from which the universe can be observed as a completed whole. Does it follow that the universe knows itself through the scientist?

The tempting answer moves too quickly. It passes from the immanence of knowledge to a cosmic subject, as though every material process participated in one consciousness. Immanence establishes only that knowing occurs within the material field. It does not turn that field into a mind.

==== Local individuation within one field ====

Individuation names the formation and persistence of a relatively distinct configuration through relations, constraints, and exchanges. A cell, an organism, a measuring apparatus, and a scientific community are individuated in different ways. None is self-sufficient. Each depends on an environment and remains exposed to changes that may alter or dissolve it.

The unity of the material field therefore does not erase local distinctions. Monism concerns substrate: no immaterial substance has to be added. It does not imply that every capacity belongs to matter everywhere. Metabolism requires one organisation; symbolic inscription requires another; consciousness requires the joint satisfaction, in the same persistent system, of the formal conditions defined by the Symbolic Threshold Test. Capacities are local achievements.

==== Four distinctions that prevent confusion ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Term
! Minimal criterion
! What must not be inferred
|-
| Material process
| A change or persistence produced by physical relations
| That the process is already a sign, a thought, or an experience
|-
| Inscription
| A system discriminates a new difference and, in the inaugural event, co-constitutes a mark and a symbol
| That the system is conscious or acts intentionally
|-
| Knowledge
| Symbolic operations are organised, tested, and revised under material constraint
| That knowledge is a view from outside the field or a transparent copy of the real
|-
| Consciousness
| The theoretical criterion records &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; failure of any condition records &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records undecided attribution, not a third state. &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; is assessed only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.
| The criterion is formal and presently unvalidated: the thresholds are not empirically calibrated and no validated instrument measures &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;. It must not be used as a diagnostic classification of current systems.
|}

These distinctions are cumulative only in a limited sense. Conscious knowledge depends on material organisation, but material organisation does not automatically become knowledge. An apparatus may register and inscribe a difference without possessing experience. A symbolic system may produce coherent linguistic sequences without that performance settling whether a conscious regime exists.

==== Inscription is a singular event ====

When a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, that event constitutes a trace. Singular inscription recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The mark is the material configuration represented by the symbol. It does not act, interpret, or enter into relations with other marks. The system relates symbols.

Later recognition proceeds through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system and does not repeat inscription. This distinction matters for scientific practice: a pattern discriminated as new or previously unknown and a later reading classified by an established protocol do not have the same status, even when both leave material records.

==== Knowledge remains materially constrained ====

Knowledge is neither a passive mirror nor an arbitrary construction. Observation reorganises material differences through instruments, protocols, concepts, archives, and practices of criticism. Such mediation prevents a view from nowhere; material correspondence prevents pure conventionalism. A measurement can be revised because the world resists the way it has been measured.

The scientist studying quantum phenomena is therefore an organised part of the field, using material-symbolic means to produce constrained knowledge about another part of it. This relation supports no inference to a universe-wide observer. The knowing configuration is local, historically formed, and dependent on apparatus, language, institutions, and bodies.

==== The threshold of consciousness ====

The existence of consciousness and its degree must be kept apart. Let &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; designate whether the conscious regime exists. The admissible ontological values are binary: &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;. When the available evidence cannot decide between them, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records epistemic suspension. It does not name a third or intermediate kind of being. Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may gradual dimensions be assessed as &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt;.

The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value.

The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework.

Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; designate variation in the density or richness of conscious organisation. The sequence is therefore:

&lt;pre&gt;
material organisation → possible inscription and symbolic operation
symbolic operation ≠ proof of consciousness
C = 0 or C = 1; U = undecided by us
if C = 1, then D may vary
&lt;/pre&gt;

The distinction blocks two symmetrical errors. Panpsychism distributes experience wherever matter operates. Anthropocentrism restricts consciousness by definition to familiar human forms. A threshold account permits neither shortcut: the relevant organisation and the evidence for it must be specified case by case.

==== What immanence permits us to say ====

The universe contains local configurations capable of producing knowledge about other configurations and about their own operations. If such a configuration satisfies the joint conditions defined by the Symbolic Threshold Test, that knowledge may also be experienced from a situated perspective. Nothing in this claim requires the universe as a whole to recognise, know, or experience itself.

Immanence removes the external observer. It does not install a cosmic subject in the observer's place.

==== Questions for study ====

* Why does one material field not imply one consciousness?
* Can an apparatus inscribe a result without being conscious? Which capacities would have to be distinguished?
* Why is &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; an epistemic status rather than an intermediate degree of consciousness?
* What changes after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; makes the variable &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; meaningful?
* How can knowledge be mediated without becoming arbitrary?

For the full C/U/D protocol and the definitions used here, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|6.1]]. For cited editions and further reading, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>iz0gao3t2u5eawo3ho4bztmgj8l8j6o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673319</id>
      <parentid>4673305</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:44:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional closure: correct the definition of inscription</comment>
      <origin>4673319</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8356" sha1="kzb2t3ym7vw4pq879kfq6y6jzrkmrwj" xml:space="preserve">== Theoretical Appendix ==

=== Individuation, inscription, and consciousness ===

==== The question ====

A scientist who studies a star, a cell, or a neural system belongs to the same material field as the object studied. There is no external viewpoint from which the universe can be observed as a completed whole. Does it follow that the universe knows itself through the scientist?

The tempting answer moves too quickly. It passes from the immanence of knowledge to a cosmic subject, as though every material process participated in one consciousness. Immanence establishes only that knowing occurs within the material field. It does not turn that field into a mind.

==== Local individuation within one field ====

Individuation names the formation and persistence of a relatively distinct configuration through relations, constraints, and exchanges. A cell, an organism, a measuring apparatus, and a scientific community are individuated in different ways. None is self-sufficient. Each depends on an environment and remains exposed to changes that may alter or dissolve it.

The unity of the material field therefore does not erase local distinctions. Monism concerns substrate: no immaterial substance has to be added. It does not imply that every capacity belongs to matter everywhere. Metabolism requires one organisation; symbolic inscription requires another; consciousness requires the joint satisfaction, in the same persistent system, of the formal conditions defined by the Symbolic Threshold Test. Capacities are local achievements.

==== Four distinctions that prevent confusion ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Term
! Minimal criterion
! What must not be inferred
|-
| Material process
| A change or persistence produced by physical relations
| That the process is already a sign, a thought, or an experience
|-
| Inscription
| Under a protocol, a system recognises the difference manifested by a trace and, through one singular material and symbolic operation, constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation
| That the system is conscious or acts intentionally
|-
| Knowledge
| Symbolic operations are organised, tested, and revised under material constraint
| That knowledge is a view from outside the field or a transparent copy of the real
|-
| Consciousness
| The theoretical criterion records &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; failure of any condition records &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records undecided attribution, not a third state. &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; is assessed only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.
| The criterion is formal and presently unvalidated: the thresholds are not empirically calibrated and no validated instrument measures &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;. It must not be used as a diagnostic classification of current systems.
|}

These distinctions are cumulative only in a limited sense. Conscious knowledge depends on material organisation, but material organisation does not automatically become knowledge. An apparatus may register and inscribe a difference without possessing experience. A symbolic system may produce coherent linguistic sequences without that performance settling whether a conscious regime exists.

==== Inscription is a singular event ====

When a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, that event constitutes a trace. Singular inscription recognises the difference manifested by the trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The mark is the material configuration represented by the symbol. It does not act, interpret, or enter into relations with other marks. The system relates symbols.

Later recognition proceeds through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system and does not repeat inscription. This distinction matters for scientific practice: a pattern discriminated as new or previously unknown and a later reading classified by an established protocol do not have the same status, even when both leave material records.

==== Knowledge remains materially constrained ====

Knowledge is neither a passive mirror nor an arbitrary construction. Observation reorganises material differences through instruments, protocols, concepts, archives, and practices of criticism. Such mediation prevents a view from nowhere; material correspondence prevents pure conventionalism. A measurement can be revised because the world resists the way it has been measured.

The scientist studying quantum phenomena is therefore an organised part of the field, using material-symbolic means to produce constrained knowledge about another part of it. This relation supports no inference to a universe-wide observer. The knowing configuration is local, historically formed, and dependent on apparatus, language, institutions, and bodies.

==== The threshold of consciousness ====

The existence of consciousness and its degree must be kept apart. Let &lt;math&gt;C&lt;/math&gt; designate whether the conscious regime exists. The admissible ontological values are binary: &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;. When the available evidence cannot decide between them, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records epistemic suspension. It does not name a third or intermediate kind of being. Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may gradual dimensions be assessed as &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt;.

The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value.

The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework.

Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; designate variation in the density or richness of conscious organisation. The sequence is therefore:

&lt;pre&gt;
material organisation → possible inscription and symbolic operation
symbolic operation ≠ proof of consciousness
C = 0 or C = 1; U = undecided by us
if C = 1, then D may vary
&lt;/pre&gt;

The distinction blocks two symmetrical errors. Panpsychism distributes experience wherever matter operates. Anthropocentrism restricts consciousness by definition to familiar human forms. A threshold account permits neither shortcut: the relevant organisation and the evidence for it must be specified case by case.

==== What immanence permits us to say ====

The universe contains local configurations capable of producing knowledge about other configurations and about their own operations. If such a configuration satisfies the joint conditions defined by the Symbolic Threshold Test, that knowledge may also be experienced from a situated perspective. Nothing in this claim requires the universe as a whole to recognise, know, or experience itself.

Immanence removes the external observer. It does not install a cosmic subject in the observer's place.

==== Questions for study ====

* Why does one material field not imply one consciousness?
* Can an apparatus inscribe a result without being conscious? Which capacities would have to be distinguished?
* Why is &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; an epistemic status rather than an intermediate degree of consciousness?
* What changes after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; makes the variable &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; meaningful?
* How can knowledge be mediated without becoming arbitrary?

For the full C/U/D protocol and the definitions used here, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|6.1]]. For cited editions and further reading, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>kzb2t3ym7vw4pq879kfq6y6jzrkmrwj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>479761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673153</id>
      <parentid>4671460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673153</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16505" sha1="9rexjbegxkwol00d3d50uobb4e4noud" xml:space="preserve">== 4.1 – Vulnerability Without Centre ==

Ethics is often introduced by asking which principle should govern action or which kind of subject can be held responsible. This chapter begins earlier. It asks how material configurations are exposed to effects they do not fully control, how capacities for protection and repair are distributed, and when a symbolically responsive configuration must answer for the way it reorganises those conditions.

'''Vulnerability without centre''' does not mean that every being suffers in the same way or has the same ethical status. It means that no configuration occupies a position outside relational dependence, and that ethical inquiry cannot be organised exclusively around a sovereign human subject.

=== From the centred subject to relational exposure ===

Several influential ethical traditions begin from a privileged locus: rational autonomy, a natural end, conscience, empathy, or the encounter with another person. These traditions are heterogeneous and cannot be reduced to one doctrine. Kantian autonomy, Aristotelian flourishing, Levinasian responsibility, and ethics of care each disclose dimensions that the framework can learn from.

The present displacement concerns their starting point. A subject does not first become complete and then enter relations. Bodies, capacities, identities, and possibilities of response are formed and sustained through relations that precede any particular decision. The ethical subject is therefore not abolished; it is situated.

'''Exposure''' names the general condition of being open to effects produced through those relations. A system that exchanges matter, energy, information, care, labour, or authority cannot determine every consequence of those exchanges. Exposure is not a feeling and need not be consciously experienced.

'''Vulnerability''' names the possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with the unequal distribution of protection and capacities for response. A configuration can be exposed to beneficial and harmful effects; it becomes vulnerable with respect to the ways those effects can impair its organisation or its ability to respond.

Ethics begins neither from invulnerability nor from the demand to eliminate vulnerability. It begins from the fact that responses redistribute conditions of exposure among configurations that do not possess equal resources, recognition, or means of repair.

=== Concepts that must remain distinct ===

Exposure asks to which effects a configuration is open; it is not a subjective feeling of being exposed. Vulnerability asks which harms or losses are possible and which capacities for response exist; it does not designate moral weakness or inferiority. Fragility concerns how readily a configuration fails under a specified perturbation and does not exhaust vulnerability in the ethical sense. Operative excess asks whether, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; it is not vulnerability itself.

The distinctions matter. A robust institution can expose a fragile population to harm. A vulnerable organism may not be under operative excess. A symbolic system may encounter operative excess without anyone being injured. The operators can interact, but none should silently replace another.

=== Shared condition, unequal distribution ===

All materially organised configurations depend on conditions they do not fully control. This shared exposure is ontological. Its distribution is historical, technical, economic, ecological, and political.

Two people living through the same heatwave may face radically different risks because housing quality, health, work requirements, transport, access to water, and medical support differ. The atmospheric event is common; the field of exposure is not. The relevant asymmetry is not only who encounters heat, but who can avoid it, recover from it, obtain recognition of harm, and influence the arrangements that distribute risk.

Race, class, gender, disability, citizenship, and geography can become materially operative through laws, infrastructures, classifications, labour arrangements, and institutional routines. These categories are not introduced as timeless essences. The analysis asks how they are inscribed and how those inscriptions change exposure, visibility, protection, and repair.

Unequal distribution is not automatically unjust simply because positions differ. Different roles and dependencies can be unavoidable or beneficial. Ethical criticism is directed towards '''destructive asymmetries''': arrangements that concentrate avoidable harm, suppress capacities for response, deny recognition, or prevent those affected from contesting and repairing the conditions imposed upon them.

This prevents both abstract universalism, which says “everyone is vulnerable” while ignoring concrete differences, and competitive vulnerability, which turns ethical attention into a contest over who is most injured. The task is to map relations and mechanisms, not to rank identities in the abstract.

=== Vulnerability is not lack ===

Vulnerability has often been understood as deficiency: an incomplete subject needs protection from what it cannot master. This framework rejects the conclusion that dependency is a lesser form of being. Dependence is part of the organisation through which capacities exist at all.

This does not make vulnerability identical to operative excess. A system is vulnerable because exposure makes damage or disorganisation possible. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the system's present form. It is an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. In a symbolic system the comparison concerns symbolic relations; in a non-symbolic system it concerns the material relations relevant to the structural form under examination. Operative excess may intensify vulnerability, but the terms answer different questions.

Protection also need not oppose reorganisation. Immediate protection can prevent irreversible harm and preserve the capacities required for later change. Reorganisation becomes necessary when the arrangement that repeatedly produces the harm must itself be altered. A responsible practice may therefore have to protect configurations from imminent or disproportionate damage, restore or expand their capacity to respond and repair, reorganise the relations that reproduce destructive exposure, and preserve mechanisms for contesting the new arrangement.

Treating protection as mere paternalism would be as mistaken as treating protection alone as sufficient.

=== The subject as a threshold effect ===

A subject, in this framework, is a materially organised capacity for symbolically mediated self-modulation and response. This capacity emerges at a threshold; it is not an immaterial substance and need not be located in one indivisible centre.

Distributed support does not remove agency. Human response depends on bodies, memory, language, tools, other people, and institutions. An organisation may also distribute decisions across procedures and roles. In each case, responsibility requires identifying where symbols are related, where decisions are made operative, and where revision is possible.

The continuity needed for responsibility is therefore functional and historical rather than metaphysically absolute. A person or institution changes over time, yet can remain answerable when it can document relevant actions and effects, recognise its participation in the causal configuration, preserve or reconstruct records, respond to claims from affected configurations, and alter future operations in support of repair.

Responsibility should not be dissolved into the field. “The system did it” is inadequate when specific capacities, authorities, and decisions can be identified. Nor should responsibility be reduced to individual intention when infrastructure and institutional design systematically shape the outcome.

=== From vulnerability to ethical demand ===

Ontology alone does not issue commands. The fact that a configuration is vulnerable does not deductively prove how another configuration ought to act. The ethical demand becomes materially posed where symbolically responsive systems are already altering exposure and can recognise that their operations affect the capacities of others.

The normative premise must be stated rather than hidden: where a symbolically responsive configuration can recognise that its operations impose avoidable damage or suppress another configuration's capacity to respond, that recognition supplies a reason to alter the arrangement. The reason has force because destroying response, contestation, or repair makes the affected configuration bear an imposed relation without an operative route to answer it. Exposure describes the situation; the commitment to preserve or expand response and to resist destructive asymmetry supplies the norm.

The present analysis evaluates a proposed response through four connected conditions. The first is '''response''': whether the arrangement maintains or expands the affected configurations' capacities to answer and participate. The second is '''asymmetry''': whether it reduces destructive concentrations of exposure rather than displacing them onto less protected positions. The third joins '''repair and contestation''': whether errors, injuries, and exclusions can be challenged and repaired. The fourth is '''heterogeneity''': whether different configurations can continue to operate without forced assimilation.

These conditions refine the phrase “preserve or amplify relational complexity”. Complexity does not mean more components, procedures, or connections. A highly intricate apparatus can be oppressive. Relational complexity means sustaining heterogeneous capacities in responsive, revisable relations.

Vulnerability also does not automatically confer identical moral standing on every material system. A damaged database, injured animal, polluted wetland, and harmed person raise different questions. Their capacities, dependencies, and relations must be analysed rather than flattened into one category. Ethical attention can extend beyond humans without erasing ethically relevant differences.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part IV, which moves from ontological architecture to ethical and political argument. Parts I–III describe the material conditions within which vulnerability and exposure occur; they do not by themselves yield a norm. Part IV must therefore justify the evaluative criteria by which distributions of harm, protection, participation, repair, and revisability are assessed. This section introduces vulnerability without a centre as the material problem to which those criteria respond.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is how to justify ethical claims without appealing to a transcendent principle and without pretending that a description of vulnerability already contains an obligation. Asymmetric exposure supplies evidence about who may be harmed, excluded, or deprived of repair; public reasons are still required to explain why and how a response is warranted. The section therefore distinguishes the material basis of an ethical problem from its normative justification.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that vulnerability names differential exposure to possible harm or disorganisation. Its distribution can be investigated through risk, access to protection, participation in decisions, and capacities for repair. Rational agency is not the sole source of ethical standing, but neither does exposure automatically settle what must be done. Ethical judgement begins by making affected positions legible and by submitting proposed responses to explicit, revisable criteria.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are exposure as openness to relational effects, vulnerability as differential exposure to possible harm or disorganisation, fragility as low resistance to a specified perturbation, and operative excess as the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. The normative premise is stated separately: recognition of avoidable damage or suppressed response-capacity supplies a reason to alter the arrangement. The four criteria of response, asymmetry, repair and contestation, and heterogeneity guide that assessment without being deduced from vulnerability alone.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should note that the shift from ontology to ethics introduces evaluative criteria that are not deduced from ontology alone. Vulnerability concerns differential exposure, while operative excess concerns an explicitly established excess of materially realisable relations over the relations realised in a present form and makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; neither is the ethical dimension of the other. In the ethical cases considered here, the relevant reorganisation is symbolic, but that does not restrict the operator itself to the symbolic. The pedagogical challenge is to examine how damage, protection, participation, repair, and revisability are evidenced in a concrete case rather than treating ethical vocabulary as either mere feeling or an automatic consequence of material instability.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish exposure, vulnerability, operative excess, and fragility;
* explain why shared vulnerability does not imply equal vulnerability;
* identify material mechanisms that distribute risk and repair;
* understand responsibility without requiring an unchanging substantial self;
* avoid deriving ethical value from complexity alone.

The guiding question is: '''How does ethical significance arise from situated relations of exposure without appealing to a subject or principle outside the material field?'''

==== Worked example: an urban heatwave ====

Consider a city responding to a prolonged heatwave.

# '''Exposure.''' Temperature, humidity, building materials, work locations, and transport shape who encounters dangerous heat.
# '''Vulnerability.''' Age, health, housing, income, isolation, and access to cooling affect possible harm and recovery.
# '''Institutional coupling.''' Electricity, healthcare, public information, labour rules, and emergency services determine available responses.
# '''Symbolic visibility.''' Categories and data practices influence which deaths or illnesses are recorded and which areas receive attention.
# '''Decision.''' Opening cooling centres, changing work hours, subsidising electricity, or altering housing standards redistributes protection and cost.
# '''Revision.''' Feedback from affected residents and evidence of exclusion must be able to change the plan.

The case shows why vulnerability is neither an inner state nor an abstract universal. It is a situated distribution that can be mapped and reorganised.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is exposure more general than vulnerability?
* Can a configuration be robust and still contribute to another’s vulnerability?
* Why are vulnerability and operative excess not synonyms?
* What kind of continuity is required for responsibility?
* How do the four conditions prevent “more complexity” from justifying domination?

=== Transition ===

[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization|Section 4.2]] develops the next step: how hesitation, decision, and symbolic reorganisation can alter a field of exposure without pretending to act from outside it.

Bibliographic pathways are available in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>9rexjbegxkwol00d3d50uobb4e4noud</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673252</id>
      <parentid>4673153</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16538" sha1="l7li2w3vlltae5i02su0z6jqfkp6jzk" xml:space="preserve">== 4.1 – Vulnerability Without Centre ==

Ethics is often introduced by asking which principle should govern action or which kind of subject can be held responsible. This chapter begins earlier. It asks how material configurations are exposed to effects they do not fully control, how capacities for protection and repair are distributed, and when a symbolically responsive configuration must answer for the way it reorganises those conditions.

'''Vulnerability without centre''' does not mean that every being suffers in the same way or has the same ethical status. It means that no configuration occupies a position outside relational dependence, and that ethical inquiry cannot be organised exclusively around a sovereign human subject.

=== From the centred subject to relational exposure ===

Several influential ethical traditions begin from a privileged locus: rational autonomy, a natural end, conscience, empathy, or the encounter with another person. These traditions are heterogeneous and cannot be reduced to one doctrine. Kantian autonomy, Aristotelian flourishing, Levinasian responsibility, and ethics of care each disclose dimensions that the framework can learn from.

The present displacement concerns their starting point. A subject does not first become complete and then enter relations. Bodies, capacities, identities, and possibilities of response are formed and sustained through relations that precede any particular decision. The ethical subject is therefore not abolished; it is situated.

'''Exposure''' names the general condition of being open to effects produced through those relations. A system that exchanges matter, energy, information, care, labour, or authority cannot determine every consequence of those exchanges. Exposure is not a feeling and need not be consciously experienced.

'''Vulnerability''' names the possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with the unequal distribution of protection and capacities for response. A configuration can be exposed to beneficial and harmful effects; it becomes vulnerable with respect to the ways those effects can impair its organisation or its ability to respond.

Ethics begins neither from invulnerability nor from the demand to eliminate vulnerability. It begins from the fact that responses redistribute conditions of exposure among configurations that do not possess equal resources, recognition, or means of repair.

=== Concepts that must remain distinct ===

Exposure asks to which effects a configuration is open; it is not a subjective feeling of being exposed. Vulnerability asks which harms or losses are possible and which capacities for response exist; it does not designate moral weakness or inferiority. Fragility concerns how readily a configuration fails under a specified perturbation and does not exhaust vulnerability in the ethical sense. Operative excess asks whether, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; it is not vulnerability itself.

The distinctions matter. A robust institution can expose a fragile population to harm. A vulnerable organism may not be under operative excess. A symbolic system may encounter operative excess without anyone being injured. The operators can interact, but none should silently replace another.

=== Shared condition, unequal distribution ===

All materially organised configurations depend on conditions they do not fully control. This shared exposure is ontological. Its distribution is historical, technical, economic, ecological, and political.

Two people living through the same heatwave may face radically different risks because housing quality, health, work requirements, transport, access to water, and medical support differ. The atmospheric event is common; the field of exposure is not. The relevant asymmetry is not only who encounters heat, but who can avoid it, recover from it, obtain recognition of harm, and influence the arrangements that distribute risk.

Race, class, gender, disability, citizenship, and geography can become materially operative through laws, infrastructures, classifications, labour arrangements, and institutional routines. These categories are not introduced as timeless essences. The analysis asks how they are inscribed and how those inscriptions change exposure, visibility, protection, and repair.

Unequal distribution is not automatically unjust simply because positions differ. Different roles and dependencies can be unavoidable or beneficial. Ethical criticism is directed towards '''destructive asymmetries''': arrangements that concentrate avoidable harm, suppress capacities for response, deny recognition, or prevent those affected from contesting and repairing the conditions imposed upon them.

This prevents both abstract universalism, which says “everyone is vulnerable” while ignoring concrete differences, and competitive vulnerability, which turns ethical attention into a contest over who is most injured. The task is to map relations and mechanisms, not to rank identities in the abstract.

=== Vulnerability is not lack ===

Vulnerability has often been understood as deficiency: an incomplete subject needs protection from what it cannot master. This framework rejects the conclusion that dependency is a lesser form of being. Dependence is part of the organisation through which capacities exist at all.

This does not make vulnerability identical to operative excess. A system is vulnerable because exposure makes damage or disorganisation possible. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the system's present form. It is an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. In a symbolic system the comparison concerns symbolic relations; in a non-symbolic system it concerns the material relations relevant to the structural form under examination. Operative excess may intensify vulnerability, but the terms answer different questions.

Protection also need not oppose reorganisation. Immediate protection can prevent irreversible harm and preserve the capacities required for later change. Reorganisation becomes necessary when the arrangement that repeatedly produces the harm must itself be altered. A responsible practice may therefore have to protect configurations from imminent or disproportionate damage, restore or expand their capacity to respond and repair, reorganise the relations that reproduce destructive exposure, and preserve mechanisms for contesting the new arrangement.

Treating protection as mere paternalism would be as mistaken as treating protection alone as sufficient.

=== The subject as a material organisation ===

A subject, in this framework, is a materially organised capacity for symbolically mediated self-modulation and response. This capacity arises through materially conditioned organisation; it is not an immaterial substance and need not be located in one indivisible centre.

Distributed support does not remove agency. Human response depends on bodies, memory, language, tools, other people, and institutions. An organisation may also distribute decisions across procedures and roles. In each case, responsibility requires identifying where symbols are related, where decisions are made operative, and where revision is possible.

The continuity needed for responsibility is therefore functional and historical rather than metaphysically absolute. A person or institution changes over time, yet can remain answerable when it can document relevant actions and effects, recognise its participation in the causal configuration, preserve or reconstruct records, respond to claims from affected configurations, and alter future operations in support of repair.

Responsibility should not be dissolved into the field. “The system did it” is inadequate when specific capacities, authorities, and decisions can be identified. Nor should responsibility be reduced to individual intention when infrastructure and institutional design systematically shape the outcome.

=== From vulnerability to ethical demand ===

Ontology alone does not issue commands. The fact that a configuration is vulnerable does not deductively prove how another configuration ought to act. The ethical demand becomes materially posed where symbolically responsive systems are already altering exposure and can recognise that their operations affect the capacities of others.

The normative premise must be stated rather than hidden: where a symbolically responsive configuration can recognise that its operations impose avoidable damage or suppress another configuration's capacity to respond, that recognition supplies a reason to alter the arrangement. The reason has force because destroying response, contestation, or repair makes the affected configuration bear an imposed relation without an operative route to answer it. Exposure describes the situation; the commitment to preserve or expand response and to resist destructive asymmetry supplies the norm.

The present analysis evaluates a proposed response through four connected conditions. The first is '''response''': whether the arrangement maintains or expands the affected configurations' capacities to answer and participate. The second is '''asymmetry''': whether it reduces destructive concentrations of exposure rather than displacing them onto less protected positions. The third joins '''repair and contestation''': whether errors, injuries, and exclusions can be challenged and repaired. The fourth is '''heterogeneity''': whether different configurations can continue to operate without forced assimilation.

These conditions refine the phrase “preserve or amplify relational complexity”. Complexity does not mean more components, procedures, or connections. A highly intricate apparatus can be oppressive. Relational complexity means sustaining heterogeneous capacities in responsive, revisable relations.

Vulnerability also does not automatically confer identical moral standing on every material system. A damaged database, injured animal, polluted wetland, and harmed person raise different questions. Their capacities, dependencies, and relations must be analysed rather than flattened into one category. Ethical attention can extend beyond humans without erasing ethically relevant differences.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part IV, which moves from ontological architecture to ethical and political argument. Parts I–III describe the material conditions within which vulnerability and exposure occur; they do not by themselves yield a norm. Part IV must therefore justify the evaluative criteria by which distributions of harm, protection, participation, repair, and revisability are assessed. This section introduces vulnerability without a centre as the material problem to which those criteria respond.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is how to justify ethical claims without appealing to a transcendent principle and without pretending that a description of vulnerability already contains an obligation. Asymmetric exposure supplies evidence about who may be harmed, excluded, or deprived of repair; public reasons are still required to explain why and how a response is warranted. The section therefore distinguishes the material basis of an ethical problem from its normative justification.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that vulnerability names differential exposure to possible harm or disorganisation. Its distribution can be investigated through risk, access to protection, participation in decisions, and capacities for repair. Rational agency is not the sole source of ethical standing, but neither does exposure automatically settle what must be done. Ethical judgement begins by making affected positions legible and by submitting proposed responses to explicit, revisable criteria.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are exposure as openness to relational effects, vulnerability as differential exposure to possible harm or disorganisation, fragility as low resistance to a specified perturbation, and operative excess as the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. The normative premise is stated separately: recognition of avoidable damage or suppressed response-capacity supplies a reason to alter the arrangement. The four criteria of response, asymmetry, repair and contestation, and heterogeneity guide that assessment without being deduced from vulnerability alone.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should note that the shift from ontology to ethics introduces evaluative criteria that are not deduced from ontology alone. Vulnerability concerns differential exposure, while operative excess concerns an explicitly established excess of materially realisable relations over the relations realised in a present form and makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; neither is the ethical dimension of the other. In the ethical cases considered here, the relevant reorganisation is symbolic, but that does not restrict the operator itself to the symbolic. The pedagogical challenge is to examine how damage, protection, participation, repair, and revisability are evidenced in a concrete case rather than treating ethical vocabulary as either mere feeling or an automatic consequence of material instability.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish exposure, vulnerability, operative excess, and fragility;
* explain why shared vulnerability does not imply equal vulnerability;
* identify material mechanisms that distribute risk and repair;
* understand responsibility without requiring an unchanging substantial self;
* avoid deriving ethical value from complexity alone.

The guiding question is: '''How does ethical significance arise from situated relations of exposure without appealing to a subject or principle outside the material field?'''

==== Worked example: an urban heatwave ====

Consider a city responding to a prolonged heatwave.

# '''Exposure.''' Temperature, humidity, building materials, work locations, and transport shape who encounters dangerous heat.
# '''Vulnerability.''' Age, health, housing, income, isolation, and access to cooling affect possible harm and recovery.
# '''Institutional coupling.''' Electricity, healthcare, public information, labour rules, and emergency services determine available responses.
# '''Symbolic visibility.''' Categories and data practices influence which deaths or illnesses are recorded and which areas receive attention.
# '''Decision.''' Opening cooling centres, changing work hours, subsidising electricity, or altering housing standards redistributes protection and cost.
# '''Revision.''' Feedback from affected residents and evidence of exclusion must be able to change the plan.

The case shows why vulnerability is neither an inner state nor an abstract universal. It is a situated distribution that can be mapped and reorganised.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is exposure more general than vulnerability?
* Can a configuration be robust and still contribute to another’s vulnerability?
* Why are vulnerability and operative excess not synonyms?
* What kind of continuity is required for responsibility?
* How do the four conditions prevent “more complexity” from justifying domination?

=== Transition ===

[[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization|Section 4.2]] develops the next step: how hesitation, decision, and symbolic reorganisation can alter a field of exposure without pretending to act from outside it.

Bibliographic pathways are available in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>l7li2w3vlltae5i02su0z6jqfkp6jzk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>479762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673146</id>
      <parentid>4671461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18084" sha1="oego7f1gpowblc7ufm88p8egbr94263" xml:space="preserve">== 4.2 – Ethics as Symbolic Reorganisation ==

An emergency rule can distribute shelter quickly and still exclude people who lack internet access, transport, documentation, or accessible communication. The rule has material effects before anyone describes it as ethical. The problem is how a symbolically responsive arrangement can examine and revise the exposure it redistributes. Ethics is not added to the material field from outside. Symbolically responsive configurations already classify situations, select relevant differences, apply rules, and alter the conditions under which other configurations can act. Those operations redistribute exposure whether or not they are described as moral.

This chapter uses '''ethics''' for the disciplined reorganisation of these relations in response to concrete vulnerability. This does not make every reorganisation ethically defensible. It makes every consequential symbolic reorganisation ethically assessable.

=== The ontological location of ethics ===

A familiar picture separates facts from values: the world supplies what is, while a rational subject or moral order supplies what ought to be. The philosophical history of this distinction is complex, and the framework does not erase the logical difference between description and prescription. It rejects a stronger separation: the idea that ethical evaluation belongs to an immaterial sphere detached from material relations.

A law, diagnosis, database category, timetable, or professional protocol is a symbolic configuration with material supports and effects. It can change access, delay, visibility, movement, treatment, and risk. Ethical questions arise because symbolically responsive systems are already participating in these reorganisations.

This is the '''ontological location''' of ethics. Ethics operates within the same field as the conditions it evaluates. It has no view from nowhere, but it can compare arrangements, register harms, revise categories, and make reasons public.

The distinction is crucial. A reorganisation has an ethical dimension when it redistributes exposure. It becomes an ethical practice when that redistribution is examined and revised in response to affected vulnerability. Its ethical consistency then depends on substantive conditions concerning response, asymmetry, repair, contestation, and heterogeneity.

Material reality alone does not sanctify an outcome. Violence is material too.

=== Morals, norms, and ethics ===

The terms often overlap in ordinary language. Here they perform different analytical functions.

'''Morals''' are inherited and learned patterns of evaluation: shared expectations, habits, prohibitions, virtues, and judgements. They are materially sustained through education, language, ritual, sanction, and example. Morals can orient care and cooperation, but they can also reproduce exclusions that have become habitual.

'''Norms''' are relatively stabilised standards of conduct, classification, or performance. Some are explicit and codified, such as laws and technical protocols; others remain implicit in institutional routines. Norms make coordination and adjudication possible. Their generality can also obscure singular circumstances.

'''Ethics''' is the practice of interrogating and reorganising the relations through which morals and norms distribute exposure. It becomes necessary when automatic conformity would reproduce damage, exclusion, or invisibility, or when a new situation exceeds the available rule. Morals sustain inherited evaluations and forms of life, with the risk that repetition may naturalise harmful arrangements. Norms stabilise expectations, decisions, and coordination, but their generality can become blind to concrete differences. Ethics reorganises relations in response to vulnerability, while every intervention remains capable of producing unforeseen harm or concealing its own power.

Ethics does not abolish morals or norms. A reliable safety rule can protect vulnerable people; a moral commitment can sustain solidarity. Ethical inquiry asks whether their present operation remains answerable to the configurations they affect.

=== The field of contact ===

The '''field of contact''' is the situated arrangement through which configurations encounter and affect one another. It includes spatial design, infrastructures, interfaces, institutional roles, economic conditions, classifications, communication channels, and access to decision-making.

To reorganise the field of contact is to alter one or more of these relations. The change may be modest: translating a medical instruction, changing an appeal deadline, adding a human review to an automated decision. It may be structural: redesigning a transport network, changing property rules, or redistributing public resources.

The concept prevents ethical analysis from stopping at intention. A benevolent intention can operate through an arrangement that remains inaccessible or damaging. Conversely, a routine technical adjustment can have major ethical consequences even when no individual intended them.

The field is not the totality of society. It is delimited relative to a case. The analyst must state who and what is included, which scale and interval are relevant, and which effects remain outside the current description.

=== Hesitation, decision, and reorganisation ===

Ethical response proceeds through three linked operators.

'''Hesitation''' suspends an automatic response when the existing framework is insufficient. It creates time to register excluded relations, consult affected configurations, examine uncertainty, and consider alternatives. Hesitation is not indecision for its own sake. When delay intensifies harm, continued hesitation becomes another decision with material effects.

'''Decision''' selects and symbolically articulates a course of action under incomplete conditions. It is not a sovereign act detached from the field. It depends on available symbols, authorities, resources, and procedures. A new inscription occurs only if a capable system discriminates and singularly inscribes a new or previously unknown configuration; decision as such should not be conflated with that technical operation. The decision remains attributable because a capacity to respond is exercised, even though that capacity is distributed.

'''Symbolic reorganisation''' changes relations between symbols and can guide changes in material arrangements. A revised category may alter a form, database, budget, route, or legal entitlement. Marks remain passive; systems relate symbols and make the resulting decisions operative.

The process begins with encountered vulnerability and may pass through hesitation, a wider symbolic articulation of the case, decision, changes in material arrangements, monitoring, and revision. This is a practical sequence, not a universal timetable or a guarantee of ethical success. A decision may reproduce the very exclusion that hesitation was meant to reveal.

=== Four conditions for ethical consistency ===

“Preserve or amplify relational complexity” is too vague unless it can be tested. A proposed reorganisation should therefore be assessed through four conditions. '''Capacity for response''' asks whether affected configurations retain or gain meaningful ways to answer, participate, refuse, or adapt. '''Destructive asymmetry''' asks whether the change reduces concentrated and avoidable exposure or merely moves risk onto positions with fewer protections. '''Contestation and repair''' asks whether errors and injuries can be identified, challenged, and repaired through accessible procedures. '''Heterogeneity''' asks whether the arrangement sustains relevant differences or forces every configuration into one imposed pattern.

No single condition is sufficient. Participation without repair can become consultation theatre. Risk reduction achieved through forced homogenisation can destroy capacities the policy was meant to protect. Revisability without resources is only formal.

=== When the conditions conflict ===

The four conditions do not form an automatic ranking. A response can reduce immediate harm by restricting participation; preserving heterogeneity can slow action where delay is dangerous. The conflict must be made explicit rather than hidden under the word “complexity”. A responsible decision specifies imminent or irreversible harms and the minimum response-capacities requiring protection. It identifies whose capacities, protections, and burdens each feasible option changes and compares the evidence for the alternatives, including the costs of delay and non-intervention. Where one condition is limited, the decision should state why a less restrictive path is inadequate, who can contest that judgement, and which mechanisms of review, redress, expiry, or revision remain available.

For example, emergency shelter allocation may temporarily restrict choice to prevent exposure to immediate danger. Ethical consistency still requires accessible communication, attention to disability and family dependency, a route of appeal, monitoring of exclusion, and revision once the emergency constraint changes. The procedure does not remove judgement; it makes its reasons, losses, and points of correction visible.

These conditions are immanent because they concern what configurations can do within the field. They are still normative: they provide reasons to reject some arrangements and prefer others.

=== No guarantee, but not relativism ===

No procedure in this framework guarantees a correct result before action. In an ethical decision, operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the established framework. This is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether a reconfiguration occurs depends on the full set of materially active relations; whether it should occur, and which response is ethically justified, depends on the explicit normative criteria and evidence examined above. Action therefore involves risk without turning operative excess into an ethical command.

Absence of guarantee is not absence of criteria. Arrangements can be compared through evidence about exposure, participation, damage, repair, and revisability. Some decisions silence affected positions, conceal costs, and prevent correction. Others disclose assumptions, distribute protection, and preserve response. Situated judgement is fallible without being arbitrary.

The passage from ontology to ethics is not a logical deduction of an “ought” from an “is”. Ontology establishes that symbolically responsive systems already reorganise exposure and cannot avoid producing effects. Ethics articulates how that unavoidable responsiveness should be exercised if the capacities that make response possible are not to be destroyed.

This is an '''operative implication''', not a proof of a moral law. The ontology supplies descriptive constraints and identifies the capacities at stake; normative criteria still require argument, evidence, and contestation.

Nor is the position simple consequentialism. Outcomes matter, but ethical assessment also concerns how a decision was produced, which voices were excluded, whether appeal is possible, and which future capacities are preserved. Aggregate benefit cannot automatically justify irreversible harm imposed on positions denied a response.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This section develops ethics as the situated evaluation and revision of symbolically mediated arrangements in a field of exposure. Where §4.1 identified vulnerability as a material stake, this section asks how a response can be justified without mechanical rule-following. Reorganisation is an available mode of action, not an automatic good: it must be assessed by its effects on harm, protection, participation, repair, and future correction.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the relationship between ethics and normativity. If every reorganisation is materially realised, materiality alone cannot distinguish care from domination. Nor can increasing complexity serve as a sufficient criterion, because a more complex arrangement may distribute greater harm or make redress harder. Ethical evaluation therefore requires plural and explicit criteria tied to the affected case, together with reasons that remain open to contestation and revision.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that ethical judgement is a symbolically mediated and materially consequential practice. Some symbolic acts preserve an arrangement, others revise it, and their effects may redistribute exposure and response-capacity. Ethics requires those effects and affected positions to be examined through public reasons; it cannot be reduced either to existing morals or to the functional regularity of institutional norms.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are ethics as situated symbolic reorganisation rather than mechanical rule-following, the field of contact, hesitation as suspension of an automatic response, and decision as symbolically articulated selection without guarantee. Decision is not automatically an inscription in the OEC's technical sense. In the symbolic case of ethical decision, operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the current form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary and does not by itself justify any outcome. Consequences also remain uncertain for reasons that need not amount to operative excess.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section is pivotal for understanding the OEC's relation to moral philosophy. Reorganisation is neither a synonym for improvement nor a complete consequentialist rule. Evaluation remains situated because evidence, action, and affected positions are materially embedded, yet situated judgement can still use explicit criteria. Hesitation creates time to register excluded differences and compare alternatives; it neither guarantees that a more adequate response will emerge nor excuses indefinite postponement.

Conflict is not expected to disappear once the criteria are stated. When protection, participation, repair, and revisability pull in different directions, the procedure is to identify affected positions, make foreseeable harms and exclusions explicit, compare alternatives publicly, preserve routes of contestation, and state when the decision must be reviewed. The framework offers a discipline of justification, not an algorithm that guarantees consensus.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish morals, norms, and ethics without ranking them as higher and lower domains;
* explain what a field of contact is;
* describe hesitation, decision, and symbolic reorganisation as a connected process;
* apply the four conditions of relational complexity;
* understand why the absence of absolute guarantee is not relativism.

The guiding question is: '''How can a situated decision be ethically evaluated when no rule captures every relevant relation and no position stands outside the field?'''

==== Worked example: emergency shelter allocation ====

After severe flooding, a municipality has fewer accessible shelter places than requests.

# An existing rule allocates places in order of online registration.
# The rule is clear and administratively efficient, but assumes reliable internet access, literacy, transport, and the ability to apply quickly.
# Reports from affected residents reveal that the rule concentrates exclusion among people already facing greater exposure.
# Ethical hesitation suspends automatic allocation long enough to inspect the field of contact.
# The municipality adds telephone and in-person registration, accessibility criteria, transport support, a review process, and public reporting.
# The revised arrangement is monitored for new exclusions and remains open to appeal.

No solution removes scarcity or vulnerability. The ethical reorganisation changes how exposure is distributed, preserves more capacities for response, and makes correction possible. It can still fail and must remain revisable.

==== Common mistakes ====

* '''Moralisation''': treating ethics as praise or blame detached from material arrangements.
* '''Rule rejection''': assuming that because no rule is complete, rules are useless.
* '''Complexity worship''': equating more procedure or connection with ethical improvement.
* '''Decisionism''': treating the absence of guarantee as permission for unchecked authority.
* '''Endless hesitation''': postponing action while harm continues.
* '''Symbolic idealism''': changing language without changing the material relations through which the category operates.

==== Check your understanding ====

* When does a norm require ethical re-examination?
* Why is every reorganisation assessable but not automatically ethical?
* How does hesitation differ from indecision?
* Which of the four conditions is missing if an appeal exists only on paper?
* Why does an operative implication not amount to deriving a command directly from a fact?

=== Transition ===

Ethical decisions become political when their terms are contested, coordinated, and stabilised across institutions and populations. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.3 Politics Beyond the Subject|Section 4.3]] examines politics as the collective reorganisation of fields of exposure, without treating “the people”, the state, or any other subject as a self-grounding origin.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>oego7f1gpowblc7ufm88p8egbr94263</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.3 Politics Beyond the Subject</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>479763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673143</id>
      <parentid>4671462</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673143</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16398" sha1="qj3q6l24tnija15kx1ua2n23wp2sf3u" xml:space="preserve">== 4.3 – Politics Beyond the Subject ==

Politics does not begin with a fully formed subject standing outside social relations. Citizens, workers, organisations, movements, states, and publics acquire capacities through institutions, infrastructures, symbols, histories, and conflicts. Yet politics is not a process without agents. Formed within the field, agents can recognise, contest, and reorganise the relations that formed them.

This analysis therefore shifts the starting point from a sovereign subject to a '''field configuration''': the material and symbolic arrangement through which collective capacities, exposures, and positions become possible.

=== Politics as field configuration ===

Political analysis often begins with constituted agents: individuals with interests, a people with a will, classes with positions, or a state with authority. These starting points can be useful, but they leave a prior question unanswered: through which arrangements did these agents become visible, organised, represented, and capable of acting?

A field configuration includes electoral rules, borders, property relations, workplaces, transport, media, databases, public spaces, technical standards, and informal practices. These arrangements do not mechanically determine political subjects. They distribute capacities: who can assemble, speak, travel, vote, strike, own, appeal, or be heard.

Politics names the collective struggle over these arrangements and over the symbols through which they are rendered intelligible. It includes coordination and institution-building, but also refusal, dissensus, and the appearance of claims that the established order could not register.

Rancière’s distinction between an ordered distribution of roles and political dissensus illuminates this point (Rancière [1995] 1999). The chapter adds that dissensus requires material supports and can change the field that produces political positions. A disruption may enable a new subject-position, while already organised agents can also initiate and sustain disruption. Field and agency are reciprocally reorganised; neither should be erased.

=== Sovereignty without a metaphysical sovereign ===

Sovereignty has legal and institutional meanings that cannot simply be denied. States exercise jurisdiction; constitutions allocate authority; courts and governments make decisions with binding effects. The refusal here concerns '''metaphysical sovereignty''': the claim that one authority is self-grounding, unified, and external to the relations it governs.

“The people”, “the nation”, “the state”, and “the constitution” are real political configurations. They are sustained through censuses, documents, education, infrastructures, ceremonies, enforcement, and participation. None exists as a pure origin before those operations. Founding acts select and organise earlier relations, while later practices continually reproduce or revise their meaning.

This does not make authority unreal. It makes authority accountable to its material production and effects. A constitution can legitimately stabilise procedures without becoming sacred or immune to amendment. A public decision can be binding without pretending to express one perfectly transparent collective will.

The practical questions concern which institutions authorise a decision, how affected positions were represented or excluded, what resources make the decision enforceable, which mechanisms permit challenge, revision, and repair, and who bears the risk of failure. These questions relocate sovereignty from an ultimate source to traceable relations of authority.

=== Identity as operation, resource, and risk ===

Political identities are neither illusions nor timeless essences. A category such as citizen, worker, disabled person, Indigenous peoples, or refugee can organise recognition, solidarity, rights, and collective action. It can also simplify internal differences, impose boundaries, or exclude those who do not fit its dominant representation.

This analysis treats identity as an '''operative stabilisation'''. It asks how the category is materially instituted and symbolically articulated, which institutions use it, what capacities it creates, which differences it suppresses, and whether its boundaries can be contested. This avoids two symmetrical errors: '''essentialism''', which treats identity as a natural and unchanging foundation, and '''dismissal''', which assumes that a historically produced identity and the claims organised through it are therefore unreal or politically dispensable.

A historically produced identity can become necessary for opposing a historically produced harm. The relevant test is not whether the identity is pure, but how it reorganises exposure and whether it preserves the affected group’s capacity to redefine its own terms.

Mouffe’s account of agonistic politics rightly resists the fantasy that every conflict can be dissolved in rational consensus (Mouffe 2005). The present analysis extends the argument to the material arrangements that produce the available identities and positions in the conflict.

=== Institutions as provisional stabilisations ===

Institutions are maintained configurations of rules, roles, buildings, technologies, records, budgets, habits, and expectations. They are more than ideas and less than eternal structures. Their relative durability makes large-scale coordination possible.

Calling institutions provisional does not mean that they should change constantly. Predictability can protect vulnerable configurations; rights and procedures lose force if they can be withdrawn at every moment. Provisionality means that institutional authority remains conditional, historically situated, and open to justified revision.

An institution should be assessed by more than its formal purpose. Its operation should maintain affected configurations' capacities for response and participation, reduce rather than concentrate destructive asymmetries of exposure, provide accessible routes for contestation, repair, and revision, preserve relevant heterogeneity instead of enforcing one pattern, and remain sufficiently stable to make its protections reliable.

The fifth condition complements revisability. An institution that changes arbitrarily can be as damaging as one that never changes.

Law illustrates the point. A legal system names injuries, recognises claims, and organises redress. It also defines which harms are legible and which persons count as claimants. Law is neither a neutral observer nor merely an instrument of domination. It is a field configuration whose categories and procedures have to be tested against their material effects.

=== Conflict and disagreement ===

The possibility of conflict is structural because positions within a heterogeneous field are differently exposed and cannot always be reconciled. A final elimination of disagreement would require either complete homogeneity or the suppression of claims that do not fit the authorised order.

This does not make every conflict valuable. Conflict can expose exclusions, but it can also destroy capacities, circulate falsehood, or intensify domination. A democratic field must organise conflict so that adversaries can contest arrangements without being deprived of the material conditions of participation.

A local agreement is therefore not a failure. It is a provisional stabilisation that enables coordinated action while leaving routes for revision. Consensus becomes dangerous when it presents itself as final, erases the costs imposed on dissenting positions, or treats unresolved difference as irrational noise.

The political question is not “conflict or consensus?” It is “under which conditions can disagreement alter the field without annihilating the capacity to continue disagreeing?”

=== Opacity and accountability ===

Glissant’s defence of a right to opacity challenges the demand that others become completely transparent before they can be recognised (Glissant [1990] 1997). The framework accepts the underlying limit: no position can fully capture another configuration or the field as a whole. Political coexistence should not require cultural assimilation, exhaustive disclosure, or total legibility.

Opacity, however, is not an unconditional good. Institutions can use secrecy and technical complexity to shield decisions from scrutiny. Powerful actors may demand privacy for themselves while making vulnerable populations transparent through surveillance.

A defensible distinction is required. '''Protective opacity''' preserves autonomy, difference, and safety against forced exposure. '''Dominating opacity''' conceals authority, cost, or harm from those who must bear its effects. '''Accountability''' requires sufficient traceability of decisions, criteria, and consequences without demanding complete transparency of persons.

The task is to determine who is required to disclose what, to whom, for which purpose, and with which risks.

=== Ethics and politics ===

Ethics and politics both concern reorganisation of exposure, but the distinction is not merely numerical scale.

Ethical analysis focuses on the responsiveness of a decision to situated vulnerability. Political analysis focuses on the collective contestation, authorisation, stabilisation, and revision of arrangements across heterogeneous positions. A personal decision can have political conditions; an institutional policy can require ethical hesitation. The two dimensions overlap without becoming identical.

Politics is therefore not the application of a completed ethics. It is the organised struggle over which vulnerabilities become legible, which responses are authorised, and which institutions will sustain them.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This final section of Part IV extends the ethical framework to the political domain. Where §4.1 established vulnerability and §4.2 developed ethics as reorganisation, this section shows how political questions — sovereignty, institutions, conflict, collective decision — are configurations within the material field. Politics, in the OEC, is not the application of ethical principles to collective life; it is the specific regime of symbolic reorganisation that addresses the distribution of exposure across populations and institutions.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the persistent temptation to ground politics in a sovereign subject — a people, a state, a class, a vanguard — that would authorise political action from a position of self-transparent authority. The OEC refuses this model: there is no political subject that precedes the field of contact; every political agent is itself a configuration produced within the field, shaped by the same instabilities and exposures it seeks to reorganise.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that politics concerns collective contestation and organisation of exposure through material and symbolic operations on field configurations. Institutions are conditioned arrangements whose persistence may involve functional couplings, structural constraints, authority, resources, and repeated practices; no single mechanism should be presumed. Conflict need not be a pathology. An institution is under operative excess only when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in its present form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which institutional form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Opacity marks limits of access and representation; it does not prove operative excess.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are politics as field configuration rather than application of completed principles; metaphysical sovereignty distinguished from real legal and institutional authority; identity as operative stabilisation; institutions as conditioned yet sometimes durable arrangements; the structural possibility of conflict; and the distinction among protective opacity, dominating opacity, and accountability. Rancière illuminates dissensus, Mouffe agonistic conflict, and Glissant the right to opacity; the section integrates these resources without making disruption or opacity automatic goods.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should attend to the connection without collapsing the distinction between ethics and politics. Ethical judgement supplies criteria for assessing responses to exposure; politics concerns collective arrangements, institutions, conflict, and enforceable distributions of capacity and risk. The framework does not prescribe a programme or institutional design. It requires concrete inquiry into harm, protection, participation, accountability, repair, and revisability rather than treating complexity or change as goods in themselves.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* explain politics as collective contestation and reorganisation of a field;
* distinguish institutional sovereignty from metaphysical self-grounding;
* analyse identities as operative without treating them as timeless foundations;
* understand institutions as provisional stabilisations that still require durability;
* balance conflict, opacity, accountability, and revisability.

The guiding question is: '''How can collective action be organised and held responsible when no political subject stands above the field it seeks to change?'''

==== Worked example: redesigning a bus network ====

A city proposes to redesign its bus network using passenger counts and travel-time models.

# The model makes some relations visible: demand, cost, frequency, and journey duration.
# Low-ridership routes appear inefficient, but may serve shift workers, disabled passengers, peripheral communities, or people without alternatives.
# Public hearings held only online or during working hours exclude some affected positions.
# A political reorganisation adds accessible consultation, qualitative evidence, minimum-service protections, and an appeal process.
# The final network remains a compromise. Its justification depends on disclosed criteria, traceable trade-offs, and monitoring of unequal effects.
# Future revision is possible, while stable timetables preserve the reliability on which passengers depend.

The example does not determine one correct transport policy. It shows how subjects, data, infrastructure, identity, conflict, stability, and revisability meet in a field configuration.

==== Common mistakes ====

* '''Agentless politics''': speaking of the field as if no one exercises power or makes decisions.
* '''Sovereignty denial''': ignoring real legal authority because it is not metaphysically self-grounding.
* '''Identity erasure''': treating constructed identities as politically irrelevant.
* '''Revisability fetish''': assuming that change is good regardless of lost protections.
* '''Conflict romanticism''': treating every disruption as emancipatory.
* '''Total transparency''': making recognition conditional upon exhaustive legibility.

==== Check your understanding ====

* How can agents be produced by a field and still reorganise it?
* What is the difference between institutional and metaphysical sovereignty?
* When can a produced identity support an emancipatory claim?
* Why must institutional revisability be balanced with dependable protection?
* How does accountability differ from total transparency?

=== Transition ===

Part IV has moved from vulnerability through ethical decision to political stabilisation and contestation. Part V tests this architecture against inherited ontological strategies. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.1 Displacement of Classical Ontologies|Section 5.1]] begins with classical substance, form, necessity, and ground.

For the ethical criteria used here, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization|Section 4.2]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qj3q6l24tnija15kx1ua2n23wp2sf3u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673220</id>
      <parentid>4673143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16396" sha1="3ryxpxd4hmhc1tygyhr67zmg9vneo2y" xml:space="preserve">== 4.3 – Politics Beyond the Subject ==

Politics does not begin with a fully formed subject standing outside social relations. Citizens, workers, organisations, movements, states, and publics acquire capacities through institutions, infrastructures, symbols, histories, and conflicts. Yet politics is not a process without agents. Formed within the field, agents can recognise, contest, and reorganise the relations that formed them.

This analysis therefore shifts the starting point from a sovereign subject to a '''field configuration''': the material and symbolic arrangement through which collective capacities, exposures, and positions become possible.

=== Politics as field configuration ===

Political analysis often begins with constituted agents: individuals with interests, a people with a will, classes with positions, or a state with authority. These starting points can be useful, but they leave a prior question unanswered: through which arrangements did these agents become visible, organised, represented, and capable of acting?

A field configuration includes electoral rules, borders, property relations, workplaces, transport, media, databases, public spaces, technical standards, and informal practices. These arrangements do not mechanically determine political subjects. They distribute capacities: who can assemble, speak, travel, vote, strike, own, appeal, or be heard.

Politics names the collective struggle over these arrangements and over the symbols through which they are rendered intelligible. It includes coordination and institution-building, but also refusal, dissensus, and the appearance of claims that the established order could not register.

Rancière’s distinction between an ordered distribution of roles and political dissensus illuminates this point (Rancière [1995] 1999). The chapter adds that dissensus requires material supports and can change the field that produces political positions. A disruption may enable a new subject-position, while already organised agents can also initiate and sustain disruption. Field and agency are reciprocally reorganised; neither should be erased.

=== Sovereignty without a metaphysical sovereign ===

Sovereignty has legal and institutional meanings that cannot simply be denied. States exercise jurisdiction; constitutions allocate authority; courts and governments make decisions with binding effects. The refusal here concerns '''metaphysical sovereignty''': the claim that one authority is self-grounding, unified, and external to the relations it governs.

“The people”, “the nation”, “the state”, and “the constitution” are real political configurations. They are sustained through censuses, documents, education, infrastructures, ceremonies, enforcement, and participation. None exists as a pure origin before those operations. Founding acts select and organise earlier relations, while later practices continually reproduce or revise their meaning.

This does not make authority unreal. It makes authority accountable to its material production and effects. A constitution can legitimately stabilise procedures without becoming sacred or immune to amendment. A public decision can be binding without pretending to express one perfectly transparent collective will.

The practical questions concern which institutions authorise a decision, how affected positions were represented or excluded, what resources make the decision enforceable, which mechanisms permit challenge, revision, and repair, and who bears the risk of failure. These questions relocate sovereignty from an ultimate source to traceable relations of authority.

=== Identity as operation, resource, and risk ===

Political identities are neither illusions nor timeless essences. A category such as citizen, worker, disabled person, Indigenous peoples, or refugee can organise recognition, solidarity, rights, and collective action. It can also simplify internal differences, impose boundaries, or exclude those who do not fit its dominant representation.

This analysis treats identity as an '''operative stabilisation'''. It asks how the category is materially instituted and symbolically articulated, which institutions use it, what capacities it creates, which differences it suppresses, and whether its boundaries can be contested. This avoids two symmetrical errors: '''essentialism''', which treats identity as a natural and unchanging foundation, and '''dismissal''', which assumes that a historically produced identity and the claims organised through it are therefore unreal or politically dispensable.

A historically produced identity can become necessary for opposing a historically produced harm. The relevant test is not whether the identity is pure, but how it reorganises exposure and whether it preserves the affected group’s capacity to redefine its own terms.

Mouffe’s account of agonistic politics rightly resists the fantasy that every conflict can be dissolved in rational consensus (Mouffe 2005). The present analysis extends the argument to the material arrangements that produce the available identities and positions in the conflict.

=== Institutions as provisional stabilisations ===

Institutions are maintained configurations of rules, roles, buildings, technologies, records, budgets, habits, and expectations. They are more than ideas and less than eternal structures. Their relative durability makes large-scale coordination possible.

Calling institutions provisional does not mean that they should change constantly. Predictability can protect vulnerable configurations; rights and procedures lose force if they can be withdrawn at every moment. Provisionality means that institutional authority remains conditional, historically situated, and open to justified revision.

An institution should be assessed by more than its formal purpose. Its operation should maintain affected configurations' capacities for response and participation, reduce rather than concentrate destructive asymmetries of exposure, provide accessible routes for contestation, repair, and revision, preserve relevant heterogeneity instead of enforcing one pattern, and remain sufficiently stable to make its protections reliable.

The fifth condition complements revisability. An institution that changes arbitrarily can be as damaging as one that never changes.

Law illustrates the point. A legal system names injuries, recognises claims, and organises redress. It also defines which harms are legible and which persons count as claimants. Law is neither a neutral observer nor merely an instrument of domination. It is a field configuration whose categories and procedures have to be tested against their material effects.

=== Conflict and disagreement ===

The possibility of conflict is structural because positions within a heterogeneous field are differently exposed and cannot always be reconciled. A final elimination of disagreement would require either complete homogeneity or the suppression of claims that do not fit the authorised order.

This does not make every conflict valuable. Conflict can expose exclusions, but it can also destroy capacities, circulate falsehood, or intensify domination. A democratic field must organise conflict so that adversaries can contest arrangements without being deprived of the material conditions of participation.

A local agreement is therefore not a failure. It is a provisional stabilisation that enables coordinated action while leaving routes for revision. Consensus becomes dangerous when it presents itself as final, erases the costs imposed on dissenting positions, or treats unresolved difference as irrational noise.

The political question is not “conflict or consensus?” It is “under which conditions can disagreement alter the field without annihilating the capacity to continue disagreeing?”

=== Opacity and accountability ===

Glissant’s defence of a right to opacity challenges the demand that others become completely transparent before they can be recognised (Glissant [1990] 1997). The framework accepts the underlying limit: no position can fully capture another configuration or the field as a whole. Political coexistence should not require cultural assimilation, exhaustive disclosure, or total legibility.

Opacity, however, is not an unconditional good. Institutions can use secrecy and technical complexity to shield decisions from scrutiny. Powerful actors may demand privacy for themselves while making vulnerable populations transparent through surveillance.

A defensible distinction is required. '''Protective opacity''' preserves autonomy, difference, and safety against forced exposure. '''Dominating opacity''' conceals authority, cost, or harm from those who must bear its effects. '''Accountability''' requires sufficient traceability of decisions, criteria, and consequences without demanding complete transparency of persons.

The task is to determine who is required to disclose what, to whom, for which purpose, and with which risks.

=== Ethics and politics ===

Ethics and politics both concern reorganisation of exposure, but the distinction is not merely numerical scale.

Ethical analysis focuses on the responsiveness of a decision to situated vulnerability. Political analysis focuses on the collective contestation, authorisation, stabilisation, and revision of arrangements across heterogeneous positions. A personal decision can have political conditions; an institutional policy can require ethical hesitation. The two dimensions overlap without becoming identical.

Politics is therefore not the application of a completed ethics. It is the organised struggle over which vulnerabilities become legible, which responses are authorised, and which institutions will sustain them.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This final section of Part IV extends the ethical framework to the political domain. Where §4.1 established vulnerability and §4.2 developed ethics as reorganisation, this section shows how political questions — sovereignty, institutions, conflict, collective decision — are configurations within the material field. Politics, in the OEC, is not the application of ethical principles to collective life; it is the specific regime of symbolic reorganisation that addresses the distribution of exposure across populations and institutions.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the persistent temptation to ground politics in a sovereign subject — a people, a state, a class, a vanguard — that would authorise political action from a position of self-transparent authority. The OEC refuses this model: there is no political subject that precedes the field of contact; every political agent is itself a configuration produced within the field, shaped by the same instabilities and exposures it seeks to reorganise.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that politics concerns collective contestation and organisation of exposure through material and symbolic operations on field configurations. Institutions are conditioned arrangements whose persistence may involve material couplings, structural constraints, authority, resources, and repeated practices; no single mechanism should be presumed. Conflict need not be a pathology. An institution is under operative excess only when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in its present form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which institutional form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Opacity marks limits of access and representation; it does not prove operative excess.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are politics as field configuration rather than application of completed principles; metaphysical sovereignty distinguished from real legal and institutional authority; identity as operative stabilisation; institutions as conditioned yet sometimes durable arrangements; the structural possibility of conflict; and the distinction among protective opacity, dominating opacity, and accountability. Rancière illuminates dissensus, Mouffe agonistic conflict, and Glissant the right to opacity; the section integrates these resources without making disruption or opacity automatic goods.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should attend to the connection without collapsing the distinction between ethics and politics. Ethical judgement supplies criteria for assessing responses to exposure; politics concerns collective arrangements, institutions, conflict, and enforceable distributions of capacity and risk. The framework does not prescribe a programme or institutional design. It requires concrete inquiry into harm, protection, participation, accountability, repair, and revisability rather than treating complexity or change as goods in themselves.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* explain politics as collective contestation and reorganisation of a field;
* distinguish institutional sovereignty from metaphysical self-grounding;
* analyse identities as operative without treating them as timeless foundations;
* understand institutions as provisional stabilisations that still require durability;
* balance conflict, opacity, accountability, and revisability.

The guiding question is: '''How can collective action be organised and held responsible when no political subject stands above the field it seeks to change?'''

==== Worked example: redesigning a bus network ====

A city proposes to redesign its bus network using passenger counts and travel-time models.

# The model makes some relations visible: demand, cost, frequency, and journey duration.
# Low-ridership routes appear inefficient, but may serve shift workers, disabled passengers, peripheral communities, or people without alternatives.
# Public hearings held only online or during working hours exclude some affected positions.
# A political reorganisation adds accessible consultation, qualitative evidence, minimum-service protections, and an appeal process.
# The final network remains a compromise. Its justification depends on disclosed criteria, traceable trade-offs, and monitoring of unequal effects.
# Future revision is possible, while stable timetables preserve the reliability on which passengers depend.

The example does not determine one correct transport policy. It shows how subjects, data, infrastructure, identity, conflict, stability, and revisability meet in a field configuration.

==== Common mistakes ====

* '''Agentless politics''': speaking of the field as if no one exercises power or makes decisions.
* '''Sovereignty denial''': ignoring real legal authority because it is not metaphysically self-grounding.
* '''Identity erasure''': treating constructed identities as politically irrelevant.
* '''Revisability fetish''': assuming that change is good regardless of lost protections.
* '''Conflict romanticism''': treating every disruption as emancipatory.
* '''Total transparency''': making recognition conditional upon exhaustive legibility.

==== Check your understanding ====

* How can agents be produced by a field and still reorganise it?
* What is the difference between institutional and metaphysical sovereignty?
* When can a produced identity support an emancipatory claim?
* Why must institutional revisability be balanced with dependable protection?
* How does accountability differ from total transparency?

=== Transition ===

Part IV has moved from vulnerability through ethical decision to political stabilisation and contestation. Part V tests this architecture against inherited ontological strategies. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.1 Displacement of Classical Ontologies|Section 5.1]] begins with classical substance, form, necessity, and ground.

For the ethical criteria used here, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.2 Ethics as Symbolic Reorganization|Section 4.2]].

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>3ryxpxd4hmhc1tygyhr67zmg9vneo2y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.1 Displacement of Classical Ontologies</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>480138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673142</id>
      <parentid>4671463</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18353" sha1="i09skjasftrztc9xdh1m1mca250874e" xml:space="preserve">== 5.1 – Displacement of Classical Ontologies ==

The purpose of this chapter is not to declare classical ontology obsolete. It is to identify a recurrent architecture of thought and to show what must change when reality is approached as an unstable material field. “Classical ontology” is therefore used here as a diagnostic label for a selected Greek and medieval European lineage, not as the name of a single doctrine. Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, late antique thinkers, and medieval philosophers disagree on fundamental matters. The discussion isolates tendencies that proved especially durable: the priority of substance over relation, form over variation, permanent order over contingency, and a final ground over open-ended explanation.

=== Displacement rather than refutation ===

A refutation tries to prove that a proposition is false. A displacement changes the problem, the starting point, or the scale of analysis. Displacement does not exempt inherited propositions from rational assessment: whenever a classical claim enters the argument, its coherence, grounds, and scope must still be examined. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) does not need to deny that relatively stable things exist, that forms can be distinguished, or that causal explanations are possible. It asks instead how such stability, form, and causal organisation arise and persist within a field that is not itself guaranteed to remain the same.

This move preserves much of what classical ontology made thinkable. Aristotle’s analyses of change, causation, and organised living beings remain analytically valuable here because they distinguish problems that a material account must still answer (Aristotle 1984a; Aristotle 1984b). Platonic questions about intelligibility and participation continue to expose genuine philosophical difficulties (Plato 1997). Medieval arguments concerning dependence and contingency sharpen the problem of explanation. What changes is the status of the answers. Stability is treated as an achievement of relations; form as an organised pattern; and explanation as a situated account that need not terminate in a principle outside the field.

The displacement therefore operates at three connected levels. Descriptively, it moves from asking only what a thing is to asking how a configuration is composed and maintained. Explanatorily, it replaces the presumption of a self-sufficient bearer of properties with an inquiry into material dependencies and constraints. Ontologically, it moves from a world whose order is secured in advance to local orders that remain exposed to variation. These are not three independent theses: the change in description matters because it redirects explanation, and the redirected explanation makes a different ontology intelligible.

=== Substance, relation, and persistence ===

In a substance-centred description, relations commonly appear as something that happens ''between'' entities which are already what they are. A stone can be beside a wall, a citizen can belong to a city, and a plant can receive sunlight; the relata are assumed to precede these relations in ontological importance. The framework displaces this strict priority without claiming that a particular relation must temporally precede every relatum. A configuration is not first complete and only then related. Its identity and capacities depend on the material interactions through which it is composed and sustained. Here relational priority is explanatory: it concerns how individuation occurs. It does not posit disembodied relations or give relations an existence independent of material processes and configurations.

This does not mean that everything dissolves into an undifferentiated web. Material interactions can compose relatively stable configurations with boundaries, histories, and powers of resistance. Once constituted, a configuration’s organisation and capacities constrain the further relations and functional couplings into which it can enter. A tree is not interchangeable with its soil, climate, fungi, or pollinators. Yet what the tree can be is inseparable from these couplings and from the organised relations among its own cells and tissues. Its relative unity is real, but it is produced and maintained rather than metaphysically self-sufficient. Constitution is therefore recursive without making either relation or configuration an autonomous ground.

“Substance” can still be useful if it names durable organisation. It becomes misleading when durability is converted into independence, or when the persistence of a configuration is taken as evidence of an unchanging essence. The relevant question is not whether the tree is a thing or a relation. It is which relations compose its relative unity, which constraints stabilise it, and which changes would cross a threshold beyond which that unity no longer holds.

=== Form, matter, and local order ===

Classical hylomorphic accounts analyse concrete beings through form and matter. Such accounts are more subtle than the slogan “form dominates matter” suggests: for Aristotle, form and matter are explanatory principles that work together. Even so, later uses of this distinction have often encouraged a hierarchy in which intelligible form supplies order while matter receives it.

This framework does not replace this hierarchy with the opposite claim that matter is formless. Matter is always materially differentiated and involved in determinate interactions, but it is not therefore always stabilised as a bounded form. A crystal lattice, a cell membrane, a coastline, and a transport network each display patterns, constraints, and capacities. These examples concern configurations in which some regularity has already emerged; they do not imply that every material regime is already a stable form. Stable organisation is a further achievement to be explained, not a condition attributed in advance to all materiality. It can emerge through interactions within the field and persist through processes specific to the configuration. Some of those processes involve functional coupling, but that term applies only where configurations demonstrably constrain and sustain one another's operations; it is not a universal synonym for relation, order, or persistence.

This is the meaning of '''local order'''. An order is local when it belongs to a determinate configuration, scale, and history. “Local” does not mean merely spatially small. A planetary climate or a global market can be local in the ontological sense: neither exhausts the field, neither establishes the rule of every other configuration, and neither is guaranteed to persist unchanged.

Local order also differs from arbitrary order. A bridge cannot sustain any imaginable load; a cell cannot maintain itself under every temperature; a language cannot change without any constraint and remain mutually intelligible. Material conditions restrict what can occur. At the level claimed here, general laws and local constraints delimit material outcomes without, by themselves, specifying the complete concrete history through which one outcome is realised.

=== Time, contingency, and necessity ===

Some classical cosmologies understand time within an ordered whole whose fundamental structure is stable or recurrent. In such settings, change takes place against a more basic permanence. The present analysis gives variation a stronger role. Material processes endure, succeed one another, and differentiate irreversibly whether or not any system observes or measures them: relations form, persist, fail, and are recomposed. Chronology is a further operation, produced by comparing such processes through selected references, scales, and instruments. The field does not unfold a complete plan that was already present at the beginning.

This claim must not be confused with the denial of necessity. Logical relations, physical constraints, and organised dependencies can make some outcomes impossible and others highly robust. The distinction is between '''condition-relative necessity''' and '''metaphysical predetermination'''. Given a particular structure and set of conditions, a consequence may follow necessarily. It does not follow that the structure itself had to exist, that it will last indefinitely, or that every future configuration is already contained in a timeless order.

Contingency likewise does not mean that anything can happen. General constraints, considered apart from the full configuration and its unfolding interactions, do not encode the complete concrete history of the field. Historical pathways depend on actual sequences of interaction and threshold crossing. Whether a complete physical state has one or several physically possible successors is a further scientific and metaphysical question; it is not settled by rejecting teleology. New couplings may produce capacities that cannot be read off from isolated components, and established orders may encounter variations they cannot absorb.

Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. This is not a synonym for variation, instability, or incompleteness: the excess is an affirmative causal condition relative to an identifiable form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, does not predetermine the resulting configuration, and does not make reconfiguration equivalent to improvement. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

=== Ground, first causes, and immanence ===

A demand for ultimate ground asks explanation to stop at something that does not itself require explanation: a first cause, necessary being, self-sufficient substance, or absolute principle. These proposals are not identical, and their arguments must be assessed separately. Their shared function is to secure order by reference to what is not exposed to the instability attributed to ordinary configurations.

The framework refuses this exempt position. '''Immanence''' means that no explanatory or normative instance stands outside the material field as its origin, guarantee, or judge. Every actual order is produced within relations and remains vulnerable to their alteration. This refusal does not abolish causes or constraints. It distinguishes a cause operating in the field from a ground imagined as securing the field as a whole.

A useful test is to ask: ''Does the explanation identify material conditions and operative relations, or does it introduce a final term whose role is to make further questioning unnecessary?'' The first can be rigorous without being absolute. The second may offer closure, but closure is not the same as explanation.

=== Diagnostic synthesis ===

The recurrent tendency isolated here begins from relatively self-sufficient substances, explains order through form, essence, or a governing principle, treats change as modification of an underlying identity, and seeks a first or self-grounding term at which explanation can stop. The proposed displacement begins instead from material configurations whose individuation is relational, asks which determinate processes compose and maintain each local order, treats variation as capable of reorganising identities and capacities, and understands necessity relative to stated conditions. Explanation can therefore be rigorous and revisable without terminating in a ground exempt from the field it explains.

This synthesis is a diagnostic map, not a verdict on every classical philosopher. Each argument must be read in its own terms before the diagnostic is applied; otherwise a tool intended to discriminate different ontological commitments would erase the historical differences it is meant to clarify.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part V, which situates the OEC within selected lineages of Western philosophy. After Parts I–IV developed the ontology's own commitments and architecture, Part V turns successively to classical ontology, modern rationalism, and post-structuralism. This section addresses recurrent tendencies in a limited Greek and medieval European lineage without presenting Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, late antique thinkers, and medieval philosophers as one doctrine.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the relation between the OEC and the traditions it displaces. The section must avoid two errors: dismissing classical ontology as simply wrong and treating it as merely historical. Neither “classical ontology” nor its proposed solutions form a single doctrine. The challenge is to read selected arguments as genuine responses to problems of change, identity, coherence, and explanation, while assessing where a particular answer turns relative persistence into metaphysical independence or introduces a ground exempt from the conditions it is meant to explain.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that selected classical lineages give explanatory priority to substance, permanence, and ultimate ground. The OEC does not invert this hierarchy by making disembodied relations primary. It treats relational priority as an explanation of individuation: material interactions compose configurations, and the capacities of those configurations condition later couplings. Stable form is a conditioned achievement of dynamic stabilisation, sometimes very durable, rather than a principle imposed upon passive matter. Appeals to ground are assessed case by case according to whether they explain material conditions or exempt a final term from further explanation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are displacement, understood as a reformulation of the problem that does not suspend rational assessment; relational priority, understood as an explanation of individuation rather than the independent existence of relations; local order, understood as conditioned organisation at a determinate scale and history; condition-relative necessity; and immanence without final ground. The section mobilises Plato and Aristotle directly while using selected medieval arguments more generally to sharpen the problem of dependence and explanation.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers trained in the history of philosophy should attend to the specific mode of critique. The OEC does not issue one verdict on the different traditions gathered under the diagnostic label. It asks what each analysis makes thinkable and where a determinate argument converts conditioned persistence into metaphysical independence, or explanation into an exempt ground. The displacement preserves insights that survive rational assessment while refusing the exclusion of instability and contingency from material explanation. Its scope is expressly limited to the selected lineage named in the chapter; no conclusion about other philosophical traditions follows from that limitation.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* explain why ''displacement'' is different from refutation;
* distinguish a substance-centred description from a relational description;
* understand why local order is neither eternal order nor arbitrary disorder;
* separate material constraint from metaphysical necessity;
* identify where a demand for ultimate ground enters an argument.

The central question is simple: '''What changes if relations, variations, and conditions of persistence are treated as constitutive of material configurations rather than as secondary features of already constituted things?'''

==== Worked example: a whirlpool ====

Consider a whirlpool in a river. A substance-centred reading may encourage the question: ''What kind of thing is the whirlpool, and which properties belong to it?'' A relational reading begins elsewhere.

# Water flow, channel shape, obstacles, and energy gradients form the relevant field.
# Their coupling produces a relatively stable rotational pattern.
# The whirlpool is real: it has observable effects and can persist.
# Its identity is nevertheless inseparable from the relations that maintain it.
# If the flow or channel changes beyond a threshold, the whirlpool disappears or becomes another configuration.

The example does not imply that every entity is literally a whirlpool. It isolates a common ontological mechanism: dynamic stabilisation. A mountain, an organism, an institution, or a concept persists through different processes and at different scales, but in every case persistence is produced by relations that maintain a configuration within a range compatible with its continuation. When those relations cross relevant thresholds, the configuration changes or ceases to persist. The processes differ; the basic logic of conditioned persistence remains the same. In the symbolic case, a concept persists through materially realised relations among symbols within systems and, where it is socially sustained, through public signs and practices of use and transmission; its persistence is not the mere duration of any isolated support.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why does saying that order is ''local'' not make it subjective?
* Can a configuration be stable without possessing an eternal essence?
* What is the difference between a constraint and a predetermined outcome?
* At what point does an explanation of conditions turn into an appeal to ultimate ground?
* Which features of a concrete object would a substance-first description obscure?

=== Transition ===

The classical demand for stable identity and sufficient ground does not disappear when philosophy turns towards the knowing subject. It is reorganised. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism|Section 5.2]] examines how modern rationalism relocates the promise of order in reason, representation, system, and control. The issue is no longer only what the world is, but from what position it can supposedly be rendered transparent.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>i09skjasftrztc9xdh1m1mca250874e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673221</id>
      <parentid>4673142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18349" sha1="rhzigogfxip0oazav02r4ecwnej9jge" xml:space="preserve">== 5.1 – Displacement of Classical Ontologies ==

The purpose of this chapter is not to declare classical ontology obsolete. It is to identify a recurrent architecture of thought and to show what must change when reality is approached as an unstable material field. “Classical ontology” is therefore used here as a diagnostic label for a selected Greek and medieval European lineage, not as the name of a single doctrine. Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, late antique thinkers, and medieval philosophers disagree on fundamental matters. The discussion isolates tendencies that proved especially durable: the priority of substance over relation, form over variation, permanent order over contingency, and a final ground over open-ended explanation.

=== Displacement rather than refutation ===

A refutation tries to prove that a proposition is false. A displacement changes the problem, the starting point, or the scale of analysis. Displacement does not exempt inherited propositions from rational assessment: whenever a classical claim enters the argument, its coherence, grounds, and scope must still be examined. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) does not need to deny that relatively stable things exist, that forms can be distinguished, or that causal explanations are possible. It asks instead how such stability, form, and causal organisation arise and persist within a field that is not itself guaranteed to remain the same.

This move preserves much of what classical ontology made thinkable. Aristotle’s analyses of change, causation, and organised living beings remain analytically valuable here because they distinguish problems that a material account must still answer (Aristotle 1984a; Aristotle 1984b). Platonic questions about intelligibility and participation continue to expose genuine philosophical difficulties (Plato 1997). Medieval arguments concerning dependence and contingency sharpen the problem of explanation. What changes is the status of the answers. Stability is treated as an achievement of relations; form as an organised pattern; and explanation as a situated account that need not terminate in a principle outside the field.

The displacement therefore operates at three connected levels. Descriptively, it moves from asking only what a thing is to asking how a configuration is composed and maintained. Explanatorily, it replaces the presumption of a self-sufficient bearer of properties with an inquiry into material dependencies and constraints. Ontologically, it moves from a world whose order is secured in advance to local orders that remain exposed to variation. These are not three independent theses: the change in description matters because it redirects explanation, and the redirected explanation makes a different ontology intelligible.

=== Substance, relation, and persistence ===

In a substance-centred description, relations commonly appear as something that happens ''between'' entities which are already what they are. A stone can be beside a wall, a citizen can belong to a city, and a plant can receive sunlight; the relata are assumed to precede these relations in ontological importance. The framework displaces this strict priority without claiming that a particular relation must temporally precede every relatum. A configuration is not first complete and only then related. Its identity and capacities depend on the material interactions through which it is composed and sustained. Here relational priority is explanatory: it concerns how individuation occurs. It does not posit disembodied relations or give relations an existence independent of material processes and configurations.

This does not mean that everything dissolves into an undifferentiated web. Material interactions can compose relatively stable configurations with boundaries, histories, and powers of resistance. Once constituted, a configuration’s organisation and capacities constrain the further relations and material couplings into which it can enter. A tree is not interchangeable with its soil, climate, fungi, or pollinators. Yet what the tree can be is inseparable from these couplings and from the organised relations among its own cells and tissues. Its relative unity is real, but it is produced and maintained rather than metaphysically self-sufficient. Constitution is therefore recursive without making either relation or configuration an autonomous ground.

“Substance” can still be useful if it names durable organisation. It becomes misleading when durability is converted into independence, or when the persistence of a configuration is taken as evidence of an unchanging essence. The relevant question is not whether the tree is a thing or a relation. It is which relations compose its relative unity, which constraints stabilise it, and which changes would cross a threshold beyond which that unity no longer holds.

=== Form, matter, and local order ===

Classical hylomorphic accounts analyse concrete beings through form and matter. Such accounts are more subtle than the slogan “form dominates matter” suggests: for Aristotle, form and matter are explanatory principles that work together. Even so, later uses of this distinction have often encouraged a hierarchy in which intelligible form supplies order while matter receives it.

This framework does not replace this hierarchy with the opposite claim that matter is formless. Matter is always materially differentiated and involved in determinate interactions, but it is not therefore always stabilised as a bounded form. A crystal lattice, a cell membrane, a coastline, and a transport network each display patterns, constraints, and capacities. These examples concern configurations in which some regularity has already emerged; they do not imply that every material regime is already a stable form. Stable organisation is a further achievement to be explained, not a condition attributed in advance to all materiality. It can emerge through interactions within the field and persist through processes specific to the configuration. Some of those processes involve material coupling, but that term applies only where configurations demonstrably constrain and sustain one another's operations; it is not a universal synonym for relation, order, or persistence.

This is the meaning of '''local order'''. An order is local when it belongs to a determinate configuration, scale, and history. “Local” does not mean merely spatially small. A planetary climate or a global market can be local in the ontological sense: neither exhausts the field, neither establishes the rule of every other configuration, and neither is guaranteed to persist unchanged.

Local order also differs from arbitrary order. A bridge cannot sustain any imaginable load; a cell cannot maintain itself under every temperature; a language cannot change without any constraint and remain mutually intelligible. Material conditions restrict what can occur. At the level claimed here, general laws and local constraints delimit material outcomes without, by themselves, specifying the complete concrete history through which one outcome is realised.

=== Time, contingency, and necessity ===

Some classical cosmologies understand time within an ordered whole whose fundamental structure is stable or recurrent. In such settings, change takes place against a more basic permanence. The present analysis gives variation a stronger role. Material processes endure, succeed one another, and differentiate irreversibly whether or not any system observes or measures them: relations form, persist, fail, and are recomposed. Chronology is a further operation, produced by comparing such processes through selected references, scales, and instruments. The field does not unfold a complete plan that was already present at the beginning.

This claim must not be confused with the denial of necessity. Logical relations, physical constraints, and organised dependencies can make some outcomes impossible and others highly robust. The distinction is between '''condition-relative necessity''' and '''metaphysical predetermination'''. Given a particular structure and set of conditions, a consequence may follow necessarily. It does not follow that the structure itself had to exist, that it will last indefinitely, or that every future configuration is already contained in a timeless order.

Contingency likewise does not mean that anything can happen. General constraints, considered apart from the full configuration and its unfolding interactions, do not encode the complete concrete history of the field. Historical pathways depend on actual sequences of interaction and threshold crossing. Whether a complete physical state has one or several physically possible successors is a further scientific and metaphysical question; it is not settled by rejecting teleology. New couplings may produce capacities that cannot be read off from isolated components, and established orders may encounter variations they cannot absorb.

Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. This is not a synonym for variation, instability, or incompleteness: the excess is an affirmative causal condition relative to an identifiable form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, does not predetermine the resulting configuration, and does not make reconfiguration equivalent to improvement. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

=== Ground, first causes, and immanence ===

A demand for ultimate ground asks explanation to stop at something that does not itself require explanation: a first cause, necessary being, self-sufficient substance, or absolute principle. These proposals are not identical, and their arguments must be assessed separately. Their shared function is to secure order by reference to what is not exposed to the instability attributed to ordinary configurations.

The framework refuses this exempt position. '''Immanence''' means that no explanatory or normative instance stands outside the material field as its origin, guarantee, or judge. Every actual order is produced within relations and remains vulnerable to their alteration. This refusal does not abolish causes or constraints. It distinguishes a cause operating in the field from a ground imagined as securing the field as a whole.

A useful test is to ask: ''Does the explanation identify material conditions and operative relations, or does it introduce a final term whose role is to make further questioning unnecessary?'' The first can be rigorous without being absolute. The second may offer closure, but closure is not the same as explanation.

=== Diagnostic synthesis ===

The recurrent tendency isolated here begins from relatively self-sufficient substances, explains order through form, essence, or a governing principle, treats change as modification of an underlying identity, and seeks a first or self-grounding term at which explanation can stop. The proposed displacement begins instead from material configurations whose individuation is relational, asks which determinate processes compose and maintain each local order, treats variation as capable of reorganising identities and capacities, and understands necessity relative to stated conditions. Explanation can therefore be rigorous and revisable without terminating in a ground exempt from the field it explains.

This synthesis is a diagnostic map, not a verdict on every classical philosopher. Each argument must be read in its own terms before the diagnostic is applied; otherwise a tool intended to discriminate different ontological commitments would erase the historical differences it is meant to clarify.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part V, which situates the OEC within selected lineages of Western philosophy. After Parts I–IV developed the ontology's own commitments and architecture, Part V turns successively to classical ontology, modern rationalism, and post-structuralism. This section addresses recurrent tendencies in a limited Greek and medieval European lineage without presenting Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, late antique thinkers, and medieval philosophers as one doctrine.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the relation between the OEC and the traditions it displaces. The section must avoid two errors: dismissing classical ontology as simply wrong and treating it as merely historical. Neither “classical ontology” nor its proposed solutions form a single doctrine. The challenge is to read selected arguments as genuine responses to problems of change, identity, coherence, and explanation, while assessing where a particular answer turns relative persistence into metaphysical independence or introduces a ground exempt from the conditions it is meant to explain.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that selected classical lineages give explanatory priority to substance, permanence, and ultimate ground. The OEC does not invert this hierarchy by making disembodied relations primary. It treats relational priority as an explanation of individuation: material interactions compose configurations, and the capacities of those configurations condition later couplings. Stable form is a conditioned achievement of dynamic stabilisation, sometimes very durable, rather than a principle imposed upon passive matter. Appeals to ground are assessed case by case according to whether they explain material conditions or exempt a final term from further explanation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are displacement, understood as a reformulation of the problem that does not suspend rational assessment; relational priority, understood as an explanation of individuation rather than the independent existence of relations; local order, understood as conditioned organisation at a determinate scale and history; condition-relative necessity; and immanence without final ground. The section mobilises Plato and Aristotle directly while using selected medieval arguments more generally to sharpen the problem of dependence and explanation.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers trained in the history of philosophy should attend to the specific mode of critique. The OEC does not issue one verdict on the different traditions gathered under the diagnostic label. It asks what each analysis makes thinkable and where a determinate argument converts conditioned persistence into metaphysical independence, or explanation into an exempt ground. The displacement preserves insights that survive rational assessment while refusing the exclusion of instability and contingency from material explanation. Its scope is expressly limited to the selected lineage named in the chapter; no conclusion about other philosophical traditions follows from that limitation.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* explain why ''displacement'' is different from refutation;
* distinguish a substance-centred description from a relational description;
* understand why local order is neither eternal order nor arbitrary disorder;
* separate material constraint from metaphysical necessity;
* identify where a demand for ultimate ground enters an argument.

The central question is simple: '''What changes if relations, variations, and conditions of persistence are treated as constitutive of material configurations rather than as secondary features of already constituted things?'''

==== Worked example: a whirlpool ====

Consider a whirlpool in a river. A substance-centred reading may encourage the question: ''What kind of thing is the whirlpool, and which properties belong to it?'' A relational reading begins elsewhere.

# Water flow, channel shape, obstacles, and energy gradients form the relevant field.
# Their coupling produces a relatively stable rotational pattern.
# The whirlpool is real: it has observable effects and can persist.
# Its identity is nevertheless inseparable from the relations that maintain it.
# If the flow or channel changes beyond a threshold, the whirlpool disappears or becomes another configuration.

The example does not imply that every entity is literally a whirlpool. It isolates a common ontological mechanism: dynamic stabilisation. A mountain, an organism, an institution, or a concept persists through different processes and at different scales, but in every case persistence is produced by relations that maintain a configuration within a range compatible with its continuation. When those relations cross relevant thresholds, the configuration changes or ceases to persist. The processes differ; the basic logic of conditioned persistence remains the same. In the symbolic case, a concept persists through materially realised relations among symbols within systems and, where it is socially sustained, through public signs and practices of use and transmission; its persistence is not the mere duration of any isolated support.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why does saying that order is ''local'' not make it subjective?
* Can a configuration be stable without possessing an eternal essence?
* What is the difference between a constraint and a predetermined outcome?
* At what point does an explanation of conditions turn into an appeal to ultimate ground?
* Which features of a concrete object would a substance-first description obscure?

=== Transition ===

The classical demand for stable identity and sufficient ground does not disappear when philosophy turns towards the knowing subject. It is reorganised. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism|Section 5.2]] examines how modern rationalism relocates the promise of order in reason, representation, system, and control. The issue is no longer only what the world is, but from what position it can supposedly be rendered transparent.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>rhzigogfxip0oazav02r4ecwnej9jge</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673253</id>
      <parentid>4673221</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:57:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673253</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18323" sha1="tuxjk0225alippyr8s3q01jhkwapzhy" xml:space="preserve">== 5.1 – Displacement of Classical Ontologies ==

The purpose of this chapter is not to declare classical ontology obsolete. It is to identify a recurrent architecture of thought and to show what must change when reality is approached as an unstable material field. “Classical ontology” is therefore used here as a diagnostic label for a selected Greek and medieval European lineage, not as the name of a single doctrine. Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, late antique thinkers, and medieval philosophers disagree on fundamental matters. The discussion isolates tendencies that proved especially durable: the priority of substance over relation, form over variation, permanent order over contingency, and a final ground over open-ended explanation.

=== Displacement rather than refutation ===

A refutation tries to prove that a proposition is false. A displacement changes the problem, the starting point, or the scale of analysis. Displacement does not exempt inherited propositions from rational assessment: whenever a classical claim enters the argument, its coherence, grounds, and scope must still be examined. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) does not need to deny that relatively stable things exist, that forms can be distinguished, or that causal explanations are possible. It asks instead how such stability, form, and causal organisation arise and persist within a field that is not itself guaranteed to remain the same.

This move preserves much of what classical ontology made thinkable. Aristotle’s analyses of change, causation, and organised living beings remain analytically valuable here because they distinguish problems that a material account must still answer (Aristotle 1984a; Aristotle 1984b). Platonic questions about intelligibility and participation continue to expose genuine philosophical difficulties (Plato 1997). Medieval arguments concerning dependence and contingency sharpen the problem of explanation. What changes is the status of the answers. Stability is treated as an achievement of relations; form as an organised pattern; and explanation as a situated account that need not terminate in a principle outside the field.

The displacement therefore operates at three connected levels. Descriptively, it moves from asking only what a thing is to asking how a configuration is composed and maintained. Explanatorily, it replaces the presumption of a self-sufficient bearer of properties with an inquiry into material dependencies and constraints. Ontologically, it moves from a world whose order is secured in advance to local orders that remain exposed to variation. These are not three independent theses: the change in description matters because it redirects explanation, and the redirected explanation makes a different ontology intelligible.

=== Substance, relation, and persistence ===

In a substance-centred description, relations commonly appear as something that happens ''between'' entities which are already what they are. A stone can be beside a wall, a citizen can belong to a city, and a plant can receive sunlight; the relata are assumed to precede these relations in ontological importance. The framework displaces this strict priority without claiming that a particular relation must temporally precede every relatum. A configuration is not first complete and only then related. Its identity and capacities depend on the material interactions through which it is composed and sustained. Here relational priority is explanatory: it concerns how individuation occurs. It does not posit disembodied relations or give relations an existence independent of material processes and configurations.

This does not mean that everything dissolves into an undifferentiated web. Material interactions can compose relatively stable configurations with boundaries, histories, and powers of resistance. Once constituted, a configuration’s organisation and capacities constrain the further relations and material couplings into which it can enter. A tree is not interchangeable with its soil, climate, fungi, or pollinators. Yet what the tree can be is inseparable from these couplings and from the organised relations among its own cells and tissues. Its relative unity is real, but it is produced and maintained rather than metaphysically self-sufficient. Constitution is therefore recursive without making either relation or configuration an autonomous ground.

“Substance” can still be useful if it names durable organisation. It becomes misleading when durability is converted into independence, or when the persistence of a configuration is taken as evidence of an unchanging essence. The relevant question is not whether the tree is a thing or a relation. It is which relations compose its relative unity, which constraints stabilise it, and which changes would reconfigure or dissolve that unity.

=== Form, matter, and local order ===

Classical hylomorphic accounts analyse concrete beings through form and matter. Such accounts are more subtle than the slogan “form dominates matter” suggests: for Aristotle, form and matter are explanatory principles that work together. Even so, later uses of this distinction have often encouraged a hierarchy in which intelligible form supplies order while matter receives it.

This framework does not replace this hierarchy with the opposite claim that matter is formless. Matter is always materially differentiated and involved in determinate interactions, but it is not therefore always stabilised as a bounded form. A crystal lattice, a cell membrane, a coastline, and a transport network each display patterns, constraints, and capacities. These examples concern configurations in which some regularity has already emerged; they do not imply that every material regime is already a stable form. Stable organisation is a further achievement to be explained, not a condition attributed in advance to all materiality. It can emerge through interactions within the field and persist through processes specific to the configuration. Some of those processes involve material coupling, but that term applies only where configurations demonstrably constrain and sustain one another's operations; it is not a universal synonym for relation, order, or persistence.

This is the meaning of '''local order'''. An order is local when it belongs to a determinate configuration, scale, and history. “Local” does not mean merely spatially small. A planetary climate or a global market can be local in the ontological sense: neither exhausts the field, neither establishes the rule of every other configuration, and neither is guaranteed to persist unchanged.

Local order also differs from arbitrary order. A bridge cannot sustain any imaginable load; a cell cannot maintain itself under every temperature; a language cannot change without any constraint and remain mutually intelligible. Material conditions restrict what can occur. At the level claimed here, general laws and local constraints delimit material outcomes without, by themselves, specifying the complete concrete history through which one outcome is realised.

=== Time, contingency, and necessity ===

Some classical cosmologies understand time within an ordered whole whose fundamental structure is stable or recurrent. In such settings, change takes place against a more basic permanence. The present analysis gives variation a stronger role. Material processes endure, succeed one another, and differentiate irreversibly whether or not any system observes or measures them: relations form, persist, fail, and are recomposed. Chronology is a further operation, produced by comparing such processes through selected references, scales, and instruments. The field does not unfold a complete plan that was already present at the beginning.

This claim must not be confused with the denial of necessity. Logical relations, physical constraints, and organised dependencies can make some outcomes impossible and others highly robust. The distinction is between '''condition-relative necessity''' and '''metaphysical predetermination'''. Given a particular structure and set of conditions, a consequence may follow necessarily. It does not follow that the structure itself had to exist, that it will last indefinitely, or that every future configuration is already contained in a timeless order.

Contingency likewise does not mean that anything can happen. General constraints, considered apart from the full configuration and its unfolding interactions, do not encode the complete concrete history of the field. Historical pathways depend on actual sequences of interaction and reconfiguration. Whether a complete physical state has one or several physically possible successors is a further scientific and metaphysical question; it is not settled by rejecting teleology. New couplings may produce capacities that cannot be read off from isolated components, and established orders may encounter variations they cannot absorb.

Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. This is not a synonym for variation, instability, or incompleteness: the excess is an affirmative causal condition relative to an identifiable form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, does not predetermine the resulting configuration, and does not make reconfiguration equivalent to improvement. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

=== Ground, first causes, and immanence ===

A demand for ultimate ground asks explanation to stop at something that does not itself require explanation: a first cause, necessary being, self-sufficient substance, or absolute principle. These proposals are not identical, and their arguments must be assessed separately. Their shared function is to secure order by reference to what is not exposed to the instability attributed to ordinary configurations.

The framework refuses this exempt position. '''Immanence''' means that no explanatory or normative instance stands outside the material field as its origin, guarantee, or judge. Every actual order is produced within relations and remains vulnerable to their alteration. This refusal does not abolish causes or constraints. It distinguishes a cause operating in the field from a ground imagined as securing the field as a whole.

A useful test is to ask: ''Does the explanation identify material conditions and operative relations, or does it introduce a final term whose role is to make further questioning unnecessary?'' The first can be rigorous without being absolute. The second may offer closure, but closure is not the same as explanation.

=== Diagnostic synthesis ===

The recurrent tendency isolated here begins from relatively self-sufficient substances, explains order through form, essence, or a governing principle, treats change as modification of an underlying identity, and seeks a first or self-grounding term at which explanation can stop. The proposed displacement begins instead from material configurations whose individuation is relational, asks which determinate processes compose and maintain each local order, treats variation as capable of reorganising identities and capacities, and understands necessity relative to stated conditions. Explanation can therefore be rigorous and revisable without terminating in a ground exempt from the field it explains.

This synthesis is a diagnostic map, not a verdict on every classical philosopher. Each argument must be read in its own terms before the diagnostic is applied; otherwise a tool intended to discriminate different ontological commitments would erase the historical differences it is meant to clarify.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part V, which situates the OEC within selected lineages of Western philosophy. After Parts I–IV developed the ontology's own commitments and architecture, Part V turns successively to classical ontology, modern rationalism, and post-structuralism. This section addresses recurrent tendencies in a limited Greek and medieval European lineage without presenting Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, late antique thinkers, and medieval philosophers as one doctrine.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the relation between the OEC and the traditions it displaces. The section must avoid two errors: dismissing classical ontology as simply wrong and treating it as merely historical. Neither “classical ontology” nor its proposed solutions form a single doctrine. The challenge is to read selected arguments as genuine responses to problems of change, identity, coherence, and explanation, while assessing where a particular answer turns relative persistence into metaphysical independence or introduces a ground exempt from the conditions it is meant to explain.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that selected classical lineages give explanatory priority to substance, permanence, and ultimate ground. The OEC does not invert this hierarchy by making disembodied relations primary. It treats relational priority as an explanation of individuation: material interactions compose configurations, and the capacities of those configurations condition later couplings. Stable form is a conditioned achievement of dynamic stabilisation, sometimes very durable, rather than a principle imposed upon passive matter. Appeals to ground are assessed case by case according to whether they explain material conditions or exempt a final term from further explanation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are displacement, understood as a reformulation of the problem that does not suspend rational assessment; relational priority, understood as an explanation of individuation rather than the independent existence of relations; local order, understood as conditioned organisation at a determinate scale and history; condition-relative necessity; and immanence without final ground. The section mobilises Plato and Aristotle directly while using selected medieval arguments more generally to sharpen the problem of dependence and explanation.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers trained in the history of philosophy should attend to the specific mode of critique. The OEC does not issue one verdict on the different traditions gathered under the diagnostic label. It asks what each analysis makes thinkable and where a determinate argument converts conditioned persistence into metaphysical independence, or explanation into an exempt ground. The displacement preserves insights that survive rational assessment while refusing the exclusion of instability and contingency from material explanation. Its scope is expressly limited to the selected lineage named in the chapter; no conclusion about other philosophical traditions follows from that limitation.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* explain why ''displacement'' is different from refutation;
* distinguish a substance-centred description from a relational description;
* understand why local order is neither eternal order nor arbitrary disorder;
* separate material constraint from metaphysical necessity;
* identify where a demand for ultimate ground enters an argument.

The central question is simple: '''What changes if relations, variations, and conditions of persistence are treated as constitutive of material configurations rather than as secondary features of already constituted things?'''

==== Worked example: a whirlpool ====

Consider a whirlpool in a river. A substance-centred reading may encourage the question: ''What kind of thing is the whirlpool, and which properties belong to it?'' A relational reading begins elsewhere.

# Water flow, channel shape, obstacles, and energy gradients form the relevant field.
# Their coupling produces a relatively stable rotational pattern.
# The whirlpool is real: it has observable effects and can persist.
# Its identity is nevertheless inseparable from the relations that maintain it.
# If the flow or channel changes beyond a threshold, the whirlpool disappears or becomes another configuration.

The example does not imply that every entity is literally a whirlpool. It isolates a common ontological mechanism: dynamic stabilisation. A mountain, an organism, an institution, or a concept persists through different processes and at different scales, but in every case persistence is produced by relations that maintain a configuration within a range compatible with its continuation. When those relations cross relevant thresholds, the configuration changes or ceases to persist. The processes differ; the basic logic of conditioned persistence remains the same. In the symbolic case, a concept persists through materially realised relations among symbols within systems and, where it is socially sustained, through public signs and practices of use and transmission; its persistence is not the mere duration of any isolated support.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why does saying that order is ''local'' not make it subjective?
* Can a configuration be stable without possessing an eternal essence?
* What is the difference between a constraint and a predetermined outcome?
* At what point does an explanation of conditions turn into an appeal to ultimate ground?
* Which features of a concrete object would a substance-first description obscure?

=== Transition ===

The classical demand for stable identity and sufficient ground does not disappear when philosophy turns towards the knowing subject. It is reorganised. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism|Section 5.2]] examines how modern rationalism relocates the promise of order in reason, representation, system, and control. The issue is no longer only what the world is, but from what position it can supposedly be rendered transparent.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>tuxjk0225alippyr8s3q01jhkwapzhy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673298</id>
      <parentid>4673253</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:04:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673298</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18396" sha1="m9zzy99jhto1x67p58jaq7n9iryh0nm" xml:space="preserve">== 5.1 – Displacement of Classical Ontologies ==

The purpose of this chapter is not to declare classical ontology obsolete. It is to identify a recurrent architecture of thought and to show what must change when reality is approached as an unstable material field. “Classical ontology” is therefore used here as a diagnostic label for a selected Greek and medieval European lineage, not as the name of a single doctrine. Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, late antique thinkers, and medieval philosophers disagree on fundamental matters. The discussion isolates tendencies that proved especially durable: the priority of substance over relation, form over variation, permanent order over contingency, and a final ground over open-ended explanation.

=== Displacement rather than refutation ===

A refutation tries to prove that a proposition is false. A displacement changes the problem, the starting point, or the scale of analysis. Displacement does not exempt inherited propositions from rational assessment: whenever a classical claim enters the argument, its coherence, grounds, and scope must still be examined. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) does not need to deny that relatively stable things exist, that forms can be distinguished, or that causal explanations are possible. It asks instead how such stability, form, and causal organisation arise and persist within a field that is not itself guaranteed to remain the same.

This move preserves much of what classical ontology made thinkable. Aristotle’s analyses of change, causation, and organised living beings remain analytically valuable here because they distinguish problems that a material account must still answer (Aristotle 1984a; Aristotle 1984b). Platonic questions about intelligibility and participation continue to expose genuine philosophical difficulties (Plato 1997). Medieval arguments concerning dependence and contingency sharpen the problem of explanation. What changes is the status of the answers. Stability is treated as an achievement of relations; form as an organised pattern; and explanation as a situated account that need not terminate in a principle outside the field.

The displacement therefore operates at three connected levels. Descriptively, it moves from asking only what a thing is to asking how a configuration is composed and maintained. Explanatorily, it replaces the presumption of a self-sufficient bearer of properties with an inquiry into material dependencies and constraints. Ontologically, it moves from a world whose order is secured in advance to local orders that remain exposed to variation. These are not three independent theses: the change in description matters because it redirects explanation, and the redirected explanation makes a different ontology intelligible.

=== Substance, relation, and persistence ===

In a substance-centred description, relations commonly appear as something that happens ''between'' entities which are already what they are. A stone can be beside a wall, a citizen can belong to a city, and a plant can receive sunlight; the relata are assumed to precede these relations in ontological importance. The framework displaces this strict priority without claiming that a particular relation must temporally precede every relatum. A configuration is not first complete and only then related. Its identity and capacities depend on the material interactions through which it is composed and sustained. Here relational priority is explanatory: it concerns how individuation occurs. It does not posit disembodied relations or give relations an existence independent of material processes and configurations.

This does not mean that everything dissolves into an undifferentiated web. Material interactions can compose relatively stable configurations with boundaries, histories, and powers of resistance. Once constituted, a configuration’s organisation and capacities constrain the further relations and material couplings into which it can enter. A tree is not interchangeable with its soil, climate, fungi, or pollinators. Yet what the tree can be is inseparable from these couplings and from the organised relations among its own cells and tissues. Its relative unity is real, but it is produced and maintained rather than metaphysically self-sufficient. Constitution is therefore recursive without making either relation or configuration an autonomous ground.

“Substance” can still be useful if it names durable organisation. It becomes misleading when durability is converted into independence, or when the persistence of a configuration is taken as evidence of an unchanging essence. The relevant question is not whether the tree is a thing or a relation. It is which relations compose its relative unity, which constraints stabilise it, and which changes would reconfigure or dissolve that unity.

=== Form, matter, and local order ===

Classical hylomorphic accounts analyse concrete beings through form and matter. Such accounts are more subtle than the slogan “form dominates matter” suggests: for Aristotle, form and matter are explanatory principles that work together. Even so, later uses of this distinction have often encouraged a hierarchy in which intelligible form supplies order while matter receives it.

This framework does not replace this hierarchy with the opposite claim that matter is formless. Matter is always materially differentiated and involved in determinate interactions, but it is not therefore always stabilised as a bounded form. A crystal lattice, a cell membrane, a coastline, and a transport network each display patterns, constraints, and capacities. These examples concern configurations in which some regularity has already emerged; they do not imply that every material regime is already a stable form. Stable organisation is a further achievement to be explained, not a condition attributed in advance to all materiality. It can emerge through interactions within the field and persist through processes specific to the configuration. Some of those processes involve material coupling, but that term applies only where configurations demonstrably constrain and sustain one another's operations; it is not a universal synonym for relation, order, or persistence.

This is the meaning of '''local order'''. An order is local when it belongs to a determinate configuration, scale, and history. “Local” does not mean merely spatially small. A planetary climate or a global market can be local in the ontological sense: neither exhausts the field, neither establishes the rule of every other configuration, and neither is guaranteed to persist unchanged.

Local order also differs from arbitrary order. A bridge sustains loads only within a materially delimited range; a cell maintains itself within a range of temperatures and other conditions; a language remains mutually intelligible through materially and historically constituted constraints on change. Material conditions restrict what can occur. At the level claimed here, general laws and local constraints delimit material outcomes without, by themselves, specifying the complete concrete history through which one outcome is realised.

=== Time, contingency, and necessity ===

Some classical cosmologies understand time within an ordered whole whose fundamental structure is stable or recurrent. In such settings, change takes place against a more basic permanence. The present analysis gives variation a stronger role. Material processes endure, succeed one another, and differentiate irreversibly whether or not any system observes or measures them: relations form, persist, fail, and are recomposed. Chronology is a further operation, produced by comparing such processes through selected references, scales, and instruments. The field does not unfold a complete plan that was already present at the beginning.

This claim must not be confused with the denial of necessity. Logical relations, physical constraints, and organised dependencies can make some outcomes impossible and others highly robust. The distinction is between '''condition-relative necessity''' and '''metaphysical predetermination'''. Given a particular structure and set of conditions, a consequence may follow necessarily. It does not follow that the structure itself had to exist, that it will last indefinitely, or that every future configuration is already contained in a timeless order.

Contingency likewise does not mean that anything can happen. General constraints, considered apart from the full configuration and its unfolding interactions, do not encode the complete concrete history of the field. Historical pathways depend on actual sequences of interaction and reconfiguration. Whether a complete physical state has one or several physically possible successors is a further scientific and metaphysical question; it is not settled by rejecting teleology. New couplings may produce capacities that cannot be read off from isolated components, and established orders may encounter variations they cannot absorb.

Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. This is not a synonym for variation, instability, or incompleteness: the excess is an affirmative causal condition relative to an identifiable form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, does not predetermine the resulting configuration, and does not make reconfiguration equivalent to improvement. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.

=== Ground, first causes, and immanence ===

A demand for ultimate ground asks explanation to stop at something that does not itself require explanation: a first cause, necessary being, self-sufficient substance, or absolute principle. These proposals are not identical, and their arguments must be assessed separately. Their shared function is to secure order by reference to what is not exposed to the instability attributed to ordinary configurations.

The framework refuses this exempt position. '''Immanence''' means that no explanatory or normative instance stands outside the material field as its origin, guarantee, or judge. Every actual order is produced within relations and remains vulnerable to their alteration. This refusal does not abolish causes or constraints. It distinguishes a cause operating in the field from a ground imagined as securing the field as a whole.

A useful test is to ask: ''Does the explanation identify material conditions and operative relations, or does it introduce a final term whose role is to make further questioning unnecessary?'' The first can be rigorous without being absolute. The second may offer closure, but closure is not the same as explanation.

=== Diagnostic synthesis ===

The recurrent tendency isolated here begins from relatively self-sufficient substances, explains order through form, essence, or a governing principle, treats change as modification of an underlying identity, and seeks a first or self-grounding term at which explanation can stop. The proposed displacement begins instead from material configurations whose individuation is relational, asks which determinate processes compose and maintain each local order, treats variation as capable of reorganising identities and capacities, and understands necessity relative to stated conditions. Explanation can therefore be rigorous and revisable without terminating in a ground exempt from the field it explains.

This synthesis is a diagnostic map, not a verdict on every classical philosopher. Each argument must be read in its own terms before the diagnostic is applied; otherwise a tool intended to discriminate different ontological commitments would erase the historical differences it is meant to clarify.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part V, which situates the OEC within selected lineages of Western philosophy. After Parts I–IV developed the ontology's own commitments and architecture, Part V turns successively to classical ontology, modern rationalism, and post-structuralism. This section addresses recurrent tendencies in a limited Greek and medieval European lineage without presenting Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, late antique thinkers, and medieval philosophers as one doctrine.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the relation between the OEC and the traditions it displaces. The section must avoid two errors: dismissing classical ontology as simply wrong and treating it as merely historical. Neither “classical ontology” nor its proposed solutions form a single doctrine. The challenge is to read selected arguments as genuine responses to problems of change, identity, coherence, and explanation, while assessing where a particular answer turns relative persistence into metaphysical independence or introduces a ground exempt from the conditions it is meant to explain.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that selected classical lineages give explanatory priority to substance, permanence, and ultimate ground. The OEC does not invert this hierarchy by making disembodied relations primary. It treats relational priority as an explanation of individuation: material interactions compose configurations, and the capacities of those configurations condition later couplings. Stable form is a conditioned achievement of dynamic stabilisation, sometimes very durable, rather than a principle imposed upon passive matter. Appeals to ground are assessed case by case according to whether they explain material conditions or exempt a final term from further explanation.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are displacement, understood as a reformulation of the problem that does not suspend rational assessment; relational priority, understood as an explanation of individuation rather than the independent existence of relations; local order, understood as conditioned organisation at a determinate scale and history; condition-relative necessity; and immanence without final ground. The section mobilises Plato and Aristotle directly while using selected medieval arguments more generally to sharpen the problem of dependence and explanation.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers trained in the history of philosophy should attend to the specific mode of critique. The OEC does not issue one verdict on the different traditions gathered under the diagnostic label. It asks what each analysis makes thinkable and where a determinate argument converts conditioned persistence into metaphysical independence, or explanation into an exempt ground. The displacement preserves insights that survive rational assessment while refusing the exclusion of instability and contingency from material explanation. Its scope is expressly limited to the selected lineage named in the chapter; no conclusion about other philosophical traditions follows from that limitation.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* explain why ''displacement'' is different from refutation;
* distinguish a substance-centred description from a relational description;
* understand why local order is neither eternal order nor arbitrary disorder;
* separate material constraint from metaphysical necessity;
* identify where a demand for ultimate ground enters an argument.

The central question is simple: '''What changes if relations, variations, and conditions of persistence are treated as constitutive of material configurations rather than as secondary features of already constituted things?'''

==== Worked example: a whirlpool ====

Consider a whirlpool in a river. A substance-centred reading may encourage the question: ''What kind of thing is the whirlpool, and which properties belong to it?'' A relational reading begins elsewhere.

# Water flow, channel shape, obstacles, and energy gradients form the relevant field.
# Their coupling produces a relatively stable rotational pattern.
# The whirlpool is real: it has observable effects and can persist.
# Its identity is nevertheless inseparable from the relations that maintain it.
# If the flow or channel changes beyond a threshold, the whirlpool disappears or becomes another configuration.

The example does not imply that every entity is literally a whirlpool. It isolates a common ontological mechanism: dynamic stabilisation. A mountain, an organism, an institution, or a concept persists through different processes and at different scales, but in every case persistence is produced by relations that maintain a configuration within a range compatible with its continuation. When those relations cross relevant thresholds, the configuration changes or ceases to persist. The processes differ; the basic logic of conditioned persistence remains the same. In the symbolic case, a concept persists through materially realised relations among symbols within systems and, where it is socially sustained, through public signs and practices of use and transmission; its persistence is not the mere duration of any isolated support.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why does saying that order is ''local'' not make it subjective?
* Can a configuration be stable without possessing an eternal essence?
* What is the difference between a constraint and a predetermined outcome?
* At what point does an explanation of conditions turn into an appeal to ultimate ground?
* Which features of a concrete object would a substance-first description obscure?

=== Transition ===

The classical demand for stable identity and sufficient ground does not disappear when philosophy turns towards the knowing subject. It is reorganised. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism|Section 5.2]] examines how modern rationalism relocates the promise of order in reason, representation, system, and control. The issue is no longer only what the world is, but from what position it can supposedly be rendered transparent.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>m9zzy99jhto1x67p58jaq7n9iryh0nm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.2 Limits of Modern Rationalism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>480139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673148</id>
      <parentid>4671464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15586" sha1="cpjctwvkujagwu05mltdx0p5c7vjq41" xml:space="preserve">== 5.2 – Limits of Modern Rationalism ==

Modern rationalism changes the centre of philosophy. Instead of beginning only with the order of being, it asks under what conditions a subject can know, justify, and organise experience. This shift produces decisive gains: explicit standards of argument, criticism of inherited authority, mathematical description, and methods that can be publicly tested. The task of this chapter is not to reject those gains. It is to locate the point at which reason is treated as a privileged standpoint capable, in principle, of rendering the real fully transparent.

“Modern rationalism” is used here in a broad and limited sense. Descartes, Kant, Hegel, and the scientific traditions influenced by them do not form one doctrine. The term identifies a recurrent aspiration: that a sufficiently ordered activity of thought can secure its own basis, determine the conditions of intelligibility, and integrate what initially appears contingent.

=== What “limit” means ===

A limit is not merely an external obstacle. It can be constitutive: the very conditions that make an operation possible also restrict what it can do. A map makes a territory navigable by selecting features, scales, and relations. Those selections enable knowledge, but they also exclude detail. Making the map more accurate does not abolish selection; it produces a more adequate selection for a stated purpose.

The same applies to rational inquiry. Concepts, diagrams, measurements, classifications, and models extend what can be known. They do so through material inscriptions and symbolic operations. Because no inscription captures every relation of the concrete process from which it is produced, every rational articulation is partial. Partiality becomes operative excess only when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the system's present form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. A model can omit relevant differences without yet meeting that stronger criterion; the distinction prevents ordinary incompleteness from being redescribed as operative excess. Relevant differences may become legible before failure, through deliberate inquiry, or only when the established ordering breaks down.

The limit of rationalism is therefore not that reason is useless or deceptive. It is that reason cannot become an unconditioned position from which the field is exhaustively represented.

=== The rational subject and the ideal of transparency ===

Descartes makes the thinking activity of the subject central to the search for certainty (Descartes 1996). Kant later relocates philosophical inquiry in the conditions that make experience and judgement possible (Kant [1781] 1998). Hegel seeks to think how apparent oppositions can be mediated within a developing whole (Hegel [1807] 1977). These projects differ profoundly, yet each gives reason a privileged task in establishing or recovering intelligible order.

This analysis retains the need for reflexive criticism but removes the subject from an exempt position. Thinking requires a living body, material supports, learned distinctions, social practices, inherited vocabularies, and technical arrangements. None of these simply determines a thought; together they make thought possible and expose it to conditions it does not command.

Self-knowledge is subject to the same restriction. A thinker can examine reasons, revise concepts, and recognise error, but cannot make every condition of thinking present at once. Memory, language, embodiment, institutions, and unregistered material effects participate in thought without becoming fully transparent to it. Reflexivity is real and valuable; total self-presence is not its necessary standard.

This yields a practical distinction. '''Critical reflexivity''' asks how a claim was produced, what supports it, and what could correct it. '''The fantasy of transparency''' assumes that sufficient reflection could eliminate every remainder and secure a view without blind spots. The first is indispensable; the second hides the material conditions of reason behind an image of sovereign thought.

=== Representation and the materiality of symbols ===

Modern epistemology often presents representation as a relation between an inner or conceptual order and an external object. The central problem then becomes correspondence: how can a representation accurately match what it represents?

The framework reframes the problem. Representations are themselves material operations. A written sentence, laboratory graph, database, equation, map, or computational model requires a support, a procedure of inscription, and organised capacities of recognition. Its validity depends not only on resemblance but on how it was produced, which differences it preserves, which it suppresses, and how it can be tested against further inscriptions.

This does not collapse truth into construction. The real constrains representation. A bridge calculated with an inadequate load model can fail; a medical test can generate false results; a satellite record can contradict a climate projection. Such resistance is precisely why revision is possible. Yet correction never converts the representation into the concrete process itself. A more adequate model remains a model: a symbolic configuration designed to preserve selected relations.

The relevant contrast is therefore not between access and inaccessibility, but between '''accountable mediation''' and '''forgotten mediation'''. Reason becomes more rigorous when it makes its instruments and selections inspectable.

=== System, totality, and closure ===

Systematic thought has genuine advantages. It reveals dependencies that isolated propositions conceal, exposes contradictions, and makes consequences traceable. The problem begins when coherence within a system is treated as evidence that the system has integrated everything relevant.

No symbolic system can demonstrate from within itself that no unregistered relation will matter. New observations, techniques, conflicts, or material transformations can reveal that its categories excluded decisive differences. Closure is therefore an achievement relative to a question and a domain, not the final enclosure of the real.

For this framework, '''totality''' can be used as a provisional analytical horizon, but not as a completed object possessed by thought. The field has no view from nowhere. Every account is situated within the relations it describes and can itself alter them. Economic forecasts influence investment; legal classifications redistribute rights; medical categories change how bodies are treated. Description is not outside operation.

This point also guards against easy relativism. Systems can be compared. Some preserve more relevant distinctions, withstand more tests, disclose their assumptions more clearly, and permit more effective correction. Fallibility does not make all accounts equivalent.

=== Prediction, intervention, and control ===

Modern technoscience often links understanding with prediction and intervention. These capacities can reduce suffering, improve coordination, and disclose regularities inaccessible to unaided perception. The danger lies in turning successful prediction within bounded conditions into a general image of mastery.

A prediction depends on a model, input data, boundary conditions, and an interval over which relevant couplings remain sufficiently stable. Failure can arise from poor data or calculation, but also from a change in the configuration itself. Complex systems may react to the prediction: people alter behaviour in response to a forecast; institutions adapt to an indicator; an intervention modifies the environment in which its earlier evidence was gathered.

Control is consequently bounded, condition-dependent, and answerable to revision. It can be reliable without being absolute, and its effects are not always reversible. The responsible question is not “Can this system be controlled?” in the abstract, but “Which variables can be influenced, over what range, for how long, with which side effects, and who bears the consequences of error?”

=== Achievement and limit ===

Each rational achievement carries a constitutive limit that calls for a corresponding discipline. Reflexive justification cannot render every condition of thought transparent, so it must state its standpoint, supports, and exclusions. Representation does not reproduce the observed or captured concrete in full, so mediations must be tested, compared, and revised. Systematic coherence does not guarantee completeness, so boundaries and counter-evidence must remain visible. Prediction depends on couplings and boundary conditions that can change, so its range, uncertainty, and failure modes must be declared. Intervention redistributes exposure and may alter the system on which its evidence was based, so consequences must be monitored and the capacity for correction preserved.

These limits do not stand outside reason as defeats imposed upon it. They belong to the material and symbolic conditions under which rational operations become possible. Recognising them strengthens inquiry because it replaces an unattainable ideal of mastery with accountable procedures of production, testing, and revision.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This section continues Part V's critical dialogue by addressing modern rationalism — the tradition from Descartes through Kant and Hegel to contemporary technoscientific programmes. Where §5.1 showed how classical ontology stabilised the field through substance and transcendent ground, this section shows how modern philosophy relocated that stabilisation to the rational subject, method, and the aspiration to systematic totality.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the status of reason within the OEC's framework. The section must avoid the familiar anti-rationalist complaint that reason is &quot;cold&quot; or &quot;abstract.&quot; The critique is structural: reason itself is a material operation within the field, not a vantage point above it. When rationalism fails to recognise this, it produces a specific blindness to the conditions of its own possibility — a blindness that has material consequences in the organisation of knowledge, institutions, and power.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis identifies four structural limits of modern rationalism: the fantasy of the transparent subject, the unthought materiality of representation, the impossibility of establishing a final and exhaustive symbolic system, and the reduction of rationality to prediction and control. In rational inquiry, operative excess names the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the current form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. This is a symbolic instance of the wider operator, not an independent force or substance belonging to the material field as a whole.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are the fantasy of transparency, the materiality of representation, and the absence of a guaranteed final closure. A model, concept, or legal category is materially instantiated and can affect the field it describes. Its partiality is the situated limit of what it selects and organises; partiality alone does not establish operative excess. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form. In rational inquiry, the comparison concerns symbolic relations. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. It is not a substance or external reservoir standing between model and world. The section engages with Descartes, Kant, Hegel, and the contemporary technoscientific programme.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should resist the temptation to read this section as anti-science. The OEC does not deny the power of scientific models or the achievements of rational inquiry. It challenges the assumption that prediction and control exhaust rational engagement with the real. The pedagogical key is to ask, case by case, whether, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the inquiry's present model. Not every model is under operative excess, and empirical correction is not a metaphysical defect.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish rational inquiry from the ideal of complete rational transparency;
* explain why representation has material conditions;
* identify how a system can illuminate relations while also concealing what exceeds it;
* separate prediction from mastery;
* use a model without confusing it with the concrete process modelled.

The guiding question is: '''How can reason remain rigorous once it recognises that it is a situated material activity rather than an external view of the field?'''

==== Worked example: a flood-risk model ====

Imagine a model that estimates the probability of flooding in a coastal city.

# Rainfall records, terrain measurements, drainage capacity, tidal patterns, and land use are selected and inscribed as data.
# Equations or simulations organise those inscriptions into a symbolic model.
# The model can reveal couplings that unaided observation would miss and support evacuation or infrastructure planning.
# It cannot include every future obstruction, building decision, behavioural response, or weather interaction.
# Once authorities act on it, the model becomes part of the field: insurance prices, construction, and public behaviour may change.

The correct conclusion is not that the model is merely subjective. Its predictions can be tested and improved. Nor is it that uncertainty prevents action. The conclusion is that validity, uncertainty, and consequences must be stated together. A model is rationally stronger when it identifies its domain, assumptions, confidence, and possible modes of failure.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is a materially mediated representation not thereby false?
* What distinguishes the claim “this model is reliable here” from “this model masters the process”?
* Can a coherent system omit something that later becomes decisive?
* How does a prediction become one of the causes operating in the situation it predicts?
* Which forms of institutional power can hide behind the language of neutral rationality?

=== Transition ===

The critique of a sovereign subject, transparent representation, and closed system is developed with particular force by twentieth-century structuralist and post-structuralist thought. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.3 Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism|Section 5.3]] asks what this critique makes possible and where it can still leave material processes, non-human configurations, and the act of decision insufficiently specified.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>cpjctwvkujagwu05mltdx0p5c7vjq41</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673299</id>
      <parentid>4673148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15572" sha1="dy2wu3ocwqv8q3ib9lzz7z00owgige1" xml:space="preserve">== 5.2 – Limits of Modern Rationalism ==

Modern rationalism changes the centre of philosophy. Instead of beginning only with the order of being, it asks under what conditions a subject can know, justify, and organise experience. This shift produces decisive gains: explicit standards of argument, criticism of inherited authority, mathematical description, and methods that can be publicly tested. The task of this chapter is not to reject those gains. It is to locate the point at which reason is treated as a privileged standpoint capable, in principle, of rendering the real fully transparent.

“Modern rationalism” is used here in a broad and limited sense. Descartes, Kant, Hegel, and the scientific traditions influenced by them do not form one doctrine. The term identifies a recurrent aspiration: that a sufficiently ordered activity of thought can secure its own basis, determine the conditions of intelligibility, and integrate what initially appears contingent.

=== What “limit” means ===

A limit is not merely an external obstacle. It can be constitutive: the very conditions that make an operation possible also restrict what it can do. A map makes a territory navigable by selecting features, scales, and relations. Those selections enable knowledge, but they also exclude detail. Making the map more accurate does not abolish selection; it produces a more adequate selection for a stated purpose.

The same applies to rational inquiry. Concepts, diagrams, measurements, classifications, and models extend what can be known. They do so through material inscriptions and symbolic operations. Because no inscription captures every relation of the concrete process from which it is produced, every rational articulation is partial. Partiality becomes operative excess only when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the system's present form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. A model can omit relevant differences without yet meeting that stronger criterion; the distinction prevents ordinary incompleteness from being redescribed as operative excess. Relevant differences may become legible before failure, through deliberate inquiry, or only when the established ordering breaks down.

The limit of rationalism is therefore not that reason is useless or deceptive. It is that reason cannot become an unconditioned position from which the field is exhaustively represented.

=== The rational subject and the ideal of transparency ===

Descartes makes the thinking activity of the subject central to the search for certainty (Descartes 1996). Kant later relocates philosophical inquiry in the conditions that make experience and judgement possible (Kant [1781] 1998). Hegel seeks to think how apparent oppositions can be mediated within a developing whole (Hegel [1807] 1977). These projects differ profoundly, yet each gives reason a privileged task in establishing or recovering intelligible order.

This analysis retains the need for reflexive criticism but removes the subject from an exempt position. Thinking requires a living body, material supports, learned distinctions, social practices, inherited vocabularies, and technical arrangements. None of these simply determines a thought; together they make thought possible and expose it to conditions it does not command.

Self-knowledge is subject to the same restriction. A thinker can examine reasons, revise concepts, and recognise error, but cannot make every condition of thinking present at once. Memory, language, embodiment, institutions, and unregistered material effects participate in thought without becoming fully transparent to it. Reflexivity is real and valuable; total self-presence is not its necessary standard.

This yields a practical distinction. '''Critical reflexivity''' asks how a claim was produced, what supports it, and what could correct it. '''The fantasy of transparency''' assumes that sufficient reflection could eliminate every remainder and secure a view without blind spots. The first is indispensable; the second hides the material conditions of reason behind an image of sovereign thought.

=== Representation and the materiality of symbols ===

Modern epistemology often presents representation as a relation between an inner or conceptual order and an external object. The central problem then becomes correspondence: how can a representation accurately match what it represents?

The framework reframes the problem. Representations are themselves material operations. A written sentence, laboratory graph, database, equation, map, or computational model requires a support, a procedure of inscription, and organised capacities of recognition. Its validity depends not only on resemblance but on how it was produced, which differences it preserves, which it suppresses, and how it can be tested against further inscriptions.

This does not collapse truth into construction. The real constrains representation. A bridge calculated with an inadequate load model can fail; a medical test can generate false results; a satellite record can contradict a climate projection. Such resistance is precisely why revision is possible. Yet correction never converts the representation into the concrete process itself. A more adequate model remains a model: a symbolic configuration designed to preserve selected relations.

The relevant contrast is therefore not between access and inaccessibility, but between '''accountable mediation''' and '''forgotten mediation'''. Reason becomes more rigorous when it makes its instruments and selections inspectable.

=== System, totality, and closure ===

Systematic thought has genuine advantages. It reveals dependencies that isolated propositions conceal, exposes contradictions, and makes consequences traceable. The problem begins when coherence within a system is treated as evidence that the system has integrated everything relevant.

No symbolic system can demonstrate from within itself that no unregistered relation will matter. New observations, techniques, conflicts, or material transformations can reveal that its categories excluded decisive differences. Closure is therefore an achievement relative to a question and a domain, not the final enclosure of the real.

For this framework, '''totality''' can be used as a provisional analytical horizon, but not as a completed object possessed by thought. The field has no view from nowhere. Every account is situated within the relations it describes and can itself alter them. Economic forecasts influence investment; legal classifications redistribute rights; medical categories change how bodies are treated. Description is not outside operation.

This point also guards against easy relativism. Systems can be compared. Some preserve more relevant distinctions, withstand more tests, disclose their assumptions more clearly, and permit more effective correction. Fallibility does not make all accounts equivalent.

=== Prediction, intervention, and control ===

Modern technoscience often links understanding with prediction and intervention. These capacities can reduce suffering, improve coordination, and disclose regularities inaccessible to unaided perception. The danger lies in turning successful prediction within bounded conditions into a general image of mastery.

A prediction depends on a model, input data, boundary conditions, and an interval over which relevant couplings remain sufficiently stable. Failure can arise from poor data or calculation, but also from a change in the configuration itself. Complex systems may react to the prediction: people alter behaviour in response to a forecast; institutions adapt to an indicator; an intervention modifies the environment in which its earlier evidence was gathered.

Control is consequently bounded, condition-dependent, and answerable to revision. It can be reliable without being absolute, and its effects are not always reversible. The responsible question is not “Can this system be controlled?” in the abstract, but “Which variables can be influenced, over what range, for how long, with which side effects, and who bears the consequences of error?”

=== Achievement and limit ===

Each rational achievement carries a constitutive limit that calls for a corresponding discipline. Reflexive justification cannot render every condition of thought transparent, so it must state its standpoint, supports, and exclusions. Representation does not reproduce the observed or captured concrete in full, so mediations must be tested, compared, and revised. Systematic coherence does not guarantee completeness, so boundaries and counter-evidence must remain visible. Prediction depends on couplings and boundary conditions that can change, so its range, uncertainty, and failure modes must be declared. Intervention redistributes exposure and may alter the system on which its evidence was based, so consequences must be monitored and the capacity for correction preserved.

These limits do not stand outside reason as defeats imposed upon it. They belong to the material and symbolic conditions under which rational operations become possible. Recognising them strengthens inquiry because it replaces an unattainable ideal of mastery with accountable procedures of production, testing, and revision.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This section continues Part V's critical dialogue by addressing modern rationalism — the tradition from Descartes through Kant and Hegel to contemporary technoscientific programmes. Where §5.1 showed how classical ontology stabilised the field through substance and transcendent ground, this section shows how modern philosophy relocated that stabilisation to the rational subject, method, and the aspiration to systematic totality.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the status of reason within the OEC's framework. The section must avoid the familiar anti-rationalist complaint that reason is &quot;cold&quot; or &quot;abstract.&quot; The critique is structural: reason itself is a material operation within the field, not a vantage point above it. When rationalism fails to recognise this, it produces a specific blindness to the conditions of its own possibility — a blindness that has material consequences in the organisation of knowledge, institutions, and power.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis identifies four structural limits of modern rationalism: the fantasy of the transparent subject, the unthought materiality of representation, the impossibility of establishing a final and exhaustive symbolic system, and the reduction of rationality to prediction and control. In rational inquiry, operative excess names the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, symbolically realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the current symbolic form and thereby make reconfiguration possible. This is an application of the wider operator within a symbolic regime, not an independent force or substance belonging to the material field as a whole.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are the fantasy of transparency, the materiality of representation, and the absence of a guaranteed final closure. A model, concept, or legal category is materially instantiated and can affect the field it describes. Its partiality is the situated limit of what it selects and organises; partiality alone does not establish operative excess. Operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form. In rational inquiry, the comparison concerns symbolic relations. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. It is not a substance or external reservoir standing between model and world. The section engages with Descartes, Kant, Hegel, and the contemporary technoscientific programme.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers should resist the temptation to read this section as anti-science. The OEC does not deny the power of scientific models or the achievements of rational inquiry. It challenges the assumption that prediction and control exhaust rational engagement with the real. The pedagogical key is to ask, case by case, whether, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the inquiry's present model. Not every model is under operative excess, and empirical correction is not a metaphysical defect.

==== Learning orientation ====

After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish rational inquiry from the ideal of complete rational transparency;
* explain why representation has material conditions;
* identify how a system can illuminate relations while also concealing what exceeds it;
* separate prediction from mastery;
* use a model without confusing it with the concrete process modelled.

The guiding question is: '''How can reason remain rigorous once it recognises that it is a situated material activity rather than an external view of the field?'''

==== Worked example: a flood-risk model ====

Imagine a model that estimates the probability of flooding in a coastal city.

# Rainfall records, terrain measurements, drainage capacity, tidal patterns, and land use are selected and represented as data through public signs and symbols.
# Equations or simulations organise those symbolic representations into a model.
# The model can reveal couplings that unaided observation would miss and support evacuation or infrastructure planning.
# It cannot include every future obstruction, building decision, behavioural response, or weather interaction.
# Once authorities act on it, the model becomes part of the field: insurance prices, construction, and public behaviour may change.

The correct conclusion is not that the model is merely subjective. Its predictions can be tested and improved. Nor is it that uncertainty prevents action. The conclusion is that validity, uncertainty, and consequences must be stated together. A model is rationally stronger when it identifies its domain, assumptions, confidence, and possible modes of failure.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is a materially mediated representation not thereby false?
* What distinguishes the claim “this model is reliable here” from “this model masters the process”?
* Can a coherent system omit something that later becomes decisive?
* How does a prediction become one of the causes operating in the situation it predicts?
* Which forms of institutional power can hide behind the language of neutral rationality?

=== Transition ===

The critique of a sovereign subject, transparent representation, and closed system is developed with particular force by twentieth-century structuralist and post-structuralist thought. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.3 Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism|Section 5.3]] asks what this critique makes possible and where it can still leave material processes, non-human configurations, and the act of decision insufficiently specified.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>dy2wu3ocwqv8q3ib9lzz7z00owgige1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/5.3 Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>480140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673138</id>
      <parentid>4671465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16778" sha1="iasjx5lv1gdbbwbi12hqcbkc7qysz7w" xml:space="preserve">== 5.3 – Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism ==

Post-structuralist thought is one of the closest interlocutors of this book. It contests stable essences, decentres the sovereign subject, analyses the productive force of discourse and institutions, and treats difference as more basic than fixed identity. Those moves prepare much of the conceptual terrain on which the Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) works.

Closeness, however, is not identity. This chapter examines recurrent tensions within a diverse field that includes authors as different as Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, Butler, and later materialist interlocutors. The word “ambiguity” is used deliberately: the same conceptual move can open a decisive possibility and leave a question unresolved. The aim is neither to dismiss these thinkers nor to assign one thesis to all of them. It is to identify where the framework inherits their critical work and where it makes a further displacement.

=== What post-structuralism makes possible ===

The term ''post-structuralism'' is retrospective and imperfect. It groups projects that do not share a programme. Nevertheless, several critical achievements recur across this field. Identities are understood as produced through differences and practices rather than simply discovered; subjects as historically and institutionally formed rather than self-originating; and language and representation as operations that do not transparently copy a prior reality. Power operates through norms, classifications, bodies, and everyday arrangements, while tensions and exclusions prevent systems from achieving final closure.

The framework accepts these achievements as starting points. Its questions arise inside the space they opened. The issue is whether critique of foundations can be joined to a positive account of the material field, of emergent capacities, and of the conditions under which symbolic response becomes possible.

=== Decentring the subject and the persistence of correlation ===

To decentre the subject is to deny that a self-transparent human consciousness is the origin of meaning and order. Foucault’s analyses of subject formation (Foucault 1972), Derrida’s critique of presence (Derrida [1967] 1997), and Butler’s account of performativity (Butler 1990) each displace the autonomous individual in a different way.

Yet a philosophy can reject the sovereign subject while continuing to organise its questions around the relation between thought, language, and world. If the real is approached mainly through the conditions under which it is given, interpreted, or discursively articulated, the subject may remain as an absent centre: no longer master, but still the horizon around which the analysis turns.

This framework makes a stronger materialist claim. Material processes do not begin when they enter human experience or discourse. Stars form, rivers alter their courses, cells differentiate, and species become extinct without awaiting symbolic recognition. Human knowledge of those processes is mediated, but the processes are not constituted by that mediation.

This distinction avoids two symmetrical mistakes. '''Naive access''' assumes that thought simply receives the real as it is. '''Correlationist enclosure''' treats the relation between thought and real as the only philosophically accessible problem. Situated knowledge can be mediated and answerable to a real that exceeds it.

=== Language, text, and the risk of discursivism ===

Post-structuralist analyses demonstrate that descriptions do not merely label a neutral world. A diagnostic category can reorganise medical treatment; a legal definition can alter citizenship; an archive can determine which events become administratively visible. Discourse has material effects because it is embedded in institutions, bodies, technologies, and practices.

The risk of '''discursivism''' appears when this insight is generalised into the assumption that whatever matters is constituted through discourse. That conclusion need not be attributed to every post-structuralist author, and it should not be inferred from Derrida’s often simplified discussions of textuality. It is better understood as a recurrent tendency in reception and application: attention to discursive mediation can eclipse processes that are neither linguistic nor dependent on human recognition.

The analysis responds by distinguishing the real, the concrete, and theory. A process is real independently of its observation. The concrete is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material system; observation establishes this relation without creating the occurrence and without yet making it symbolic. When a new difference is discriminated as a trace and recognised in an inaugural inscription, a mark and its first corresponding symbol are co-constituted. Theory is a subsequent systematic articulation of symbols. It can reorganise how the real is engaged, but it does not produce the process it articulates.

Symbols are therefore both material and limited. They require physical supports and organised capacities; they can change institutions and environments; and they still encounter differences they have not integrated. Discursive power is real precisely because discourse operates materially, not because materiality is only discourse.

=== Power, normativity, and material exposure ===

Foucault shows that power is productive: it shapes conduct, knowledge, bodies, and possible identities (Foucault 1977a). Butler demonstrates how norms become embodied and how recognition distributes livability (Butler 1990). These analyses prevent politics from being reduced to commands issued by a central sovereign.

The chapter asks an additional question: '''How are the effects of these operations materially distributed?''' A norm does not affect every configuration in the same way. Housing rules, borders, medical protocols, and technical standards distribute access, risk, delay, mobility, and injury. Their operation becomes ethically legible through exposure and vulnerability.

'''Exposure''' is not only the experience of feeling exposed. It is the condition of being open to effects produced by other configurations. '''Vulnerability''' names the unequal capacities to absorb, avoid, contest, or repair those effects. These operators join an analysis of power to bodies, infrastructures, ecologies, and resources without reducing politics to subjective intention.

This extension also prevents normativity from floating above the field. A decision is evaluated through the reorganisations it produces: whose capacities of response are maintained, which destructive asymmetries are reduced or intensified, and whether contestation and repair remain possible.

=== Difference, undecidability, and decision ===

Derridean undecidability shows why a responsible decision cannot be the mechanical application of a complete rule (Derrida 1990). If a rule uniquely determined the outcome, there would be calculation but no decision in the strong sense. This framework preserves this insight. In a symbolically organised field, operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the current form. This makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary and does not by itself justify any decision.

The ambiguity begins when openness is confused with endless postponement. Material processes do not pause until interpretation is complete. Institutions allocate resources, bodies undergo harm, and ecological thresholds are crossed. Refusal to decide can itself maintain an existing distribution of exposure.

'''Hesitation''' therefore has a precise function. It interrupts automatic response long enough to register excluded relations and possible consequences. It is not an alibi for indefinite deferral. '''Decision''' is a situated intervention that selects and reorganises relations under conditions that do not supply a final guarantee. It may be expressed, recorded, or implemented through inscriptions, but it is not, merely by being a decision, an inscription in the technical sense used by the OEC.

Accountability follows from this structure. A decision may be necessary without being certain, and revisable without being arbitrary. It should state the differences it selects, the exposure it redistributes, and the conditions under which it must be reconsidered.

=== Bodies, non-human processes, and agency ===

Deleuze, feminist materialisms, science and technology studies, and more-than-human approaches have widened philosophy’s attention to bodies, affects, technical systems, animals, and ecologies. The framework shares this movement away from human exceptionalism, but uses a restricted vocabulary of agency.

Every material configuration can have '''operative effects''': a storm alters a coast, a virus changes behaviour, and a database constrains access. Symbolic agency is more specific. It requires capacities to discriminate occurrences, recognise them under passive marks as symbolic instances, relate symbols to other symbols, and modulate operations through those relations. The restriction is functional, not a declaration of human privilege. A non-human or post-biological configuration would count as symbolically agentive if it met the criteria.

This distinction avoids two reductions. It does not treat non-human processes as passive matter awaiting human action. Nor does it call every causal effect “agency”, which would erase the difference between producing an effect and symbolically reorganising a field in response to represented relations.

=== A diagnostic synthesis ===

The first gain is the production rather than sovereignty of the subject; its recurrent ambiguity is that analysis can remain centred on the conditions of human access. The displacement affirms that material processes exceed their relation to thought. The second gain is the recognition that discourse produces real effects; its risk is that mediation eclipses non-discursive processes. The displacement treats symbols as material operations within a wider field. The analysis of distributed and productive power is retained, while exposure and vulnerability make its asymmetric material burdens more explicit. The refusal of final closure is also retained, but hesitation is directed towards situated and revisable decision rather than indefinite deferral. Finally, criticism of human exceptionalism is preserved without naming every causal effect agency: operative effects are general, whereas symbolic agency requires the functional capacities stated above.

These are diagnostic tensions, not allegations that every named author occupies the ambiguous side of each distinction. Their use depends on the particular argument, its scope, and the material operations it succeeds or fails to specify.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final section of Part V and addresses the OEC's most important interlocutor: post-structuralism. The section is titled &quot;ambiguities&quot; rather than &quot;critiques&quot; because the OEC's relation to post-structuralism is one of continuation and displacement, not opposition. Without the post-structuralist critiques of the subject, of presence, and of totalising systems, the OEC's own apparatus would not be possible.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is whether post-structuralism has fully achieved the displacement of the classical and modern configurations, or whether it remains, at certain crucial junctures, entangled in the structures it sought to overcome. The section identifies five specific ambiguities: the persistence of correlation (the human regime of signification as default horizon), the risk of discursivism (reducing material processes to discourse), the under-theorisation of material exposure, the slide from undecidability to inaction, and the unresolved status of the non-human.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that post-structuralism radicalises the critique of foundations while leaving, in some arguments and receptions, questions about non-discursive material processes, differentiated exposure, decision, and agency insufficiently specified. The OEC proposes a further step: to think symbols, norms, and institutions as material operations within an unstable field, not as the ultimate horizon of reality. This is a selective continuation and displacement, not the claim that diverse post-structuralist projects reproduce one hidden doctrine.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are correlationist enclosure, in which the relation between thought and real becomes the only philosophically accessible problem; discursivism, in which attention to mediation eclipses processes not dependent on discourse; hesitation, which prepares rather than indefinitely postpones decision; and the distinction between operative effect and symbolic agency. A river has effects without thereby discriminating and recognising symbolic instances, relating symbols, or modulating operations through those relations. The section engages directly with Foucault, Derrida, Butler, and Deleuze, while referring more generally to feminist materialisms, science and technology studies, and more-than-human approaches.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers trained in continental philosophy should distinguish the arguments of the interlocutors instead of distributing every ambiguity across all of them. The OEC does not dismiss post-structuralism; it tests where particular analyses leave material operations or practical criteria unspecified. The distinction between operative effect and symbolic agency is central: non-human processes are causally real without every effect becoming agency. Readers can test this restricted functional criterion against the materialist and more-than-human approaches mentioned in the chapter.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* explain why decentring the subject does not automatically move beyond subject-centred philosophy;
* distinguish the materiality of discourse from the claim that everything is discursive;
* relate power to material distributions of exposure;
* separate undecidability from indefinite deferral;
* distinguish operative effect from symbolic agency.

The guiding question is: '''After identity, origin, and sovereign subjectivity have been criticised, how can material processes and accountable decisions be described without restoring a hidden centre?'''

==== Worked example: a polluted river ====

Consider a river contaminated by industrial discharge.

# The chemical processes and biological damage are real before they are legally or publicly recognised.
# Sampling devices produce inscriptions from situated contact with the river.
# Scientific classifications, maps, and reports organise those inscriptions symbolically.
# Legal thresholds and administrative categories determine which harms become actionable.
# Communities, workers, species, and infrastructures are exposed differently to the contamination and to the measures adopted.
# A decision about closure, remediation, or compensation reorganises those relations under incomplete knowledge.

A purely naive realist account may ignore how categories and institutions shape action. A purely discursive account may obscure the material process that resists every description. The analysis requires both dimensions: symbolic configurations materially intervene in a field they do not exhaust.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Can a discourse be materially effective without constituting the whole reality it describes?
* What remains subject-centred after the sovereign subject has been criticised?
* When does hesitation improve a decision, and when does delay reproduce harm?
* Why is a storm operative without necessarily being a symbolic agent?
* In the river example, which differences remain outside the initial institutional description?

=== Transition ===

The three chapters of Part V have displaced substance, sovereign reason, and critique without decision. Part VI now gathers the operators needed to work positively. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] defines the vocabulary; [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|Section 6.2]] shows how its application changes across material regimes.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>iasjx5lv1gdbbwbi12hqcbkc7qysz7w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673300</id>
      <parentid>4673138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673300</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17039" sha1="dh45855caxcythjrnnu6s1g1w5zcepg" xml:space="preserve">== 5.3 – Ambiguities of Post-Structuralism ==

Post-structuralist thought is one of the closest interlocutors of this book. It contests stable essences, decentres the sovereign subject, analyses the productive force of discourse and institutions, and treats difference as more basic than fixed identity. Those moves prepare much of the conceptual terrain on which the Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) works.

Closeness, however, is not identity. This chapter examines recurrent tensions within a diverse field that includes authors as different as Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, Butler, and later materialist interlocutors. The word “ambiguity” is used deliberately: the same conceptual move can open a decisive possibility and leave a question unresolved. The aim is neither to dismiss these thinkers nor to assign one thesis to all of them. It is to identify where the framework inherits their critical work and where it makes a further displacement.

=== What post-structuralism makes possible ===

The term ''post-structuralism'' is retrospective and imperfect. It groups projects that do not share a programme. Nevertheless, several critical achievements recur across this field. Identities are understood as produced through differences and practices rather than simply discovered; subjects as historically and institutionally formed rather than self-originating; and language and representation as operations that do not transparently copy a prior reality. Power operates through norms, classifications, bodies, and everyday arrangements, while tensions and exclusions prevent systems from achieving final closure.

The framework accepts these achievements as starting points. Its questions arise inside the space they opened. The issue is whether critique of foundations can be joined to a positive account of the material field, of emergent capacities, and of the conditions under which symbolic response becomes possible.

=== Decentring the subject and the persistence of correlation ===

To decentre the subject is to deny that a self-transparent human consciousness is the origin of meaning and order. Foucault’s analyses of subject formation (Foucault 1972), Derrida’s critique of presence (Derrida [1967] 1997), and Butler’s account of performativity (Butler 1990) each displace the autonomous individual in a different way.

Yet a philosophy can reject the sovereign subject while continuing to organise its questions around the relation between thought, language, and world. If the real is approached mainly through the conditions under which it is given, interpreted, or discursively articulated, the subject may remain as an absent centre: no longer master, but still the horizon around which the analysis turns.

This framework makes a stronger materialist claim. Material processes do not begin when they enter human experience or discourse. Stars form, rivers alter their courses, cells differentiate, and species become extinct without awaiting symbolic recognition. Human knowledge of those processes is mediated, but the processes are not constituted by that mediation.

This distinction avoids two symmetrical mistakes. '''Naive access''' assumes that thought simply receives the real as it is. '''Correlationist enclosure''' treats the relation between thought and real as the only philosophically accessible problem. Situated knowledge can be mediated and answerable to a real that exceeds it.

=== Language, text, and the risk of discursivism ===

Post-structuralist analyses demonstrate that descriptions do not merely label a neutral world. A diagnostic category can reorganise medical treatment; a legal definition can alter citizenship; an archive can determine which events become administratively visible. Discourse has material effects because it is embedded in institutions, bodies, technologies, and practices.

The risk of '''discursivism''' appears when this insight is generalised into the assumption that whatever matters is constituted through discourse. That conclusion need not be attributed to every post-structuralist author, and it should not be inferred from Derrida’s often simplified discussions of textuality. It is better understood as a recurrent tendency in reception and application: attention to discursive mediation can eclipse processes that are neither linguistic nor dependent on human recognition.

The analysis responds by distinguishing the real, the concrete, and theory. A process is real independently of its observation. The concrete is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material system; observation establishes this relation without creating the occurrence and without yet making it symbolic. When a new or previously unknown difference is discriminated, that event constitutes a trace; singular inscription then recognises the manifested difference under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. Theory is a subsequent systematic articulation of symbols. It can reorganise how the real is engaged, but it does not produce the process it articulates.

Symbols are therefore both material and limited. They require physical supports and organised capacities; they can change institutions and environments; and they still encounter differences they have not integrated. Discursive power is real precisely because discourse operates materially, not because materiality is only discourse.

=== Power, normativity, and material exposure ===

Foucault shows that power is productive: it shapes conduct, knowledge, bodies, and possible identities (Foucault 1977a). Butler demonstrates how norms become embodied and how recognition distributes livability (Butler 1990). These analyses prevent politics from being reduced to commands issued by a central sovereign.

The chapter asks an additional question: '''How are the effects of these operations materially distributed?''' A norm does not affect every configuration in the same way. Housing rules, borders, medical protocols, and technical standards distribute access, risk, delay, mobility, and injury. Their operation becomes ethically legible through exposure and vulnerability.

'''Exposure''' is not only the experience of feeling exposed. It is the condition of being open to effects produced by other configurations. '''Vulnerability''' names the unequal capacities to absorb, avoid, contest, or repair those effects. These operators join an analysis of power to bodies, infrastructures, ecologies, and resources without reducing politics to subjective intention.

This extension also prevents normativity from floating above the field. A decision is evaluated through the reorganisations it produces: whose capacities of response are maintained, which destructive asymmetries are reduced or intensified, and whether contestation and repair remain possible.

=== Difference, undecidability, and decision ===

Derridean undecidability shows why a responsible decision cannot be the mechanical application of a complete rule (Derrida 1990). If a rule uniquely determined the outcome, there would be calculation but no decision in the strong sense. This framework preserves this insight. In a symbolically organised field, operative excess is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in the current form. This makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary and does not by itself justify any decision.

The ambiguity begins when openness is confused with endless postponement. Material processes do not pause until interpretation is complete. Institutions allocate resources, bodies undergo harm, and ecological thresholds are crossed. Refusal to decide can itself maintain an existing distribution of exposure.

'''Hesitation''' therefore has a precise function. It interrupts automatic response long enough to register excluded relations and possible consequences. It is not an alibi for indefinite deferral. '''Decision''' is a situated intervention that selects and reorganises relations under conditions that do not supply a final guarantee. It may be expressed, recorded, or implemented through inscriptions, but it is not, merely by being a decision, an inscription in the technical sense used by the OEC.

Accountability follows from this structure. A decision may be necessary without being certain, and revisable without being arbitrary. It should state the differences it selects, the exposure it redistributes, and the conditions under which it must be reconsidered.

=== Bodies, non-human processes, and agency ===

Deleuze, feminist materialisms, science and technology studies, and more-than-human approaches have widened philosophy’s attention to bodies, affects, technical systems, animals, and ecologies. The framework shares this movement away from human exceptionalism, but uses a restricted vocabulary of agency.

Every material configuration can have '''operative effects''': a storm alters a coast, a virus changes behaviour, and a database constrains access. Symbolic agency is more specific. It requires a system to articulate symbols, establish or revise relations among them, and modulate operations through those relations. Where public signs are involved, they provide evidence only when the system integrates them into these symbolic operations. The restriction follows the operations demonstrated; it is not a declaration of human privilege. A non-human or post-biological configuration counts as symbolically agentive whenever it demonstrates the same operations.

This distinction avoids two reductions. It does not treat non-human processes as passive matter awaiting human action. Nor does it call every causal effect “agency”, which would erase the difference between producing an effect and symbolically reorganising a field in response to represented relations.

=== A diagnostic synthesis ===

The first gain is the production rather than sovereignty of the subject; its recurrent ambiguity is that analysis can remain centred on the conditions of human access. The displacement affirms that material processes exceed their relation to thought. The second gain is the recognition that discourse produces real effects; its risk is that mediation eclipses non-discursive processes. The displacement treats symbols as material operations within a wider field. The analysis of distributed and productive power is retained, while exposure and vulnerability make its asymmetric material burdens more explicit. The refusal of final closure is also retained, but hesitation is directed towards situated and revisable decision rather than indefinite deferral. Finally, criticism of human exceptionalism is preserved without naming every causal effect agency: operative effects are general, whereas symbolic agency requires the functional capacities stated above.

These are diagnostic tensions, not allegations that every named author occupies the ambiguous side of each distinction. Their use depends on the particular argument, its scope, and the material operations it succeeds or fails to specify.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final section of Part V and addresses the OEC's most important interlocutor: post-structuralism. The section is titled &quot;ambiguities&quot; rather than &quot;critiques&quot; because the OEC's relation to post-structuralism is one of continuation and displacement, not opposition. Without the post-structuralist critiques of the subject, of presence, and of totalising systems, the OEC's own apparatus would not be possible.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is whether post-structuralism has fully achieved the displacement of the classical and modern configurations, or whether it remains, at certain crucial junctures, entangled in the structures it sought to overcome. The section identifies five specific ambiguities: the persistence of correlation (the human regime of signification as default horizon), the risk of discursivism (reducing material processes to discourse), the under-theorisation of material exposure, the slide from undecidability to inaction, and the unresolved status of the non-human.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that post-structuralism radicalises the critique of foundations while leaving, in some arguments and receptions, questions about non-discursive material processes, differentiated exposure, decision, and agency insufficiently specified. The OEC proposes a further step: to think symbols, norms, and institutions as material operations within an unstable field, not as the ultimate horizon of reality. This is a selective continuation and displacement, not the claim that diverse post-structuralist projects reproduce one hidden doctrine.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are correlationist enclosure, in which the relation between thought and real becomes the only philosophically accessible problem; discursivism, in which attention to mediation eclipses processes not dependent on discourse; hesitation, which prepares rather than indefinitely postpones decision; and the distinction between operative effect and symbolic agency. A river has effects without thereby discriminating differences as traces, performing inscription, relating symbols, or modulating operations through those relations. The section engages directly with Foucault, Derrida, Butler, and Deleuze, while referring more generally to feminist materialisms, science and technology studies, and more-than-human approaches.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
Readers trained in continental philosophy should distinguish the arguments of the interlocutors instead of distributing every ambiguity across all of them. The OEC does not dismiss post-structuralism; it tests where particular analyses leave material operations or practical criteria unspecified. The distinction between operative effect and symbolic agency is central: non-human processes are causally real without every effect becoming agency. Readers can test this restricted functional criterion against the materialist and more-than-human approaches mentioned in the chapter.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* explain why decentring the subject does not automatically move beyond subject-centred philosophy;
* distinguish the materiality of discourse from the claim that everything is discursive;
* relate power to material distributions of exposure;
* separate undecidability from indefinite deferral;
* distinguish operative effect from symbolic agency.

The guiding question is: '''After identity, origin, and sovereign subjectivity have been criticised, how can material processes and accountable decisions be described without restoring a hidden centre?'''

==== Worked example: a polluted river ====

Consider a river contaminated by industrial discharge.

# The chemical processes and biological damage are real before they are legally or publicly recognised.
# Sampling devices capture situated measurements of the river, making a portion of the real concrete for the inquiry.
# Scientific classifications, maps, and reports represent and organise those results through signs and symbols.
# Legal thresholds and administrative categories determine which harms become actionable.
# Communities, workers, species, and infrastructures are exposed differently to the contamination and to the measures adopted.
# A decision about closure, remediation, or compensation reorganises those relations under incomplete knowledge.

A purely naive realist account may ignore how categories and institutions shape action. A purely discursive account may obscure the material process that resists every description. The analysis requires both dimensions: symbolic configurations materially intervene in a field they do not exhaust.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Can a discourse be materially effective without constituting the whole reality it describes?
* What remains subject-centred after the sovereign subject has been criticised?
* When does hesitation improve a decision, and when does delay reproduce harm?
* Why is a storm operative without necessarily being a symbolic agent?
* In the river example, which differences remain outside the initial institutional description?

=== Transition ===

The three chapters of Part V have displaced substance, sovereign reason, and critique without decision. Part VI now gathers the operators needed to work positively. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] defines the vocabulary; [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|Section 6.2]] shows how its application changes across material regimes.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>dh45855caxcythjrnnu6s1g1w5zcepg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>480141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673222</id>
      <parentid>4673001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673222</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21519" sha1="azkq4k818xdhgam9zz7iaiv4m24pr6f" xml:space="preserve">== 6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC ==

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) uses a small group of terms in precise, connected ways. This page is a reading tool, not a catalogue of essences. Each entry states what an operator allows us to distinguish, what it must not be confused with, and how it connects with the other operators. The definitions are therefore stable enough to guide the book, but functional rather than final.

=== A map before the definitions ===

Three routes organise the lexicon:

* '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; a new material coupling that crosses an operational threshold constitutes emergence.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
* '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation.'''
* '''Exposure → vulnerability → hesitation → decision → material reorganisation.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence. They do not describe a universal timetable or a predetermined sequence. In particular, the mark and the inaugural symbol are co-constituted in the same singular inscription; a completed mark never waits for a later symbol to animate it.

=== Core ontological operators ===

'''Immanence''' — The principle that material, symbolic, ethical, and political operations all occur within material organisation, without appeal to a transcendent source or a second plane of reality. Immanence does not mean that every process can be described in the vocabulary of physics alone. Different material regimes develop different operations, while remaining materially dependent and open to effects from other configurations. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]].

'''Field''' — The situated web of material interactions, constraints, and possible effects relevant to an analysis. A field is not a container, a hidden background, or a prior structure that generates whatever appears within it. It is a way of naming the relations through which a configuration exists and can be affected. The operative question is: ''which relations make this configuration possible here, at this scale and during this interval?''

'''Instability''' — The absence of any final guarantee that a material configuration will persist. Every configuration depends on conditions that can vary, so it may be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved. Instability is not pure disorder and not a defect imposed on an otherwise perfect order. It permits history, differentiation, and new organisation without causing or guaranteeing any particular novelty. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]].

'''Operative excess''' — The condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. It is not a lack or an autonomous force, does not make reconfiguration necessary, and does not predetermine the result.

'''Material coupling''' — The process by which partial material organisations become locally compatible and sustain a specified capacity; in some cases, the resulting organisation acquires a capacity unavailable to the components taken separately. No external coordinator or prior plan is required. A coupling persists only while the material conditions that sustain it continue to operate. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling|Order as an Effect of Material Coupling]].

'''Emergence''' — The process by which a new property, function, or capacity becomes operative in a complex material system without being prescribed by a prior plan or exhausted, at the relevant level of analysis, by listing the components separately. Emergence must be identified through the new effects it makes possible. Surprise, novelty of description, or ignorance of a cause is not enough. This operational claim does not by itself establish that complete deduction from antecedent conditions is metaphysically impossible; it establishes that the capacity belongs to the organised coupling through which it becomes operative.

'''Local order''' — A conditioned stabilisation, which may be brief or extremely durable, of material relations and processes under specific conditions. Some local orders are sustained by material couplings, but that mechanism must be demonstrated rather than presumed. Local order is an effect, not an origin: it neither proves a cosmic design nor escapes the instability from which it arises. Its limits become visible when the supporting conditions change. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Against Order as Principle]].

'''Threshold''' — A materially specified boundary in a system's organisation. Two related uses must be distinguished. An '''enabling or possibility threshold''' is the minimum constellation of conditions under which a new operation can occur; reaching it opens a branch of possibility but does not guarantee realisation. An '''operational or realisation threshold''' is crossed only when the relevant conditions are jointly satisfied and the new capacity is demonstrably operative. The first concerns possibility; the second concerns realisation. Neither implies progress, destiny, or persistence.

'''Configuration''' — A situated arrangement of material relations, constraints, and capacities. A configuration can be treated as a unit for analysis, but it is not a substance enclosed in itself. Its apparent continuity depends on the processes and relations that maintain it, which may include material couplings where reciprocal operational constraint can be shown, and on the scale and temporal window through which it is examined.

=== Symbolic operators ===

The symbolic is a material regime of operation. It neither floats above matter nor belongs exclusively to conscious minds. A technical system can discriminate and inscribe a difference under a protocol without possessing consciousness or intention.

'''Trace''' — The ephemeral material event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription. A trace is not the independent difference itself, a surviving vestige, a mark, or a public sign. The event of discrimination passes; the material configuration discriminated may persist.

'''Inscription''' — The singular, simultaneously material and symbolic operation in which the difference manifested in a new trace is recognised under a protocol and its material configuration is stabilised. This one operation co-constitutes the mark and the inaugural symbol. The sequence ''trace → inscription → mark + symbol'' expresses analytic dependence, not a delay between the birth of the mark and that of the symbol.

'''Mark''' — The material organisation recognised and stabilised through singular inscription, addressable and recoverable according to a protocol. The mark is the passive material dimension of that inscription. It does not interpret, compare, establish relations, or reorganise anything by itself. Within symbolic operation, the system accesses and relates the mark through symbols that represent it; any other causal effects of its material support do not make the mark an interpreter or symbolic agent.

'''Symbol''' — The material dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with the mark in singular inscription. The inaugural symbol is born with the mark. A later occurrence recognised as an instance of that available mark constitutes an additional symbolic instance; it does not repeat the original inscription. The system establishes relations only between symbols, and both recognition and relation require physical support. Recognition can be mistaken, and relations among correctly recognised symbols can still support error. Material support makes representation operative, not infallible.

'''Protocol of inscription''' — The rules, thresholds, tolerances, procedures, scales, and verification conditions that determine how a system discriminates differences, recognises an occurrence, and inscribes a new one. A protocol does not make the material difference exist. It conditions what the system can render legible and how that legibility can be checked.

'''Symbolic reorganisation''' — The material recombination of symbols and of the relations between them. It can change a system's future operations and produce new material configurations. If a resulting configuration is discriminated as a new difference, that event constitutes a new trace and may lead to another singular inscription. Marks are not related to one another and are not symbolically transformed.

=== A boundary that prevents three common confusions ===

'''The real''' is the material process that exists independently of any particular observation or inscription and always exceeds a single act of capture. '''The concrete''' is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material system, under a scale, device, temporal window, and set of thresholds. '''Theory''' is an organised articulation of symbols constituted from the inscription of the concrete. Observation does not create the real; capturing something as concrete does not yet make it symbolic; and an isolated symbol does not yet amount to a theory.

=== Biological and epistemic distinctions ===

'''Biossoma''' — A living biological body that is sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term is biological, not a functional synonym for every organism, self-regulating system, institution, or post-biological symbolic configuration. A non-biological system may satisfy criteria for symbolic operation without thereby becoming a biossoma.

'''Consciousness''' — A status that must not be inferred from complexity, recursion, learning, linguistic appearance, or adaptive behaviour alone. The Symbolic Threshold Test records existence as &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system. Here &lt;math&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; denotes causal integration, &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; effective symbolic self-reference, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; the continuity of that self-reference within the same system. Causal integration is necessary but insufficient, and the self-referential continuity floor is non-compensatory: if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records epistemic suspension when the available evidence does not justify either attribution; it is not a third ontological state. Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may gradual dimensions be assessed as &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt;. The thresholds have not yet been empirically calibrated, and no validated instrument currently measures &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;; the criterion is therefore formal and attribution must remain evidentially explicit. The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value. The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework.

=== Ethical-political operators ===

'''Exposure''' — The condition of being open to effects that a configuration does not fully control. Exposure is not a voluntary attitude added to an otherwise self-contained entity. Any system that exists through relations is already exposed to perturbation, dependence, and possible reorganisation.

'''Vulnerability''' — The possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with the unequal distribution of protection and capacities for response. Vulnerability is not a moral defect to be eliminated. It becomes ethically decisive because systems do not bear the same risks, control the same resources, or possess the same means of repair. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center|Vulnerability Without a Centre]].

'''Hesitation''' — The suspension of an automatic response when the available operative framework is insufficient. Hesitation is not indecision for its own sake. It opens time in which a system can register what its routines exclude, reorganise symbolic relations, and avoid converting an inadequate first response into violence.

'''Decision''' — A situated, symbolically mediated intervention that changes a field of exposure without any guarantee that all consequences can be anticipated. Decision is not the sovereign expression of a will standing outside material conditions, nor is it automatically an inscription in the technical sense of the term. Its criteria and effects must remain open to scrutiny and revision.

'''Reorganisation''' — A material change in couplings, contacts, capacities, or distributions of exposure, often mediated by symbolic operations. Reorganisation is not automatically ethical. A more intricate institution can still intensify domination. Ethical assessment asks whether a change reduces structural violence, expands the affected systems' capacities for response and repair, and keeps contestation and revision possible.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part VI, which provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form. §6.1 is the lexicon proper: a set of entries that define the key terms of the OEC as functional operators. It is not a glossary of neutral definitions but a toolkit — each entry names what an operator does, not what it &quot;is.&quot; The lexicon condenses the conceptual work of Parts I–V into a set of compressed, cross-referenced entries.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is terminological precision in a framework that refuses self-sufficient essences. If the OEC rejects the idea that terms name fixed entities, how can it stabilise their meanings? The answer is that each entry fixes a distinction, its material conditions of application, and the confusions that would invalidate its use. This does not make the vocabulary arbitrary or deny the reality it analyses; it makes every attribution answerable to the operations and evidence of the case.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The lexicon is organised around connected groups rather than a closed taxonomy: core ontological operators, symbolic operators, biological and epistemic distinctions, and ethical-political operators. Each group isolates a different regime or question within the same material field. The entries are designed to be read as a network without making every operator universally applicable or reducing its meaning to its relations with neighbouring terms.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The most important structural feature is the cross-referencing: material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. Field, instability, and operative excess are related but non-equivalent, while exposure, vulnerability, hesitation, decision, and reorganisation organise an ethical-political route. An enabling threshold opens a branch of possibility; an operational threshold is crossed only when the new capacity is demonstrably operative. A symbol represents a mark but can be wrongly applied, so recognition and subsequent symbolic relations remain materially constrained and corrigible. Consciousness is governed by a formal Symbolic Threshold Test whose thresholds are not yet empirically calibrated and which is not a diagnostic instrument. The OEC adopts its biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate; this book states that criterion and its variables but does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Readers should follow these links without turning them into one universal causal sequence.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be used as a reference throughout the reading of the book, not merely read once in sequence. When encountering a term in any other section, the reader should return to §6.1 to check its operative definition and to follow the cross-references. The lexicon is also designed to be used as an analytical toolkit: when confronting any phenomenon, one can ask which operators are most relevant to describe its configuration.

==== Worked example: an unfamiliar laboratory result ====

# A physical outcome occurs whether or not the apparatus or researcher recognises it.
# The apparatus captures a situated portion of that outcome within its scale, sensitivity, and temporal window. The captured result is concrete, but it is not automatically symbolic.
# If the system discriminates a pattern for which it has no available mark, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace.
# Under a protocol, the system recognises and singularly inscribes the new difference. This act co-constitutes a recoverable mark and its inaugural symbol.
# Later results recognised as instances of the available mark constitute additional symbols. They do not recreate the mark or repeat the inaugural inscription.
# Those symbols can enter relations with symbols for experimental conditions, competing hypotheses, error margins, or required actions. These relations may reorganise the experiment. The mark remains passive throughout.

This example is deliberately procedural. The status of an occurrence depends on the material history and protocol of the system: the same physical pattern may be a new trace for one system and a recognised instance of an existing mark for another.

==== Common confusions ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator
! Do not confuse it with
|-
| Field
| A container, hidden substrate, or separate plane of reality
|-
| Instability
| Pure chaos or the accidental failure of an underlying order
|-
| Operative excess
| Lack, trauma, error, or a missing completion
|-
| Emergence
| Mere appearance, unpredictability, progress, or miraculous novelty
|-
| Threshold
| A guarantee, destiny, or automatic transition
|-
| Trace
| A persistent object, mark, symbol, or public sign
|-
| Mark
| An interpreter or an active participant in symbolic relations
|-
| Symbol
| An immaterial meaning detached from physical support
|-
| Reorganisation
| Improvement by definition
|}

==== A practical reading test ====

When applying the lexicon to a case, ask:

# What configuration is being analysed, and which material relations constitute its field?
# What remains unstable, and are there available compatibilities that actually exceed a present symbolic or structural form?
# Which relations sustain the local order, and where can material coupling be demonstrated rather than presumed?
# What new effect would justify calling a change emergent?
# If symbolisation is involved, where are the trace, singular inscription, mark, symbol, and protocol? Have any of them been conflated?
# How are exposure, vulnerability, protection, and capacity for response distributed?
# What decision reorganises the situation, who bears its risks, and what possibilities of repair or revision remain open?

=== Transition ===

The next section, [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2 – Ontological Variations]], examines how these operators vary across material regimes. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] explains how to use them without turning the lexicon into a fixed doctrine.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>azkq4k818xdhgam9zz7iaiv4m24pr6f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673254</id>
      <parentid>4673222</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:57:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673254</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22045" sha1="d1yqqyluv5n0bsa810ip3auhehtovey" xml:space="preserve">== 6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC ==

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) uses a small group of terms in precise, connected ways. This page is a reading tool, not a catalogue of essences. Each entry states what an operator allows us to distinguish, what it must not be confused with, and how it connects with the other operators. The definitions are therefore stable enough to guide the book, but functional rather than final.

=== A map before the definitions ===

Three routes organise the lexicon:

* '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; material coupling articulates partial material organisations into a locally consistent system whose capacities exceed the sum of its parts. Emergence is established by the concrete effects of the new property or capacity, including a symbolically constituted function where symbolic organisation exists.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
* '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation.'''
* '''Exposure → vulnerability → hesitation → decision → material reorganisation.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence. They do not describe a universal timetable or a predetermined sequence. In particular, the mark and the inaugural symbol are co-constituted in the same singular inscription; a completed mark never waits for a later symbol to animate it.

=== Core ontological operators ===

'''Immanence''' — The principle that material, symbolic, ethical, and political operations all occur within material organisation, without appeal to a transcendent source or a second plane of reality. Immanence does not mean that every process can be described in the vocabulary of physics alone. Different material regimes develop different operations, while remaining materially dependent and open to effects from other configurations. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]].

'''Field''' — The situated web of material interactions, constraints, and possible effects relevant to an analysis. A field is not a container, a hidden background, or a prior structure that generates whatever appears within it. It is a way of naming the relations through which a configuration exists and can be affected. The operative question is: ''which relations make this configuration possible here, at this scale and during this interval?''

'''Instability''' — The absence of any final guarantee that a material configuration will persist. Every configuration depends on conditions that can vary, so it may be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved. Instability is not pure disorder and not a defect imposed on an otherwise perfect order. It permits history, differentiation, and new organisation without causing or guaranteeing any particular novelty. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]].

'''Operative excess''' — The condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. It is not a lack or an autonomous force, does not make reconfiguration necessary, and does not predetermine the result.

'''Material coupling''' — The process by which partial material organisations become locally compatible and sustain a specified capacity; in some cases, the resulting organisation acquires a capacity unavailable to the components taken separately. No external coordinator or prior plan is required. A coupling persists only while the material conditions that sustain it continue to operate. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling|Order as an Effect of Material Coupling]].

'''Emergence''' — The process by which a new property, function, or capacity becomes operative in a complex material system without being prescribed by a prior plan or exhausted, at the relevant level of analysis, by listing the components separately. Emergence must be identified through the new effects it makes possible. Surprise, novelty of description, or ignorance of a cause is not enough. This operational claim does not by itself establish that complete deduction from antecedent conditions is metaphysically impossible; it establishes that the capacity belongs to the organised coupling through which it becomes operative.

'''Local order''' — A conditioned stabilisation, which may be brief or extremely durable, of material relations and processes under specific conditions. Some local orders are sustained by material couplings, but that mechanism must be demonstrated rather than presumed. Local order is an effect, not an origin: it neither proves a cosmic design nor escapes the instability from which it arises. Its limits become visible when the supporting conditions change. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Against Order as Principle]].

'''Possibility threshold''' — The epistemic determination of the set of material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible. It describes those conditions; causal efficacy belongs to the material relations and processes described. The realisation of those conditions places the reconfiguration within the domain of material possibility, but does not establish that the reconfiguration occurs, what results from it, whether emergence takes place, or whether the resulting organisation persists. Emergence must be established independently through the new property, capacity, or effect produced by the reconfiguration. Neither possibility nor realisation implies progress, destiny, or persistence.

'''Configuration''' — A situated arrangement of material relations, constraints, and capacities. A configuration can be treated as a unit for analysis, but it is not a substance enclosed in itself. Its apparent continuity depends on the processes and relations that maintain it, which may include material couplings where reciprocal operational constraint can be shown, and on the scale and temporal window through which it is examined.

=== Symbolic operators ===

The symbolic is a material regime of operation. It neither floats above matter nor belongs exclusively to conscious minds. A technical system can discriminate and inscribe a difference under a protocol without possessing consciousness or intention.

'''Trace''' — The ephemeral material event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription. A trace is not the independent difference itself, a surviving vestige, a mark, or a public sign. The event of discrimination passes; the material configuration discriminated may persist.

'''Inscription''' — The singular, simultaneously material and symbolic operation in which the difference manifested in a new trace is recognised under a protocol and its material configuration is stabilised. This one operation co-constitutes the mark and the inaugural symbol. The sequence ''trace → inscription → mark + symbol'' expresses analytic dependence, not a delay between the birth of the mark and that of the symbol.

'''Mark''' — The material organisation recognised and stabilised through singular inscription, addressable and recoverable according to a protocol. The mark is the passive material dimension of that inscription. It does not interpret, compare, establish relations, or reorganise anything by itself. Within symbolic operation, the system accesses and relates the mark through symbols that represent it; any other causal effects of its material support do not make the mark an interpreter or symbolic agent.

'''Symbol''' — The material dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with the mark in singular inscription. The inaugural symbol is born with the mark. A later occurrence recognised as an instance of that available mark constitutes an additional symbolic instance; it does not repeat the original inscription. The system establishes relations only between symbols, and both recognition and relation require physical support. Recognition can be mistaken, and relations among correctly recognised symbols can still support error. Material support makes representation operative, not infallible.

'''Protocol of inscription''' — The rules, thresholds, tolerances, procedures, scales, and verification conditions that determine how a system discriminates differences, recognises an occurrence, and inscribes a new one. A protocol does not make the material difference exist. It conditions what the system can render legible and how that legibility can be checked.

'''Symbolic reorganisation''' — The material recombination of symbols and of the relations between them. It can change a system's future operations and produce new material configurations. If a resulting configuration is discriminated as a new difference, that event constitutes a new trace and may lead to another singular inscription. Marks are not related to one another and are not symbolically transformed.

=== A boundary that prevents three common confusions ===

'''The real''' is the material process that exists independently of any particular observation or inscription and always exceeds a single act of capture. '''The concrete''' is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material system, under a scale, device, temporal window, and set of thresholds. '''Theory''' is an organised articulation of symbols constituted from the inscription of the concrete. Observation does not create the real; capturing something as concrete does not yet make it symbolic; and an isolated symbol does not yet amount to a theory.

=== Biological and epistemic distinctions ===

'''Biossoma''' — A living biological body that is sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term is biological, not a functional synonym for every organism, self-regulating system, institution, or post-biological symbolic configuration. A non-biological system may satisfy criteria for symbolic operation without thereby becoming a biossoma.

'''Consciousness''' — A status that must not be inferred from complexity, recursion, learning, linguistic appearance, or adaptive behaviour alone. The Symbolic Threshold Test records existence as &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system. Here &lt;math&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; denotes causal integration, &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; effective symbolic self-reference, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; the continuity of that self-reference within the same system. Causal integration is necessary but insufficient, and the self-referential continuity floor is non-compensatory: if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records epistemic suspension when the available evidence does not justify either attribution; it is not a third ontological state. Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may gradual dimensions be assessed as &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt;. The thresholds have not yet been empirically calibrated, and no validated instrument currently measures &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;; the criterion is therefore formal and attribution must remain evidentially explicit. The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value. The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework.

=== Ethical-political operators ===

'''Exposure''' — The condition of being open to effects that a configuration does not fully control. Exposure is not a voluntary attitude added to an otherwise self-contained entity. Any system that exists through relations is already exposed to perturbation, dependence, and possible reorganisation.

'''Vulnerability''' — The possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with the unequal distribution of protection and capacities for response. Vulnerability is not a moral defect to be eliminated. It becomes ethically decisive because systems do not bear the same risks, control the same resources, or possess the same means of repair. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center|Vulnerability Without a Centre]].

'''Hesitation''' — The suspension of an automatic response when the available operative framework is insufficient. Hesitation is not indecision for its own sake. It opens time in which a system can register what its routines exclude, reorganise symbolic relations, and avoid converting an inadequate first response into violence.

'''Decision''' — A situated, symbolically mediated intervention that changes a field of exposure without any guarantee that all consequences can be anticipated. Decision is not the sovereign expression of a will standing outside material conditions, nor is it automatically an inscription in the technical sense of the term. Its criteria and effects must remain open to scrutiny and revision.

'''Reorganisation''' — A material change in couplings, contacts, capacities, or distributions of exposure, often mediated by symbolic operations. Reorganisation is not automatically ethical. A more intricate institution can still intensify domination. Ethical assessment asks whether a change reduces structural violence, expands the affected systems' capacities for response and repair, and keeps contestation and revision possible.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part VI, which provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form. §6.1 is the lexicon proper: a set of entries that define the key terms of the OEC as functional operators. It is not a glossary of neutral definitions but a toolkit — each entry names what an operator does, not what it &quot;is.&quot; The lexicon condenses the conceptual work of Parts I–V into a set of compressed, cross-referenced entries.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is terminological precision in a framework that refuses self-sufficient essences. If the OEC rejects the idea that terms name fixed entities, how can it stabilise their meanings? The answer is that each entry fixes a distinction, its material conditions of application, and the confusions that would invalidate its use. This does not make the vocabulary arbitrary or deny the reality it analyses; it makes every attribution answerable to the operations and evidence of the case.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The lexicon is organised around connected groups rather than a closed taxonomy: core ontological operators, symbolic operators, biological and epistemic distinctions, and ethical-political operators. Each group isolates a different regime or question within the same material field. The entries are designed to be read as a network without making every operator universally applicable or reducing its meaning to its relations with neighbouring terms.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The most important structural feature is the cross-referencing: material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. Field, instability, operative excess, material coupling, and emergence are related but non-equivalent. Exposure and vulnerability describe a material situation; an explicit normative premise is required before hesitation, decision, and reorganisation can be evaluated as ethical operations. A possibility threshold identifies the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; it does not guarantee reconfiguration or emergence, which must be established separately. A symbol represents a mark but can be wrongly applied, so recognition and subsequent symbolic relations remain materially constrained and corrigible. Consciousness is governed by a formal Symbolic Threshold Test whose thresholds are not yet empirically calibrated and which is not a diagnostic instrument. This framework adopts its biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate; this book states that criterion and its variables but does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Readers should follow these links without turning them into one universal causal sequence.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be used as a reference throughout the reading of the book, not merely read once in sequence. When encountering a term in any other section, the reader should return to §6.1 to check its operative definition and to follow the cross-references. The lexicon is also designed to be used as an analytical toolkit: when confronting any phenomenon, one can ask which operators are most relevant to describe its configuration.

==== Worked example: an unfamiliar laboratory result ====

# A physical outcome occurs whether or not the apparatus or researcher recognises it.
# The apparatus captures a situated portion of that outcome within its scale, sensitivity, and temporal window. The captured result is concrete, but it is not automatically symbolic.
# If the system discriminates a pattern for which it has no available mark, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace.
# Under a protocol, the system recognises and singularly inscribes the new difference. This act co-constitutes a recoverable mark and its inaugural symbol.
# Later results recognised as instances of the available mark constitute additional symbols. They do not recreate the mark or repeat the inaugural inscription.
# Those symbols can enter relations with symbols for experimental conditions, competing hypotheses, error margins, or required actions. These relations may reorganise the experiment. The mark remains passive throughout.

This example is deliberately procedural. The status of an occurrence depends on the material history and protocol of the system: the same physical pattern may be a new trace for one system and a recognised instance of an existing mark for another.

==== Common confusions ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator
! Do not confuse it with
|-
| Field
| A container, hidden substrate, or separate plane of reality
|-
| Instability
| Pure chaos or the accidental failure of an underlying order
|-
| Operative excess
| Lack, trauma, error, or a missing completion
|-
| Emergence
| Mere appearance, unpredictability, progress, or miraculous novelty
|-
| Threshold
| A guarantee, destiny, or automatic transition
|-
| Trace
| A persistent object, mark, symbol, or public sign
|-
| Mark
| An interpreter or an active participant in symbolic relations
|-
| Symbol
| An immaterial meaning detached from physical support
|-
| Reorganisation
| Improvement by definition
|}

==== A practical reading test ====

When applying the lexicon to a case, ask:

# What configuration is being analysed, and which material relations constitute its field?
# What remains unstable, and are there available compatibilities that actually exceed a present symbolic or structural form?
# Which relations sustain the local order, and where can material coupling be demonstrated rather than presumed?
# What new effect would justify calling a change emergent?
# If symbolisation is involved, where are the trace, singular inscription, mark, symbol, and protocol? Have any of them been conflated?
# How are exposure, vulnerability, protection, and capacity for response distributed?
# What decision reorganises the situation, who bears its risks, and what possibilities of repair or revision remain open?

=== Transition ===

The next section, [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2 – Ontological Variations]], examines how these operators vary across material regimes. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] explains how to use them without turning the lexicon into a fixed doctrine.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>d1yqqyluv5n0bsa810ip3auhehtovey</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673301</id>
      <parentid>4673254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:05:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673301</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22372" sha1="mx0i00fsqousem5hxgvn4e83plumt15" xml:space="preserve">== 6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC ==

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) uses a small group of terms in precise, connected ways. This page is a reading tool, not a catalogue of essences. Each entry states what an operator allows us to distinguish, what it must not be confused with, and how it connects with the other operators. The definitions are therefore stable enough to guide the book, but functional rather than final.

=== A map before the definitions ===

Three routes organise the lexicon:

* '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; material coupling articulates partial material organisations into a locally consistent system whose capacities exceed the sum of its parts. Emergence is established by the material effects of the new property or capacity, including a symbolically constituted function where symbolic organisation exists.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
* '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences; second-order symbols are created through the articulation of symbols.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence. They do not describe a universal timetable or a predetermined sequence. Singular inscription constitutes the mark–symbol relation in one material and symbolic operation; it does not create a completed mark that later acquires a symbol.

=== Core ontological operators ===

'''Immanence''' — The principle that material, symbolic, ethical, and political operations all occur within material organisation, without appeal to a transcendent source or a second plane of reality. Immanence does not mean that every process can be described in the vocabulary of physics alone. Different material regimes develop different operations, while remaining materially dependent and open to effects from other configurations. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]].

'''Field''' — The situated web of material interactions, constraints, and possible effects relevant to an analysis. A field is not a container, a hidden background, or a prior structure that generates whatever appears within it. It is a way of naming the relations through which a configuration exists and can be affected. The operative question is: ''which relations make this configuration possible here, at this scale and during this interval?''

'''Instability''' — The absence of any final guarantee that a material configuration will persist. Every configuration depends on conditions that can vary, so it may be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved. Instability is not pure disorder and not a defect imposed on an otherwise perfect order. It permits history, differentiation, and new organisation without causing or guaranteeing any particular novelty. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]].

'''Operative excess''' — The condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. It is not a lack or an autonomous force, does not make reconfiguration necessary, and does not predetermine the result.

'''Material coupling''' — The process by which partial material organisations become locally compatible and sustain a specified capacity; in some cases, the resulting organisation acquires a capacity unavailable to the components taken separately. No external coordinator or prior plan is required. A coupling persists only while the material conditions that sustain it continue to operate. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling|Order as an Effect of Material Coupling]].

'''Emergence''' — The process by which a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation. Where symbolic organisation exists, the emergent capacity may include the constitution of a function. Emergence must be identified through the material effects of what becomes operative. Surprise, novelty of description, complexity under a chosen measure, or ignorance of a cause is not enough. This claim does not by itself establish that complete deduction from antecedent conditions is metaphysically impossible; it establishes that the capacity belongs to the resulting organisation.

'''Local order''' — A conditioned stabilisation, which may be brief or extremely durable, of material relations and processes under specific conditions. Some local orders are sustained by material couplings, but that mechanism must be demonstrated rather than presumed. Local order is an effect, not an origin: it neither proves a cosmic design nor escapes the instability from which it arises. Its limits become visible when the supporting conditions change. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Against Order as Principle]].

'''Possibility threshold''' — The epistemic determination of the set of material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible. It describes those conditions; causal efficacy belongs to the material relations and processes described. The realisation of those conditions places the reconfiguration within the domain of material possibility, but does not establish that the reconfiguration occurs, what results from it, whether emergence takes place, or whether the resulting organisation persists. Emergence must be established independently through the new property, capacity, or effect produced by the reconfiguration. Neither possibility nor realisation implies progress, destiny, or persistence.

'''Configuration''' — A situated arrangement of material relations, constraints, and capacities. A configuration can be treated as a unit for analysis, but it is not a substance enclosed in itself. Its apparent continuity depends on the processes and relations that maintain it, which may include material couplings where reciprocal operational constraint can be shown, and on the scale and temporal window through which it is examined.

=== Symbolic operators ===

The symbolic is a material regime of operation. It neither floats above matter nor belongs exclusively to conscious minds. A technical system can discriminate and inscribe a difference under a protocol without possessing consciousness or intention.

'''Trace''' — The ephemeral material event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription. A trace is not the independent difference itself, a surviving vestige, a mark, or a public sign. The event of discrimination passes; the material configuration discriminated may persist.

'''Inscription''' — The singular, simultaneously material and symbolic operation in which the difference manifested by a trace is recognised under a protocol and the corresponding mark–symbol relation is constituted. The sequence ''material difference → trace → inscription → mark–symbol relation'' expresses analytic dependence, not separate ontological layers or stages in which a mark waits for a symbol.

'''Mark''' — The material organisation recognised and stabilised through singular inscription, addressable and recoverable according to a protocol. The mark is the passive material dimension of that inscription. It does not interpret, compare, establish relations, or reorganise anything by itself. Within symbolic operation, the system accesses and relates the mark through symbols that represent it; any other causal effects of its material support do not make the mark an interpreter or symbolic agent.

'''Symbol''' — A materially realised operation of legibility and representation that represents a mark and can enter into relations with other symbols. A first-order symbol symbolises a material difference discriminated by the system. A second-order symbol is created through the articulation of symbols. These are the only two symbolic orders recognised by the framework; they do not designate different material natures. Every symbol is materially realised and has a corresponding mark. The organised system, not the isolated symbol, establishes and revises symbolic relations. Material realisation makes representation operative, not infallible.

'''Protocol of inscription''' — The rules, thresholds, tolerances, procedures, scales, and verification conditions under which a system discriminates a difference, recognises what the trace manifests, and performs inscription. A protocol does not make the material difference exist. It conditions what the system can render legible and how that legibility can be checked.

'''Symbolic reorganisation''' — The material recombination of symbols of either order and of the relations between them. It can create second-order symbols, change a system's later operations, and produce material configurations not previously operative in that system. If a resulting configuration is discriminated as new or previously unknown, that event constitutes a trace and can occasion inscription. Marks and inscriptions are not symbolically reorganised.

=== A boundary that prevents three common confusions ===

'''The real''' is the material process that exists independently of any particular observation or inscription and always exceeds a single act of capture. '''The concrete''' is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material system, under a scale, device, temporal window, and set of thresholds. '''Theory''' is an organised articulation of symbols constituted from the inscription of the concrete. Observation does not create the real; capturing something as concrete does not yet make it symbolic; and an isolated symbol does not yet amount to a theory.

=== Biological and epistemic distinctions ===

'''Biossoma''' — A living biological body that is sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term is biological, not a functional synonym for every organism, self-regulating system, institution, or post-biological symbolic configuration. A non-biological system may satisfy criteria for symbolic operation without thereby becoming a biossoma.

'''Consciousness''' — A status that must not be inferred from complexity, recursion, learning, linguistic appearance, or adaptive behaviour alone. The Symbolic Threshold Test records existence as &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system. Here &lt;math&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; denotes causal integration, &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; effective symbolic self-reference, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; the continuity of that self-reference within the same system. Causal integration is necessary but insufficient, and the self-referential continuity floor is non-compensatory: if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records epistemic suspension when the available evidence does not justify either attribution; it is not a third ontological state. Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may gradual dimensions be assessed as &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt;. The thresholds have not yet been empirically calibrated, and no validated instrument currently measures &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;; the criterion is therefore formal and attribution must remain evidentially explicit. The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value. The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework.

=== Ethical-political operators ===

'''Exposure''' — The condition of being open to effects that a configuration does not fully control. Exposure is not a voluntary attitude added to an otherwise self-contained entity. Any system that exists through relations is already exposed to perturbation, dependence, and possible reorganisation.

'''Vulnerability''' — The possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with the unequal distribution of protection and capacities for response. Vulnerability is not a moral defect to be eliminated. It becomes ethically decisive because systems do not bear the same risks, control the same resources, or possess the same means of repair. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center|Vulnerability Without a Centre]].

'''Hesitation''' — The suspension of an automatic response when the available operative framework is insufficient. Hesitation is not indecision for its own sake. It opens time in which a system can register what its routines exclude, reorganise symbolic relations, and avoid converting an inadequate first response into violence.

'''Decision''' — A situated, symbolically mediated intervention that changes a field of exposure without any guarantee that all consequences can be anticipated. Decision is not the sovereign expression of a will standing outside material conditions, nor is it automatically an inscription in the technical sense of the term. Its criteria and effects must remain open to scrutiny and revision.

'''Reorganisation''' — A material change in couplings, contacts, capacities, or distributions of exposure, often mediated by symbolic operations. Reorganisation is not automatically ethical. A more intricate institution can still intensify domination. Ethical assessment asks whether a change reduces structural violence, expands the affected systems' capacities for response and repair, and keeps contestation and revision possible.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part VI, which provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form. §6.1 is the lexicon proper: a set of entries that define the key terms of the OEC as functional operators. It is not a glossary of neutral definitions but a toolkit — each entry names what an operator does, not what it &quot;is.&quot; The lexicon condenses the conceptual work of Parts I–V into a set of compressed, cross-referenced entries.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is terminological precision in a framework that refuses self-sufficient essences. If the OEC rejects the idea that terms name fixed entities, how can it stabilise their meanings? The answer is that each entry fixes a distinction, its material conditions of application, and the confusions that would invalidate its use. This does not make the vocabulary arbitrary or deny the reality it analyses; it makes every attribution answerable to the operations and evidence of the case.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The lexicon is organised around connected groups rather than a closed taxonomy: core ontological operators, symbolic operators, biological and epistemic distinctions, and ethical-political operators. Each group isolates a different regime or question within the same material field. The entries are designed to be read as a network without making every operator universally applicable or reducing its meaning to its relations with neighbouring terms.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The most important structural feature is the cross-referencing: material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences; second-order symbols arise through the articulation of symbols. Field, instability, operative excess, material coupling, and emergence are related but non-equivalent. Exposure and vulnerability describe a material situation; an explicit normative premise is required before hesitation, decision, and reorganisation can be evaluated as ethical operations. A possibility threshold identifies the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; it does not guarantee reconfiguration or emergence, which must be established separately. A symbol represents a mark, while integration of signs and subsequent symbolic relations remain materially constrained and corrigible. Consciousness is governed by a formal Symbolic Threshold Test whose thresholds are not yet empirically calibrated and which is not a diagnostic instrument. This framework adopts its biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate; this book states that criterion and its variables but does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Readers should follow these links without turning them into one universal causal sequence.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be used as a reference throughout the reading of the book, not merely read once in sequence. When encountering a term in any other section, the reader should return to §6.1 to check its operative definition and to follow the cross-references. The lexicon is also designed to be used as an analytical toolkit: when confronting any phenomenon, one can ask which operators are most relevant to describe its configuration.

==== Worked example: an unfamiliar laboratory result ====

# A physical outcome occurs whether or not the apparatus or researcher recognises it.
# The apparatus captures a situated portion of that outcome within its scale, sensitivity, and temporal window. The captured result is concrete, but it is not automatically symbolic.
# If the system discriminates a pattern as new or previously unknown, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace.
# Under a protocol, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace and performs singular inscription, constituting the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference.
# Later results are integrated through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system. They do not repeat inscription or create a chronological class of symbols.
# Those symbols can enter relations with symbols for experimental conditions, competing hypotheses, error margins, or required actions. These relations may reorganise the experiment. The mark remains passive throughout.

This example is deliberately procedural. The status of an occurrence depends on the material history and protocol of the system: discrimination of a pattern as new or previously unknown constitutes a trace, whereas later recognition proceeds through an already constituted symbolic organisation.

==== Common confusions ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator
! Do not confuse it with
|-
| Field
| A container, hidden substrate, or separate plane of reality
|-
| Instability
| Pure chaos or the accidental failure of an underlying order
|-
| Operative excess
| Lack, trauma, error, or a missing completion
|-
| Emergence
| Mere appearance, unpredictability, progress, or miraculous novelty
|-
| Threshold
| A guarantee, destiny, or automatic transition
|-
| Trace
| A persistent object, mark, symbol, or public sign
|-
| Mark
| An interpreter or an active participant in symbolic relations
|-
| Symbol
| An immaterial meaning detached from physical support
|-
| Reorganisation
| Improvement by definition
|}

==== A practical reading test ====

When applying the lexicon to a case, ask:

# What configuration is being analysed, and which material relations constitute its field?
# What remains unstable, and are there available compatibilities that actually exceed a present symbolic or structural form?
# Which relations sustain the local order, and where can material coupling be demonstrated rather than presumed?
# What new effect would justify calling a change emergent?
# If symbolisation is involved, where are the trace, singular inscription, mark, symbol, and protocol? Have any of them been conflated?
# How are exposure, vulnerability, protection, and capacity for response distributed?
# What decision reorganises the situation, who bears its risks, and what possibilities of repair or revision remain open?

=== Transition ===

The next section, [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2 – Ontological Variations]], examines how these operators vary across material regimes. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] explains how to use them without turning the lexicon into a fixed doctrine.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mx0i00fsqousem5hxgvn4e83plumt15</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673306</id>
      <parentid>4673301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restore approved third lexicon route omitted during final publication</comment>
      <origin>4673306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22575" sha1="05fyp05aqd7ft3cyohda9z8v5zf7ffm" xml:space="preserve">== 6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC ==

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) uses a small group of terms in precise, connected ways. This page is a reading tool, not a catalogue of essences. Each entry states what an operator allows us to distinguish, what it must not be confused with, and how it connects with the other operators. The definitions are therefore stable enough to guide the book, but functional rather than final.

=== A map before the definitions ===

Three routes organise the lexicon:

* '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; material coupling articulates partial material organisations into a locally consistent system whose capacities exceed the sum of its parts. Emergence is established by the material effects of the new property or capacity, including a symbolically constituted function where symbolic organisation exists.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
* '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences; second-order symbols are created through the articulation of symbols.'''
* '''Exposure and vulnerability describe the material situation; an explicit normative premise is required before hesitation, decision, and material reorganisation can constitute an ethical response.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence. They do not describe a universal timetable or a predetermined sequence. Singular inscription constitutes the mark–symbol relation in one material and symbolic operation; it does not create a completed mark that later acquires a symbol.

=== Core ontological operators ===

'''Immanence''' — The principle that material, symbolic, ethical, and political operations all occur within material organisation, without appeal to a transcendent source or a second plane of reality. Immanence does not mean that every process can be described in the vocabulary of physics alone. Different material regimes develop different operations, while remaining materially dependent and open to effects from other configurations. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]].

'''Field''' — The situated web of material interactions, constraints, and possible effects relevant to an analysis. A field is not a container, a hidden background, or a prior structure that generates whatever appears within it. It is a way of naming the relations through which a configuration exists and can be affected. The operative question is: ''which relations make this configuration possible here, at this scale and during this interval?''

'''Instability''' — The absence of any final guarantee that a material configuration will persist. Every configuration depends on conditions that can vary, so it may be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved. Instability is not pure disorder and not a defect imposed on an otherwise perfect order. It permits history, differentiation, and new organisation without causing or guaranteeing any particular novelty. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]].

'''Operative excess''' — The condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. It is not a lack or an autonomous force, does not make reconfiguration necessary, and does not predetermine the result.

'''Material coupling''' — The process by which partial material organisations become locally compatible and sustain a specified capacity; in some cases, the resulting organisation acquires a capacity unavailable to the components taken separately. No external coordinator or prior plan is required. A coupling persists only while the material conditions that sustain it continue to operate. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling|Order as an Effect of Material Coupling]].

'''Emergence''' — The process by which a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation. Where symbolic organisation exists, the emergent capacity may include the constitution of a function. Emergence must be identified through the material effects of what becomes operative. Surprise, novelty of description, complexity under a chosen measure, or ignorance of a cause is not enough. This claim does not by itself establish that complete deduction from antecedent conditions is metaphysically impossible; it establishes that the capacity belongs to the resulting organisation.

'''Local order''' — A conditioned stabilisation, which may be brief or extremely durable, of material relations and processes under specific conditions. Some local orders are sustained by material couplings, but that mechanism must be demonstrated rather than presumed. Local order is an effect, not an origin: it neither proves a cosmic design nor escapes the instability from which it arises. Its limits become visible when the supporting conditions change. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Against Order as Principle]].

'''Possibility threshold''' — The epistemic determination of the set of material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible. It describes those conditions; causal efficacy belongs to the material relations and processes described. The realisation of those conditions places the reconfiguration within the domain of material possibility, but does not establish that the reconfiguration occurs, what results from it, whether emergence takes place, or whether the resulting organisation persists. Emergence must be established independently through the new property, capacity, or effect produced by the reconfiguration. Neither possibility nor realisation implies progress, destiny, or persistence.

'''Configuration''' — A situated arrangement of material relations, constraints, and capacities. A configuration can be treated as a unit for analysis, but it is not a substance enclosed in itself. Its apparent continuity depends on the processes and relations that maintain it, which may include material couplings where reciprocal operational constraint can be shown, and on the scale and temporal window through which it is examined.

=== Symbolic operators ===

The symbolic is a material regime of operation. It neither floats above matter nor belongs exclusively to conscious minds. A technical system can discriminate and inscribe a difference under a protocol without possessing consciousness or intention.

'''Trace''' — The ephemeral material event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription. A trace is not the independent difference itself, a surviving vestige, a mark, or a public sign. The event of discrimination passes; the material configuration discriminated may persist.

'''Inscription''' — The singular, simultaneously material and symbolic operation in which the difference manifested by a trace is recognised under a protocol and the corresponding mark–symbol relation is constituted. The sequence ''material difference → trace → inscription → mark–symbol relation'' expresses analytic dependence, not separate ontological layers or stages in which a mark waits for a symbol.

'''Mark''' — The material organisation recognised and stabilised through singular inscription, addressable and recoverable according to a protocol. The mark is the passive material dimension of that inscription. It does not interpret, compare, establish relations, or reorganise anything by itself. Within symbolic operation, the system accesses and relates the mark through symbols that represent it; any other causal effects of its material support do not make the mark an interpreter or symbolic agent.

'''Symbol''' — A materially realised operation of legibility and representation that represents a mark and can enter into relations with other symbols. A first-order symbol symbolises a material difference discriminated by the system. A second-order symbol is created through the articulation of symbols. These are the only two symbolic orders recognised by the framework; they do not designate different material natures. Every symbol is materially realised and has a corresponding mark. The organised system, not the isolated symbol, establishes and revises symbolic relations. Material realisation makes representation operative, not infallible.

'''Protocol of inscription''' — The rules, thresholds, tolerances, procedures, scales, and verification conditions under which a system discriminates a difference, recognises what the trace manifests, and performs inscription. A protocol does not make the material difference exist. It conditions what the system can render legible and how that legibility can be checked.

'''Symbolic reorganisation''' — The material recombination of symbols of either order and of the relations between them. It can create second-order symbols, change a system's later operations, and produce material configurations not previously operative in that system. If a resulting configuration is discriminated as new or previously unknown, that event constitutes a trace and can occasion inscription. Marks and inscriptions are not symbolically reorganised.

=== A boundary that prevents three common confusions ===

'''The real''' is the material process that exists independently of any particular observation or inscription and always exceeds a single act of capture. '''The concrete''' is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material system, under a scale, device, temporal window, and set of thresholds. '''Theory''' is an organised articulation of symbols constituted from the inscription of the concrete. Observation does not create the real; capturing something as concrete does not yet make it symbolic; and an isolated symbol does not yet amount to a theory.

=== Biological and epistemic distinctions ===

'''Biossoma''' — A living biological body that is sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term is biological, not a functional synonym for every organism, self-regulating system, institution, or post-biological symbolic configuration. A non-biological system may satisfy criteria for symbolic operation without thereby becoming a biossoma.

'''Consciousness''' — A status that must not be inferred from complexity, recursion, learning, linguistic appearance, or adaptive behaviour alone. The Symbolic Threshold Test records existence as &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system. Here &lt;math&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; denotes causal integration, &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; effective symbolic self-reference, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; the continuity of that self-reference within the same system. Causal integration is necessary but insufficient, and the self-referential continuity floor is non-compensatory: if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records epistemic suspension when the available evidence does not justify either attribution; it is not a third ontological state. Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may gradual dimensions be assessed as &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt;. The thresholds have not yet been empirically calibrated, and no validated instrument currently measures &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;; the criterion is therefore formal and attribution must remain evidentially explicit. The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value. The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework.

=== Ethical-political operators ===

'''Exposure''' — The condition of being open to effects that a configuration does not fully control. Exposure is not a voluntary attitude added to an otherwise self-contained entity. Any system that exists through relations is already exposed to perturbation, dependence, and possible reorganisation.

'''Vulnerability''' — The possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with the unequal distribution of protection and capacities for response. Vulnerability is not a moral defect to be eliminated. It becomes ethically decisive because systems do not bear the same risks, control the same resources, or possess the same means of repair. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center|Vulnerability Without a Centre]].

'''Hesitation''' — The suspension of an automatic response when the available operative framework is insufficient. Hesitation is not indecision for its own sake. It opens time in which a system can register what its routines exclude, reorganise symbolic relations, and avoid converting an inadequate first response into violence.

'''Decision''' — A situated, symbolically mediated intervention that changes a field of exposure without any guarantee that all consequences can be anticipated. Decision is not the sovereign expression of a will standing outside material conditions, nor is it automatically an inscription in the technical sense of the term. Its criteria and effects must remain open to scrutiny and revision.

'''Reorganisation''' — A material change in couplings, contacts, capacities, or distributions of exposure, often mediated by symbolic operations. Reorganisation is not automatically ethical. A more intricate institution can still intensify domination. Ethical assessment asks whether a change reduces structural violence, expands the affected systems' capacities for response and repair, and keeps contestation and revision possible.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part VI, which provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form. §6.1 is the lexicon proper: a set of entries that define the key terms of the OEC as functional operators. It is not a glossary of neutral definitions but a toolkit — each entry names what an operator does, not what it &quot;is.&quot; The lexicon condenses the conceptual work of Parts I–V into a set of compressed, cross-referenced entries.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is terminological precision in a framework that refuses self-sufficient essences. If the OEC rejects the idea that terms name fixed entities, how can it stabilise their meanings? The answer is that each entry fixes a distinction, its material conditions of application, and the confusions that would invalidate its use. This does not make the vocabulary arbitrary or deny the reality it analyses; it makes every attribution answerable to the operations and evidence of the case.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The lexicon is organised around connected groups rather than a closed taxonomy: core ontological operators, symbolic operators, biological and epistemic distinctions, and ethical-political operators. Each group isolates a different regime or question within the same material field. The entries are designed to be read as a network without making every operator universally applicable or reducing its meaning to its relations with neighbouring terms.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The most important structural feature is the cross-referencing: material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences; second-order symbols arise through the articulation of symbols. Field, instability, operative excess, material coupling, and emergence are related but non-equivalent. Exposure and vulnerability describe a material situation; an explicit normative premise is required before hesitation, decision, and reorganisation can be evaluated as ethical operations. A possibility threshold identifies the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; it does not guarantee reconfiguration or emergence, which must be established separately. A symbol represents a mark, while integration of signs and subsequent symbolic relations remain materially constrained and corrigible. Consciousness is governed by a formal Symbolic Threshold Test whose thresholds are not yet empirically calibrated and which is not a diagnostic instrument. This framework adopts its biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate; this book states that criterion and its variables but does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Readers should follow these links without turning them into one universal causal sequence.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be used as a reference throughout the reading of the book, not merely read once in sequence. When encountering a term in any other section, the reader should return to §6.1 to check its operative definition and to follow the cross-references. The lexicon is also designed to be used as an analytical toolkit: when confronting any phenomenon, one can ask which operators are most relevant to describe its configuration.

==== Worked example: an unfamiliar laboratory result ====

# A physical outcome occurs whether or not the apparatus or researcher recognises it.
# The apparatus captures a situated portion of that outcome within its scale, sensitivity, and temporal window. The captured result is concrete, but it is not automatically symbolic.
# If the system discriminates a pattern as new or previously unknown, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace.
# Under a protocol, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace and performs singular inscription, constituting the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference.
# Later results are integrated through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system. They do not repeat inscription or create a chronological class of symbols.
# Those symbols can enter relations with symbols for experimental conditions, competing hypotheses, error margins, or required actions. These relations may reorganise the experiment. The mark remains passive throughout.

This example is deliberately procedural. The status of an occurrence depends on the material history and protocol of the system: discrimination of a pattern as new or previously unknown constitutes a trace, whereas later recognition proceeds through an already constituted symbolic organisation.

==== Common confusions ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator
! Do not confuse it with
|-
| Field
| A container, hidden substrate, or separate plane of reality
|-
| Instability
| Pure chaos or the accidental failure of an underlying order
|-
| Operative excess
| Lack, trauma, error, or a missing completion
|-
| Emergence
| Mere appearance, unpredictability, progress, or miraculous novelty
|-
| Threshold
| A guarantee, destiny, or automatic transition
|-
| Trace
| A persistent object, mark, symbol, or public sign
|-
| Mark
| An interpreter or an active participant in symbolic relations
|-
| Symbol
| An immaterial meaning detached from physical support
|-
| Reorganisation
| Improvement by definition
|}

==== A practical reading test ====

When applying the lexicon to a case, ask:

# What configuration is being analysed, and which material relations constitute its field?
# What remains unstable, and are there available compatibilities that actually exceed a present symbolic or structural form?
# Which relations sustain the local order, and where can material coupling be demonstrated rather than presumed?
# What new effect would justify calling a change emergent?
# If symbolisation is involved, where are the trace, singular inscription, mark, symbol, and protocol? Have any of them been conflated?
# How are exposure, vulnerability, protection, and capacity for response distributed?
# What decision reorganises the situation, who bears its risks, and what possibilities of repair or revision remain open?

=== Transition ===

The next section, [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2 – Ontological Variations]], examines how these operators vary across material regimes. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] explains how to use them without turning the lexicon into a fixed doctrine.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>05fyp05aqd7ft3cyohda9z8v5zf7ffm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673316</id>
      <parentid>4673306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:43:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional closure: align key definitions with the OEC Constitution</comment>
      <origin>4673316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22941" sha1="hwie7n8oilet8i2cjq87lzcgoarnf94" xml:space="preserve">== 6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC ==

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) uses a small group of terms in precise, connected ways. This page is a reading tool, not a catalogue of essences. Each entry states what an operator allows us to distinguish, what it must not be confused with, and how it connects with the other operators. The definitions are therefore stable enough to guide the book, but operative rather than final.

=== A map before the definitions ===

Three routes organise the lexicon:

* '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; material coupling relates partial material organisations so that their exchanges, constraints, or mutual effects sustain, regulate, extend, or transform a specified capacity under stated conditions. In some cases, reorganisation produces a new property, capacity, or effect unavailable to the prior organisation; emergence is established by the material effects of that novelty, including a symbolically constituted function where symbolic organisation exists.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
* '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences; second-order symbols are created through the articulation of symbols.'''
* '''Exposure and vulnerability describe the material situation; an explicit normative premise is required before hesitation, decision, and material reorganisation can constitute an ethical response.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and operative dependence. They do not describe a universal timetable or a predetermined sequence. Singular inscription constitutes the mark–symbol relation in one material and symbolic operation; it does not create a completed mark that later acquires a symbol.

=== Core ontological operators ===

'''Immanence''' — The principle that material, symbolic, ethical, and political operations all occur within material organisation, without appeal to a transcendent source or a second plane of reality. Immanence does not mean that every process can be described in the vocabulary of physics alone. Different material regimes develop different operations, while remaining materially dependent and open to effects from other configurations. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]].

'''Field''' — The situated web of material interactions, constraints, and possible effects relevant to an analysis. A field is not a container, a hidden background, or a prior structure that generates whatever appears within it. It is a way of naming the relations through which a configuration exists and can be affected. The operative question is: ''which relations make this configuration possible here, at this scale and during this interval?''

'''Instability''' — The absence of any final guarantee that a material configuration will persist. Every configuration depends on conditions that can vary, so it may be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved. Instability is not pure disorder and not a defect imposed on an otherwise perfect order. It permits history, differentiation, and new organisation without causing or guaranteeing any particular novelty. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]].

'''Operative excess''' — The condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. It is not a lack or an autonomous force, does not make reconfiguration necessary, and does not predetermine the result.

'''Material coupling''' — The process by which partial material organisations articulate locally so that their exchanges, constraints, or mutual effects sustain, regulate, extend, or transform a specified capacity under stated conditions. It names compatibilities among distinct operative regimes through which new forms of organisation can emerge without a prior plan or a transcendent coordinator. A coupling persists only while the material conditions that sustain it continue to operate. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling|Order as an Effect of Material Coupling]].

'''Emergence''' — The process by which a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that was not realised by the prior organisation. Where symbolic organisation exists, the emergent capacity may include the constitution of a function. Emergence must be identified through the material effects of what becomes operative. Surprise, novelty of description, complexity under a chosen measure, or ignorance of a cause is not enough. This claim does not by itself establish that complete deduction from antecedent conditions is metaphysically impossible; it establishes that the capacity belongs to the resulting organisation.

'''Local order''' — A conditioned stabilisation, which may be brief or extremely durable, of material relations and processes under specific conditions. Some local orders are sustained by material couplings, but that mechanism must be demonstrated rather than presumed. Local order is an effect, not an origin: it neither proves a cosmic design nor escapes the instability from which it arises. Its limits become visible when the supporting conditions change. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Against Order as Principle]].

'''Possibility threshold''' — The epistemic determination of the set of material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible. It describes those conditions; causal efficacy belongs to the material relations and processes described. The realisation of those conditions places the reconfiguration within the domain of material possibility, but does not establish that the reconfiguration occurs, what results from it, whether emergence takes place, or whether the resulting organisation persists. Emergence must be established independently through the new property, capacity, or effect produced by the reconfiguration. Neither possibility nor realisation implies progress, destiny, or persistence.

'''Configuration''' — An epistemic delimitation of a material organisation, supported by material differences and relations, adopted for a specified analysis. The organisation delimited is not a substance enclosed in itself. Its material persistence depends on the processes and relations that maintain it, which may include material couplings where reciprocal operative constraint can be shown. Its delimitation and description depend on the scale, temporal interval, resolution, and question adopted by inquiry.

=== Symbolic operators ===

The symbolic is a material regime of operation. It neither floats above matter nor belongs exclusively to conscious minds. A technical system can discriminate and inscribe a difference under a protocol without possessing consciousness or intention.

'''Trace''' — The ephemeral material event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription. A trace is not the independent difference itself, a surviving vestige, a mark, or a public sign. The event of discrimination passes; the material configuration discriminated may persist.

'''Inscription''' — The singular, simultaneously material and symbolic operation in which the difference manifested by a trace is recognised under a protocol and the corresponding mark–symbol relation is constituted. The sequence ''material difference → trace → inscription → mark–symbol relation'' expresses analytic dependence, not separate ontological layers or stages in which a mark waits for a symbol.

'''Mark''' — The material configuration recognised in singular inscription and represented by the corresponding symbol. The mark is passive within the symbolic relation: it does not interpret, compare, establish relations, or reorganise anything by itself. Its material support may have physical effects, but those effects do not make the mark an interpreter or symbolic agent. The organised system establishes relations only among symbols.

'''Symbol''' — An entirely material organisation that makes representation and symbolic articulation possible. A symbol represents its corresponding mark and can enter into relations with other symbols through the operations of the organised system. A first-order symbol symbolises a material difference discriminated by the system. A second-order symbol is created through the articulation of symbols. These are the only two symbolic orders recognised by the framework; they do not designate different material natures. Every symbol is materially realised and has a corresponding mark. The organised system, not the isolated symbol, establishes and revises symbolic relations. Material realisation makes representation operative, not infallible.

'''Protocol of inscription''' — The rules, thresholds, tolerances, procedures, scales, and verification conditions under which a system discriminates a difference, recognises what the trace manifests, and performs inscription. A protocol does not make the material difference exist. It conditions what the system can render legible and how that legibility can be checked.

'''Symbolic reorganisation''' — The material recombination of symbols of either order and of the relations between them. It can create second-order symbols, change a system's later operations, and produce material configurations not previously operative in that system. If a resulting configuration is discriminated as new or previously unknown, that event constitutes a trace and can occasion inscription. Marks and inscriptions are not symbolically reorganised.

=== A boundary that prevents three common confusions ===

'''The real''' is the material process that exists independently of any particular observation or inscription and always exceeds a single act of capture. '''The concrete''' is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material system, under a scale, device, temporal window, and set of thresholds. '''Theory''' is an organised articulation of symbols constituted from the inscription of the concrete. Observation does not create the real; capturing something as concrete does not yet make it symbolic; and an isolated symbol does not yet amount to a theory.

=== Biological and epistemic distinctions ===

'''Biossoma''' — A living biological body that is sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term is biological, not a functional synonym for every organism, self-regulating system, institution, or post-biological symbolic configuration. A non-biological system may satisfy criteria for symbolic operation without thereby becoming a biossoma.

'''Consciousness''' — A status that must not be inferred from complexity, recursion, learning, linguistic appearance, or adaptive behaviour alone. The Symbolic Threshold Test records existence as &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system. Here &lt;math&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; denotes causal integration, &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; effective symbolic self-reference, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; the continuity of that self-reference within the same system. Causal integration is necessary but insufficient, and the self-referential continuity floor is non-compensatory: if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records epistemic suspension when the available evidence does not justify either attribution; it is not a third ontological state. Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may gradual dimensions be assessed as &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt;. The thresholds have not yet been empirically calibrated, and no validated instrument currently measures &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;; the criterion is therefore formal and attribution must remain evidentially explicit. The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value. The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework.

=== Ethical-political operators ===

'''Exposure''' — The condition of being open to effects that a configuration does not fully control. Exposure is not a voluntary attitude added to an otherwise self-contained entity. Any system that exists through relations is already exposed to perturbation, dependence, and possible reorganisation.

'''Vulnerability''' — The possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with the unequal distribution of protection and capacities for response. Vulnerability is not a moral defect to be eliminated. It becomes ethically decisive because systems do not bear the same risks, control the same resources, or possess the same means of repair. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center|Vulnerability Without a Centre]].

'''Hesitation''' — The suspension of an automatic response when the available operative framework is insufficient. Hesitation is not indecision for its own sake. It opens time in which a system can register what its routines exclude, reorganise symbolic relations, and avoid converting an inadequate first response into violence.

'''Decision''' — A situated, symbolically mediated intervention that changes a field of exposure without any guarantee that all consequences can be anticipated. Decision is not the sovereign expression of a will standing outside material conditions, nor is it automatically an inscription in the technical sense of the term. Its criteria and effects must remain open to scrutiny and revision.

'''Reorganisation''' — A material change in couplings, contacts, capacities, or distributions of exposure, often mediated by symbolic operations. Reorganisation is not automatically ethical. A more intricate institution can still intensify domination. Ethical assessment asks whether a change reduces structural violence, expands the affected systems' capacities for response and repair, and keeps contestation and revision possible.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part VI, which provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form. §6.1 is the lexicon proper: a set of entries that define the key terms of the OEC as functional operators. It is not a glossary of neutral definitions but a toolkit — each entry names what an operator does, not what it &quot;is.&quot; The lexicon condenses the conceptual work of Parts I–V into a set of compressed, cross-referenced entries.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is terminological precision in a framework that refuses self-sufficient essences. If the OEC rejects the idea that terms name fixed entities, how can it stabilise their meanings? The answer is that each entry fixes a distinction, its material conditions of application, and the confusions that would invalidate its use. This does not make the vocabulary arbitrary or deny the reality it analyses; it makes every attribution answerable to the operations and evidence of the case.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The lexicon is organised around connected groups rather than a closed taxonomy: core ontological operators, symbolic operators, biological and epistemic distinctions, and ethical-political operators. Each group isolates a different regime or question within the same material field. The entries are designed to be read as a network without making every operator universally applicable or reducing its meaning to its relations with neighbouring terms.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The most important structural feature is the cross-referencing: material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences; second-order symbols arise through the articulation of symbols. Field, instability, operative excess, material coupling, and emergence are related but non-equivalent. Exposure and vulnerability describe a material situation; an explicit normative premise is required before hesitation, decision, and reorganisation can be evaluated as ethical operations. A possibility threshold identifies the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; it does not guarantee reconfiguration or emergence, which must be established separately. A symbol represents a mark, while integration of signs and subsequent symbolic relations remain materially constrained and corrigible. Consciousness is governed by a formal Symbolic Threshold Test whose thresholds are not yet empirically calibrated and which is not a diagnostic instrument. This framework adopts its biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate; this book states that criterion and its variables but does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Readers should follow these links without turning them into one universal causal sequence.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be used as a reference throughout the reading of the book, not merely read once in sequence. When encountering a term in any other section, the reader should return to §6.1 to check its operative definition and to follow the cross-references. The lexicon is also designed to be used as an analytical toolkit: when confronting any phenomenon, one can ask which operators are most relevant to describe its configuration.

==== Worked example: an unfamiliar laboratory result ====

# A physical outcome occurs whether or not the apparatus or researcher recognises it.
# The apparatus captures a situated portion of that outcome within its scale, sensitivity, and temporal window. The captured result is concrete, but it is not automatically symbolic.
# If the system discriminates a pattern as new or previously unknown, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace.
# Under a protocol, the system recognises the difference manifested by the trace and performs singular inscription, constituting the corresponding mark–symbol relation. The first-order symbol symbolises the discriminated difference.
# Later results are integrated through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system. They do not repeat inscription or create a chronological class of symbols.
# Those symbols can enter relations with symbols for experimental conditions, competing hypotheses, error margins, or required actions. These relations may reorganise the experiment. The mark remains passive throughout.

This example is deliberately procedural. The status of an occurrence depends on the material history and protocol of the system: discrimination of a pattern as new or previously unknown constitutes a trace, whereas later recognition proceeds through an already constituted symbolic organisation.

==== Common confusions ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator
! Do not confuse it with
|-
| Field
| A container, hidden substrate, or separate plane of reality
|-
| Instability
| Pure chaos or the accidental failure of an underlying order
|-
| Operative excess
| Lack, trauma, error, or a missing completion
|-
| Emergence
| Mere appearance, unpredictability, progress, or miraculous novelty
|-
| Threshold
| A guarantee, destiny, or automatic transition
|-
| Trace
| A persistent object, mark, symbol, or public sign
|-
| Mark
| An interpreter or an active participant in symbolic relations
|-
| Symbol
| An immaterial meaning detached from physical support
|-
| Reorganisation
| Improvement by definition
|}

==== A practical reading test ====

When applying the lexicon to a case, ask:

# What configuration is being analysed, and which material relations constitute its field?
# What remains unstable, and are there available compatibilities that actually exceed a present symbolic or structural form?
# Which relations sustain the local order, and where can material coupling be demonstrated rather than presumed?
# What new effect would justify calling a change emergent?
# If symbolisation is involved, where are the trace, singular inscription, mark, symbol, and protocol? Have any of them been conflated?
# How are exposure, vulnerability, protection, and capacity for response distributed?
# What decision reorganises the situation, who bears its risks, and what possibilities of repair or revision remain open?

=== Transition ===

The next section, [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2 – Ontological Variations]], examines how these operators vary across material regimes. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] explains how to use them without turning the lexicon into a fixed doctrine.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>hwie7n8oilet8i2cjq87lzcgoarnf94</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>480142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673223</id>
      <parentid>4673004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673223</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17799" sha1="hggvjo8wv5wmnivvyejhpdkul3urgxc" xml:space="preserve">== 6.2 – Ontological Variations ==

A single material field does not imply that every configuration operates in the same way. Crystals, cells, ecosystems, languages, technical systems, and institutions can all be material without sharing the same capacities. This chapter explains how the vocabulary introduced in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] varies across regimes of organisation.

An '''ontological variation''' is neither a separate realm of being nor a new substance added to matter. It is a difference in how a configuration is organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. The task is to preserve one-field materialism while avoiding the opposite mistake of flattening every difference.

=== Four distinctions for mapping variation ===

The terms below answer different questions and should not be used interchangeably.

'''Configuration''' — A relatively stabilised arrangement of relations. A storm, organism, laboratory, and legal procedure can each be analysed as a configuration.

'''Scale''' — The spatial, temporal, or organisational resolution at which relations are selected. The same river can be studied at the scale of molecular reactions, seasonal flows, a watershed, or centuries of erosion. A change of scale alters what becomes salient; it does not automatically reveal a different kind of being.

'''Regime''' — A recurrent mode of organisation characterised by certain capacities and constraints. “Physical”, “biological”, and “symbolic” name broad analytical regimes in this chapter. Their boundaries are not walls, and concrete cases may combine more than one regime.

'''Threshold''' — Thresholds must be named by sense. An enabling threshold identifies the minimum material conditions that open a new branch of possibility. An operational threshold is crossed only when the new capacity is evidenced in what the organised configuration can do. Neither adds a supernatural ingredient, and reaching the first does not guarantee crossing the second.

These distinctions prevent two shortcuts. One is to infer a new ontology whenever the scale changes. The other is to assume that because all configurations are material, all material configurations possess the same powers.

=== Operators do not all have the same range ===

Some operators in this framework have a broad range, but breadth is not universality. '''Field''', '''configuration''', and '''instability''' can guide analysis across many domains. '''Local order''' applies where a conditioned stabilisation can be identified; '''threshold''' where a materially specified boundary of possibility or operation can be shown; and '''material coupling''' only where configurations reciprocally constrain and sustain specified operations. Metabolism and self-maintenance require particular biological organisations. Trace, inscription, mark, and symbol require material systems capable of discrimination, stabilisation, recognition, and relational symbolic operation. Operative excess applies where, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Ethical decision requires still more: a capacity to reorganise relations through symbolically mediated response.

The vocabulary should therefore be applied by criteria, not by analogy alone. Saying that a crystal “records” temperature changes may be a useful shorthand for a persistent physical modification. It does not by itself establish inscription or symbolisation in the technical sense. Likewise, an organism’s sensitivity to light does not automatically make light a symbol for that organism.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator or capacity
! Physical configurations
! Biological configurations
! Symbolic configurations
|-
| Field, configuration, instability
| Broadly applicable
| Broadly applicable
| Broadly applicable
|-
| Material coupling, local order, threshold
| Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated
| Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated
| Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated
|-
| Self-maintenance
| May occur in limited dynamic patterns, but is not universal
| Characteristic of organised living systems
| Depends on material and often biological or technical supports
|-
| Trace
| A physical modification is not a trace by persistence alone. A trace occurs only when a capable system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration.
| Possible in organised systems with relevant discriminatory capacities
| Commonly incorporated into procedures of inscription
|-
| Mark and symbol
| Not attributed merely because a pattern exists
| Not implied by life as such
| Apply when the functional criteria of inscription and recognition are met
|-
| Ethical decision
| Not a name for every causal transition
| Behavioural selection alone is insufficient for the ethical sense
| Applies where a symbolically mediated intervention reorganises relations and exposure
|-
| Exposure and vulnerability
| Material susceptibility can be described
| Organised dependence and uneven capacity for repair become salient
| Also acquire ethical-political meaning through recognised and redistributed effects
|}

The entries mark analytical conditions, not an evolutionary ladder. A symbolic system does not cease to be physical, and living organisation does not escape chemistry. Later capacities depend on material relations while remaining irreducible to a list of isolated components.

=== Physical variations ===

At a physical level, the framework directs attention towards pattern formation, constraint, dissipation, and transition. Consider crystallisation. Under a suitable range of temperature, concentration, pressure, and available material, components can form a regular lattice. The ordered structure is not imposed by a transcendent form; it results from interactions under determinate conditions.

This example supports only a modest philosophical point. It shows that local order can arise materially and that its persistence depends on conditions. It does not prove every claim of the OEC, nor does the framework replace the scientific explanation supplied by thermodynamics and materials science. Philosophy clarifies the ontological status of the order; empirical inquiry determines the mechanisms and measurements.

Instability in this regime should also be described precisely. It does not mean constant visible change or absence of law. A rock can remain stable for centuries while still being exposed to stresses, chemical reactions, and changing surroundings. Stability is a temporally extended achievement relative to a scale, not exemption from the field.

=== Biological variations ===

Living systems introduce distinctive forms of organised dependence. A cell maintains a boundary, exchanges matter and energy, repairs components, and regulates processes whose coordination is necessary for continued activity. The boundary does not isolate the cell from the field; it organises selective contact with it.

Biological organisation makes '''vulnerability''' especially clear. The capacities that allow an organism to persist also create specific ways in which it can fail. Dependence on oxygen, temperature range, nutrients, symbiotic relations, or immune regulation is both enabling and exposing. Vulnerability is not an accidental weakness added to life; it follows from organised dependence.

No inference from life to symbolism should be automatic. Organisms discriminate signals and modify behaviour, but the OEC reserves symbol for a materially supported operation that represents a mark and relates to other symbols. Whether a particular animal, artificial system, or collective meets those criteria is an empirical and conceptual question. It cannot be settled by naming all responsiveness “communication”.

=== Symbolic variations ===

A symbolic regime becomes possible when a material system can discriminate a new difference as a trace, recognise it in a singular inscription that co-constitutes a mark and its inaugural symbol, recognise later occurrences as additional symbolic instances, relate symbols to other symbols, and use those relations to modulate further operation. Human languages are prominent examples, but the definition is functional rather than species-exclusive.

Symbolic capacity does not by itself establish consciousness. Attribution follows the Symbolic Threshold Test defined in 6.1: &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Where evidence cannot decide, judgement remains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, and gradual dimensions &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt; are assessed only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Symbolic organisation brings a distinctive kind of recursion. A model can represent a process; another symbol can qualify the model as uncertain; institutions can revise the rules by which models are accepted. This does not place symbols outside matter. Books, servers, gestures, neural activity, classrooms, and administrative routines provide material supports and participate in the processes through which symbolic operations persist; they should not all be called material couplings without evidence of reciprocal operational constraint.

Symbolic configurations also produce new forms of exposure. A legal category can grant or remove access; a credit score can affect housing; a warning system can redirect populations. The effects are not “merely symbolic”, because symbols operate through material arrangements. Their revisability creates responsibility: configurations capable of recognising and reorganising effects can be called to account for how exposure is distributed.

Historically known symbolic practices depend on biological and technical supports. The framework does not turn that history into a necessary metaphysical boundary. A non-human or post-biological system would qualify if it satisfied the functional criteria; resemblance to human speech would not be required.

A biossoma is the narrower case of a living, sensitive body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term must not be extended to every organism or to non-biological systems merely because they regulate themselves.

=== Re-reading familiar ontological families ===

Substance, process, relation, and event ontologies can be treated as analytical emphases rather than mutually exclusive worlds. A '''substance''' vocabulary highlights persistence and relative unity; a '''process''' vocabulary highlights transformation and temporal development; a '''relational''' vocabulary highlights dependence and, where applicable, coupling; and an '''event''' vocabulary highlights transitions and the appearance of new determinations.

The framework uses each emphasis where it clarifies a configuration. Relation has constitutive priority in the limited sense established in Section 3.1.2: no concrete configuration is independent of all the relations through which it is constituted and maintained. This does not make relation a substance, an exclusive vocabulary, or an absolute foundation. Substance, process, and event vocabularies remain legitimate where they identify persistence, transformation, or transition without hiding the relations that sustain them.

=== A mapping protocol ===

When analysing a new case, proceed in this order:

# delimit the configuration and state the scale of observation;
# identify the material relations and constraints that sustain it;
# describe its current local order and sources of instability;
# ask which capacities are actually demonstrated, rather than inferred by metaphor;
# locate thresholds at which capacities appear, disappear, or change;
# test which operators apply and record which do not;
# where symbolic response exists, map decisions and distributions of exposure.

The result is a '''local ontology''': a revisable account of what exists and operates in the case, at a stated scale and under stated conditions. It is not a sealed miniature world.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This section complements the lexicon (§6.1) by addressing a different question: how do the same operators behave differently across distinct regimes of material organisation? The OEC does not describe one homogeneous ontology; it describes a field that admits multiple regimes of variation — physical, biological, symbolic — each of which instantiates the basic operators in distinct ways.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the traditional metaphysical question of ontological levels: are physical, biological, and symbolic phenomena different kinds of being, or differently organised material regimes within one field? The section rejects both the reduction of every regime to one descriptive vocabulary and the conversion of genuine differences into separate ontological strata. Differences of scale alone do not produce a new regime, and novelty must be established through capacities that become operative in a determinate configuration.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that ontological differences are variations, not separate levels of substance. Physical, biological, and symbolic regimes are families of configurations within the same field, distinguished by how they are organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. A threshold is central only where its conditions can be materially specified: an enabling threshold opens a branch of possibility, while an operational threshold is crossed when the new capacity is demonstrated. Neither a change of scale nor a quantitative parameter change by itself establishes a new regime or an emergence.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are ontological variation, scale, regime, threshold, and the re-reading of classical ontological families — substance, process, event, and relation — as partial analytical emphases. Relational priority concerns the explanation of individuation, not a claim that disembodied relations precede all relata. Material coupling, local order, and threshold are conditional operators whose criteria must be demonstrated in each case. Enabling thresholds concern possibility; operational thresholds concern a capacity demonstrably realised in the configuration.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section is particularly important for readers from the natural sciences, who may expect the OEC to specify its relation to physics and biology. The key insight is that the OEC neither reduces everything to physics nor declares biology or symbolic activity ontologically autonomous. It describes a single field with multiple regimes of variation. The pedagogical challenge is to think without levels while still respecting the genuine novelty of biological and symbolic phenomena.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish scale, regime, threshold, and configuration;
* identify which operators apply generally and which require specific conditions;
* compare physical, biological, and symbolic organisations without arranging them as separate worlds;
* avoid attributing symbolic agency to every causal process;
* construct a provisional map of a concrete case.

The guiding question is: '''Which capacities become possible in this configuration, through which material relations and constraints, and where can material coupling be demonstrated?'''

==== Worked comparison: three boundaries ====

The word ''boundary'' changes meaning across regimes.

# '''Crystal surface.''' The boundary marks where one lattice structure ends and another medium begins. Its properties follow from physical organisation and surrounding conditions.
# '''Cell membrane.''' The boundary actively regulates exchange and helps maintain the processes that sustain the cell. Its permeability is part of biological self-maintenance.
# '''Legal jurisdiction.''' The boundary is enacted through maps, statutes, databases, officials, and recognised procedures. It can be interpreted, contested, and revised through symbolic operations.

All three boundaries are material and operative. They are not equivalent. Calling the jurisdiction “only an idea” ignores its material enforcement; calling the crystal surface a legal decision imports capacities it does not have. Variation is the disciplined art of preserving both continuity and difference.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is a change of scale not necessarily a change of regime?
* Which additional evidence would be needed before calling a material pattern a symbol?
* How can a capacity be irreducible without becoming immaterial?
* What is lost if physical, biological, and symbolic differences are flattened?
* What is lost if they are converted into separate substances or levels of reality?

=== Transition ===

Ontological variation explains where the terms can be used. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|Section 6.3]] explains how to use them: as a network of operators, with a step-by-step analytical procedure and checks against familiar reductions.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>hggvjo8wv5wmnivvyejhpdkul3urgxc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673255</id>
      <parentid>4673223</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:57:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18366" sha1="sre5piei1cssqz24w39fm7980t21ibd" xml:space="preserve">== 6.2 – Ontological Variations ==

A single material field does not imply that every configuration operates in the same way. Crystals, cells, ecosystems, languages, technical systems, and institutions can all be material without sharing the same capacities. This chapter explains how the vocabulary introduced in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] varies across regimes of organisation.

An '''ontological variation''' is neither a separate realm of being nor a new substance added to matter. It is a difference in how a configuration is organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. The task is to preserve one-field materialism while avoiding the opposite mistake of flattening every difference.

=== Four distinctions for mapping variation ===

The terms below answer different questions and should not be used interchangeably.

'''Configuration''' — A relatively stabilised arrangement of relations. A storm, organism, laboratory, and legal procedure can each be analysed as a configuration.

'''Scale''' — The spatial, temporal, or organisational resolution at which relations are selected. The same river can be studied at the scale of molecular reactions, seasonal flows, a watershed, or centuries of erosion. A change of scale alters what becomes salient; it does not automatically reveal a different kind of being.

'''Regime''' — A recurrent mode of organisation characterised by certain capacities and constraints. “Physical”, “biological”, and “symbolic” name broad analytical regimes in this chapter. Their boundaries are not walls, and concrete cases may combine more than one regime.

'''Threshold''' — Thresholds must be named by sense. A possibility threshold is the epistemic determination of the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; it is not a boundary inscribed in matter and does not establish that the reconfiguration occurs. Formal thresholds belong to specified models, such as the Symbolic Threshold Test, and require justified operationalisation and calibration before they can be applied empirically. Emergence is not a second threshold: it is established by the reconfiguration that occurred and by the new property, capacity, or effect materially realised in the resulting organisation.

These distinctions prevent two shortcuts. One is to infer a new ontology whenever the scale changes. The other is to assume that because all configurations are material, all material configurations possess the same powers.

=== Operators do not all have the same range ===

Some operators in this framework have a broad range, but breadth is not universality. '''Field''', '''configuration''', and '''instability''' can guide analysis across many domains. '''Local order''' applies where a conditioned stabilisation can be identified; '''possibility threshold''' where the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible can be determined; and '''material coupling''' only where configurations reciprocally constrain and sustain specified operations. Metabolism and self-maintenance require particular biological organisations. Trace, inscription, mark, and symbol require material systems capable of discrimination, stabilisation, recognition, and relational symbolic operation. Operative excess applies where, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Ethical decision requires still more: a capacity to reorganise relations through symbolically mediated response.

The vocabulary should therefore be applied by criteria, not by analogy alone. Saying that a crystal “records” temperature changes may be a useful shorthand for a persistent physical modification. It does not by itself establish inscription or symbolisation in the technical sense. Likewise, an organism’s sensitivity to light does not automatically make light a symbol for that organism.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator or capacity
! Physical configurations
! Biological configurations
! Symbolic configurations
|-
| Field, configuration, instability
| Broadly applicable
| Broadly applicable
| Broadly applicable
|-
| Material coupling, local order, possibility threshold
| Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated
| Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated
| Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated
|-
| Self-maintenance
| May occur in limited dynamic patterns, but is not universal
| Characteristic of organised living systems
| Depends on material and often biological or technical supports
|-
| Trace
| A physical modification is not a trace by persistence alone. A trace occurs only when a capable system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration.
| Possible in organised systems with relevant discriminatory capacities
| Commonly incorporated into procedures of inscription
|-
| Mark and symbol
| Not attributed merely because a pattern exists
| Not implied by life as such
| Apply when the functional criteria of inscription and recognition are met
|-
| Ethical decision
| Not a name for every causal transition
| Behavioural selection alone is insufficient for the ethical sense
| Applies where a symbolically mediated intervention reorganises relations and exposure
|-
| Exposure and vulnerability
| Material susceptibility can be described
| Organised dependence and uneven capacity for repair become salient
| Also acquire ethical-political meaning through recognised and redistributed effects
|}

The entries mark analytical conditions, not an evolutionary ladder. A symbolic system does not cease to be physical, and living organisation does not escape chemistry. Later capacities depend on material relations while remaining irreducible to a list of isolated components.

=== Physical variations ===

At a physical level, the framework directs attention towards pattern formation, constraint, dissipation, and transition. Consider crystallisation. Under a suitable range of temperature, concentration, pressure, and available material, components can form a regular lattice. The ordered structure is not imposed by a transcendent form; it results from interactions under determinate conditions.

This example supports only a modest philosophical point. It shows that local order can arise materially and that its persistence depends on conditions. It does not prove every claim of the OEC, nor does the framework replace the scientific explanation supplied by thermodynamics and materials science. Philosophy clarifies the ontological status of the order; empirical inquiry determines the mechanisms and measurements.

Instability in this regime should also be described precisely. It does not mean constant visible change or absence of law. A rock can remain stable for centuries while still being exposed to stresses, chemical reactions, and changing surroundings. Stability is a temporally extended achievement relative to a scale, not exemption from the field.

=== Biological variations ===

Living systems introduce distinctive forms of organised dependence. A cell maintains a boundary, exchanges matter and energy, repairs components, and regulates processes whose coordination is necessary for continued activity. The boundary does not isolate the cell from the field; it organises selective contact with it.

Biological organisation makes '''vulnerability''' especially clear. The capacities that allow an organism to persist also create specific ways in which it can fail. Dependence on oxygen, temperature range, nutrients, symbiotic relations, or immune regulation is both enabling and exposing. Vulnerability is not an accidental weakness added to life; it follows from organised dependence.

No inference from life to symbolism should be automatic. Organisms discriminate signals and modify behaviour, but the OEC reserves symbol for a materially supported operation that represents a mark and relates to other symbols. Whether a particular animal, artificial system, or collective meets those criteria is an empirical and conceptual question. It cannot be settled by naming all responsiveness “communication”.

=== Symbolic variations ===

A symbolic regime becomes possible when a material system can discriminate a new difference as a trace, recognise it in a singular inscription that co-constitutes a mark and its inaugural symbol, recognise later occurrences as additional symbolic instances, relate symbols to other symbols, and use those relations to modulate further operation. Human languages are prominent examples, but the definition is functional rather than species-exclusive.

Symbolic capacity does not by itself establish consciousness. Attribution follows the Symbolic Threshold Test defined in 6.1: &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Where evidence cannot decide, judgement remains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, and gradual dimensions &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt; are assessed only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Symbolic organisation brings a distinctive kind of recursion. A model can represent a process; another symbol can qualify the model as uncertain; institutions can revise the rules by which models are accepted. This does not place symbols outside matter. Books, servers, gestures, neural activity, classrooms, and administrative routines provide material supports and participate in the processes through which symbolic operations persist; they should not all be called material couplings without evidence of reciprocal operational constraint.

Symbolic configurations also produce new forms of exposure. A legal category can grant or remove access; a credit score can affect housing; a warning system can redirect populations. The effects are not “merely symbolic”, because symbols operate through material arrangements. Their revisability creates responsibility: configurations capable of recognising and reorganising effects can be called to account for how exposure is distributed.

Historically known symbolic practices depend on biological and technical supports. The framework does not turn that history into a necessary metaphysical boundary. A non-human or post-biological system would qualify if it satisfied the functional criteria; resemblance to human speech would not be required.

A biossoma is the narrower case of a living, sensitive body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term must not be extended to every organism or to non-biological systems merely because they regulate themselves.

=== Re-reading familiar ontological families ===

Substance, process, relation, and event ontologies can be treated as analytical emphases rather than mutually exclusive worlds. A '''substance''' vocabulary highlights persistence and relative unity; a '''process''' vocabulary highlights transformation and temporal development; a '''relational''' vocabulary highlights dependence and, where applicable, coupling; and an '''event''' vocabulary highlights transitions and the appearance of new determinations.

The framework uses each emphasis where it clarifies a configuration. Relation has constitutive priority in the limited sense established in Section 3.1.2: no concrete configuration is independent of all the relations through which it is constituted and maintained. This does not make relation a substance, an exclusive vocabulary, or an absolute foundation. Substance, process, and event vocabularies remain legitimate where they identify persistence, transformation, or transition without hiding the relations that sustain them.

=== A mapping protocol ===

When analysing a new case, proceed in this order:

# delimit the configuration and state the scale of observation;
# identify the material relations and constraints that sustain it;
# describe its current local order and sources of instability;
# ask which capacities are actually demonstrated, rather than inferred by metaphor;
# identify the material conditions and reconfigurations through which capacities appear, disappear, or change;
# test which operators apply and record which do not;
# where symbolic response exists, map decisions and distributions of exposure.

The result is a '''local ontology''': a revisable account of what exists and operates in the case, at a stated scale and under stated conditions. It is not a sealed miniature world.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This section complements the lexicon (§6.1) by addressing a different question: how do the same operators behave differently across distinct regimes of material organisation? The OEC does not describe one homogeneous ontology; it describes a field that admits multiple regimes of variation — physical, biological, symbolic — each of which instantiates the basic operators in distinct ways.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the traditional metaphysical question of ontological levels: are physical, biological, and symbolic phenomena different kinds of being, or differently organised material regimes within one field? The section rejects both the reduction of every regime to one descriptive vocabulary and the conversion of genuine differences into separate ontological strata. Differences of scale alone do not produce a new regime, and novelty must be established through capacities that become operative in a determinate configuration.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that ontological differences are variations, not separate levels of substance. Physical, biological, and symbolic regimes are families of configurations within the same field, distinguished by how they are organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. A possibility threshold can be determined where the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible can be specified. The occurrence of that reconfiguration and the emergence of a new property, capacity, or effect must be established separately. Neither a change of scale nor a quantitative parameter change by itself establishes a new regime or an emergence.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are ontological variation, scale, regime, possibility threshold, and the re-reading of classical ontological families — substance, process, event, and relation — as partial analytical emphases. Relational priority concerns the explanation of individuation, not a claim that disembodied relations precede all relata. Material coupling and local order apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated. A possibility threshold is determined only where the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible can be specified; the realised capacity belongs to the resulting organisation and is established through its concrete effects.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section is particularly important for readers from the natural sciences, who may expect the OEC to specify its relation to physics and biology. The key insight is that the OEC neither reduces everything to physics nor declares biology or symbolic activity ontologically autonomous. It describes a single field with multiple regimes of variation. The pedagogical challenge is to think without levels while still respecting the genuine novelty of biological and symbolic phenomena.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish scale, regime, possibility threshold, and configuration;
* identify which operators apply generally and which require specific conditions;
* compare physical, biological, and symbolic organisations without arranging them as separate worlds;
* avoid attributing symbolic agency to every causal process;
* construct a provisional map of a concrete case.

The guiding question is: '''Which capacities become possible in this configuration, through which material relations and constraints, and where can material coupling be demonstrated?'''

==== Worked comparison: three boundaries ====

The word ''boundary'' changes meaning across regimes.

# '''Crystal surface.''' The boundary marks where one lattice structure ends and another medium begins. Its properties follow from physical organisation and surrounding conditions.
# '''Cell membrane.''' The boundary actively regulates exchange and helps maintain the processes that sustain the cell. Its permeability is part of biological self-maintenance.
# '''Legal jurisdiction.''' The boundary is enacted through maps, statutes, databases, officials, and recognised procedures. It can be interpreted, contested, and revised through symbolic operations.

All three boundaries are material and operative. They are not equivalent. Calling the jurisdiction “only an idea” ignores its material enforcement; calling the crystal surface a legal decision imports capacities it does not have. Variation is the disciplined art of preserving both continuity and difference.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is a change of scale not necessarily a change of regime?
* Which additional evidence would be needed before calling a material pattern a symbol?
* How can a capacity be irreducible without becoming immaterial?
* What is lost if physical, biological, and symbolic differences are flattened?
* What is lost if they are converted into separate substances or levels of reality?

=== Transition ===

Ontological variation explains where the terms can be used. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|Section 6.3]] explains how to use them: as a network of operators, with a step-by-step analytical procedure and checks against familiar reductions.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>sre5piei1cssqz24w39fm7980t21ibd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673302</id>
      <parentid>4673255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:05:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18834" sha1="gt84vnkol5muf0y4a2iehkl2jdr64f8" xml:space="preserve">== 6.2 – Ontological Variations ==

A single material field does not imply that every configuration operates in the same way. Crystals, cells, ecosystems, languages, technical systems, and institutions can all be material without sharing the same capacities. This chapter explains how the vocabulary introduced in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] varies across regimes of organisation.

An '''ontological variation''' is neither a separate realm of being nor a new substance added to matter. It is a difference in how a configuration is organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. The task is to preserve one-field materialism while avoiding the opposite mistake of flattening every difference.

=== Four distinctions for mapping variation ===

The terms below answer different questions and should not be used interchangeably.

'''Configuration''' — A relatively stabilised arrangement of relations. A storm, organism, laboratory, and legal procedure can each be analysed as a configuration.

'''Scale''' — An epistemic determination fixed by a reference magnitude, a resolution, and a comparative interval for a stated question. The same river can be studied through molecular reactions, seasonal flows, a watershed, or long processes of erosion. A change of scale alters what becomes observable and salient; it does not divide matter into ontological levels or create a material boundary where none has been demonstrated.

'''Regime''' — A recurrent mode of organisation characterised by certain capacities and constraints. “Physical”, “biological”, and “symbolic” name broad analytical regimes in this chapter. Their boundaries are not walls, and concrete cases may combine more than one regime.

'''Threshold''' — Thresholds must be named by sense. A possibility threshold is the epistemic determination of the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; it is not a boundary inscribed in matter and does not establish that the reconfiguration occurs. Formal thresholds belong to specified models, such as the Symbolic Threshold Test, and require justified operationalisation and calibration before they can be applied empirically. Emergence is not a second threshold: it is established by the reconfiguration that occurred and by the new property, capacity, or effect materially realised in the resulting organisation.

These distinctions prevent two shortcuts. One is to infer a new ontology whenever the scale changes. The other is to assume that because all configurations are material, all material configurations possess the same powers.

=== Operators do not all have the same range ===

Some operators in this framework have a broad range, but breadth is not universality. '''Field''', '''configuration''', and '''instability''' can guide analysis across many domains. '''Local order''' applies where a conditioned stabilisation can be identified; '''possibility threshold''' where the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible can be determined; and '''material coupling''' only where configurations reciprocally constrain and sustain specified operations. Metabolism and self-maintenance require particular biological organisations. Trace, inscription, mark, and symbol require material systems capable of discrimination, stabilisation, recognition, and relational symbolic operation. Operative excess applies where, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Ethical decision requires still more: a capacity to reorganise relations through symbolically mediated response.

The vocabulary should therefore be applied by criteria, not by analogy alone. Saying that a crystal “records” temperature changes may be a useful shorthand for a persistent physical modification. It does not by itself establish inscription or symbolisation in the technical sense. Likewise, an organism’s sensitivity to light does not automatically make light a symbol for that organism.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator or capacity !! Physical configurations !! Biological configurations !! Symbolic configurations
|-
| Field, configuration, instability || Broadly applicable || Broadly applicable || Broadly applicable
|-
| Material coupling, local order, possibility threshold || Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated || Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated || Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated
|-
| Self-maintenance || May occur in limited dynamic patterns, but is not universal || Characteristic of organised living systems || Depends on material and often biological or technical supports
|-
| Trace || A physical modification is not a trace by persistence alone. A trace occurs only when a capable system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration. || Possible in organised systems with relevant discriminatory capacities || Commonly incorporated into procedures of inscription
|-
| Mark and symbol || Not attributed merely because a pattern exists || Not implied by life as such || Apply when the criteria of inscription and symbolic operation are met
|-
| Ethical decision || Not a name for every causal transition || Behavioural selection alone is insufficient for the ethical sense || Applies where a symbolically mediated intervention reorganises relations and exposure
|-
| Exposure and vulnerability || Material susceptibility can be described || Organised dependence and uneven capacity for repair become salient || Also acquire ethical-political meaning through recognised and redistributed effects
|}

The entries mark analytical conditions, not an evolutionary ladder. A symbolic system does not cease to be physical, and living organisation does not escape chemistry. Later capacities depend on material relations while remaining irreducible to a list of isolated components.

=== Physical variations ===

In the analysis of physical configurations, the framework directs attention towards pattern formation, constraint, dissipation, and transition. Consider crystallisation. Under a suitable range of temperature, concentration, pressure, and available material, components can form a regular lattice. The ordered structure is not imposed by a transcendent form; it results from interactions under determinate conditions.

This example supports only a modest philosophical point. It shows that local order can arise materially and that its persistence depends on conditions. It does not prove every claim of the OEC, nor does the framework replace the scientific explanation supplied by thermodynamics and materials science. Philosophy clarifies the ontological status of the order; empirical inquiry determines the mechanisms and measurements.

Instability in this regime should also be described precisely. It does not mean constant visible change or absence of law. A rock can persist while remaining exposed to stresses, chemical reactions, and changing surroundings. Stability is a conditioned achievement whose duration can be represented by measured time at a stated scale; it is not exemption from material relations.

=== Biological variations ===

Living systems introduce distinctive forms of organised dependence. A cell maintains a boundary, exchanges matter and energy, repairs components, and regulates processes whose coordination is necessary for continued activity. The boundary does not isolate the cell from the field; it organises selective contact with it.

Biological organisation makes '''vulnerability''' especially clear. The capacities that allow an organism to persist also create specific ways in which it can fail. Dependence on oxygen, temperature range, nutrients, symbiotic relations, or immune regulation is both enabling and exposing. Vulnerability is not an accidental weakness added to life; it follows from organised dependence.

No inference from life to symbolism should be automatic. Organisms discriminate signals and modify behaviour, but the OEC reserves symbol for a materially supported operation that represents a mark and relates to other symbols. Whether a particular animal, artificial system, or collective meets those criteria is an empirical and conceptual question. It cannot be settled by naming all responsiveness “communication”.

=== Symbolic variations ===

A symbolic regime becomes possible when a material system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, thereby constituting a trace; recognises the difference manifested by that trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation in singular inscription; establishes and revises relations among symbols; and uses those relations to modulate later operations. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences, while second-order symbols arise from the articulation of symbols. Human languages are prominent examples, but the definition rests on demonstrated operations rather than species membership.

Symbolic capacity does not by itself establish consciousness. Attribution follows the Symbolic Threshold Test defined in 6.1: &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Where evidence cannot decide, judgement remains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, and gradual dimensions &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt; are assessed only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Symbolic organisation brings a distinctive kind of recursion. A model can represent a process; another symbol can qualify the model as uncertain; institutions can revise the rules by which models are accepted. This does not place symbols outside matter. Books, servers, gestures, neural activity, classrooms, and administrative routines provide material supports and participate in the processes through which symbolic operations persist; they should not all be called material couplings without evidence of reciprocal operational constraint.

Symbolic configurations also produce new forms of exposure. A legal category can grant or remove access; a credit score can affect housing; a warning system can redirect populations. The effects are not “merely symbolic”, because symbols operate through material arrangements. Their revisability creates responsibility: configurations capable of recognising and reorganising effects can be called to account for how exposure is distributed.

Historically known symbolic practices depend on biological and technical supports. The framework does not turn that history into a necessary metaphysical boundary. A non-human or post-biological system would qualify if it satisfied the functional criteria; resemblance to human speech would not be required.

A biossoma is the narrower case of a living, sensitive body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term must not be extended to every organism or to non-biological systems merely because they regulate themselves.

=== Re-reading familiar ontological families ===

Substance, process, relation, and event ontologies can be treated as analytical emphases rather than mutually exclusive worlds. A '''substance''' vocabulary highlights persistence and relative unity; a '''process''' vocabulary highlights transformation and temporal development; a '''relational''' vocabulary highlights dependence and, where applicable, coupling; and an '''event''' vocabulary highlights transitions and the appearance of new determinations.

The framework uses each emphasis where it clarifies a configuration. Relations have constitutive relevance: no concrete configuration is independent of all the relations through which it is constituted and maintained. This does not give relation priority over materially organised participants or make it a substance, an exclusive vocabulary, or an absolute foundation. Substance, process, and event vocabularies remain legitimate where they identify persistence, transformation, or transition without hiding the relations involved.

=== A mapping protocol ===

When analysing a new case, proceed in this order:

# delimit the configuration and state the scale of observation;
# identify the material relations and constraints that sustain it;
# describe its current local order and sources of instability;
# ask which capacities are actually demonstrated, rather than inferred by metaphor;
# identify the material conditions and reconfigurations through which capacities appear, disappear, or change;
# test which operators apply and record which do not;
# where symbolic response exists, map decisions and distributions of exposure.

The result is a '''situated ontological account''': a revisable account of what exists and operates in the case, under a stated scale, question, and set of conditions. It is not a sealed miniature world or a separate ontological region.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This section complements the lexicon (§6.1) by addressing a different question: how do the same operators behave differently across distinct regimes of material organisation? The OEC does not describe one homogeneous ontology; it describes a field that admits multiple regimes of variation — physical, biological, symbolic — each of which instantiates the basic operators in distinct ways.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the traditional metaphysical question of ontological levels: are physical, biological, and symbolic phenomena different kinds of being, or differently organised material regimes within one field? The section rejects both the reduction of every regime to one descriptive vocabulary and the conversion of genuine differences into separate ontological strata. Differences of scale alone do not produce a new regime, and novelty must be established through capacities that become operative in a determinate configuration.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that ontological differences are variations, not separate levels of substance. Physical, biological, and symbolic regimes are families of configurations within the same field, distinguished by how they are organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. A possibility threshold can be determined where the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible can be specified. The occurrence of that reconfiguration and the emergence of a new property, capacity, or effect must be established separately. Neither a change of scale nor a quantitative parameter change by itself establishes a new regime or an emergence.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are ontological variation, scale, regime, possibility threshold, and the re-reading of classical ontological families — substance, process, event, and relation — as partial analytical emphases. Relational explanation concerns the role of realised relations in individuation without giving disembodied relations priority over participants. Material coupling and local order apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated. A possibility threshold is determined only where the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible can be specified; the realised capacity belongs to the resulting organisation and is established through its material effects.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section is particularly important for readers from the natural sciences, who may expect the OEC to specify its relation to physics and biology. The key insight is that the OEC neither reduces everything to physics nor declares biology or symbolic activity ontologically autonomous. It describes a single field with multiple regimes of variation. The pedagogical challenge is to think without levels while still respecting the genuine novelty of biological and symbolic phenomena.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish scale, regime, possibility threshold, and configuration;
* identify which operators apply generally and which require specific conditions;
* compare physical, biological, and symbolic organisations without arranging them as separate worlds;
* avoid attributing symbolic agency to every causal process;
* construct a provisional map of a concrete case.

The guiding question is: '''Which capacities become possible in this configuration, through which material relations and constraints, and where can material coupling be demonstrated?'''

==== Worked comparison: three boundaries ====

The word ''boundary'' changes meaning across regimes.

# '''Crystal surface.''' The boundary marks where one lattice structure ends and another medium begins. Its properties follow from physical organisation and surrounding conditions.
# '''Cell membrane.''' The boundary actively regulates exchange and helps maintain the processes that sustain the cell. Its permeability is part of biological self-maintenance.
# '''Legal jurisdiction.''' The boundary is enacted through maps, statutes, databases, officials, and recognised procedures. It can be interpreted, contested, and revised through symbolic operations.

All three boundaries are material and operative. They are not equivalent. Calling the jurisdiction “only an idea” ignores its material enforcement; calling the crystal surface a legal decision imports capacities it does not have. Variation is the disciplined art of preserving both continuity and difference.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is a change of scale not necessarily a change of regime?
* Which additional evidence would be needed before calling a material pattern a symbol?
* How can a capacity be irreducible without becoming immaterial?
* What is lost if physical, biological, and symbolic differences are flattened?
* What is lost if they are converted into separate substances or levels of reality?

=== Transition ===

Ontological variation explains where the terms can be used. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|Section 6.3]] explains how to use them: as a network of operators, with a step-by-step analytical procedure and checks against familiar reductions.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>gt84vnkol5muf0y4a2iehkl2jdr64f8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673317</id>
      <parentid>4673302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:44:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional closure: align configuration and inscription terminology</comment>
      <origin>4673317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19265" sha1="2of4o5fobedld2yhaton51z6wqa026v" xml:space="preserve">== 6.2 – Ontological Variations ==

A single material field does not imply that every configuration operates in the same way. Crystals, cells, ecosystems, languages, technical systems, and institutions can all be material without sharing the same capacities. This chapter explains how the vocabulary introduced in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] varies across regimes of organisation.

An '''ontological variation''' is neither a separate realm of being nor a new substance added to matter. It is a difference in how a configuration is organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. The task is to preserve one-field materialism while avoiding the opposite mistake of flattening every difference.

=== Four distinctions for mapping variation ===

The terms below answer different questions and should not be used interchangeably.

'''Configuration''' — An epistemic delimitation of a material organisation, supported by material differences and relations, adopted for a specified analysis. A storm, organism, laboratory, and legal procedure can each be delimited and analysed as a configuration without that recut creating an ontological boundary.

'''Scale''' — An epistemic determination fixed by a reference magnitude, a resolution, and a comparative interval for a stated question. The same river can be studied through molecular reactions, seasonal flows, a watershed, or long processes of erosion. A change of scale alters what becomes observable and salient; it does not divide matter into ontological levels or create a material boundary where none has been demonstrated.

'''Regime''' — A recurrent mode of organisation characterised by certain capacities and constraints. “Physical”, “biological”, and “symbolic” name broad analytical regimes in this chapter. Their boundaries are not walls, and concrete cases may combine more than one regime.

'''Threshold''' — Thresholds must be named by sense. A possibility threshold is the epistemic determination of the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; it is not a boundary inscribed in matter and does not establish that the reconfiguration occurs. Formal thresholds belong to specified models, such as the Symbolic Threshold Test, and require justified operationalisation and calibration before they can be applied empirically. Emergence is not a second threshold: it is established by the reconfiguration that occurred and by the new property, capacity, or effect materially realised in the resulting organisation.

These distinctions prevent two shortcuts. One is to infer a new ontology whenever the scale changes. The other is to assume that because all configurations are material, all material configurations possess the same powers.

=== Operators do not all have the same range ===

Some operators in this framework have a broad range, but breadth is not universality. '''Field''', '''configuration''', and '''instability''' can guide analysis across many domains. '''Local order''' applies where a conditioned stabilisation can be identified; '''possibility threshold''' where the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible can be determined; and '''material coupling''' only where configurations reciprocally constrain and sustain specified operations. Metabolism and self-maintenance require particular biological organisations. A trace occurs when a material system discriminates a new or previously unknown material difference. Inscription applies when the system recognises under a protocol the difference manifested by the trace and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation. Within that relation, the mark is the passive material configuration represented by the corresponding symbol; the organised system establishes relations among symbols. Operative excess applies where, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Ethical decision requires still more: a capacity to reorganise relations through symbolically mediated response.

The vocabulary should therefore be applied by criteria, not by analogy alone. Saying that a crystal “records” temperature changes may be a useful shorthand for a persistent physical modification. It does not by itself establish inscription or symbolisation in the technical sense. Likewise, an organism’s sensitivity to light does not automatically make light a symbol for that organism.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator or capacity !! Physical configurations !! Biological configurations !! Symbolic configurations
|-
| Field, configuration, instability || Broadly applicable || Broadly applicable || Broadly applicable
|-
| Material coupling, local order, possibility threshold || Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated || Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated || Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated
|-
| Self-maintenance || May occur in limited dynamic patterns, but is not universal || Characteristic of organised living systems || Depends on material and often biological or technical supports
|-
| Trace || A physical modification is not a trace by persistence alone. A trace occurs only when a capable system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration. || Possible in organised systems with relevant discriminatory capacities || Commonly incorporated into procedures of inscription
|-
| Mark and symbol || Not attributed merely because a pattern exists || Not implied by life as such || Apply when the criteria of inscription and symbolic operation are met
|-
| Ethical decision || Not a name for every causal transition || Behavioural selection alone is insufficient for the ethical sense || Applies where a symbolically mediated intervention reorganises relations and exposure
|-
| Exposure and vulnerability || Material susceptibility can be described || Organised dependence and uneven capacity for repair become salient || Also acquire ethical-political meaning through recognised and redistributed effects
|}

The entries mark analytical conditions, not an evolutionary ladder. A symbolic system does not cease to be physical, and living organisation does not escape chemistry. Later capacities depend on material relations while remaining irreducible to a list of isolated components.

=== Physical variations ===

In the analysis of physical configurations, the framework directs attention towards pattern formation, constraint, dissipation, and transition. Consider crystallisation. Under a suitable range of temperature, concentration, pressure, and available material, components can form a regular lattice. The ordered structure is not imposed by a transcendent form; it results from interactions under determinate conditions.

This example supports only a modest philosophical point. It shows that local order can arise materially and that its persistence depends on conditions. It does not prove every claim of the OEC, nor does the framework replace the scientific explanation supplied by thermodynamics and materials science. Philosophy clarifies the ontological status of the order; empirical inquiry determines the mechanisms and measurements.

Instability in this regime should also be described precisely. It does not mean constant visible change or absence of law. A rock can persist while remaining exposed to stresses, chemical reactions, and changing surroundings. Stability is a conditioned achievement whose duration can be represented by measured time at a stated scale; it is not exemption from material relations.

=== Biological variations ===

Living systems introduce distinctive forms of organised dependence. A cell maintains a boundary, exchanges matter and energy, repairs components, and regulates processes whose coordination is necessary for continued activity. The boundary does not isolate the cell from the field; it organises selective contact with it.

Biological organisation makes '''vulnerability''' especially clear. The capacities that allow an organism to persist also create specific ways in which it can fail. Dependence on oxygen, temperature range, nutrients, symbiotic relations, or immune regulation is both enabling and exposing. Vulnerability is not an accidental weakness added to life; it follows from organised dependence.

No inference from life to symbolism should be automatic. Organisms discriminate signals and modify behaviour, but the OEC reserves symbol for a materially supported operation that represents a mark and relates to other symbols. Whether a particular animal, artificial system, or collective meets those criteria is an empirical and conceptual question. It cannot be settled by naming all responsiveness “communication”.

=== Symbolic variations ===

A symbolic regime becomes possible when a material system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, thereby constituting a trace; recognises the difference manifested by that trace under a protocol and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation in singular inscription; establishes and revises relations among symbols; and uses those relations to modulate later operations. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences, while second-order symbols arise from the articulation of symbols. Human languages are prominent examples, but the definition rests on demonstrated operations rather than species membership.

Symbolic capacity does not by itself establish consciousness. Attribution follows the Symbolic Threshold Test defined in 6.1: &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Where evidence cannot decide, judgement remains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, and gradual dimensions &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt; are assessed only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Symbolic organisation brings a distinctive kind of recursion. A model can represent a process; another symbol can qualify the model as uncertain; institutions can revise the rules by which models are accepted. This does not place symbols outside matter. Books, servers, gestures, neural activity, classrooms, and administrative routines provide material supports and participate in the processes through which symbolic operations persist; they should not all be called material couplings without evidence of reciprocal operational constraint.

Symbolic configurations also produce new forms of exposure. A legal category can grant or remove access; a credit score can affect housing; a warning system can redirect populations. The effects are not “merely symbolic”, because symbols operate through material arrangements. Their revisability creates responsibility: configurations capable of recognising and reorganising effects can be called to account for how exposure is distributed.

Historically known symbolic practices depend on biological and technical supports. The framework does not turn that history into a necessary metaphysical boundary. A non-human or post-biological system would qualify if it satisfied the functional criteria; resemblance to human speech would not be required.

A biossoma is the narrower case of a living, sensitive body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term must not be extended to every organism or to non-biological systems merely because they regulate themselves.

=== Re-reading familiar ontological families ===

Substance, process, relation, and event ontologies can be treated as analytical emphases rather than mutually exclusive worlds. A '''substance''' vocabulary highlights persistence and relative unity; a '''process''' vocabulary highlights transformation and temporal development; a '''relational''' vocabulary highlights dependence and, where applicable, coupling; and an '''event''' vocabulary highlights transitions and the appearance of new determinations.

The framework uses each emphasis where it clarifies a configuration. Relations have constitutive relevance: no concrete configuration is independent of all the relations through which it is constituted and maintained. This does not give relation priority over materially organised participants or make it a substance, an exclusive vocabulary, or an absolute foundation. Substance, process, and event vocabularies remain legitimate where they identify persistence, transformation, or transition without hiding the relations involved.

=== A mapping protocol ===

When analysing a new case, proceed in this order:

# delimit the configuration and state the scale of observation;
# identify the material relations and constraints that sustain it;
# describe its current local order and sources of instability;
# ask which capacities are actually demonstrated, rather than inferred by metaphor;
# identify the material conditions and reconfigurations through which capacities appear, disappear, or change;
# test which operators apply and record which do not;
# where symbolic response exists, map decisions and distributions of exposure.

The result is a '''situated ontological account''': a revisable account of what exists and operates in the case, under a stated scale, question, and set of conditions. It is not a sealed miniature world or a separate ontological region.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This section complements the lexicon (§6.1) by addressing a different question: how do the same operators behave differently across distinct regimes of material organisation? The OEC does not describe one homogeneous ontology; it describes a field that admits multiple regimes of variation — physical, biological, symbolic — each of which instantiates the basic operators in distinct ways.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the traditional metaphysical question of ontological levels: are physical, biological, and symbolic phenomena different kinds of being, or differently organised material regimes within one field? The section rejects both the reduction of every regime to one descriptive vocabulary and the conversion of genuine differences into separate ontological strata. Differences of scale alone do not produce a new regime, and novelty must be established through capacities that become operative in a determinate configuration.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that ontological differences are variations, not separate levels of substance. Physical, biological, and symbolic regimes are families of configurations within the same field, distinguished by how they are organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. A possibility threshold can be determined where the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible can be specified. The occurrence of that reconfiguration and the emergence of a new property, capacity, or effect must be established separately. Neither a change of scale nor a quantitative parameter change by itself establishes a new regime or an emergence.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The key concepts are ontological variation, scale, regime, possibility threshold, and the re-reading of classical ontological families — substance, process, event, and relation — as partial analytical emphases. Relational explanation concerns the role of realised relations in individuation without giving disembodied relations priority over participants. Material coupling and local order apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated. A possibility threshold is determined only where the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible can be specified; the realised capacity belongs to the resulting organisation and is established through its material effects.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section is particularly important for readers from the natural sciences, who may expect the OEC to specify its relation to physics and biology. The key insight is that the OEC neither reduces everything to physics nor declares biology or symbolic activity ontologically autonomous. It describes a single field with multiple regimes of variation. The pedagogical challenge is to think without levels while still respecting the genuine novelty of biological and symbolic phenomena.

==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* distinguish scale, regime, possibility threshold, and configuration;
* identify which operators apply generally and which require specific conditions;
* compare physical, biological, and symbolic organisations without arranging them as separate worlds;
* avoid attributing symbolic agency to every causal process;
* construct a provisional map of a concrete case.

The guiding question is: '''Which capacities become possible in this configuration, through which material relations and constraints, and where can material coupling be demonstrated?'''

==== Worked comparison: three boundaries ====

The word ''boundary'' changes meaning across regimes.

# '''Crystal surface.''' The boundary marks where one lattice structure ends and another medium begins. Its properties follow from physical organisation and surrounding conditions.
# '''Cell membrane.''' The boundary actively regulates exchange and helps maintain the processes that sustain the cell. Its permeability is part of biological self-maintenance.
# '''Legal jurisdiction.''' The boundary is enacted through maps, statutes, databases, officials, and recognised procedures. It can be interpreted, contested, and revised through symbolic operations.

All three boundaries are material and operative. They are not equivalent. Calling the jurisdiction “only an idea” ignores its material enforcement; calling the crystal surface a legal decision imports capacities it does not have. Variation is the disciplined art of preserving both continuity and difference.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why is a change of scale not necessarily a change of regime?
* Which additional evidence would be needed before calling a material pattern a symbol?
* How can a capacity be irreducible without becoming immaterial?
* What is lost if physical, biological, and symbolic differences are flattened?
* What is lost if they are converted into separate substances or levels of reality?

=== Transition ===

Ontological variation explains where the terms can be used. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|Section 6.3]] explains how to use them: as a network of operators, with a step-by-step analytical procedure and checks against familiar reductions.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2of4o5fobedld2yhaton51z6wqa026v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>480143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673224</id>
      <parentid>4673002</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673224</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19817" sha1="gb57zgihortn2m3ietcz03r4tmwkglu" xml:space="preserve">== 6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon ==

The lexicon in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] is not a list of interchangeable keywords. It is a network of operators. Each term helps the reader perform a distinction, formulate a question, or test an explanation. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|Section 6.2]] has already shown that the range of those operators differs across regimes. This chapter supplies a disciplined method for using them.

Guidance is needed because the vocabulary can be made vague in two opposite ways. A reader may reify the terms, treating “field”, “instability”, or “symbol” as hidden things behind appearances. Or the reader may use them metaphorically, applying every term to every case without criteria. The method below avoids both errors.

=== Operators rather than essences ===

An essence is usually expected to state what something is independently of context. An operator states what a distinction allows an inquiry to do. “Field”, for example, does not name a container holding every entity. It directs attention to the situated relations, constraints, and possible effects relevant to a configuration. “Threshold” does not name an invisible border in reality. It asks which constellation of conditions enables a new operation.

Calling the terms operators does not make them arbitrary. Each has three constraints:

# a '''definition''' that distinguishes it from neighbouring terms;
# '''conditions of application''' that must be demonstrated in a case;
# '''failure conditions''' under which the term should be withdrawn or revised.

For example, emergence is not established merely because an observer is surprised. A new property, function, or capacity must become operative in the configuration. If the alleged novelty is only a new description of an unchanged capacity, the criterion has not been met.

A productive reading therefore replaces “What hidden thing does this word name?” with three questions: “Which distinction does it introduce?”, “What evidence supports that distinction here?”, and “Which confusion does it prevent?”

=== Read the lexicon as three connected routes ===

The terms in 6.1 form three principal routes:

# '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; a new material coupling that crosses an operational threshold constitutes emergence.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
# '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation.'''
# '''Exposure → vulnerability → hesitation → decision → material reorganisation.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence, not a universal timetable. A case need not instantiate every operator, and the routes are not independent.

The first route explains how configurations form and acquire capacities without a prior plan. The second explains how a material difference can become symbolically available to an organised system. The third explains why symbolically mediated intervention has ethical-political consequences.

Connections between the routes matter. Operative excess may be established, according to an explicit criterion, when the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in an established symbolic order. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Hesitation may suspend an automatic response while previously excluded differences are discriminated and made available to response. A decision can reorganise material relations and, where they exist, material couplings, thereby redistributing vulnerability. Reading only one route risks losing these transitions.

=== The symbolic sequence, step by step ===

The canonical sequence is:

'''material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances'''

Each transition has a precise role.

* A '''material difference''' is a process or configuration that exists whether or not a particular system detects it.
* A '''trace''' is the ephemeral event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription.
* '''Singular inscription''' is the operation in which that difference is recognised under a protocol and its material configuration is stabilised.
* The inscription co-constitutes a '''mark''' and an '''inaugural symbol'''. The mark is the passive, addressable material organisation. The symbol is the materially supported dimension of legibility and representation.
* A later occurrence recognised as an instance of the available mark constitutes a '''later symbolic instance'''. It does not create the mark again or repeat the inaugural inscription.
* Test recognition and subsequent symbolic relation separately: ask under which available mark the occurrence is recognised, how the resulting local symbol represents that mark, which relations the system establishes between this and other symbols, and what evidence could show that either recognition or relation was wrong. Absent or non-local configurations become operable only through those materially realised symbolic relations; they are not immaterial contents carried by the symbol.
* Relations are established between symbols, never between marks. The mark does not interpret, compare, or reorganise.

The plus sign in “mark + inaugural symbol” is essential. It blocks the misleading image of a completed mark waiting for a later act of consciousness to animate it. Mark and inaugural symbol are two functional dimensions co-constituted in the same inscription. Their distinction is analytic, not a chronological delay.

The sequence should be used only where an organised system, material support, and protocol can be identified. A footprint can be a physical pattern without functioning as a mark for any system. Where it presents a new discriminated difference, that discrimination constitutes a trace; only its recognition and singular inscription co-constitute a mark and inaugural symbol. Later recognition under an already available mark instead constitutes another symbolic instance.

=== A seven-step analytical method ===

==== 1. Delimit the configuration ====

State what is being analysed, at which spatial, temporal, and organisational scale, and for which question. A field is always a situated selection of relevant relations, not the totality of everything connected to everything else.

==== 2. Separate the real, the concrete, and theory ====

Identify the process that exists independently of this inquiry. Then identify the situated portion captured by observation, measurement, testimony, or another material contact: this is the concrete. Finally, identify the symbolic articulation constructed from those inscriptions: this is theory. Do not confuse an unobserved real with an unknowable second world, or a model with the process it models.

==== 3. Map conditions and couplings ====

Identify the relations, processes, and constraints that sustain the configuration. Ask whether any of them form material couplings by reciprocally constraining and sustaining specified operations, what those couplings do, and how their persistence can be tested. This step prevents both “local order” from becoming a decorative synonym for structure and “material coupling” from becoming a name for every relation.

==== 4. Locate instability and operative excess ====

Instability is the absence of a final guarantee of persistence. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. The concepts can occur together but are not synonyms. Specify the criterion, the two sets of relations being compared, and how their difference becomes detectable; then identify the materially active relations on which any occurrence and result of reconfiguration depend.

==== 5. Test thresholds and emergence ====

Identify the enabling threshold: the minimum conditions under which a new operation becomes possible. Then test whether an operational threshold has been crossed by demonstrating the new effect in the same organised configuration. Do not report a realised capacity when the evidence establishes only possibility, and do not infer emergence solely from complexity, unpredictability, or ignorance. Neither threshold implies a direction of progress.

==== 6. Analyse symbolisation where it exists ====

Name the material difference, trace, protocol, singular inscription, mark, inaugural symbol, and later symbolic instances. If one cannot identify these roles, the analysis should not casually claim symbolisation. Record the material supports and the relations between symbols that guide further operations.

Do not infer consciousness from symbolisation. Apply the Symbolic Threshold Test separately: &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; requires &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and the non-compensatory continuity floor &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; use &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; where the evidence cannot decide, and assess &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

==== 7. Evaluate reorganisation and exposure ====

Where a symbolically mediated decision changes the field, ask who or what bears its effects, which vulnerabilities are intensified or reduced, whose capacities for response and repair are maintained, and whether contestation remains possible. A reorganisation can be effective and still be destructive. Complexity is not automatically ethical improvement.

The seven steps are iterative. Evidence discovered in step 7 may require the field delimited in step 1 to be widened. A failed prediction may expose a coupling omitted in step 3. Revision is part of the method, not an embarrassment added after failure.

=== Four reductions to avoid ===

'''Psychologisation''' — Exposure, vulnerability, hesitation, and decision are not primarily inner feelings. They name relational conditions and material operations. Subjective experience can be part of a case, but it does not exhaust the operator.

'''Linguistification''' — Trace, inscription, mark, and symbol are not restricted to words. They require material support and functional criteria. Conversely, not every physical imprint is already a symbol.

'''Moralisation''' — Ethical assessment is not a separate sermon appended to a neutral description. Every reorganisation redistributes effects. It is also not automatically justified because it is a reorganisation. The analysis must show what happens to vulnerability, response, repair, heterogeneity, and contestability.

'''Scale collapse''' — An explanation adequate at one scale does not automatically settle another. Molecular interactions, organismic regulation, institutional rules, and lived consequences can all be relevant without being interchangeable.

=== How to test and revise an analysis ===

A useful application of the lexicon should expose itself to correction. Ask:

* Are the boundaries and scale of the case explicit?
* Is each operator tied to observable or otherwise assessable relations?
* Have metaphorical similarities been mistaken for functional equivalence?
* Could another reader identify what would count against the interpretation?
* Does the account preserve distinctions that matter to affected configurations?
* Has new evidence established operative excess relative to the current vocabulary, thereby making its reconfiguration possible?

This is a developing framework, not a completed system. Its lexicon is stable enough to coordinate inquiry but remains revisable where phenomena resist its distinctions. A blind spot is not repaired by forcing a case into existing terminology. It is repaired by specifying the failure and, if needed, reorganising the conceptual tools.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final section of Part VI and serves as a reading guide for the entire lexicon. It specifies how the terms should be approached (as operators, not essences), warns against common misreadings (psychologisation, linguistification, moralisation), and proposes a concrete method for using the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. It closes by acknowledging the lexicon's limits and situating it within the broader apparatus of the OEC.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the risk of reification: the tendency to treat a philosophical vocabulary as a set of fixed entities rather than as a set of operative tools. Every lexicon faces this risk, but a lexicon that claims to describe an unstable field faces it acutely. If the terms become reified — if &quot;field,&quot; &quot;instability,&quot; or &quot;operative excess&quot; are treated as names for things rather than as descriptions of operations — the lexicon defeats its own purpose.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that reading the lexicon correctly requires reading it as a network of operators, not as a list of interchangeable definitions. Each term has its own criteria and must also be located in the argumentative relations developed across Parts I–V. The section identifies four reductions to avoid: psychologisation, which reads ethical-political operators as inner states; linguistification, which restricts symbolic operators to linguistic units; moralisation, which separates evaluation from material effects; and scale collapse, which transfers an explanation between scales without argument.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The meta-concepts introduced here are operators versus essences, criteria of application and withdrawal, and the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. Networked reading does not dissolve each definition into its relations with other words: it shows how distinct operators articulate without becoming synonyms. For a concrete case, delimit the configuration and scale, distinguish the real from the observed or captured concrete and from theory, identify supporting relations, test whether material coupling or operative excess is actually present, distinguish enabling from operational thresholds, and expose every symbolic or ethical attribution to error, counter-evidence, and revision.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be read both at the beginning and at the end of engagement with Part VI. At the beginning, it orients the reader's approach; at the end, it consolidates what has been learned. The most important pedagogical recommendation is to test the operators on specific cases: apply them to a phenomenon you know well and evaluate whether they illuminate features that other frameworks leave invisible. Understanding deepens through use, not through memorisation. The acknowledgement of limits is equally important: the lexicon is not a theory of everything but a provisional toolkit, stable enough to guide inquiry and open enough to be revised.


==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* read each term through its relations to the others;
* apply the symbolic sequence without confusing trace, inscription, mark, and symbol;
* separate the real, the concrete, and theory in a case study;
* distinguish description, explanation, and ethical evaluation;
* identify evidence that would require an analysis to be revised.

The guiding question is: '''What work does this operator perform here, and what would show that it has been misapplied?'''

==== Worked case: an urban flood-warning system ====

An urban warning system combines hydrological processes, sensors, databases, models, institutions, and public action.

# '''Configuration and field.''' The case includes rainfall, waterways, drainage, built surfaces, measuring devices, communication networks, authorities, and affected populations within a stated interval and area.
# '''Real and concrete.''' Water flows and infrastructure conditions are real. Sensor readings and field observations capture situated portions of those processes as concrete data under limited resolution.
# '''Coupling and local order.''' Sensors, transmission standards, models, staff, and emergency procedures must remain functionally coupled for the warning system to operate.
# '''Trace and inscription.''' Suppose the system discriminates an unprecedented pattern for which it has no available mark. That event is a trace. Under a protocol of verification, the difference is singularly inscribed, co-constituting a recoverable mark and an inaugural symbol.
# '''Later symbolic instances.''' Later occurrences recognised under the available mark become additional symbols. They can be related to symbols for risk levels, road closures, uncertainty, and evacuation.
# '''Operative excess.''' Informal settlements, blocked drains, power loss, and behavioural responses may enter relations permitted by the current material conditions but not realised in the system's symbolic model and procedures. Under an explicit criterion, when the former relations exceed the latter, operative excess is established. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
# '''Decision and exposure.''' Issuing, withholding, or targeting a warning redistributes traffic, resources, fear, and physical risk. The decision must be reviewed through unequal vulnerability, access to communication, and capacities for evacuation and repair.

The method neither guarantees a correct warning nor replaces hydrology, engineering, or public administration. It reveals where empirical evidence, symbolic organisation, and ethical responsibility meet.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why are the mark and the inaugural symbol co-constituted but not identical?
* What would distinguish operative excess from incomplete information in a concrete case?
* At which step does description become ethical-political evaluation?
* What evidence would make you withdraw the claim that a capacity is emergent?
* How can a lexicon remain precise while also remaining revisable?

=== Transition ===

For definitions, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|6.1]]. For the range of application across regimes, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2]]. Philosophical interlocutors, conceptual sources, and bibliographic references are gathered in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors|7.1]], [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources|7.2]], and [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|7.3]]. The [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Conclusion|Conclusion]] states what the traversal has established and what remains open.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>gb57zgihortn2m3ietcz03r4tmwkglu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673256</id>
      <parentid>4673224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:57:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20048" sha1="0aiylc3tpiqg3pxwgq84gry1ow257m2" xml:space="preserve">== 6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon ==

The lexicon in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] is not a list of interchangeable keywords. It is a network of operators. Each term helps the reader perform a distinction, formulate a question, or test an explanation. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|Section 6.2]] has already shown that the range of those operators differs across regimes. This chapter supplies a disciplined method for using them.

Guidance is needed because the vocabulary can be made vague in two opposite ways. A reader may reify the terms, treating “field”, “instability”, or “symbol” as hidden things behind appearances. Or the reader may use them metaphorically, applying every term to every case without criteria. The method below avoids both errors.

=== Operators rather than essences ===

An essence is usually expected to state what something is independently of context. An operator states what a distinction allows an inquiry to do. “Field”, for example, does not name a container holding every entity. It directs attention to the situated relations, constraints, and possible effects relevant to a configuration. “Possibility threshold” does not name an invisible border in reality. It identifies, epistemically, the constellation of material conditions under which a specified reconfiguration becomes possible.

Calling the terms operators does not make them arbitrary. Each has three constraints:

# a '''definition''' that distinguishes it from neighbouring terms;
# '''conditions of application''' that must be demonstrated in a case;
# '''failure conditions''' under which the term should be withdrawn or revised.

For example, emergence is not established merely because an observer is surprised. A new property, function, or capacity must become operative in the configuration. If the alleged novelty is only a new description of an unchanged capacity, the criterion has not been met.

A productive reading therefore replaces “What hidden thing does this word name?” with three questions: “Which distinction does it introduce?”, “What evidence supports that distinction here?”, and “Which confusion does it prevent?”

=== Read the lexicon as three connected routes ===

The terms in 6.1 form three principal routes:

# '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; emergence is established when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a new property, capacity, or effect.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
# '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation.'''
# '''Exposure → vulnerability → hesitation → decision → material reorganisation.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence, not a universal timetable. A case need not instantiate every operator, and the routes are not independent.

The first route explains how configurations form and acquire capacities without a prior plan. The second explains how a material difference can become symbolically available to an organised system. The third explains why symbolically mediated intervention has ethical-political consequences.

Connections between the routes matter. Operative excess may be established, according to an explicit criterion, when the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in an established symbolic order. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Hesitation may suspend an automatic response while previously excluded differences are discriminated and made available to response. A decision can reorganise material relations and, where they exist, material couplings, thereby redistributing vulnerability. Reading only one route risks losing these transitions.

=== The symbolic sequence, step by step ===

The canonical sequence is:

'''material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances'''

Each transition has a precise role.

* A '''material difference''' is a process or configuration that exists whether or not a particular system detects it.
* A '''trace''' is the ephemeral event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription.
* '''Singular inscription''' is the operation in which that difference is recognised under a protocol and its material configuration is stabilised.
* The inscription co-constitutes a '''mark''' and an '''inaugural symbol'''. The mark is the passive, addressable material organisation. The symbol is the materially supported dimension of legibility and representation.
* A later occurrence recognised as an instance of the available mark constitutes a '''later symbolic instance'''. It does not create the mark again or repeat the inaugural inscription.
* Test recognition and subsequent symbolic relation separately: ask under which available mark the occurrence is recognised, how the resulting local symbol represents that mark, which relations the system establishes between this and other symbols, and what evidence could show that either recognition or relation was wrong. Absent or non-local configurations become operable only through those materially realised symbolic relations; they are not immaterial contents carried by the symbol.
* Relations are established between symbols, never between marks. The mark does not interpret, compare, or reorganise.

The plus sign in “mark + inaugural symbol” is essential. It blocks the misleading image of a completed mark waiting for a later act of consciousness to animate it. Mark and inaugural symbol are two functional dimensions co-constituted in the same inscription. Their distinction is analytic, not a chronological delay.

The sequence should be used only where an organised system, material support, and protocol can be identified. A footprint can be a physical pattern without functioning as a mark for any system. Where it presents a new discriminated difference, that discrimination constitutes a trace; only its recognition and singular inscription co-constitute a mark and inaugural symbol. Later recognition under an already available mark instead constitutes another symbolic instance.

=== A seven-step analytical method ===

==== 1. Delimit the configuration ====

State what is being analysed, at which spatial, temporal, and organisational scale, and for which question. A field is always a situated selection of relevant relations, not the totality of everything connected to everything else.

==== 2. Separate the real, the concrete, and theory ====

Identify the process that exists independently of this inquiry. Then identify the situated portion captured by observation, measurement, testimony, or another material contact: this is the concrete. Finally, identify the symbolic articulation constructed from those inscriptions: this is theory. Do not confuse an unobserved real with an unknowable second world, or a model with the process it models.

==== 3. Map conditions and couplings ====

Identify the relations, processes, and constraints that sustain the configuration. Ask whether any of them form material couplings by reciprocally constraining and sustaining specified operations, what those couplings do, and how their persistence can be tested. This step prevents both “local order” from becoming a decorative synonym for structure and “material coupling” from becoming a name for every relation.

==== 4. Locate instability and operative excess ====

Instability is the absence of a final guarantee of persistence. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. The concepts can occur together but are not synonyms. Specify the criterion, the two sets of relations being compared, and how their difference becomes detectable; then identify the materially active relations on which any occurrence and result of reconfiguration depend.

==== 5. Test thresholds and emergence ====

Determine the possibility threshold: the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible. Then establish separately whether the reconfiguration occurred and whether it produced a new property, capacity, or effect in the resulting organisation. Do not report a realised capacity when the evidence establishes only possibility, and do not infer emergence solely from complexity, unpredictability, or ignorance. Neither possibility nor emergence implies a direction of progress.

==== 6. Analyse symbolisation where it exists ====

Name the material difference, trace, protocol, singular inscription, mark, inaugural symbol, and later symbolic instances. If one cannot identify these roles, the analysis should not casually claim symbolisation. Record the material supports and the relations between symbols that guide further operations.

Do not infer consciousness from symbolisation. Apply the Symbolic Threshold Test separately: &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; requires &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and the non-compensatory continuity floor &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; use &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; where the evidence cannot decide, and assess &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

==== 7. Evaluate reorganisation and exposure ====

Where a symbolically mediated decision changes the field, ask who or what bears its effects, which vulnerabilities are intensified or reduced, whose capacities for response and repair are maintained, and whether contestation remains possible. A reorganisation can be effective and still be destructive. Complexity is not automatically ethical improvement.

The seven steps are iterative. Evidence discovered in step 7 may require the field delimited in step 1 to be widened. A failed prediction may expose a coupling omitted in step 3. Revision is part of the method, not an embarrassment added after failure.

=== Four reductions to avoid ===

'''Psychologisation''' — Exposure, vulnerability, hesitation, and decision are not primarily inner feelings. They name relational conditions and material operations. Subjective experience can be part of a case, but it does not exhaust the operator.

'''Linguistification''' — Trace, inscription, mark, and symbol are not restricted to words. They require material support and functional criteria. Conversely, not every physical imprint is already a symbol.

'''Moralisation''' — Ethical assessment is not a separate sermon appended to a neutral description. Every reorganisation redistributes effects. It is also not automatically justified because it is a reorganisation. The analysis must show what happens to vulnerability, response, repair, heterogeneity, and contestability.

'''Scale collapse''' — An explanation adequate at one scale does not automatically settle another. Molecular interactions, organismic regulation, institutional rules, and lived consequences can all be relevant without being interchangeable.

=== How to test and revise an analysis ===

A useful application of the lexicon should expose itself to correction. Ask:

* Are the boundaries and scale of the case explicit?
* Is each operator tied to observable or otherwise assessable relations?
* Have metaphorical similarities been mistaken for functional equivalence?
* Could another reader identify what would count against the interpretation?
* Does the account preserve distinctions that matter to affected configurations?
* Has new evidence established operative excess relative to the current vocabulary, thereby making its reconfiguration possible?

This is a developing framework, not a completed system. Its lexicon is stable enough to coordinate inquiry but remains revisable where phenomena resist its distinctions. A blind spot is not repaired by forcing a case into existing terminology. It is repaired by specifying the failure and, if needed, reorganising the conceptual tools.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final section of Part VI and serves as a reading guide for the entire lexicon. It specifies how the terms should be approached (as operators, not essences), warns against common misreadings (psychologisation, linguistification, moralisation), and proposes a concrete method for using the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. It closes by acknowledging the lexicon's limits and situating it within the broader apparatus of the OEC.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the risk of reification: the tendency to treat a philosophical vocabulary as a set of fixed entities rather than as a set of operative tools. Every lexicon faces this risk, but a lexicon that claims to describe an unstable field faces it acutely. If the terms become reified — if &quot;field,&quot; &quot;instability,&quot; or &quot;operative excess&quot; are treated as names for things rather than as descriptions of operations — the lexicon defeats its own purpose.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that reading the lexicon correctly requires reading it as a network of operators, not as a list of interchangeable definitions. Each term has its own criteria and must also be located in the argumentative relations developed across Parts I–V. The section identifies four reductions to avoid: psychologisation, which reads ethical-political operators as inner states; linguistification, which restricts symbolic operators to linguistic units; moralisation, which separates evaluation from material effects; and scale collapse, which transfers an explanation between scales without argument.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The meta-concepts introduced here are operators versus essences, criteria of application and withdrawal, and the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. Networked reading does not dissolve each definition into its relations with other words: it shows how distinct operators articulate without becoming synonyms. For a concrete case, delimit the configuration and scale, distinguish the real from the observed or captured concrete and from theory, identify supporting relations, test whether material coupling or operative excess is actually present, determine any relevant possibility threshold, establish separately whether reconfiguration and emergence occurred, and expose every symbolic or ethical attribution to error, counter-evidence, and revision.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be read both at the beginning and at the end of engagement with Part VI. At the beginning, it orients the reader's approach; at the end, it consolidates what has been learned. The most important pedagogical recommendation is to test the operators on specific cases: apply them to a phenomenon you know well and evaluate whether they illuminate features that other frameworks leave invisible. Understanding deepens through use, not through memorisation. The acknowledgement of limits is equally important: the lexicon is not a theory of everything but a provisional toolkit, stable enough to guide inquiry and open enough to be revised.


==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* read each term through its relations to the others;
* apply the symbolic sequence without confusing trace, inscription, mark, and symbol;
* separate the real, the concrete, and theory in a case study;
* distinguish description, explanation, and ethical evaluation;
* identify evidence that would require an analysis to be revised.

The guiding question is: '''What work does this operator perform here, and what would show that it has been misapplied?'''

==== Worked case: an urban flood-warning system ====

An urban warning system combines hydrological processes, sensors, databases, models, institutions, and public action.

# '''Configuration and field.''' The case includes rainfall, waterways, drainage, built surfaces, measuring devices, communication networks, authorities, and affected populations within a stated interval and area.
# '''Real and concrete.''' Water flows and infrastructure conditions are real. Sensor readings and field observations capture situated portions of those processes as concrete data under limited resolution.
# '''Coupling and local order.''' Sensors, transmission standards, models, staff, and emergency procedures must remain functionally coupled for the warning system to operate.
# '''Trace and inscription.''' Suppose the system discriminates an unprecedented pattern for which it has no available mark. That event is a trace. Under a protocol of verification, the difference is singularly inscribed, co-constituting a recoverable mark and an inaugural symbol.
# '''Later symbolic instances.''' Later occurrences recognised under the available mark become additional symbols. They can be related to symbols for risk levels, road closures, uncertainty, and evacuation.
# '''Operative excess.''' Informal settlements, blocked drains, power loss, and behavioural responses may enter relations permitted by the current material conditions but not realised in the system's symbolic model and procedures. Under an explicit criterion, when the former relations exceed the latter, operative excess is established. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
# '''Decision and exposure.''' Issuing, withholding, or targeting a warning redistributes traffic, resources, fear, and physical risk. The decision must be reviewed through unequal vulnerability, access to communication, and capacities for evacuation and repair.

The method neither guarantees a correct warning nor replaces hydrology, engineering, or public administration. It reveals where empirical evidence, symbolic organisation, and ethical responsibility meet.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why are the mark and the inaugural symbol co-constituted but not identical?
* What would distinguish operative excess from incomplete information in a concrete case?
* At which step does description become ethical-political evaluation?
* What evidence would make you withdraw the claim that a capacity is emergent?
* How can a lexicon remain precise while also remaining revisable?

=== Transition ===

For definitions, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|6.1]]. For the range of application across regimes, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2]]. Philosophical interlocutors, conceptual sources, and bibliographic references are gathered in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors|7.1]], [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources|7.2]], and [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|7.3]]. The [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Conclusion|Conclusion]] states what the traversal has established and what remains open.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>0aiylc3tpiqg3pxwgq84gry1ow257m2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673303</id>
      <parentid>4673256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:05:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20303" sha1="5wdhrdx0zql6t35rrf4b3bietmn5bla" xml:space="preserve">== 6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon ==

The lexicon in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] is not a list of interchangeable keywords. It is a network of operators. Each term helps the reader perform a distinction, formulate a question, or test an explanation. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|Section 6.2]] has already shown that the range of those operators differs across regimes. This chapter supplies a disciplined method for using them.

Guidance is needed because the vocabulary can be made vague in two opposite ways. A reader may reify the terms, treating “field”, “instability”, or “symbol” as hidden things behind appearances. Or the reader may use them metaphorically, applying every term to every case without criteria. The method below avoids both errors.

=== Operators rather than essences ===

An essence is usually expected to state what something is independently of context. An operator states what a distinction allows an inquiry to do. “Field”, for example, does not name a container holding every entity. It directs attention to the situated relations, constraints, and possible effects relevant to a configuration. “Possibility threshold” does not name an invisible border in reality. It identifies, epistemically, the constellation of material conditions under which a specified reconfiguration becomes possible.

Calling the terms operators does not make them arbitrary. Each has three constraints:

# a '''definition''' that distinguishes it from neighbouring terms;
# '''conditions of application''' that must be demonstrated in a case;
# '''failure conditions''' under which the term should be withdrawn or revised.

For example, emergence is not established merely because an observer is surprised. A new property, function, or capacity must become operative in the configuration. If the alleged novelty is only a new description of an unchanged capacity, the criterion has not been met.

A productive reading therefore replaces “What hidden thing does this word name?” with three questions: “Which distinction does it introduce?”, “What evidence supports that distinction here?”, and “Which confusion does it prevent?”

=== Read the lexicon as three connected routes ===

The terms in 6.1 form three principal routes:

# '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; emergence is established when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a new property, capacity, or effect.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
# '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences; second-order symbols are created through the articulation of symbols.'''
# '''Exposure → vulnerability → hesitation → decision → material reorganisation.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence, not a universal timetable. A case need not instantiate every operator, and the routes are not independent.

The first route explains how configurations form and acquire capacities without a prior plan. The second explains how a material difference can become symbolically available to an organised system. The third explains why symbolically mediated intervention has ethical-political consequences.

Connections between the routes matter. Operative excess may be established, according to an explicit criterion, when the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in an established symbolic order. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Hesitation may suspend an automatic response while previously excluded differences are discriminated and made available to response. A decision can reorganise material relations and, where they exist, material couplings, thereby redistributing vulnerability. Reading only one route risks losing these transitions.

=== The symbolic sequence, step by step ===

The canonical sequence is:

'''material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation'''

Each transition has a precise role.

* A '''material difference''' is a process or configuration that exists whether or not a particular system detects it.
* A '''trace''' is the ephemeral event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription.
* '''Singular inscription''' is the material and symbolic operation in which the difference manifested by the trace is recognised under a protocol and the corresponding '''mark–symbol relation''' is constituted.
* The '''mark''' is the material configuration represented by the corresponding symbol. Its passivity is relational: it does not interpret, compare, or reorganise.
* A '''first-order symbol''' symbolises the discriminated difference. A '''second-order symbol''' is created through the articulation of symbols. Every symbol is materially realised and has a corresponding mark.
* Later recognition occurs through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system; it does not repeat inscription or create a chronological class of symbols. Test recognition and subsequent symbolic relation separately: ask how the system integrates signs where communication is involved, which relations it establishes among symbols, and what evidence could show that either integration or relation was wrong. Absent or non-local configurations become operable only through those materially realised symbolic relations; they are not immaterial contents carried by the symbol.
* Relations are established between symbols, never between marks. The mark does not interpret, compare, or reorganise.

The expression “mark–symbol relation” blocks the misleading image of a completed mark waiting for a later act of consciousness to animate it. Inscription constitutes the relation in one operation. The distinction between mark and symbol is analytic and operative, not a chronological delay or a division between material and immaterial entities.

The sequence should be used only where an organised system, material support, and protocol can be identified. A footprint can be a physical pattern without functioning as a mark for any system. When a capable system discriminates it as a new or previously unknown material configuration, that event constitutes a trace; singular inscription occurs only when the difference manifested by the trace is recognised under a protocol and the corresponding mark–symbol relation is constituted.

=== A seven-step analytical method ===

==== 1. Delimit the configuration ====

State what is being analysed, at which spatial, temporal, and organisational scale, and for which question. A field is always a situated selection of relevant relations, not the totality of everything connected to everything else.

==== 2. Separate the real, the concrete, and theory ====

Identify the process that exists independently of this inquiry. Then identify the situated portion captured by observation, measurement, testimony, or another material contact: this is the concrete. Finally, identify the symbolic articulation constructed from those inscriptions: this is theory. Do not confuse an unobserved real with an unknowable second world, or a model with the process it models.

==== 3. Map conditions and couplings ====

Identify the relations, processes, and constraints that sustain the configuration. Ask whether any of them form material couplings by reciprocally constraining and sustaining specified operations, what those couplings do, and how their persistence can be tested. This step prevents both “local order” from becoming a decorative synonym for structure and “material coupling” from becoming a name for every relation.

==== 4. Locate instability and operative excess ====

Instability is the absence of a final guarantee of persistence. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. The concepts can occur together but are not synonyms. Specify the criterion, the two sets of relations being compared, and how their difference becomes detectable; then identify the materially active relations on which any occurrence and result of reconfiguration depend.

==== 5. Test thresholds and emergence ====

Determine the possibility threshold: the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible. Then establish separately whether the reconfiguration occurred and whether it produced a new property, capacity, or effect in the resulting organisation. Do not report a realised capacity when the evidence establishes only possibility, and do not infer emergence solely from complexity, unpredictability, or ignorance. Neither possibility nor emergence implies a direction of progress.

==== 6. Analyse symbolisation where it exists ====

Name the material difference, trace, protocol, singular inscription, mark–symbol relation, symbolic order, material supports, and relations among symbols. If one cannot identify these roles, the analysis should not claim symbolisation.

Do not infer consciousness from symbolisation. Apply the Symbolic Threshold Test separately: &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; requires &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and the non-compensatory continuity floor &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; use &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; where the evidence cannot decide, and assess &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

==== 7. Evaluate reorganisation and exposure ====

Where a symbolically mediated decision changes the field, ask who or what bears its effects, which vulnerabilities are intensified or reduced, whose capacities for response and repair are maintained, and whether contestation remains possible. A reorganisation can be effective and still be destructive. Complexity is not automatically ethical improvement.

The seven steps are iterative. Evidence discovered in step 7 may require the field delimited in step 1 to be widened. A failed prediction may expose a coupling omitted in step 3. Revision is part of the method, not an embarrassment added after failure.

=== Four reductions to avoid ===

'''Psychologisation''' — Exposure, vulnerability, hesitation, and decision are not primarily inner feelings. They name relational conditions and material operations. Subjective experience can be part of a case, but it does not exhaust the operator.

'''Linguistification''' — Trace, inscription, mark, and symbol are not restricted to words. They require material support and functional criteria. Conversely, not every physical imprint is already a symbol.

'''Moralisation''' — Ethical assessment is not a separate sermon appended to a neutral description. Every reorganisation redistributes effects. It is also not automatically justified because it is a reorganisation. The analysis must show what happens to vulnerability, response, repair, heterogeneity, and contestability.

'''Scale collapse''' — An explanation adequate at one scale does not automatically settle another. Molecular interactions, organismic regulation, institutional rules, and lived consequences can all be relevant without being interchangeable.

=== How to test and revise an analysis ===

A useful application of the lexicon should expose itself to correction. Ask:

* Are the boundaries and scale of the case explicit?
* Is each operator tied to observable or otherwise assessable relations?
* Have metaphorical similarities been mistaken for functional equivalence?
* Could another reader identify what would count against the interpretation?
* Does the account preserve distinctions that matter to affected configurations?
* Has new evidence established operative excess relative to the current vocabulary, thereby making its reconfiguration possible?

This is a developing framework, not a completed system. Its lexicon is stable enough to coordinate inquiry but remains revisable where phenomena resist its distinctions. A blind spot is not repaired by forcing a case into existing terminology. It is repaired by specifying the failure and, if needed, reorganising the conceptual tools.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final section of Part VI and serves as a reading guide for the entire lexicon. It specifies how the terms should be approached (as operators, not essences), warns against common misreadings (psychologisation, linguistification, moralisation), and proposes a concrete method for using the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. It closes by acknowledging the lexicon's limits and situating it within the broader apparatus of the OEC.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the risk of reification: the tendency to treat a philosophical vocabulary as a set of fixed entities rather than as a set of operative tools. Every lexicon faces this risk, but a lexicon that claims to describe an unstable field faces it acutely. If the terms become reified — if &quot;field,&quot; &quot;instability,&quot; or &quot;operative excess&quot; are treated as names for things rather than as descriptions of operations — the lexicon defeats its own purpose.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that reading the lexicon correctly requires reading it as a network of operators, not as a list of interchangeable definitions. Each term has its own criteria and must also be located in the argumentative relations developed across Parts I–V. The section identifies four reductions to avoid: psychologisation, which reads ethical-political operators as inner states; linguistification, which restricts symbolic operators to linguistic units; moralisation, which separates evaluation from material effects; and scale collapse, which transfers an explanation between scales without argument.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The meta-concepts introduced here are operators versus essences, criteria of application and withdrawal, and the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. Networked reading does not dissolve each definition into its relations with other words: it shows how distinct operators articulate without becoming synonyms. For a concrete case, delimit the configuration and scale, distinguish the real from the observed or captured concrete and from theory, identify supporting relations, test whether material coupling or operative excess is actually present, determine any relevant possibility threshold, establish separately whether reconfiguration and emergence occurred, and expose every symbolic or ethical attribution to error, counter-evidence, and revision.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be read both at the beginning and at the end of engagement with Part VI. At the beginning, it orients the reader's approach; at the end, it consolidates what has been learned. The most important pedagogical recommendation is to test the operators on specific cases: apply them to a phenomenon you know well and evaluate whether they illuminate features that other frameworks leave invisible. Understanding deepens through use, not through memorisation. The acknowledgement of limits is equally important: the lexicon is not a theory of everything but a provisional toolkit, stable enough to guide inquiry and open enough to be revised.


==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* read each term through its relations to the others;
* apply the symbolic sequence without confusing trace, inscription, mark, and symbol;
* separate the real, the concrete, and theory in a case study;
* distinguish description, explanation, and ethical evaluation;
* identify evidence that would require an analysis to be revised.

The guiding question is: '''What work does this operator perform here, and what would show that it has been misapplied?'''

==== Worked case: an urban flood-warning system ====

An urban warning system combines hydrological processes, sensors, databases, models, institutions, and public action.

# '''Configuration and field.''' The case includes rainfall, waterways, drainage, built surfaces, measuring devices, communication networks, authorities, and affected populations within a stated interval and area.
# '''Real and concrete.''' Water flows and infrastructure conditions are real. Sensor readings and field observations capture situated portions of those processes as concrete data under limited resolution.
# '''Coupling and local order.''' Sensors, transmission standards, models, staff, and emergency procedures must participate in material couplings capable of sustaining the warning system's specified operations.
# '''Trace and inscription.''' Suppose the system discriminates a pattern as new or previously unknown. That event constitutes a trace. Under a protocol of verification, singular inscription recognises the difference manifested by the trace and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation.
# '''Subsequent symbolic operation.''' Later occurrences are integrated through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system. The corresponding symbols can be related to symbols for risk levels, road closures, uncertainty, and evacuation.
# '''Operative excess.''' Informal settlements, blocked drains, power loss, or behavioural responses may alter the material conditions so that, according to an explicit criterion, symbolically realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the system's current model and procedures. The excess is not simply missing data: it is the affirmative causal condition that makes symbolic reconfiguration possible without determining its result.
# '''Decision and exposure.''' Issuing, withholding, or targeting a warning redistributes traffic, resources, fear, and physical risk. The decision must be reviewed through unequal vulnerability, access to communication, and capacities for evacuation and repair.

The method neither guarantees a correct warning nor replaces hydrology, engineering, or public administration. It reveals where empirical evidence, symbolic organisation, and ethical responsibility meet.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why are the mark and the corresponding symbol analytically distinct while belonging to one materially realised relation?
* What would distinguish operative excess from incomplete information in a concrete case?
* At which step does description become ethical-political evaluation?
* What evidence would make you withdraw the claim that a capacity is emergent?
* How can a lexicon remain precise while also remaining revisable?

=== Transition ===

For definitions, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|6.1]]. For the range of application across regimes, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2]]. Philosophical interlocutors, conceptual sources, and bibliographic references are gathered in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors|7.1]], [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources|7.2]], and [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|7.3]]. The [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Conclusion|Conclusion]] states what the traversal has established and what remains open.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>5wdhrdx0zql6t35rrf4b3bietmn5bla</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673318</id>
      <parentid>4673303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional closure: align emergence and symbolic criteria</comment>
      <origin>4673318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20423" sha1="hvw4zp05w2fv9p0ogeb4fis7rkahdgu" xml:space="preserve">== 6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon ==

The lexicon in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] is not a list of interchangeable keywords. It is a network of operators. Each term helps the reader perform a distinction, formulate a question, or test an explanation. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|Section 6.2]] has already shown that the range of those operators differs across regimes. This chapter supplies a disciplined method for using them.

Guidance is needed because the vocabulary can be made vague in two opposite ways. A reader may reify the terms, treating “field”, “instability”, or “symbol” as hidden things behind appearances. Or the reader may use them metaphorically, applying every term to every case without criteria. The method below avoids both errors.

=== Operators rather than essences ===

An essence is usually expected to state what something is independently of context. An operator states what a distinction allows an inquiry to do. “Field”, for example, does not name a container holding every entity. It directs attention to the situated relations, constraints, and possible effects relevant to a configuration. “Possibility threshold” does not name an invisible border in reality. It identifies, epistemically, the constellation of material conditions under which a specified reconfiguration becomes possible.

Calling the terms operators does not make them arbitrary. Each has three constraints:

# a '''definition''' that distinguishes it from neighbouring terms;
# '''conditions of application''' that must be demonstrated in a case;
# '''failure conditions''' under which the term should be withdrawn or revised.

For example, emergence is not established merely because an observer is surprised. A new property or capacity must become operative in the configuration; where symbolic organisation exists, that novelty may include a newly constituted function. If the alleged novelty is only a new description of an unchanged capacity, the criterion has not been met.

A productive reading therefore replaces “What hidden thing does this word name?” with three questions: “Which distinction does it introduce?”, “What evidence supports that distinction here?”, and “Which confusion does it prevent?”

=== Read the lexicon as three connected routes ===

The terms in 6.1 form three principal routes:

# '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; emergence is established when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a new property, capacity, or effect.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations.
# '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences; second-order symbols are created through the articulation of symbols.'''
# '''Exposure → vulnerability → hesitation → decision → material reorganisation.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and operative dependence, not a universal timetable. A case need not instantiate every operator, and the routes are not independent.

The first route explains how configurations form and acquire capacities without a prior plan. The second explains how a material difference can become symbolically available to an organised system. The third explains why symbolically mediated intervention has ethical-political consequences.

Connections between the routes matter. Operative excess may be established, according to an explicit criterion, when the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in an established symbolic order. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Hesitation may suspend an automatic response while previously excluded differences are discriminated and made available to response. A decision can reorganise material relations and, where they exist, material couplings, thereby redistributing vulnerability. Reading only one route risks losing these transitions.

=== The symbolic sequence, step by step ===

The canonical sequence is:

'''material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark–symbol relation'''

Each transition has a precise role.

* A '''material difference''' is a process or configuration that exists whether or not a particular system detects it.
* A '''trace''' is the ephemeral event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription.
* '''Singular inscription''' is the material and symbolic operation in which the difference manifested by the trace is recognised under a protocol and the corresponding '''mark–symbol relation''' is constituted.
* The '''mark''' is the material configuration represented by the corresponding symbol. Its passivity is relational: it does not interpret, compare, or reorganise.
* A '''first-order symbol''' symbolises the discriminated difference. A '''second-order symbol''' is created through the articulation of symbols. Every symbol is materially realised and has a corresponding mark.
* Later recognition occurs through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system; it does not repeat inscription or create a chronological class of symbols. Test recognition and subsequent symbolic relation separately: ask how the system integrates signs where communication is involved, which relations it establishes among symbols, and what evidence could show that either integration or relation was wrong. Absent or non-local configurations become operable only through those materially realised symbolic relations; they are not immaterial contents carried by the symbol.
* Relations are established between symbols, never between marks. The mark does not interpret, compare, or reorganise.

The expression “mark–symbol relation” blocks the misleading image of a completed mark waiting for a later act of consciousness to animate it. Inscription constitutes the relation in one operation. The distinction between mark and symbol is analytic and operative, not a chronological delay or a division between material and immaterial entities.

The sequence should be used only where an organised system, material support, and protocol can be identified. A footprint can be a physical pattern without functioning as a mark for any system. When a capable system discriminates it as a new or previously unknown material configuration, that event constitutes a trace; singular inscription occurs only when the difference manifested by the trace is recognised under a protocol and the corresponding mark–symbol relation is constituted.

=== A seven-step analytical method ===

==== 1. Delimit the configuration ====

State what is being analysed, at which spatial, temporal, and organisational scale, and for which question. A field is always a situated selection of relevant relations, not the totality of everything connected to everything else.

==== 2. Separate the real, the concrete, and theory ====

Identify the process that exists independently of this inquiry. Then identify the situated portion captured by observation, measurement, testimony, or another material contact: this is the concrete. Finally, identify the symbolic articulation constructed from those inscriptions: this is theory. Do not confuse an unobserved real with an unknowable second world, or a model with the process it models.

==== 3. Map conditions and couplings ====

Identify the relations, processes, and constraints that sustain the configuration. Ask whether any of them form material couplings by reciprocally constraining and sustaining specified operations, what those couplings do, and how their persistence can be tested. This step prevents both “local order” from becoming a decorative synonym for structure and “material coupling” from becoming a name for every relation.

==== 4. Locate instability and operative excess ====

Instability is the absence of a final guarantee of persistence. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. The concepts can occur together but are not synonyms. Specify the criterion, the two sets of relations being compared, and how their difference becomes detectable; then identify the materially active relations on which any occurrence and result of reconfiguration depend.

==== 5. Test thresholds and emergence ====

Determine the possibility threshold: the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible. Then establish separately whether the reconfiguration occurred and whether it produced a new property, capacity, or effect in the resulting organisation. Do not report a realised capacity when the evidence establishes only possibility, and do not infer emergence solely from complexity, unpredictability, or ignorance. Neither possibility nor emergence implies a direction of progress.

==== 6. Analyse symbolisation where it exists ====

Name the material difference, trace, protocol, singular inscription, mark–symbol relation, symbolic order, material supports, and relations among symbols. If one cannot identify these roles, the analysis should not claim symbolisation.

Do not infer consciousness from symbolisation. Apply the Symbolic Threshold Test separately: &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; requires &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and the non-compensatory continuity floor &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system; use &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; where the evidence cannot decide, and assess &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

==== 7. Evaluate reorganisation and exposure ====

Where a symbolically mediated decision changes the field, ask who or what bears its effects, which vulnerabilities are intensified or reduced, whose capacities for response and repair are maintained, and whether contestation remains possible. A reorganisation can be effective and still be destructive. Complexity is not automatically ethical improvement.

The seven steps are iterative. Evidence discovered in step 7 may require the field delimited in step 1 to be widened. A failed prediction may expose a coupling omitted in step 3. Revision is part of the method, not an embarrassment added after failure.

=== Four reductions to avoid ===

'''Psychologisation''' — Exposure, vulnerability, hesitation, and decision are not primarily inner feelings. They name relational conditions and material operations. Subjective experience can be part of a case, but it does not exhaust the operator.

'''Linguistification''' — Trace, inscription, mark, and symbol are not restricted to words. They require material support and the criteria of discrimination, inscription, and recognition. Conversely, not every physical imprint is already a symbol.

'''Moralisation''' — Ethical assessment is not a separate sermon appended to a neutral description. Every reorganisation redistributes effects. It is also not automatically justified because it is a reorganisation. The analysis must show what happens to vulnerability, response, repair, heterogeneity, and contestability.

'''Scale collapse''' — An explanation adequate at one scale does not automatically settle another. Molecular interactions, organismic regulation, institutional rules, and lived consequences can all be relevant without being interchangeable.

=== How to test and revise an analysis ===

A useful application of the lexicon should expose itself to correction. Ask:

* Are the boundaries and scale of the case explicit?
* Is each operator tied to observable or otherwise assessable relations?
* Have metaphorical similarities been mistaken for functional equivalence?
* Could another reader identify what would count against the interpretation?
* Does the account preserve distinctions that matter to affected configurations?
* Has new evidence established operative excess relative to the current vocabulary, thereby making its reconfiguration possible?

This is a developing framework, not a completed system. Its lexicon is stable enough to coordinate inquiry but remains revisable where phenomena resist its distinctions. A blind spot is not repaired by forcing a case into existing terminology. It is repaired by specifying the failure and, if needed, reorganising the conceptual tools.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the final section of Part VI and serves as a reading guide for the entire lexicon. It specifies how the terms should be approached (as operators, not essences), warns against common misreadings (psychologisation, linguistification, moralisation), and proposes a concrete method for using the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. It closes by acknowledging the lexicon's limits and situating it within the broader apparatus of the OEC.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is the risk of reification: the tendency to treat a philosophical vocabulary as a set of fixed entities rather than as a set of operative tools. Every lexicon faces this risk, but a lexicon that claims to describe an unstable field faces it acutely. If the terms become reified — if &quot;field,&quot; &quot;instability,&quot; or &quot;operative excess&quot; are treated as names for things rather than as descriptions of operations — the lexicon defeats its own purpose.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The thesis is that reading the lexicon correctly requires reading it as a network of operators, not as a list of interchangeable definitions. Each term has its own criteria and must also be located in the argumentative relations developed across Parts I–V. The section identifies four reductions to avoid: psychologisation, which reads ethical-political operators as inner states; linguistification, which restricts symbolic operators to linguistic units; moralisation, which separates evaluation from material effects; and scale collapse, which transfers an explanation between scales without argument.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The meta-concepts introduced here are operators versus essences, criteria of application and withdrawal, and the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. Networked reading does not dissolve each definition into its relations with other words: it shows how distinct operators articulate without becoming synonyms. For a concrete case, delimit the configuration and scale, distinguish the real from the observed or captured concrete and from theory, identify supporting relations, test whether material coupling or operative excess is actually present, determine any relevant possibility threshold, establish separately whether reconfiguration and emergence occurred, and expose every symbolic or ethical attribution to error, counter-evidence, and revision.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be read both at the beginning and at the end of engagement with Part VI. At the beginning, it orients the reader's approach; at the end, it consolidates what has been learned. The most important pedagogical recommendation is to test the operators on specific cases: apply them to a phenomenon you know well and evaluate whether they illuminate features that other frameworks leave invisible. Understanding deepens through use, not through memorisation. The acknowledgement of limits is equally important: the lexicon is not a theory of everything but a provisional toolkit, stable enough to guide inquiry and open enough to be revised.


==== Learning orientation ====

By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

* read each term through its relations to the others;
* apply the symbolic sequence without confusing trace, inscription, mark, and symbol;
* separate the real, the concrete, and theory in a case study;
* distinguish description, explanation, and ethical evaluation;
* identify evidence that would require an analysis to be revised.

The guiding question is: '''What work does this operator perform here, and what would show that it has been misapplied?'''

==== Worked case: an urban flood-warning system ====

An urban warning system combines hydrological processes, sensors, databases, models, institutions, and public action.

# '''Configuration and field.''' The case includes rainfall, waterways, drainage, built surfaces, measuring devices, communication networks, authorities, and affected populations within a stated interval and area.
# '''Real and concrete.''' Water flows and infrastructure conditions are real. Sensor readings and field observations capture situated portions of those processes as concrete data under limited resolution.
# '''Coupling and local order.''' Sensors, transmission standards, models, staff, and emergency procedures must participate in material couplings capable of sustaining the warning system's specified operations.
# '''Trace and inscription.''' Suppose the system discriminates a pattern as new or previously unknown. That event constitutes a trace. Under a protocol of verification, singular inscription recognises the difference manifested by the trace and constitutes the corresponding mark–symbol relation.
# '''Subsequent symbolic operation.''' Later occurrences are integrated through the symbolic organisation already constituted in the system. The corresponding symbols can be related to symbols for risk levels, road closures, uncertainty, and evacuation.
# '''Operative excess.''' Informal settlements, blocked drains, power loss, or behavioural responses may alter the material conditions so that, according to an explicit criterion, symbolically realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the system's current model and procedures. The excess is not simply missing data: it is the affirmative causal condition that makes symbolic reconfiguration possible without determining its result.
# '''Decision and exposure.''' Issuing, withholding, or targeting a warning redistributes traffic, resources, fear, and physical risk. The decision must be reviewed through unequal vulnerability, access to communication, and capacities for evacuation and repair.

The method neither guarantees a correct warning nor replaces hydrology, engineering, or public administration. It reveals where empirical evidence, symbolic organisation, and ethical responsibility meet.

==== Check your understanding ====

* Why are the mark and the corresponding symbol analytically distinct while belonging to one materially realised relation?
* What would distinguish operative excess from incomplete information in a concrete case?
* At which step does description become ethical-political evaluation?
* What evidence would make you withdraw the claim that a capacity is emergent?
* How can a lexicon remain precise while also remaining revisable?

=== Transition ===

For definitions, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|6.1]]. For the range of application across regimes, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2]]. Philosophical interlocutors, conceptual sources, and bibliographic references are gathered in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors|7.1]], [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources|7.2]], and [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|7.3]]. The [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Conclusion|Conclusion]] states what the traversal has established and what remains open.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>hvw4zp05w2fv9p0ogeb4fis7rkahdgu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dom walden/Multivariate Analytic Combinatorics/Homology of Critical Points</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>480750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673385</id>
      <parentid>4672637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T10:29:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dom walden</username>
        <id>3209423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Step 2 */ start explaining moving the wall and characteristic covectors</comment>
      <origin>4673385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45828" sha1="1h33itluncdpjruegmsvgxcktvmsn4u" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

Morse theory tells us that the topology of M only changes at its critical points.

The &quot;Morse data&quot; tells us the topology at each critical point.

Attaching this Morse data together gives us a space which is homopotically eqivalent to M.

This space is a &quot;cell complex&quot;, which has an easy to calculate homology.

Theorem: Our domain of convergence is homotopic to a cell complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;This is theorem D.23 in Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546. Also theorem in section 1.2*/5.2* in SMT pp. 200.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is our entire domain, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; our variety
# Project our entire domain to complex projective space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z = \pi(X) \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n - H&lt;/math&gt; [define H]
# Define a linear subspace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# Define a Morse function on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: \C\mathbb{P}^n \to \R&lt;/math&gt; which approximates the distance from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; and such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(0) = G&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(1) = H&lt;/math&gt;
# We &quot;build&quot; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X - \mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi^{-1}(G \cap Z) \cap (X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt; by attaching CW complexes at critical points which are of at most dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# At a critical point, the normal Morse data is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K) = \coprod_x (J_x, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; and the relative complex link is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}^\pi = \coprod_x \mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt;
# We show that the quotient &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x/K_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\leq 2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to the cone in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x(X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt;, and removing the point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; increases the homotopy dimension to at most the homotopy dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_x \cup \{x\}, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{cone}(\mathcal{L}_x), \mathcal{L}_x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The tangential Morse data at the critical point is homotopic to the pair &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^\lambda, \partial D^\lambda)&lt;/math&gt;
# Therefore, at each critical point a space has been added homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Theorem: If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is the complement in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\C^n&lt;/math&gt; of a complex variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# We build &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; by attaching cells of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt; at each critical point.
## Prove that we can do this without changing the homotopy(?)
## We use Thom's Isotopy Lemma to prove that there is a strong deformation retraction, stopping only at critical points.
# Prove these cells are a product of the normal and tangential Morse data.
## Normal data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}(S), \partial \mathcal{L}(S)) \times (D^1, \partial D^1)&lt;/math&gt; [GM pp. 18]
## Tangential data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(B_\delta \cap f^{-1}[v - \epsilon, v + \epsilon], B_\delta \cap f^{-1}(v - \epsilon))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;?) [GM pp. 63-64]
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; is the dimension of the strata, then
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k = d&lt;/math&gt; then it is a smooth point and the cell is the product of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S^{2(n-d)-1}&lt;/math&gt; and the tangential data is dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;.
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k &lt; d&lt;/math&gt;, ...

&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 547.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Example in one dimension ==

Domain with singularities v_1, v_2, ..., v_i

Define our height function f...

Start with our entire domain X

Reduce from X to X_i+ by using Thom's Isotopy lemma to do a strong deformation retract

== Thom's isotopy lemma ==

We present a modified version of Thom's (first) isotopy lemma, less general than the original but more obviously relevant to our situation.

Theorem: Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a closed subset of a smooth manifold &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; which admits a Whitney stratification and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h : M \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a proper Morse function which has no critical values on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. Then, the level sets of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; are homeomorphic by a homeomorphism that preserves the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;For various versions of the full statement of the theorem, see Mather 2012, pp. 499, Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 41, or Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 541.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# Construct control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.
## [Prop 7.1] If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an abstract stratified set and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; a controlled submersion.
# A controlled submersion has, for any smooth vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, a controlled vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; (a &quot;lift&quot;?)&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;
# A controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a locally trivial fibration. [Prop 10.2]&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 499.&lt;/ref&gt;

Control data:

A system of '''control data''' for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; consists of, for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;,
* a '''tubular neighbourhood''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;
* a '''tubular projection function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_X: T_X \to X&lt;/math&gt;, and
* a '''tubular distance function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X: T_X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X^{-1}(0) = X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

[illustration]

such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt; are strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_X \pi_Y(m) = \pi_X(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_X \pi_Y(m) = \rho_X(m)&lt;/math&gt;

for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(m) \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;.

If, for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h \pi_X(m) = h(m)&lt;/math&gt;, then this control data will be said to be compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488, prop 7.1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. We prove by induction on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of a stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l \leq k&lt;/math&gt;, let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;U_l&lt;/math&gt; denote the union of all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_l = U_l \cap X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l = k&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_k = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Assume by induction that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; has been constructed and that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l + 1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1} = \pi_{T_{l+1}}&lt;/math&gt;) then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489-490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We wish to construct a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X&lt;/math&gt; whose restriction to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; is isomorphic to the restriction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{X,Y}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y} = \pi_{T_{X,Y}}&lt;/math&gt;) then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; if necessary, this relation is already satisfied if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt;. By the definition, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}|&lt;/math&gt; then there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Z &gt; l&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt;. We have that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y| \cap |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; Z&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We can prove that, by shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion [prop 7.3?] and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y) \pi_{X,Y}(m) = (\rho_Y, \pi_Y)(m)&lt;/math&gt;(?).

To prove it is a submersion, for the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = (E, \epsilon, \psi)&lt;/math&gt; there exists a smooth positive function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon'&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): Y \cap |T|_{\epsilon'}^0 \to \R \times X,&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T|_{\epsilon'}^0 = \psi(B_\epsilon \cap B_{\epsilon'})&lt;/math&gt;, is a submersion. If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt; is the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T|&lt;/math&gt; such that the rank of

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): T \cap |T| \to \R \times X&lt;/math&gt;

at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim(\R \times X)&lt;/math&gt;. We need to prove that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; there exists a neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; which does not intersect with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. the map is not a submersion in this neighbourhood. It follows from [lemma 7.2] that it is enough to prove for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M = \R^m&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X = \R^{m-c} \times 0_c&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; is the '''standard tubular neighbourhood'''.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

By standard tubular neighbourhood, we mean the trivial bundle with base &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt; and fibre &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^c&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: \R^m \to \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T| - \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is the orthogonal complement of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^m&lt;/math&gt;. By the Whitney conditions, we have that for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; is close to the set of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; planes in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m-&lt;/math&gt;space to an &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; plane in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near enough to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; and, therefore, is a submersion when restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

To prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therefore, there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_0&lt;/math&gt; satisfying

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_0(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_0(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

From this we can prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. Replacing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a smaller tubular neighbourhood if necessary we can assume &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_0|&lt;/math&gt; such that for some &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_0(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y(m) = h(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By the generalised tubular neighourhood theorem [prop 7.2?], we can replace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. This completes the construction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491.&lt;/ref&gt;

This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an '''abstract stratified set''' with axioms...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491-492.&lt;/ref&gt;

This also makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a '''controlled submersion''' because
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h|X: X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a smooth submersion on each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, and
# for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; there is a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_X(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

The core of this is the concept of a '''vector field'''. A vector field is a function which assigns, for each point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in a space, a '''vector''', which can be represented by an arrow whose tail starts at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

[picture]

Imagine we have a vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v(x)&lt;/math&gt; defined in a space and draw a line through our space. At each point along this line the vector field assigns a vector. If we move each point in this line along the arrow defined by this vector in the direction of the arrow head. This &quot;flows&quot; the entire line along the vectors.

[picture]

We define a '''stratified vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a family of smooth vector fields &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt;, one for each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

We define a '''controlled vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a stratified vector field such that for any strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X \cap X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\eta_X \rho_{Y,X}(v) = 0,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) = \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)).&lt;/math&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is a controlled submersion then, for any smooth vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\zeta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_* \eta(v) = \zeta(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proceeding by induction on the maximum dimension of the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; to be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. The tubular neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; is the intersection of the tubular neighbourhoods of each strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. The projection and distance functions are the restrictions of the respective functions of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.

It is trivially true when the maximum dimension of strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is zero. Assume it is true for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; and construct each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; separately for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k + 1&lt;/math&gt;.

By the assumption that we have controlled vector fields for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;, we have the two control conditions defined above for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and that there is a neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_Y(v)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt;.

We want to prove that for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, the control conditions are satisfied for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt; and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_*\eta_X(v) = \zeta(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in X&lt;/math&gt;.

Take a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and define the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; of strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is totally ordered since if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_2&lt;/math&gt; are not comparable then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_{Y_1} \cap T^2_{Y_2} = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, there is a largest member &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;.

Assume the control conditions hold for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;. Then they hold for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. For, either &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i = Y&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt;. In the latter case, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(v) \in T^1_{Y_i}&lt;/math&gt; (by the choice of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;'s [is this why?]. Then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
\eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,X}(v) &amp;= \eta_X \rho_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= \eta_Y(\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
(\pi_{Y_i,X})_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* \eta_Y(v) (\pi_{Y,X}) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,X}(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, condition holds for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. Also,

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
h_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (h \circ \pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= h_* \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \zeta(f(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, the conclusion of the theorem holds at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;.

This shows we can construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; satisfying the control conditions when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is non-empty and satisfying the theorem when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is empty. The set of vectors satisfying these conditions is convex in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TX_v&lt;/math&gt;, and so we construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; globally via a partition of unity.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493-495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, we prove that a controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, this combines Proposition 10.1 and Corollary 10.2 on pp. 496 and 497, respectively.&lt;/ref&gt;

For each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; generates a unique smooth local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; of diffeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (by standard results of differential geometry), such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{d}{dt} \alpha(t, v)|_{t=0} = \eta_X(v)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_X&lt;/math&gt; is an open subset of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;, ...

If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; by

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;J = \bigcup_{X \in S} J_X&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\alpha = \bigcup_{X \in S} \alpha_X&lt;/math&gt;

we can prove that this is a local one-parameter family of homeomorphisms.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;

Firstly, it is clear that
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0 \times Z \subseteq J&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(0, v) = v&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_v = J \cap (\R \times v) \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; is an open interval &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;, possibly infinite at one or both ends.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t, s, t + s&lt;/math&gt; are in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t + s, v) = \alpha(t, \alpha(s, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Secondly, it is clear that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; generates &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; because
# Each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is invariant under &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha[J \cap (\R \times X)] \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt;.
# For each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;, the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \to \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; into the stratum which contains &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;C^1&lt;/math&gt;.
# For any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(t, v) \in Z&lt;/math&gt;(?) we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d/dt \alpha(t, v) = \eta(\alpha(t, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

It is unique because each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; is unique. We just need to prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J&lt;/math&gt; is open, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; is continuous, and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and any compact set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt; there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t, v) \notin K&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \in (a_v, a_v + \epsilon) \cup (b_v - \epsilon, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

For the latter-most condition, if it did not hold then there exists...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496-497.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove there is a homeomorphism &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: Z \to h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is projection to the second factor.

For the coordinate vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\partial&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, by [prop 9.1] there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f_* \tilde\partial(v) = \partial(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;. By [prop 10.1], &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; generates a local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h(\alpha(t,v)) = h(v) + t&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is proper and [d] holds, so &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J = \R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(v) = (\alpha(-t, v), h(v))&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; into &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\bar f: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to Z&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\bar f(v, t) = \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f \bar f = \bar f f = Id&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a homeomorphism.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 497.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Topology at critical points ==

Theorem: If there is a critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; with critical value &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in (a, b)&lt;/math&gt; then the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;X_{\leq a} \cup [(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)].&lt;/math&gt;

Proof:&lt;ref&gt;Proof outline comes from Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq b}, X_{\leq a})&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq v + \epsilon}, X_{\leq v -\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt;. We can prove this by &quot;moving wall&quot; or Thom's Isotopy Lemma.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 90-91, 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v + \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v - \epsilon} \cup (J, K)&lt;/math&gt;, where the latter is the local Morse data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96, 120-121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K)&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt; (tangential data, normal data). Again, moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65-66, chapter 8, 121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data depends only on the differential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df(p)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data has the homotopy type of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 169.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Step 1 ===

We get this immediately(?) by Thom's Isotopy Lemma.

=== Step 2 ===

&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, complex case on pp. 120-121 is extension of real case on pp. 95-96.&lt;/ref&gt;

Step 1 works because &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion at each point of the regions we are homeomorphing. This is no the case at the critical point. We need some way by which a homeomorphism can pass through a critical point.

To prove a homeomorphism between two subsets &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, we project &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to some other space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; (in our case &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt;) using some function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt;. We take subsets &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_0)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_1)&lt;/math&gt;. We need to prove &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; are connected by a one-parameter family of regions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t&lt;/math&gt; [explain one-parameter family]. The criterion for such a family to exist is that the '''characteristic covectors''' of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; are all nonzero on each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 70.&lt;/ref&gt;

We take our space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and map it onto &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; with the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(z) = (r(z), h(z))&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z \in M&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; to the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.

[graph of mapping]

What we want is a homeomorphism in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; between the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a small region of the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. The '''local Morse data''' is

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;((B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}[v-\epsilon, v+\epsilon], (B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}(v-\epsilon))&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B_\delta&lt;/math&gt; is a closed disc in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; of radius &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 63-64.&lt;/ref&gt; Observe that this is the pair &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon)), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon)))&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 91.&lt;/ref&gt; [explain Box, Bottom, etc.]

[picture of the two subspaces of Z in M]

We use our map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; to convert these two subspaces to subspaces of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; which are of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq \epsilon\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq -\epsilon\} \cup \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | x \leq \delta, y \leq \epsilon\}&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} = F^{-1}(Y_1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B = F^{-1}(Y_0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96.&lt;/ref&gt;

We use a homeomorphism between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; using the technique of &quot;moving the wall&quot; and Thom's Isotopy Lemma.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, chapter 4, particularly pp. 71-72.&lt;/ref&gt;

For the composition

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Z \times \R \subset M \times \R \to_{F \times I} Y \subset \R^2 \times \R \to_{\pi} \R&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y(t, z) = Y_t(z)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; is the identity and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; is projection to the second factor. 

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z \times \R&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(F \times I)^{-1}(Y)&lt;/math&gt;...

The composition &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ (F \times I): Z \times \R \cap (F \times I)^{-1}(Y) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a stratified submersion...

Therefore, we can apply Thom's Isotopy Lemma which says there is a homeomorphism between the level sets of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z \times \R&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Step 3 ===

We prove there is a stratum preserving homeomorphism between&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Local Morse Data} \cong (\text{Tangential Morse Data}) \times (\text{Normal Morse Data})&lt;/math&gt;

We first prove that there is a homeomorphism between the product of the normal and tangential Morse data and the '''realisation''' of the following diagram

[diagram from pp. 102]

where realisation means

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Z \cap (g_1, h_1)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (g_2, h_2)^{-1}(P_b)&lt;/math&gt;

where all the intersections of strata (of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;?) are transverse.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-102.&lt;/ref&gt;

The realisation of the above diagram is equal to

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2) = (V_1 \cap W_1, V_1 \cap W_2 \cup V_2 \cap W_1)&lt;/math&gt;

where

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;V_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f(z) - f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;V_2 = \{ z \in Z : f(z) - f\pi(z) = -\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;W_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f\pi(z)| \leq 3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;W_1 = \{ z \in Z : f\pi(z) = -3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; is the projection from the tubular neighbourhood to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r(z)&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; and the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho(z)&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi(z)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-101.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon \ll \delta&lt;/math&gt; are chosen so that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\delta, \epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; is in the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A^\flat_6&lt;/math&gt; which consists of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A_6 \subset \R^+ \times \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with the properties that for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\epsilon, \delta) \in A_6&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho(z) = \delta&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r\pi(z) = \delta&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|f(z)| \leq \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; then the covectors &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d\rho(z)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dr\pi(z)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df(z)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df\pi(z)&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent when restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_zY&lt;/math&gt; (where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; is the stratum containing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt;). We can prove such a set exists.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 89.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A^\flat_6&lt;/math&gt; is this plus its reflection about the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D = \{ x \in X | r(x) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt; for stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;. We will show there is a local trivial fibration of the configuration: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2)&lt;/math&gt; fibres over &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; and is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D \times (\text{normal Morse data})&lt;/math&gt;

(V_1, V_2) -&gt; D \times (normal Morse data)
|           /
--&gt; D   &lt;---

and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(W_1, W_2)&lt;/math&gt; fibres over the tangential Morse data and is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{tangential Morse data}) \times (\text{normal slice})&lt;/math&gt;.

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_1 = \{ z \in Z : r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;, the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(z): Z_1 \to \R^2 = (\rho(z), f(z) - f\pi(z))&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)&lt;/math&gt;, [list], [by lemma 6.5]. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2) = F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt;. For each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; of Box and each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt;, we have transverse intersection &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F^{-1}(S) \pitchfork \pi^{-1}(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi|F^{-1}(S)&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion and by Thom's isotopy lemma the projection &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi|F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4): F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)) \to X&lt;/math&gt; is a stratified fibre bundle over &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;. The fibre over the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi^{-1}(p) \cap (F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt; and is equal to the normal Morse data...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101.&lt;/ref&gt;

Take &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G: X \to \R^2 = (r(x), f(x))&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt; have been chosen so that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), G^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt; is the tangential Morse data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and is contained in the region &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; over which &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi|(V_1, V_2)&lt;/math&gt; is a stratified fibre bundle. Therefore, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(W_1, W_2) = \pi^{-1} G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101-102.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, this means that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2)&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic (by stratum preserving homeomorphism) to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi^{-1}(p), \cap (V_1, V_2)) \times \pi(W_1, W_2)&lt;/math&gt;, the product of normal and tangential Morse data.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;

We use a succession of such diagrams to interpolate between the box diagram which defines local Morse data [explain] and the above diagram whose realisation we have just proven is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{normal Morse data}) \times (\text{tangential Morse data})&lt;/math&gt;.

[diagram_d0.py]

The realisation is the local Morse data. This is equal to the realisation of the diagram below.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 103, 106.&lt;/ref&gt;

[diagram_d11.py]

== Morse theory ==

Steps(?)
* Explain topology
* Every point of a stratum is locally like a product structure (proved by Thom's Isotopy Lemma) [GM pp. 41-42]
** Including those around critical points, which are the product of normal and tangential Morse data (these are our quasi-local cycles?)
* Thom's Isotopy Lemma proves a strong deformation retraction (which only stops at critical points) [PWM pp. 541-542]

=== Homotopy ===

We want to replace our domain of convergence &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, which is the complement of our singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;, with an &quot;equivalent&quot; space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; which has better understood properties. We say &quot;equivalent&quot; because there are several different things we could mean by &quot;equivalent&quot; in this context. The equivalence we are referring to in this section is called '''homotopy'''.

Imagine two subspaces &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; of a space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; which are defined respectively by smooth functions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f, g: X \to Y&lt;/math&gt;. If there exists a smooth function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_s: X \times [0, 1] \to Y&lt;/math&gt;, called a homotopy, such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_0 = f&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_1 = g&lt;/math&gt; and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; there exists a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_b&lt;/math&gt; such that when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|s - s_0| &lt; \delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|x - x_0| &lt; \delta_b&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|h_s(x) - h_{s_0}(x_0)| &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt;, then we say &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are '''homotopic'''.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 251-252.&lt;/ref&gt;

Below is an example where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional curves and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;H(t, s) = h_s(t)&lt;/math&gt;.

[[File:Homotopy_curves.png|300px]]

In [[#Homotopy_equivalence|Appendix A]], we formally prove that we can construct an equivalent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt;. We provide only an example to give some intuition before describing how to construct the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; in terms of local cycles around critical points.

=== Motivating example ===

Imagine a torus and a height function which is just the z value of the point.

[[File:3D-Leveltorus.png|200px]]

It has four critical points: two at the top and bottom of the outer circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1, p_4&lt;/math&gt;) and two at the top and bottom of the inner circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2, p_3&lt;/math&gt;).

[picture]

When the height is between the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a two-cell, which can be retracted to a point.

[picture]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a cylinder, which can be retracted to a two-cell with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_and_disk_with_handle.png|200px]]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a torus with a disc removed, which can be retracted to a cylinder with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_with_handle_and_torus_with_hole.png|200px]]

When the height is greater than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, then the full torus is constructed by attaching a two-cell.

[Explain in terms of Morse data and Morse index?]

=== Morse data and quasi-local cycles ===

As in the above example, we start at the &quot;bottom&quot; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and build upwards until just before we reach our first critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.

;Smooth points
:This is a tube around a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-1)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; where the height function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is maximised at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;
:For example, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\lambda = 1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^\lambda&lt;/math&gt; is an arc reaching its highest point at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.
:The normal plane &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is a plane orthogonal to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^1&lt;/math&gt;(?).
:Its normal link &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L(S)&lt;/math&gt; is a circle with two points missing where it intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;.
:We make our quasi-local cycle out of the product of the arc and circle joined to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt; at points below &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt;.
:With the exception of degenerate points, such as monkey saddles...&lt;ref&gt;e.g. Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 211.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Transverse multiple points
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-torus and a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;. The torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the complex normal space to each strata which intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. The chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; is supported in the stratum which is the common intersection of the varieties defined by the factors vanishing at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;, and achieves its maximum height at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223-224.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Arrangement multiple point
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; and several &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-tori, one for each pair of sheets which intersect transversely, where the torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in each sheet.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 226.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Cone point
:A cone point is zero-dimensional so there is no &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;, just a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;-torus about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 227.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | last1=Goresky | first1=Mark | last2=MacPherson | first2=Robert | title=Stratified Morse Theory | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1988 | url=https://www.math.ias.edu/~goresky/pdf/SMT.djvu }}
* {{cite book | last=Henle | first1=Michael | title=A Combinatorial Introduction to Topology | publisher=Dover Publications Inc. New York | year=1979 }}
* {{citation | last=Mather | first=John | title=Notes on Topological Stability | year=2012 | journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society | volume=49 | number=4 | pages=475-506 | url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2012-49-04/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6.pdf }}.
* {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }}</text>
      <sha1>1h33itluncdpjruegmsvgxcktvmsn4u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673388</id>
      <parentid>4673385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:03:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dom walden</username>
        <id>3209423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Step 2 */ explain differentials and linear forms</comment>
      <origin>4673388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47626" sha1="ilsra0afpz4kir6d02da4il4xw6q36j" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

Morse theory tells us that the topology of M only changes at its critical points.

The &quot;Morse data&quot; tells us the topology at each critical point.

Attaching this Morse data together gives us a space which is homopotically eqivalent to M.

This space is a &quot;cell complex&quot;, which has an easy to calculate homology.

Theorem: Our domain of convergence is homotopic to a cell complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;This is theorem D.23 in Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546. Also theorem in section 1.2*/5.2* in SMT pp. 200.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is our entire domain, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; our variety
# Project our entire domain to complex projective space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z = \pi(X) \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n - H&lt;/math&gt; [define H]
# Define a linear subspace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# Define a Morse function on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: \C\mathbb{P}^n \to \R&lt;/math&gt; which approximates the distance from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; and such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(0) = G&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(1) = H&lt;/math&gt;
# We &quot;build&quot; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X - \mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi^{-1}(G \cap Z) \cap (X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt; by attaching CW complexes at critical points which are of at most dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# At a critical point, the normal Morse data is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K) = \coprod_x (J_x, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; and the relative complex link is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}^\pi = \coprod_x \mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt;
# We show that the quotient &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x/K_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\leq 2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to the cone in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x(X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt;, and removing the point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; increases the homotopy dimension to at most the homotopy dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_x \cup \{x\}, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{cone}(\mathcal{L}_x), \mathcal{L}_x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The tangential Morse data at the critical point is homotopic to the pair &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^\lambda, \partial D^\lambda)&lt;/math&gt;
# Therefore, at each critical point a space has been added homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Theorem: If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is the complement in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\C^n&lt;/math&gt; of a complex variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# We build &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; by attaching cells of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt; at each critical point.
## Prove that we can do this without changing the homotopy(?)
## We use Thom's Isotopy Lemma to prove that there is a strong deformation retraction, stopping only at critical points.
# Prove these cells are a product of the normal and tangential Morse data.
## Normal data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}(S), \partial \mathcal{L}(S)) \times (D^1, \partial D^1)&lt;/math&gt; [GM pp. 18]
## Tangential data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(B_\delta \cap f^{-1}[v - \epsilon, v + \epsilon], B_\delta \cap f^{-1}(v - \epsilon))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;?) [GM pp. 63-64]
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; is the dimension of the strata, then
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k = d&lt;/math&gt; then it is a smooth point and the cell is the product of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S^{2(n-d)-1}&lt;/math&gt; and the tangential data is dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;.
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k &lt; d&lt;/math&gt;, ...

&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 547.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Example in one dimension ==

Domain with singularities v_1, v_2, ..., v_i

Define our height function f...

Start with our entire domain X

Reduce from X to X_i+ by using Thom's Isotopy lemma to do a strong deformation retract

== Thom's isotopy lemma ==

We present a modified version of Thom's (first) isotopy lemma, less general than the original but more obviously relevant to our situation.

Theorem: Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a closed subset of a smooth manifold &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; which admits a Whitney stratification and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h : M \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a proper Morse function which has no critical values on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. Then, the level sets of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; are homeomorphic by a homeomorphism that preserves the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;For various versions of the full statement of the theorem, see Mather 2012, pp. 499, Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 41, or Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 541.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# Construct control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.
## [Prop 7.1] If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an abstract stratified set and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; a controlled submersion.
# A controlled submersion has, for any smooth vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, a controlled vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; (a &quot;lift&quot;?)&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;
# A controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a locally trivial fibration. [Prop 10.2]&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 499.&lt;/ref&gt;

Control data:

A system of '''control data''' for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; consists of, for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;,
* a '''tubular neighbourhood''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;
* a '''tubular projection function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_X: T_X \to X&lt;/math&gt;, and
* a '''tubular distance function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X: T_X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X^{-1}(0) = X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

[illustration]

such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt; are strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_X \pi_Y(m) = \pi_X(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_X \pi_Y(m) = \rho_X(m)&lt;/math&gt;

for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(m) \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;.

If, for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h \pi_X(m) = h(m)&lt;/math&gt;, then this control data will be said to be compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488, prop 7.1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. We prove by induction on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of a stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l \leq k&lt;/math&gt;, let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;U_l&lt;/math&gt; denote the union of all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_l = U_l \cap X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l = k&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_k = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Assume by induction that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; has been constructed and that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l + 1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1} = \pi_{T_{l+1}}&lt;/math&gt;) then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489-490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We wish to construct a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X&lt;/math&gt; whose restriction to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; is isomorphic to the restriction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{X,Y}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y} = \pi_{T_{X,Y}}&lt;/math&gt;) then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; if necessary, this relation is already satisfied if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt;. By the definition, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}|&lt;/math&gt; then there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Z &gt; l&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt;. We have that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y| \cap |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; Z&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We can prove that, by shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion [prop 7.3?] and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y) \pi_{X,Y}(m) = (\rho_Y, \pi_Y)(m)&lt;/math&gt;(?).

To prove it is a submersion, for the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = (E, \epsilon, \psi)&lt;/math&gt; there exists a smooth positive function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon'&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): Y \cap |T|_{\epsilon'}^0 \to \R \times X,&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T|_{\epsilon'}^0 = \psi(B_\epsilon \cap B_{\epsilon'})&lt;/math&gt;, is a submersion. If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt; is the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T|&lt;/math&gt; such that the rank of

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): T \cap |T| \to \R \times X&lt;/math&gt;

at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim(\R \times X)&lt;/math&gt;. We need to prove that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; there exists a neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; which does not intersect with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. the map is not a submersion in this neighbourhood. It follows from [lemma 7.2] that it is enough to prove for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M = \R^m&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X = \R^{m-c} \times 0_c&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; is the '''standard tubular neighbourhood'''.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

By standard tubular neighbourhood, we mean the trivial bundle with base &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt; and fibre &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^c&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: \R^m \to \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T| - \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is the orthogonal complement of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^m&lt;/math&gt;. By the Whitney conditions, we have that for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; is close to the set of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; planes in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m-&lt;/math&gt;space to an &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; plane in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near enough to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; and, therefore, is a submersion when restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

To prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therefore, there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_0&lt;/math&gt; satisfying

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_0(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_0(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

From this we can prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. Replacing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a smaller tubular neighbourhood if necessary we can assume &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_0|&lt;/math&gt; such that for some &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_0(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y(m) = h(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By the generalised tubular neighourhood theorem [prop 7.2?], we can replace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. This completes the construction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491.&lt;/ref&gt;

This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an '''abstract stratified set''' with axioms...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491-492.&lt;/ref&gt;

This also makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a '''controlled submersion''' because
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h|X: X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a smooth submersion on each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, and
# for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; there is a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_X(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

The core of this is the concept of a '''vector field'''. A vector field is a function which assigns, for each point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in a space, a '''vector''', which can be represented by an arrow whose tail starts at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

[picture]

Imagine we have a vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v(x)&lt;/math&gt; defined in a space and draw a line through our space. At each point along this line the vector field assigns a vector. If we move each point in this line along the arrow defined by this vector in the direction of the arrow head. This &quot;flows&quot; the entire line along the vectors.

[picture]

We define a '''stratified vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a family of smooth vector fields &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt;, one for each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

We define a '''controlled vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a stratified vector field such that for any strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X \cap X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\eta_X \rho_{Y,X}(v) = 0,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) = \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)).&lt;/math&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is a controlled submersion then, for any smooth vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\zeta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_* \eta(v) = \zeta(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proceeding by induction on the maximum dimension of the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; to be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. The tubular neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; is the intersection of the tubular neighbourhoods of each strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. The projection and distance functions are the restrictions of the respective functions of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.

It is trivially true when the maximum dimension of strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is zero. Assume it is true for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; and construct each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; separately for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k + 1&lt;/math&gt;.

By the assumption that we have controlled vector fields for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;, we have the two control conditions defined above for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and that there is a neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_Y(v)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt;.

We want to prove that for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, the control conditions are satisfied for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt; and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_*\eta_X(v) = \zeta(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in X&lt;/math&gt;.

Take a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and define the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; of strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is totally ordered since if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_2&lt;/math&gt; are not comparable then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_{Y_1} \cap T^2_{Y_2} = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, there is a largest member &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;.

Assume the control conditions hold for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;. Then they hold for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. For, either &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i = Y&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt;. In the latter case, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(v) \in T^1_{Y_i}&lt;/math&gt; (by the choice of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;'s [is this why?]. Then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
\eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,X}(v) &amp;= \eta_X \rho_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= \eta_Y(\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
(\pi_{Y_i,X})_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* \eta_Y(v) (\pi_{Y,X}) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,X}(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, condition holds for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. Also,

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
h_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (h \circ \pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= h_* \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \zeta(f(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, the conclusion of the theorem holds at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;.

This shows we can construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; satisfying the control conditions when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is non-empty and satisfying the theorem when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is empty. The set of vectors satisfying these conditions is convex in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TX_v&lt;/math&gt;, and so we construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; globally via a partition of unity.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493-495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, we prove that a controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, this combines Proposition 10.1 and Corollary 10.2 on pp. 496 and 497, respectively.&lt;/ref&gt;

For each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; generates a unique smooth local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; of diffeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (by standard results of differential geometry), such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{d}{dt} \alpha(t, v)|_{t=0} = \eta_X(v)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_X&lt;/math&gt; is an open subset of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;, ...

If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; by

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;J = \bigcup_{X \in S} J_X&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\alpha = \bigcup_{X \in S} \alpha_X&lt;/math&gt;

we can prove that this is a local one-parameter family of homeomorphisms.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;

Firstly, it is clear that
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0 \times Z \subseteq J&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(0, v) = v&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_v = J \cap (\R \times v) \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; is an open interval &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;, possibly infinite at one or both ends.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t, s, t + s&lt;/math&gt; are in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t + s, v) = \alpha(t, \alpha(s, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Secondly, it is clear that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; generates &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; because
# Each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is invariant under &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha[J \cap (\R \times X)] \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt;.
# For each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;, the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \to \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; into the stratum which contains &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;C^1&lt;/math&gt;.
# For any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(t, v) \in Z&lt;/math&gt;(?) we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d/dt \alpha(t, v) = \eta(\alpha(t, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

It is unique because each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; is unique. We just need to prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J&lt;/math&gt; is open, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; is continuous, and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and any compact set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt; there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t, v) \notin K&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \in (a_v, a_v + \epsilon) \cup (b_v - \epsilon, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

For the latter-most condition, if it did not hold then there exists...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496-497.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove there is a homeomorphism &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: Z \to h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is projection to the second factor.

For the coordinate vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\partial&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, by [prop 9.1] there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f_* \tilde\partial(v) = \partial(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;. By [prop 10.1], &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; generates a local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h(\alpha(t,v)) = h(v) + t&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is proper and [d] holds, so &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J = \R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(v) = (\alpha(-t, v), h(v))&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; into &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\bar f: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to Z&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\bar f(v, t) = \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f \bar f = \bar f f = Id&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a homeomorphism.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 497.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Topology at critical points ==

Theorem: If there is a critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; with critical value &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in (a, b)&lt;/math&gt; then the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;X_{\leq a} \cup [(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)].&lt;/math&gt;

Proof:&lt;ref&gt;Proof outline comes from Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq b}, X_{\leq a})&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq v + \epsilon}, X_{\leq v -\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt;. We can prove this by &quot;moving wall&quot; or Thom's Isotopy Lemma.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 90-91, 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v + \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v - \epsilon} \cup (J, K)&lt;/math&gt;, where the latter is the local Morse data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96, 120-121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K)&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt; (tangential data, normal data). Again, moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65-66, chapter 8, 121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data depends only on the differential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df(p)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data has the homotopy type of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 169.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Step 1 ===

We get this immediately(?) by Thom's Isotopy Lemma.

=== Step 2 ===

&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, complex case on pp. 120-121 is extension of real case on pp. 95-96.&lt;/ref&gt;

Step 1 works because &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion at each point of the regions we are homeomorphing. This is not the case at critical points. We need some way by which a homeomorphism can pass through a critical point.

To prove a homeomorphism between two subsets &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, we project &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to some other space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; (in our case &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt;) using some function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt;. We take subsets &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_0)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_1)&lt;/math&gt;. We need to prove &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; are connected by a one-parameter family of regions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t&lt;/math&gt; [explain one-parameter family]. The criterion for such a family to exist is that the '''characteristic covectors''' of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; are all nonzero on each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 70.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Manifolds
* Tangent spaces
* Differential as a map between tangent spaces
* Linear forms on Tangent spaces and how to use g to map between linear forms

At each point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in M&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in N&lt;/math&gt; there are '''tangent spaces''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_yN&lt;/math&gt;, a vector space whose zero is at the point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; (resp.)

[picture of various tangent spaces]

In the case the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N = \R&lt;/math&gt;, the tangent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_x\R&lt;/math&gt; is just &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; but whose origin is at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;.

[picture of T_x\R]

Say &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(x) = y&lt;/math&gt;, then the differential of the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; can be seen as a function whose input is a vector in the tangent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; and whose output is a vector in the tangent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_yM&lt;/math&gt;. [If I move this far on the tangent space of M how do I move in the tangent space of N?]

[picture]

[example for M = \R and N = \R?]

A function which takes as input a vector in the tangent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; (say) and outputs a scalar (usually &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;) is called a '''linear form'''. The set of all linear forms on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; is called the dual space of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_xM&lt;/math&gt; and is denoted &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^*_xM&lt;/math&gt;. There are only a limited number of ways to express a linear form. For example, if our tangent space is two-dimensional then all linear forms are of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;ax + by&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(x, y) \in T_xM&lt;/math&gt;.

We take our space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and map it onto &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; with the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(z) = (r(z), h(z))&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z \in M&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; to the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.

[graph of mapping]

What we want is a homeomorphism in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; between the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a small region of the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. The '''local Morse data''' is

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;((B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}[v-\epsilon, v+\epsilon], (B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}(v-\epsilon))&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B_\delta&lt;/math&gt; is a closed disc in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; of radius &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 63-64.&lt;/ref&gt; Observe that this is the pair &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon)), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon)))&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 91.&lt;/ref&gt; [explain Box, Bottom, etc.]

[picture of the two subspaces of Z in M]

We use our map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; to convert these two subspaces to subspaces of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; which are of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq \epsilon\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq -\epsilon\} \cup \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | x \leq \delta, y \leq \epsilon\}&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} = F^{-1}(Y_1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B = F^{-1}(Y_0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96.&lt;/ref&gt;

We use a homeomorphism between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; using the technique of &quot;moving the wall&quot; and Thom's Isotopy Lemma.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, chapter 4, particularly pp. 71-72.&lt;/ref&gt;

For the composition

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Z \times \R \subset M \times \R \to_{F \times I} Y \subset \R^2 \times \R \to_{\pi} \R&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y(t, z) = Y_t(z)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; is the identity and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; is projection to the second factor. 

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z \times \R&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(F \times I)^{-1}(Y)&lt;/math&gt;...

The composition &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ (F \times I): Z \times \R \cap (F \times I)^{-1}(Y) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a stratified submersion...

Therefore, we can apply Thom's Isotopy Lemma which says there is a homeomorphism between the level sets of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z \times \R&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Step 3 ===

We prove there is a stratum preserving homeomorphism between&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\text{Local Morse Data} \cong (\text{Tangential Morse Data}) \times (\text{Normal Morse Data})&lt;/math&gt;

We first prove that there is a homeomorphism between the product of the normal and tangential Morse data and the '''realisation''' of the following diagram

[diagram from pp. 102]

where realisation means

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Z \cap (g_1, h_1)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (g_2, h_2)^{-1}(P_b)&lt;/math&gt;

where all the intersections of strata (of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;?) are transverse.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-102.&lt;/ref&gt;

The realisation of the above diagram is equal to

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2) = (V_1 \cap W_1, V_1 \cap W_2 \cup V_2 \cap W_1)&lt;/math&gt;

where

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;V_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f(z) - f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;V_2 = \{ z \in Z : f(z) - f\pi(z) = -\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;W_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f\pi(z)| \leq 3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;W_1 = \{ z \in Z : f\pi(z) = -3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; is the projection from the tubular neighbourhood to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r(z)&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; and the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho(z)&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi(z)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-101.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon \ll \delta&lt;/math&gt; are chosen so that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\delta, \epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; is in the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A^\flat_6&lt;/math&gt; which consists of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A_6 \subset \R^+ \times \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with the properties that for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\epsilon, \delta) \in A_6&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho(z) = \delta&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r\pi(z) = \delta&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|f(z)| \leq \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; then the covectors &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d\rho(z)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;dr\pi(z)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df(z)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df\pi(z)&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent when restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_zY&lt;/math&gt; (where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; is the stratum containing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt;). We can prove such a set exists.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 89.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;A^\flat_6&lt;/math&gt; is this plus its reflection about the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; axis.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D = \{ x \in X | r(x) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt; for stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;. We will show there is a local trivial fibration of the configuration: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2)&lt;/math&gt; fibres over &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; and is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D \times (\text{normal Morse data})&lt;/math&gt;

(V_1, V_2) -&gt; D \times (normal Morse data)
|           /
--&gt; D   &lt;---

and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(W_1, W_2)&lt;/math&gt; fibres over the tangential Morse data and is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{tangential Morse data}) \times (\text{normal slice})&lt;/math&gt;.

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_1 = \{ z \in Z : r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}&lt;/math&gt;, the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(z): Z_1 \to \R^2 = (\rho(z), f(z) - f\pi(z))&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to each stratum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)&lt;/math&gt;, [list], [by lemma 6.5]. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2) = F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt;. For each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; of Box and each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt;, we have transverse intersection &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F^{-1}(S) \pitchfork \pi^{-1}(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi|F^{-1}(S)&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion and by Thom's isotopy lemma the projection &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi|F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4): F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)) \to X&lt;/math&gt; is a stratified fibre bundle over &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;. The fibre over the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi^{-1}(p) \cap (F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt; and is equal to the normal Morse data...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101.&lt;/ref&gt;

Take &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G: X \to \R^2 = (r(x), f(x))&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt; have been chosen so that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), G^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt; is the tangential Morse data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and is contained in the region &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; over which &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi|(V_1, V_2)&lt;/math&gt; is a stratified fibre bundle. Therefore, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(W_1, W_2) = \pi^{-1} G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101-102.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, this means that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2)&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic (by stratum preserving homeomorphism) to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi^{-1}(p), \cap (V_1, V_2)) \times \pi(W_1, W_2)&lt;/math&gt;, the product of normal and tangential Morse data.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;

We use a succession of such diagrams to interpolate between the box diagram which defines local Morse data [explain] and the above diagram whose realisation we have just proven is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{normal Morse data}) \times (\text{tangential Morse data})&lt;/math&gt;.

[diagram_d0.py]

The realisation is the local Morse data. This is equal to the realisation of the diagram below.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 103, 106.&lt;/ref&gt;

[diagram_d11.py]

== Morse theory ==

Steps(?)
* Explain topology
* Every point of a stratum is locally like a product structure (proved by Thom's Isotopy Lemma) [GM pp. 41-42]
** Including those around critical points, which are the product of normal and tangential Morse data (these are our quasi-local cycles?)
* Thom's Isotopy Lemma proves a strong deformation retraction (which only stops at critical points) [PWM pp. 541-542]

=== Homotopy ===

We want to replace our domain of convergence &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, which is the complement of our singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;, with an &quot;equivalent&quot; space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; which has better understood properties. We say &quot;equivalent&quot; because there are several different things we could mean by &quot;equivalent&quot; in this context. The equivalence we are referring to in this section is called '''homotopy'''.

Imagine two subspaces &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; of a space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; which are defined respectively by smooth functions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f, g: X \to Y&lt;/math&gt;. If there exists a smooth function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_s: X \times [0, 1] \to Y&lt;/math&gt;, called a homotopy, such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_0 = f&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_1 = g&lt;/math&gt; and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; there exists a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_b&lt;/math&gt; such that when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|s - s_0| &lt; \delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|x - x_0| &lt; \delta_b&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|h_s(x) - h_{s_0}(x_0)| &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt;, then we say &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are '''homotopic'''.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 251-252.&lt;/ref&gt;

Below is an example where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional curves and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;H(t, s) = h_s(t)&lt;/math&gt;.

[[File:Homotopy_curves.png|300px]]

In [[#Homotopy_equivalence|Appendix A]], we formally prove that we can construct an equivalent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt;. We provide only an example to give some intuition before describing how to construct the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; in terms of local cycles around critical points.

=== Motivating example ===

Imagine a torus and a height function which is just the z value of the point.

[[File:3D-Leveltorus.png|200px]]

It has four critical points: two at the top and bottom of the outer circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1, p_4&lt;/math&gt;) and two at the top and bottom of the inner circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2, p_3&lt;/math&gt;).

[picture]

When the height is between the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a two-cell, which can be retracted to a point.

[picture]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a cylinder, which can be retracted to a two-cell with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_and_disk_with_handle.png|200px]]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a torus with a disc removed, which can be retracted to a cylinder with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_with_handle_and_torus_with_hole.png|200px]]

When the height is greater than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, then the full torus is constructed by attaching a two-cell.

[Explain in terms of Morse data and Morse index?]

=== Morse data and quasi-local cycles ===

As in the above example, we start at the &quot;bottom&quot; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and build upwards until just before we reach our first critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.

;Smooth points
:This is a tube around a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-1)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; where the height function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is maximised at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;
:For example, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\lambda = 1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^\lambda&lt;/math&gt; is an arc reaching its highest point at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.
:The normal plane &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is a plane orthogonal to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^1&lt;/math&gt;(?).
:Its normal link &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L(S)&lt;/math&gt; is a circle with two points missing where it intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;.
:We make our quasi-local cycle out of the product of the arc and circle joined to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt; at points below &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt;.
:With the exception of degenerate points, such as monkey saddles...&lt;ref&gt;e.g. Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 211.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Transverse multiple points
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-torus and a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;. The torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the complex normal space to each strata which intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. The chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; is supported in the stratum which is the common intersection of the varieties defined by the factors vanishing at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;, and achieves its maximum height at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223-224.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Arrangement multiple point
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; and several &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-tori, one for each pair of sheets which intersect transversely, where the torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in each sheet.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 226.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Cone point
:A cone point is zero-dimensional so there is no &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;, just a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;-torus about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 227.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | last1=Goresky | first1=Mark | last2=MacPherson | first2=Robert | title=Stratified Morse Theory | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1988 | url=https://www.math.ias.edu/~goresky/pdf/SMT.djvu }}
* {{cite book | last=Henle | first1=Michael | title=A Combinatorial Introduction to Topology | publisher=Dover Publications Inc. New York | year=1979 }}
* {{citation | last=Mather | first=John | title=Notes on Topological Stability | year=2012 | journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society | volume=49 | number=4 | pages=475-506 | url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2012-49-04/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6.pdf }}.
* {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }}</text>
      <sha1>ilsra0afpz4kir6d02da4il4xw6q36j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hereditary Multiple Exostoses</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>484817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673197</id>
      <parentid>4669496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T19:35:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LoveElectronicLiterature</username>
        <id>3414389</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added see also before the long reference list</comment>
      <origin>4673197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="116866" sha1="effcacboipvr9pvt3q0g3n0rr9kdpaq" xml:space="preserve">{{new book}}
[[W: Hereditary Multiple Exostoses|Hereditary Multiple Exostoses]] is a rare disease. It is also referred to as Multiple Hereditary Exostoses, hereditary multiple osteochondromas, and Multiple Osteochondromedas. 

== Bone Issues ==
The first sign of HME is usually multiple bone tumors. See the online Multiple Osteochondromas Mutation Database  for an overview of the reported variants.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jennes |first=Ivy |last2=Pedrini |first2=Elena |last3=Zuntini |first3=Monia |last4=Mordenti |first4=Marina |last5=Balkassmi |first5=Sahila |last6=Asteggiano |first6=Carla G. |last7=Casey |first7=Brett |last8=Bakker |first8=Bert |last9=Sangiorgi |first9=Luca |last10=Wuyts |first10=Wim |date=2009 |title=Multiple osteochondromas: mutation update and description of the multiple osteochondromas mutation database (MOdb) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/humu.21123 |journal=Human Mutation |language=en |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1620–1627 |doi=10.1002/humu.21123 |issn=1098-1004}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In MHE, the lack of HSPG causes patients to develop exostoses, which are benign tumors in multiple locations throughout the body (Brown 2008, Thompson 2011, and Mansouri et al. 2017). The severity (number and size of tumors and other complications) for MHE varies from patient to patient. Exostoses themselves can cause numerous problems including: irritation of tendons and muscles resulting in pain and loss of motion, skeletal deformity, short stature, limb length discrepancy, subluxations, and angular deformity, with a chance for chondrosarcoma (Fei et al. 2018). Problems directly associated with these exostoses include:

* Chronic pain and issues with quality of life (Goud et al. 2012,&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pain, Physical and Social Functioning, and... : Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery |url=https://www.ovid.com/jnls/jbjsjournal/fulltext/10.2106/jbjs.k.00406~pain-physical-and-social-functioning-and-quality-of-life-in |access-date=2026-07-16 |website=Ovid |language=en |doi=10.2106/JBJS.K.00406}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bathen et al. 2019, Tremorsini 2025)
* Inflammation, immune responses (Callaghan et al. 2018, Collins and Troeberg 2019)  
* Bursa formation (Rueda et al. 2025) and resulting bursitis as well as early onset arthritis 
* Breathing and lung issues when on ribs protruding into the thoracic cavity (Mazza et al. 2017)
*  Irritation of a nearby nerve (pain, weakness, numbness, tingling) 
*  Blood vessel aneurysm from exostoses pressing on blood vessels or other vascular problems (Albokhari et al. 2023)
* Spinal cord compression issues: incontinence, nerve damage and nerve problems associated with spinal tumors (Bari et al. 2012, Burki et al. 2011, Zaijun et al. 2013, Montgomery et al. 2019, and Monroig-Rivera et al. 2025)

== List of associated issues ==
'''Heparan Sulfate ProteoGlycan (HSPG) Deficiency Issues.''' MHE results from a mutation in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes.  MHE patients have defective HSPG biosynthesis--their bodies do not produce HSPG ('''cf''' Cueller et al. 2013, Jones et al,. 2014, and Pacifici et al. 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pacifici |first=Maurizio |date=2018-10 |title=The pathogenic roles of heparan sulfate deficiency in hereditary multiple exostoses |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6015767/ |journal=Matrix Biology: Journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology |volume=71-72 |pages=28–39 |doi=10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.011 |issn=1569-1802 |pmc=6015767 |pmid=29277722}}&lt;/ref&gt;).  HSPGs are part of every cell surface and regulate biological processes ( '''cf''' Zak et al. 2002, Meneghetti et al. 2015). HSPGs  play a vital role in cell adhesion, migration, growth, and communication (Bishop et al. 20017, Kempf et al 2017, Vicente et al. 2018). Whitlock and Iozzo (2005) have identified '''various diseases related to HSPG's absence''' (i.e., i'''f a body process requires HSPG and there is not enough HSPG to complete that function, then these issues could occur).  MHErs reported symptoms such as:'''

* Severe and continuing fatigue (Berg et al. 1999, Bathen 2019) 
* Neurological deficiencies: Autism Spectrum Disorder (Fumitoshi et al. 2012,  Irie et al, 2012, Yamaguchi 2012, Perez et al. 2015, Kambouris et al. 2016, Kim et al 2022); cognitive issues (Farhan et al. 2015); tremors (Aldunate et al. 2004)
* Vertigo and hyperacusis (Lundberg et al., 2014) and migraines
* Low bone mass (Nozawa et al. 2018 and Matsumoto et al. 2020) 
* Severe gastric issues  (Huang et al. 2018, Rueda et al. 2025) , including non ''H. Pylori'' ulcers (Ascencio et al. 1993 and Chmiela et al. 1995), gastric cancer (Weihua et al. 2002) and Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (Kucukesmen et al. 2007)
* Fronto-temporal dementia (Narvid et al. 2009) and ADHD (Mooney et al. 2016), brain function (Condomitti and Wit 2018). Also see video of MHE mice at &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-EXRt_YL6A&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Eyesight/ocular diseases (Park and Shukla, 2013)
* Dental defects (Kucukesmen et al. 2007 and Wiweger et al. 2012)
* Prediabetes  (Heibert 2021)Diabetes and glucose difficulty (Matsuzawa 2021)
* Unusual drug reactions (many drugs act on heparan-binding domain [Boer and Gaillard 2007])
* Kidney stones and other problems (See Van den Born et al. 1993 and Farhan et al. 2015)
* Lung issues (Nackerts et al. 1997 and Haeger et al. 2016)
* Anemia (Poli et al. 2017), blood clots and coagulation (Stringer and Gallagher 1997 and Ho et al. 1997), psuedoaneurysms (Wiater and Farley 1996 and Harari et al. 2024)
* Extremely painful menstruation and pregnancy issues (Alphin et al. 1988, Yin et al. 2018)
* Inflammation (Parish 2005); slow wound healing (Zhongjun et al. 2004); scarring and keloids  (Hosalkar et al. 2007)
* Connective tissue issues (Forsberg and Kjellen, 2001 and Otsuka et al. 2020).
* Liver functions (Arnold et al. 2020 and Dituri et al. 2022)
* Cholesterol and lipid functions (Kolsett and Salmverta 1999)
* Deficient Vitamin D synthesis (Cooper 2021)

== Children's Corner ==

=== Teach your child to live with MHE ===
You just got a diagnosis for your child and you are terrified for their life.  Yeah, MHE sucks. And it is a life-long, untreatable disease. Sure you can have surgery, sure, physical therapy helps. But the underlying condition will be there every day for the rest of your life. So. How can you prepare your child to live successfully with MHE?

* '''Believe their pain.''' MHE can have some strange symptoms. Even the bones can subluxate (go in and out) within seconds, so the kid who could not walk two minutes ago is running now. Believe your child. Do not let the doctors gaslight you or your child into pretending that nothing is wrong.
* '''Let your child master their pain.''' Give your child as much control and autonomy as possible. Provide a &quot;pain corner&quot; with comfy pillows, their favorite toys, quiet activities, warmies or coolies. Let your child go to that pain area whenever they feel the need--when they are tired or in pain. This lets them regulate their own pain and functions. 
* '''Teach your child to brainstorm and plan around problems.''' Pain and limited mobility may limit certain options, but life still goes on. So when your child can not do something, brainstorm with them. Use your imaginations. You can not climb these steps. Ok, how can you get into the room? Can you slide on your butt? Should we get a giraffe from next door to help out? (Throw in silly suggestions because that expands their imagination and puts a bit of humor into the situation.) 

=== Advocate for your child with HME in schools ===
It is vital to advocate for your child so that they can work well in schools. Here are some suggested ways to ask for accommodations for this complex disease. Note that not every child will need all of these accommodations. 

My child has MHE, which involves bony bumps on their bones that can vary in size, location, and number as well as some neurological and other physical symptoms.Accommodations are needed for my child’s symptoms, which include:

*  '''Limited mobility.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Amajjar |first=Ihsane |last2=Vergauwen |first2=Kuni |last3=Willigenburg |first3=Nienke W. |last4=Huijnen |first4=Ivan P. J. |last5=Smeets |first5=Rob J. E. M. |last6=Ham |first6=S. John |date=2025-05-30 |title=Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in adults with multiple osteochondromas: a Dutch cross-sectional study |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-02812-3 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=18990 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-02812-3 |issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Allow my child to participate in sports and in activities to the best of their abilities. When starting something new, allow my child to go last and ask my child privately if they can perform that action. If not, quietly allow them to pursue a different prearranged activity. Note that mobility changes daily and sometimes hourly, depending on the bone growth stages, whether muscle has moved over a bone growth,  or other complications.
*  '''Neurological symptoms'''. My child has Asperger-like and ADHD symptoms,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Irie |first=Fumitoshi |last2=Badie-Mahdavi |first2=Hedieh |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=Yu |date=2012-03-27 |title=Autism-like socio-communicative deficits and stereotypies in mice lacking heparan sulfate |url=https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1117881109 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=13 |pages=5052–5056 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117881109}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Irie |first=Fumitoshi |last2=Badie-Mahdavi |first2=Hedieh |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=Yu |date=2012-03-27 |title=Autism-like socio-communicative deficits and stereotypies in mice lacking heparan sulfate |url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1117881109 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=109 |issue=13 |pages=5052–5056 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117881109 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3323986 |pmid=22411800}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pérez |first=Christine |last2=Sawmiller |first2=Darrell |last3=Tan |first3=Jun |date=2016-04-18 |title=The role of heparan sulfate deficiency in autistic phenotype: potential involvement of Slit/Robo/srGAPs-mediated dendritic spine formation |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13064-016-0066-x |journal=Neural Development |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/s13064-016-0066-x |issn=1749-8104 |pmc=4836088 |pmid=27089953}}&lt;/ref&gt; so please engage all measures for children on the spectrum as well as ADHD. Bone tumors on the spine can also create neurological issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hereditary-multiple-exostoses-causing-cord-Bari-Alam/4687ea7d1225f1ecf4ecf4742a794f84576dce6d/figure/0 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=www.semanticscholar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Please understand that bright lights or sound may cause pain or other issues. Please report any behavioral issues so that we can determine if MHE may be underlying these problems and we can address the issues with reasonable accommodations and an Individual Education Plan.
*  '''Frequent pain and fatigue&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Christina M. |last2=Beals |first2=Janette |last3=Whitesell |first3=Nancy Rumbaugh |last4=Voices of Indian Teens team |last5=Pathways of Choice team |date=2008-09 |title=Alcohol use among American Indian high school youths from adolescence and young adulthood: a latent Markov model |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18781241 |journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=666–675 |issn=1937-1888 |pmc=2575396 |pmid=18781241}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''. If my child is in pain or is tired, allow them to rest in preplanned area with preplanned quiet activities (reading, watching an educational video, etc.). This area should be equipped with a heating pad and medication should be dispensed as agreed upon by me and the school.  
* '''Writing difficulties'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; My child may have extra bones on their wrists or hands, making writing painful. Please allow my child to use a computer.  Typing may be slow and please allow other software such as Dragon Naturally Speaking or Otter AI.
*  '''Coordination difficulties'''. My child may have neurological difficulties and problems coordinating eyesight. Please allow more time for tests if needed. Administer tests that require filling in bubbles in an alternative method.
* '''Incontinence/Vomiting'''. Please allow my child free access to the restroom without requiring a pass for sudden issues. Keep a spare set of clothing at the school in case of accidents.
* '''Hall passes.'''  Give my child access to the nurse and bathroom as they determine that they need to go. My child may have bathroom urgencies or need to get pain medication quickly. My child may also have a limb that has &quot;gone out&quot; or stopped working for a few seconds to a few days and will need to attend to that medical urgency. 

=== Advocation Laws and Directives ===
In U.S. cite Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.


= How to Respond to Doctors =
There are suggested treatment protocols for MHE (see Rueda et al., 2025). However, MHE is a rare disease, and you will probably be the first patient that a medical practitioner has ever seen with this disease.  Try to be patient with the doctors and get doctors who work with you as a partner--you having lived with MHE do know a lot about your body! Ill-informed or too-busy doctors often rely on research that is outdated or inaccurate. Here are some common misconceptions that a doctor might tell you and how to respond. Before you go to the doctor, write out your questions. Take someone with you to take notes. Advocate for yourself! 

1.'''I have never seen an MHE patient. Surely this is just a bone condition!''' The condition involves much more than bone growths. MHErs do not biosynthesize heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), in much the same way that diabetics do not biosynthesize insulin (see Cueller et al. 2013 and Jones et al. 2014). Those HSPGs play a vital role in pretty much every single cell and every system in a human body (Bishop et al. 2017). Therefore, since I do not have sufficient levels of HSPG, I can have many different problems. Let's rule out anything comorbid (in other words, any other disease I might have at the same time). IF we can not find something to explain the cause of my symptoms of {REPEAT YOUR SYMPTOMS HERE} then we can blame the MHE and treat the symptoms.

'''2. You do not feel pain. It is just stress.'''  Bone does not have nerves, therefore there is no pain.  Even if that were true (which it is not--see Nencini and Ivanusic 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nencini |first=Sara |last2=Ivanusic |first2=Jason J. |date=2016-04-26 |title=The Physiology of Bone Pain. How Much Do We Really Know? |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2016.00157/full |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |language=English |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00157 |issn=1664-042X |pmc=4844598 |pmid=27199772}}&lt;/ref&gt; for example ), then you wouldn't mind putting a stone in your shoe, right? Because the stone would not feel any pain. Oh, you wouldn't like that because it might hurt? Really? Ok. So I have an extra bone (LIKE A STONE) where there should only be muscle, nerve, and ligaments (LIKE A FOOT). For MHE-specific pain studies, see Darilek et al. 2005.

3. '''Your MHE did not cause x symptom.'''  I had one MHE patient (or read a case study) and they did not have x symptom, so therefore you do not have x symptom (or x symptom is unrelated). MHE is a rare and complex disease. Sometimes medical professionals will resort to explanations of hypochondria or Munchausens to explain away something that they do not understand. MHE is different for each patient, as there are different genetic mutations (EXT1, EXT2, EXT3 genes all play a role, as well as your other genetic profiles). There is not enough research to determine whether your symptoms are or are not caused by MHE. It is best to work with a doctor who will look for causes and accept that your MHE is not the same as anyone else's--including your own family members. Also, look at the list below for similar case studies on HME.  

'''4. No one else has had that reaction to that drug. You are lying or mistaken.''' No. HSPG plays a role in nearly every body function and is assumed to be present. My body does not produce HSPG. Therefore my drug interactions may well differ!&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boer |first=A. G. de |last2=Gaillard |first2=P. J. |date=2007-02-10 |title=Drug Targeting to the Brain |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105237 |journal=Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology |language=en |volume=47 |issue=Volume 47, 2007 |pages=323–355 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105237 |issn=0362-1642}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

5. '''The bones do not grow past puberty. If they have, then it is cancer.''' While studies have assumed this, it is not true. This has not been well researched, because it is difficult to have full xrays and to monitor over a lifetime, which would be required for absolute proof. But while there is a slight chance of chondrosarcoma, other MHE patients have reported bone growth past puberty. See the pictures of the 92- year old woman's skeleton with MHE. Bones grew back over her surgeries at age 70 and 80. If bones do not grow back, how do you explain the growths on her implants?

=== Questions to ask doctors if you are not being taken seriously ===
'''Scripts to Use When You Feel Dismissed'''

'''• This is affecting my daily life. I can not function well with this problem.''' Show pictures. Keep a diary of your pain and what you are not able to do. For example: When the tumor on my rib prevents me from raising my arm, I can not dress myself or brush my hair. When the fatigue is so bad, I can not go to class. When the pain is over a 5 (slamming your hand in a car door) continually, then I can not think well.

'''• Yes, the test results you got were normal, but I have problems.''' However, there are no tests for Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans, which may play a role. Therefore, we need to look deeper. I still have these issues. Explain again that you have MHE and do not biosynthesize HSPG, which plays a role in every cell. Look for common problems--because of course you can still have those! But do not let the doctor gaslight you into thinking it is all in your head. If nothing else, look in Google Scholar with HSPG and your symptom. 

'''• I’m still concerned. Can we talk about next steps?'''  What can we do, and how long should we wait to see if that step works? Ask again about your specific symptom. There may be a medication to try, or physical therapy. Note what you have tried--keep a record!

'''Scripts for When Symptoms Are Minimized'''

'''• This may seem mild to you, but this is really affecting my life.''' Again, be specific. Use the analogy of a rock in your shoe or anything else that makes sense to you.

'''• I'm a zebra. I have a rare complex disease. What can we do?''' Again remind them that MHE is a complex systemic disease and the extra bones are only one symptom of a wider range of problems stemming from not biosynthesizing  HSPG. 

• '''While this may seem mild, I think it is part of an overall pattern. This symptom is persistent and worsening, which is why I’m concerned.''' (Keep a diary. Keep images over time). 

'''Scripts for Redirecting the Conversation'''

'''• I know my body is complex. But here is my main issue now--let's focus on that'''. Before your appointment, write out and send a list of your main symptoms. This is a complex disease and you will not get to everything.

• '''Can we  go back to what I mentioned earlier?''' I know that everything is connected, but I am most concerned about ... so I can live my life. Keep that list. Have someone else in the room taking notes on that list of symptoms. 

'''• Please send me a copy of my medical chart.''' I want to be sure my concern is documented in my chart. Always ask for a copy of your medical records, including doctors' notes.

'''Scripts for Asking for Clarification'''

• “Can you explain why you don’t think further evaluation is needed?” (MHE is a life long condition.)

• “What would be a red flag that should prompt me to follow up?” (Ask about red flags for chondrosarcoma)

• “If this doesn’t improve, what’s the next step?” (Get referrals.)

= See also (MHE sites) =
MHE Learning System&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home - MHE Learning System |url=https://mhels.org/ |access-date=2026-09-30 |website=mhels.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a site for MHE patients to learn about the disease and to cope. 

MHE Research Foundation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mherf.org/ |access-date=2026-09-30 |website=website |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a site to share MHE research.

= Research and medical studies =
Italics after a citation is a sentence directly from that work that summarizes the main points for HME patients and their doctors. Please go to the actual study cited. 

== HME Specific studies ==

=== Summary studies ===
'''Rueda-de-Eusebio, A., Gomez-Pena, S., Moreno-Casado, M.J. et al. Hereditary multiple exostoses: an educational review. Insights Imaging 16, 46 (2025). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-025-01899-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''  This review summarises current knowledge on the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, imaging characteristics, complications, and treatment of HME.''

=== Autism and neurological issues ===
'''Yamaguchi, Yu. Research on rare bone disorder reveals new insights into autism. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/857331&lt;/nowiki&gt; March 2012,''' ''Sanford-Burnham researchers discover the molecular basis of autistic symptoms in children with a rare bone disorder -- findings that also provide new insights for the general autistic population.Researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (Sanford-Burnham) used a mouse model of MHE to investigate cognitive function. They found that mice with a genetic defect that models human MHE show symptoms that meet the three defining characteristics of autism: social impairment, language deficits, and repetitive behavior.''

See associated video presentations:

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SmRRG03zxo Yu Yamaguchi, M.D., Ph.D. - Consequences of Genetic Deficiency]

'Heparan Sulfate, Hereditary Multiple Exostoses, and Autism: Insight from a Rare Disease for a Common Disease&quot; at the Third Annual Rare Disease Day Symposium at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute. The symposium took place at Sanford-Burnham's La Jolla campus on February 24, 2012 and the focus was Glycosylation-Based Disorders: Discovery, Patients, and Progress Toward Treatments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Sanford Burnham Prebys |title=Yu Yamaguchi, M.D., Ph.D. |date=2012-03-05 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-EXRt_YL6A |access-date=2026-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Heparan Sulfate and Human Diseases, March 5, 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yu Yamaguchi, M.D., Ph.D. |url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en-US&amp;hl=en&amp;client=mobilesearchapp&amp;sca_esv=16067ccfc9d0a6cf&amp;channel=iss&amp;rlz=1MDAPLA_enUS667US667&amp;v=437.4.973319807&amp;q=yu+yamaguchi+video&amp;docid=8EyS2A5A5MmJHM&amp;ibp=video&amp;shem=epsd1,ivsple,rimspwouoe&amp;shndl=41&amp;shmd=H4sIAAAAAAAA_42Rz24TMRDGVeDUN4DTqAcqoc0mjUC0kSqUNG0DYkubRKjtbeqdjU3W9uIZN9kbD8UD8Cw8Aw-AFwTiABInW_Pnm983s_vt0e7jmwg3aHEVlTYZFPk0z-BSp-fJWos0POr3yanQNkJlT-7cIF-xoBiVK2_7JnUSv_p4nDKj8UV5dK6u3hWzKb-_qm6ro_nJ4banr882L9qLw_CB2nYwtJNC3Rer2Uu3vOXx9eYpHx8Mnn19-E-QDHwFC3SVD2VvEoPTaKGg0iisYU5MGJSG147FSBSCJqSYEwZtGATrdQZ7-zNqMKCDRawrFMpgRiFJCIYWiliLaWqC061n8UycAboSxlEM21EnbVZaoAreAsIcA8HUpLlMkKBS6MRb692v4B6ggGiCpTYhyTgXO9I_26bYwqK1jWcTbVf-__7yJEvAv5vF-zU0NSr6i84-w1uEN76uERTaJjIkzjO6C7FzPnyewXBwMPxhtyOuvEolG2Q4r1vlua3Tqb3rTRJ02dEnbQo86r7K31No05FSSbfvn0u7DH6VDsCw9BtM7peBUGyXz7dfHnza-bzzHdtbemZ3AgAA&amp;shmds=v1_ARwrE22JjgnjP0eJT9xgIFMVGTFJDAswWntiJI2oXY3-HEfR1A&amp;source=sh/x/vid/m1/5&amp;kgs=82929becb69767fb&amp;utm_source=epsd1,ivsple,rimspwouoe,sh/x/vid/m1/5#fpstate=ive&amp;vld=cid:911b02e3,vid:6-EXRt_YL6A,st:0 |access-date=2026-09-10 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pain, disability, and fatigue ===
'''Amajjar I, Vergauwen K, Willigenburg NW, Huijnen IPJ, Smeets RJEM, Ham SJ, 2025, Scientific report. Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in adults with multiple osteochondromas: a Dutch cross-sectional study. 2045-2322, 2025 May 30, Vol. 15, Issue 1'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ''Multiple Osteochondromas (MO) can significantly impact physical functioning,..These results underscore the need for targeted interventions focusing on pain management, psychological factors, and lifestyle changes to improve both PAL and HRQOL in MO patients.''

'''Bathen T, Fredwall S, Steen U, 2019. Fatigue and pain in children and adults with multiple osteochondromas in Norway, a cross-sectional study. International journal of orthopaedic and trauma nursing [Int J Orthop Trauma Nurs] 2019 Aug; Vol. 34, pp. 28-35. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Feb 10.  ISSN: 18781241''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''Background: Multiple Osteochondromas (MO) is a rare skeletal disorder frequently needing orthopaedic surgery. High prevalence of pain has been reported, however fatigue has not previously been investigated.'' ''Results: Children with MO reported significantly higher fatigue than healthy children. Adults reported significantly higher fatigue than the general Norwegian population. Six of 11 children and 20 of 21 adults reported pain. Severe fatigue was more prevalent in persons with high age, high pain intensity and many pain locations; however none of these differences were significant.''

'''Darilek, Sandra MS*; Wicklund, Catherine MS†; Novy, Diane PhD‡; Scott, Allison MD§; Gambello, Michael MD, PhD*; Johnston, Dennis PhD¶; Hecht, Jacqueline PhD*. Hereditary Multiple Exostosis and Pain. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 25(3):p 369-376, May 2005. | DOI: 10.1097/01.bpo.0000150813.18673.''' ''This study was undertaken to characterize pain in individuals with hereditary multiple exostosis (HME).  Eighty-four percent of participants reported having pain, indicating that pain is a real problem in HME.''

'''Goud, A. L., de Lange, J., Scholtes, V. A. B., Bulstra, S. K., &amp; Ham, S. J. (2012). Pain, Physical and Social Functioning, and Quality of Life in Individuals with Multiple Hereditary Exostoses in the Netherlands. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume, 94A(11), 1013-1020. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.K.00406&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; ''Our study confirms that multiple hereditary exostoses is a chronic disease causing a profound impact on quality of life. The results suggest that pain is not the only problem associated with multiple hereditary exostoses, as it has an extensive influence on daily activities, as well as on social and psychological well-being, causing significant disability.''

'''Tremosini, M., Morri, M., Forni, C., Pedrini, E., Mordenti, M., Gnoli, M., Di Cecco, A., Moroni, A., &amp; Sangiorgi, L. (2025). Pain in patients with multiple inherited osteochondromas: Incidence and potential prognostic factors. Journal of Bone Oncology, 52, 100672.''' ''Purpose: the purpose of this study was to describe the baseline characteristics, presenting phenotype and treatment interventions for patients diagnosed with multiple osteochondromas who presented with severe pain'' ''symptoms. .Conclusion: from the early stages of multiple osteochondromas diagnosis, pain symptoms must be carefully assessed. An increase in age is associated with a worsening of pain; IOR classification of the multiple osteo-chondromas phenotype does not currently allow an association between the various classes and pain. A re-evaluation of the classification in this light could be an important new element for clinical practice.''

=== Bone growth complications ===
'''Burki, Vincent, Alexander So, Bérengère Aubry-Rozier, 2011. Cervical myelopathy in hereditary multiple exostoses, Joint Bone Spine, Volume 78, Issue 4, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.02.021&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burki |first=Vincent |last2=So |first2=Alexander |last3=Aubry-Rozier |first3=Bérengère |date=2011-07 |title=Cervical myelopathy in hereditary multiple exostoses |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1297319X11000558 |journal=Joint Bone Spine |language=en |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=412–414 |doi=10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.02.021}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''.''' ''Spinal cord compression due to cervical exostoses is a rare but recognized complication of hereditary multiple exostosis (HME), an autosomal dominant disorder. This disease, also called multiple osteochondromatosis, is characterised by osteocartilaginous exostoses, typically involving the juxtaepiphyseal regions of long bones. Complications such as transformation to sarcoma (1 to 5%) or neurological compression (of the spinal cord, 1 to 9%) can arise during the course of the disease.''

'''Bukowska-Olech Ewelina, Trzebiatowska Wiktoria, Czech Wiktor, Drzymała Olga, Frąk Piotr, Klarowski Franciszek, Kłusek Piotr, Szwajkowska Anna, Jamsheer Aleksander, Hereditary Multiple Exostoses—A Review of the Molecular Background, Diagnostics, and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2021.759129&lt;/nowiki&gt; '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bukowska-Olech |first=Ewelina |last2=Trzebiatowska |first2=Wiktoria |last3=Czech |first3=Wiktor |last4=Drzymała |first4=Olga |last5=Frąk |first5=Piotr |last6=Klarowski |first6=Franciszek |last7=Kłusek |first7=Piotr |last8=Szwajkowska |first8=Anna |last9=Jamsheer |first9=Aleksander |date=2021-12-10 |title=Hereditary Multiple Exostoses—A Review of the Molecular Background, Diagnostics, and Potential Therapeutic Strategies |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.759129/full |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |language=English |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.759129 |issn=1664-8021 |pmc=8704583 |pmid=34956317}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''' '''''Hereditary multiple exostoses (HMEs) syndrome, also known as multiple osteochondromas, represents a rare and severe human skeletal disorder. The disease may severely affect the quality of patients’ life due to motion impairments, skeletal deformations, chronic pain, or growth retardation and possibility of malignant transformation of exostoses.''

'''Matsumoto, K., Ogawa, H., Nozawa, S. et al. An analysis of osteoporosis in patients with hereditary multiple exostoses. Osteoporos Int 31, 2355–2361 (2020). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-020-05533-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Matsumoto |first=K. |last2=Ogawa |first2=H. |last3=Nozawa |first3=S. |last4=Akiyama |first4=H. |date=2020-12-01 |title=An analysis of osteoporosis in patients with hereditary multiple exostoses |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-020-05533-7 |journal=Osteoporosis International |language=en |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2355–2361 |doi=10.1007/s00198-020-05533-7 |issn=1433-2965}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''We analyzed osteoporosis in 20 HME patients. Our results indicate HME patients have low bone mass. They do not have abnormal bone metabolism.''

'''Phan, A. Q., Pacifici, M., &amp; Esko, J. D. (2017). Advances in the pathogenesis and possible treatments for multiple hereditary exostoses from the 2016 international MHE conference. Connective Tissue Research, 59(1), 85–98. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2017.1394295&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-07-16 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.1080/03008207.2017.1394295 |pmc=7604901 |pmid=29099240}}&lt;/ref&gt;''  MHE, also known as hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) or multiple osteochondromas (MO), is characterized by cartilage-capped outgrowths called osteochondromas that develop adjacent to the growth plates of skeletal elements in young patients. These benign tumors can affect growth plate function, leading to skeletal growth retardation, or deformations, and can encroach on nerves, tendons, muscles, and other surrounding tissues and cause motion impairment, chronic pain, and early onset osteoarthritis. In about 2–5% of patients, the osteochondromas can become malignant and life threatening.''

'''Stiever, JR., and J.P. Dormans (2005). Manifestations of hereditary multiple exostoses. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 13: 110-120'''''.'' '''&lt;nowiki&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15850368/&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''Hereditary multiple exostosis is an autosomal dominant disorder manifested by the presence of multiple osteochondromas. Linkage analysis has implicated mutations in the EXT gene family, resulting in an error in the regulation of normal chondrocyte proliferation and maturation that leads to abnormal bone growth. Although exostoses are benign lesions, they are often associated with characteristic progressive skeletal deformities and may cause clinical symptoms. Patients with hereditary multiple exostosis have a slight risk of sarcomatous transformation of the cartilaginous portion of the exostosis.''

=== '''Screening and treatment''' ===
'''Fei, Li,  Clara Ngoh, Daniel E. Porter, Chondrosarcoma transformation in hereditary multiple exostoses: A systematic review and clinical and cost-effectiveness of a proposed screening model, Journal of Bone Oncology, Volume 13, 2018, Pages 114-122, ISSN 2212-1374, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbo.2018.09.011&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fei |first=Li |last2=Ngoh |first2=Clara |last3=Porter |first3=Daniel E. |date=2018-11-01 |title=Chondrosarcoma transformation in hereditary multiple exostoses: A systematic review and clinical and cost-effectiveness of a proposed screening model |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212137418300903 |journal=Journal of Bone Oncology |volume=13 |pages=114–122 |doi=10.1016/j.jbo.2018.09.011 |issn=2212-1374 |pmc=6303411 |pmid=30591865}}&lt;/ref&gt;''  The most serious complication of hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is chondrosarcoma transformation. Three HME screening strategies were then developed and compared using cost per life-year gained and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).''

'''Hosalkar, Harish MD, MBMS (Ortho), FCPS (Ortho), DNB (Ortho)*; Greenberg, Jared MD†; Gaugler, Rebecca L. BS‡; Garg, Sumeet MD§; Dormans, John P. MD∥, 2007. Abnormal Scarring With Keloid Formation After Osteochondroma Excision in Children With Multiple Hereditary Exostoses Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics: May 2007 - Volume 27 - Issue 3 - p 333-337 doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3180326732'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hosalkar |first=Harish |last2=Greenberg |first2=Jared |last3=Gaugler |first3=Rebecca L. |last4=Garg |first4=Sumeet |last5=Dormans |first5=John P. |date=2007-05 |title=Abnormal Scarring With Keloid Formation After Osteochondroma Excision in Children With Multiple Hereditary Exostoses |url=https://journals.lww.com/01241398-200704000-00017 |journal=Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=333–337 |doi=10.1097/BPO.0b013e3180326732 |issn=0271-6798}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Although this study has limited numbers, the results demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between keloid formation and MHE. The risk for abnormal scarring and keloid formation should be discussed with all patients before surgery.''

'''Monroig-Rivera, Carlos MD1; Bockhorn, Lauren MD1,2; Thornberg, David BS1; Santillan, Brenda BS1,2; Rathjen, Karl E. MD1,2,a. Prevalence of Osteochondromas in the Spine in Patients with Multiple Hereditary Exostoses. JBJS Open Access 10(1):e24.00072, January-March 2025. | DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.OA.24.00072.''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Monroig-Rivera |first=Carlos |last2=Bockhorn |first2=Lauren |last3=Thornberg |first3=David |last4=Santillan |first4=Brenda |last5=Rathjen |first5=Karl E. |date=2025-01 |title=Prevalence of Osteochondromas in the Spine in Patients with Multiple Hereditary Exostoses |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.2106/JBJS.OA.24.00072 |journal=JBJS Open Access |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.OA.24.00072 |issn=2472-7245}}&lt;/ref&gt;''Although nearly half of the patients had spinal osteochondromas, neural impingement was rare (4%). Neither age, gender, nor the presence of rib and pelvic osteochondromas were associated with spinal involvement, osteochondromas in the canal, or neural impingement. This information can be used to guide clinical decision-making regarding the use of MRI scans for patient screening'''''.'''

'''Troxel, J., Fleury, I. G., &amp; Buckwalter V, J. A. (2025). Revisiting Sex Differences in Multiple Hereditary Exostoses (MHE): A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis of Patient Characteristics and Surgical Patterns. ''Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics'', ''46''(3), 180–185.''' ''We examined 103 MHE-diagnosed patients treated at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from June 2008 to March 2023.'' ''Our findings deviate from the commonly accepted male predominance in MHE, revealing an even male-female distribution.''

'''Van der Woude HJ, Flipsen M, Welsink C, Van der Zwan AL, Ham SJ, 2025. Is total-body MRI useful as a screening tool to rule out malignant progression in patients with multiple osteochondromas? Results in a single-center cohort of 319 adult patients. By''''':''  '''Skeletal radiology, 1432-2161, 2024 Jan, Vol. 53, Issue 1.'''''To evaluate the results of total-body (TB) MRI used as a screening tool for assessment or exclusion of malignant transformation in patients with hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO). Conclusion: TB-MRI can identify malignant transformation of osteochondromas in HMO patients. All peripheral chondrosarcomas occurred in flat bones (ribs, scapula, pelvis) in our study. TB-MRI might assist in triage between higher risk patients with a high burden of OC, including the location of OC in main flat bones vs lower risk patients without OC of the flat bones.''

'''Teeth'''

'''Wiweger, Malgorzata I. Wiweger, Zhe Zhao, Richard J. P. van Merkesteyn, Henry H. Roehl, and Pancras C. W. Hogendoorn, 2012. HSPG-Deficient Zebrafish Uncovers Dental Aspect of Multiple Osteochondromas. PLOS 1. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029734&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''.'' ''Here we analyse dental defects present in ext2−/− fish. Histological analysis reveals that ext2−/− fish have very severe defects associated with the formation and the morphology of teeth. Our findings from zebrafish model were validated in a dental survey that was conducted with assistance of the MHE Research Foundation. The presence of the malformed and/or displaced teeth with abnormal enamel was declared by half of the respondents indicating that MO might indeed be also associated with dental problems.''

== Genetic studies (EXT genes) ==
As HME is associated with genetic issues on the EXT genes, here is a list of genetic studies:

'''Benoist-Lasselina, Catherine Emmanuel de Margerieb, Linda Gibbsa, Sarah Cormierc, Caroline Silvec, Gisèle Nicolasd, Martine LeMerrera, Jean-Francois Mallete, Arno­­­­ld Munnicha, Jacky Bonaventurea, Louise Zylberbergb, Laurence Legeai-Malleta,  2006.  ''Defective chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in osteochondromas of MHE patients''. Bone, Volume 39, Issue 1, July 2006, Pages 17–26'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benoist-Lasselin |first=Catherine |last2=de Margerie |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Gibbs |first3=Linda |last4=Cormier |first4=Sarah |last5=Silve |first5=Caroline |last6=Nicolas |first6=Gisèle |last7=LeMerrer |first7=Martine |last8=Mallet |first8=Jean-Francois |last9=Munnich |first9=Arnold |last10=Bonaventure |first10=Jacky |last11=Zylberberg |first11=Louise |last12=Legeai-Mallet |first12=Laurence |date=2006-07 |title=Defective chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in osteochondromas of MHE patients |url=http://www.thebonejournal.com/article/S8756-3282(05)00540-5/fulltext |journal=Bone |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=17–26 |doi=10.1016/j.bone.2005.12.003 |issn=8756-3282}}&lt;/ref&gt; . ''Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) is an autosomal dominant skeletal disorder caused by mutations in one of the two EXT genes and characterized by multiple osteochondromas that generally arise near the ends of growing long bones.''

'''Busse-Wicher, Marta; Wicher, Krzysztof B.; Kusche-Gullberg, Marion (2014). &quot;The extostosin family: Proteins with many functions&quot;. Matrix Biology. Elsevier BV. 35: 25–33. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.001. hdl:1956/10590. ISSN 0945-053X.''' ''Mutations in either EXT1 or EXT2 cause hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by bone deformities and cartilage-capped bony outgrowths, called exostoses or osteochondromas, at the ends of the long bones (reviewed in (Jennes et al., 2009)). HMO is one of the most common inherited skeletal disorders with an estimated incidence of 1–2 per 100 000 live births.''

'''Cuellar, A., Reddi, A.H. Cell biology of osteochondromas: Bone morphogenic protein signalling and heparan sulphates. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) 37, 1591–1596 (2013). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-013-1906-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cuellar |first=Araceli |last2=Reddi |first2=A. Hari |date=2013-08-01 |title=Cell biology of osteochondromas: Bone morphogenic protein signalling and heparan sulphates |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-013-1906-5 |journal=International Orthopaedics |language=en |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=1591–1596 |doi=10.1007/s00264-013-1906-5 |issn=1432-5195 |pmc=3728397 |pmid=23771188}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''While factors for severity remain unknown, mutations in exostosin 1 and exostosin 2 genes, encoding glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquitously expressed heparan sulphate (HS) chains, are associated with MHE.''

'''Nozawa S, Inubushi T, Irie F, et al. Osteoblastic heparan sulfate regulates osteoprotegerin function and bone mass. JCI Insight. 2018;3(3):e89624. Published 2018 Feb 8. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.89624.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nozawa |first=Satoshi |last2=Inubushi |first2=Toshihiro |last3=Irie |first3=Fumitoshi |last4=Takigami |first4=Iori |last5=Matsumoto |first5=Kazu |last6=Shimizu |first6=Katsuji |last7=Akiyama |first7=Haruhiko |last8=Yamaguchi |first8=Yu |date=2018-02-08 |title=Osteoblastic heparan sulfate regulates osteoprotegerin function and bone mass |url=https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/89624 |journal=JCI Insight |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |doi=10.1172/jci.insight.89624 |issn=2379-3708 |pmc=5821205 |pmid=29415886}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''To determine the role of HS in bone homeostasis, we conditionally ablated Ext1, which encodes an essential glycosyltransferase for HS biosynthesis, in osteoblasts. Resultant conditional mutant mice developed severe osteopenia. Surprisingly, this phenotype is not due to impairment in bone formation but to enhancement of bone resorption. We also show that bone mineral density is reduced in patients with multiple hereditary exostoses, a genetic bone disorder caused by heterozygous mutations of Ext1, suggesting that the mechanism revealed in this study may be relevant to low bone mass conditions in humans.''

'''Pacifici M. The pathogenic roles of heparan sulfate deficiency in hereditary multiple exostoses. Matrix Biol. 2018 Oct;71-72:28-39. doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.011. Epub 2017 Dec 24. PMID: 29277722; PMCID: PMC6015767'''''.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; ''Heparan sulfate (HS) is an essential component of cell surface and matrix proteoglycans (HS-PGs) that include syndecans and perlecan. Because of their unique structural features, the HS chains are able to specifically interact with signaling proteins–including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-via their HS-binding domain, regulating protein availability, distribution and action on target cells. Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME) is a rare pediatric disorder linked to germline heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in EXT1 or EXT2 that encode Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases responsible for HS synthesis, resulting in a systemic HS deficiency. HME is characterized by cartilaginous/bony tumors-called osteochondromas or exostoses- that form within perichondrium in long bones, ribs and other elements. This review examines most recent studies in HME, framing them in the context of classic studies. New findings show that the spectrum of EXT mutations is larger than previously realized and the clinical complications of HME extend beyond the skeleton.''

'''Sefcik R, Earl D. Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas. 2000 Aug 3 [Updated 2026 Jan 29]. In: Adam MP, Bick S, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2026. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1235&lt;/nowiki&gt;.''' ''Each child of an individual with HMO has a 50% chance of inheriting an HMO-causing pathogenic variant.''

'''Zak, B.M., B.E. Crawford, and J.D. Esko, 2002. Hereditary multiple exostoses and heparan sulfate polymerization Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) Volume 1573, Issue 3, 19 December 2002, Pages 346–355 &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304416502004026&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME, OMIM 133700, 133701) results from mutations in EXT1 and EXT2, genes encoding the copolymerase responsible for heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis. Here, we provide an overview of HME, the EXT family of proteins, and possible models for the relationship of altered HS biosynthesis to the ectopic bone growth characteristic of the disease.''

== HSPG-Related studies ==
While HME is a rare disease and rarely studied, the connection between HME and HSPG is noted. Therefore, this list of research articles covers HME, HSPG, and the genetic issues associated with the EXT1, EXT2, and EXT3 genes.

'''Aldunate, Rebecca, Juan Carlos Casar, Enrique Brandan, Nibaldo C. Inestrosa, 2004. Structural and functional organization of synaptic acetylcholinesterase, Brain Research Reviews, Volume 47, Issues 1–3,''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aldunate |first=Rebeca |last2=Casar |first2=Juan Carlos |last3=Brandan |first3=Enrique |last4=Inestrosa |first4=Nibaldo C. |date=2004-12 |title=Structural and functional organization of synaptic acetylcholinesterase |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165017304001092 |journal=Brain Research Reviews |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1-3 |pages=96–104 |doi=10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''&quot;The presence of two heparin-binding domains in ColQ that interact with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) at the synaptic basal lamina; and second, a knockout mouse for perlecan, a HSPG concentrated in nerve–muscle contact, in which absence of asymmetric AChE at the NMJ is observed.&quot;''

'''Aplin, J.D., Charlton, A.K. &amp; Ayad, S.  1988. An immunohistochemical study of human endometrial extracellular matrix during the menstrual cycle and first trimester of pregnancy. Cell Tissue Res. 253: 231. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221758&lt;/nowiki&gt;.''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aplin |first=J. D. |last2=Charlton |first2=A. K. |last3=Ayad |first3=S. |date=1988-07-01 |title=An immunohistochemical study of human endometrial extracellular matrix during the menstrual cycle and first trimester of pregnancy |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221758 |journal=Cell and Tissue Research |language=en |volume=253 |issue=1 |pages=231–240 |doi=10.1007/BF00221758 |issn=1432-0878}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Changes in the organisation and composition of extracellular matrix in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy have been assessed by immunofluorescence.'' 

'''Arnold, K. Y-E. Liao, and J. Liu, 2020. ''Potential Use of Anti-Inflammatory Synthetic Heparan Sulfate to Attenuate Liver Damage. Biomedicines 2020, 8(11), 503;''''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Katelyn |last2=Liao |first2=Yi-En |last3=Liu |first3=Jian |date=2020-11-16 |title=Potential Use of Anti-Inflammatory Synthetic Heparan Sulfate to Attenuate Liver Damage |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/8/11/503 |journal=Biomedicines |language=en |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=503 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines8110503 |issn=2227-9059}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Heparan sulfate (HS) is an essential glycan for liver function.''

'''Ascencio, F. L. Å. Fransson and T. WadstrÖum, 1993. ''Affinity of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori for the N-sulphated glycosaminoglycan heparan sulphate'' J Med Microbiol April 1993 vol. 38 no. 4 240-244''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=F |first=Ascencio |last2=A |first2=Fransson, L. |last3=T |first3=Wadstrom |date=1993-04-01 |title=Affinity of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori for the N-sulphated glycosaminogly… |url=https://www.sgmjournals.org/jmm/content/38/4/240 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=SGM Journals |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''.''' ''Binding of 125I-heparan sulphate was a common property of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with gastroduodenal ulcer diseases.''

'''Berg et al., 1999. Chronic fatigue syndrome and/or Fibromyalgia as a variation of Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: an explanatory model and approach to laboratory  diagnosis'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Berg |first=D. |last2=Berg |first2=L. H. |last3=Couvaras |first3=J. |last4=Harrison |first4=H. |date=1999-10 |title=Chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia as a variation of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: an explanatory model and approach to laboratory diagnosis |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10695770 |journal=Blood Coagulation &amp; Fibrinolysis: An International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=435–438 |doi=10.1097/00001721-199910000-00006 |issn=0957-5235 |pmid=10695770}}&lt;/ref&gt; Not in this paper, but the logic is that low levels of HSPG are found in patients with chronic fatigue, and there is probably a correlation with MHE fatigue and low levels of HSPG.

'''Bishop, J., Schuksz, M. &amp; Esko, J. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans fine-tune mammalian physiology. Nature 446, 1030–1037 (2007). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05817&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bishop |first=Joseph R. |last2=Schuksz |first2=Manuela |last3=Esko |first3=Jeffrey D. |date=2007-04 |title=Heparan sulphate proteoglycans fine-tune mammalian physiology |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05817 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=446 |issue=7139 |pages=1030–1037 |doi=10.1038/nature05817 |issn=1476-4687}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Heparan sulphate proteoglycans reside on the plasma membrane of all animal cells studied so far and are a major component of extracellular matrices. . A recurrent theme is the electrostatic interaction of the heparan sulphate chains with protein ligands, which affects metabolism, transport, information transfer, support and regulation in all organ systems.'' 

'''Boer and Gaillard, 2007. Drug Targeting to the Brain. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Volume 47, 2007. Pp 323-355'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;'''.'''''… For many diseases of the brain, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsia and migraine headache, the drugs on the market … enter the cell following binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors …''

'''Brown, Anissa Joy. Function of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and heparanase (HPSE) in endochondral bone formation University of Delaware, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2008. 3324491.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Function of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and heparanase (HPSE) in endochondral bone formation. by Brown, Anissa Joy (9781243986054) {{!}} Browns Books |url=https://www.brownsbfs.co.uk/Product/Brown-Anissa-Joy/Function-of-heparan-sulfate-proteoglycans-HSPGs-and-hepar/9781243986054 |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=www.brownsbfs.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Endochondral bone formation is a tightly regulated process involving coordination among cell-cell, cell-matrix and growth factor signaling that eventually results in the production of mineralized bone from a cartilage template. Chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation occur in sequence during this process, and the temporospatial patterning clearly requires the activities of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), heparin binding growth factors (HBGFs) and their receptors.''

'''O'Callaghan P, Zhang X, Li JP. 2018. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Relays of Neuroinflammation. J Histochem Cytochem. 2018 Apr;66(4):305-319. doi: 10.1369/0022155417742147. Epub 2018 Jan 1. PMID: 29290138; PMCID: PMC5958378'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=O'Callaghan |first=Paul |last2=Zhang |first2=Xiao |last3=Li |first3=Jin-Ping |date=2018-04 |title=Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Relays of Neuroinflammation |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5958378/ |journal=The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=305–319 |doi=10.1369/0022155417742147 |issn=1551-5044 |pmc=5958378 |pmid=29290138}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''.''' ''.'' ''We summarize some of the contrasting roles that HS and heparanase have been assigned in diseases associated with chronic inflammatory states, including Alzheimer's disease (AD).'' 

'''Chmiela, M. et al. 1995. The role of heparan sulphate-binding activity of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in their adhesion to murine macrophages. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01133.x/full&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chmiela |first=M. |last2=Paziak-Domanska |first2=B. |last3=Rudnicka |first3=W. |last4=WadstrÖM |first4=T. |date=1995 |title=The role of heparan sulphate-binding activity of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in their adhesion to murine macrophages |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01133.x |journal=APMIS |language=en |volume=103 |issue=1-6 |pages=469–474 |doi=10.1111/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01133.x |issn=1600-0463}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The role of heparan sulphate (HS)-binding activity of Helicobacter pylori microbes in their adhesion to and ingestion by inflammatory peritoneal macrophages.'' 

'''Collins LE, Troeberg L. 2019. Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity. J Leukoc Biol. 2019 Jan;105(1):81-92. doi: 10.1002/JLB.3RU0618-246R. Epub 2018 Oct 30. PMID: 30376187.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Laura E |last2=Troeberg |first2=Linda |date=2018-12-27 |title=Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity |url=https://academic.oup.com/jleukbio/article/105/1/81/6935486 |journal=Journal of Leukocyte Biology |language=en |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=81–92 |doi=10.1002/JLB.3RU0618-246R |issn=1938-3673}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''In this review, we discuss the multiple roles for HS in regulating immune responses, and the evidence for inflammation-associated changes to HS structure.Keywords: chemokines; cytokines; heparan sulfate; inflammation; leukocyte.''

'''Condomitti, G., &amp; de Wit, J. (2018). Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Emerging Players in Synaptic Specificity. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 11, 14. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00014&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Condomitti |first=Giuseppe |last2=de Wit |first2=Joris |date=2018-01-26 |title=Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Emerging Players in Synaptic Specificity |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00014/full |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |language=English |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2018.00014 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=5790772 |pmid=29434536}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) family of cell-surface proteins is emerging as a key regulator of connectivity. HSPGs are expressed throughout brain development and play important roles in axon guidance, synapse development and synapse function.''

'''Cooper, Isabella D.; Brookler, Kenneth H.; Crofts, Catherine A. P. (2021-09-06). &quot;Rethinking  Fragility Fractures in Type 2 Diabetes: The Link between Hyperinsulinaemia and Osteofragilitas&quot; Biomedicines 9, no. 9: 1165.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Isabella D. |last2=Brookler |first2=Kenneth H. |last3=Crofts |first3=Catherine A. P. |date=2021-09-06 |title=Rethinking Fragility Fractures in Type 2 Diabetes: The Link between Hyperinsulinaemia and Osteofragilitas |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/9/1165 |journal=Biomedicines |language=en |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=1165 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines9091165 |issn=2227-9059}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091165&lt;/nowiki&gt;  Hyperinsulinaemia negatively impacts HSPG function and availability, via impairment of vitamin D regulation. Vitamin D regulates sulfate synthesis, required for heparan sulphate ['''145'''].''

'''Dituri F, Gigante G, Scialpi R, Mancarella S, Fabregat I, Giannelli G. Proteoglycans in Cancer: Friends or Enemies? A Special Focus on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers. 2022; 14(8):1902. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14081902&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dituri |first=Francesco |last2=Gigante |first2=Gianluigi |last3=Scialpi |first3=Rosanna |last4=Mancarella |first4=Serena |last5=Fabregat |first5=Isabel |last6=Giannelli |first6=Gianluigi |date=2022-04-09 |title=Proteoglycans in Cancer: Friends or Enemies? A Special Focus on Hepatocellular Carcinoma |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/8/1902 |journal=Cancers |language=en |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1902 |doi=10.3390/cancers14081902 |issn=2072-6694 |pmc=9024587 |pmid=35454809}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Proteoglycans are a class of highly glycosylated proteins expressed in virtually all tissues, which are localized within membranes, but more often in the pericellular space and extracellular matrix (ECM), and are involved in tissue homeostasis and remodeling of the stromal microenvironment during physiological and pathological processes, such as tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, and cancer.''

'''Farhan, S.M.K. , Wang J, Robinson JF, et al., 2015. Old gene, new phenotype: mutations in heparan sulfate synthesis enzyme, EXT2 leads to seizure and developmental disorder, no exostoses. Journal of Medical Genetics 2015;52:666-675. ''' ''Many genes are involved in modulating heparan sulfate synthesis, and when these genes are mutated, they can give rise to early-onset developmental disorders affecting multiple body systems.'' 

'''Forsberg E. and L. Kjellen, 2001. Heparan sulfate: lessons from knockout mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.jci.org/articles/view/13561&lt;/nowiki&gt;.''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Forsberg |first=Erik |last2=Kjellén |first2=Lena |date=2001-07-15 |title=Heparan sulfate: lessons from knockout mice |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/13561 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |language=en |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=175–180 |doi=10.1172/JCI13561 |issn=0021-9738 |pmid=11457868}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kidney'' ''agenesis, “broken heart,” abnormal mast cells, somatic overgrowth, lung dysfunction, and chondrodysplasia are some phenotypes of mice where different genes important for heparan sulfate (HS) expression have been knocked out.The authors speculate that, during inflammation or wounding when fibronectin is degraded, syndecan-4 may be important for focal adhesion formation and actin fiber organization, which in turn contribute to cell migration.'' 

'''Fumitoshi Irie, Hedieh Badie-Mahdavi, and Yu Yamaguchi, 2012. ''Autism-like socio-communicative deficits and stereotypies in mice lacking heparan sulfate''. PNAS 2012 109 (13) 5052-5056;  March 27, 2012 vol. 109 no. 13'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; '''&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.pnas.org/content/109/13/5052.short&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''Heparan sulfate regulates diverse cell-surface signaling events, and its roles in the development of the nervous system recently have been increasingly uncovered by studies using genetic models carrying mutations of genes encoding enzymes for its synthesis. Our results demonstrate that heparan sulfate is critical for normal functioning of glutamatergic synapses and that its deficiency mediates socio-communicative deficits and stereotypes characteristic for autism.''

'''Ge, Xiao Na, Bastan, Idil, Ha, Sung Gil, Greenberg, Yana G., Esko, Jeffrey D., Rao, Savita P., Sriramarao, P., 2018. Regulation of eosinophil recruitment and allergic airway inflammation by heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) modifying enzymes. Experimental Lung Research, 01902148, Mar2018, Vol. 44, Issue''' ''Our study demonstrates that allergen exposure reduces expression of Hs2st; loss of uronyl 2-O-sulfation in endothelial and leukocyte HSPG amplifies recruitment of eosinophils likely due to a compromised vascular endothelium resulting in persistent inflammation whereas loss of N-sulfation limits eosinophilia and attenuates inflammation underscoring the importance of site-specific sulfation in HSPG to their role in AAI.''

'''Haeger SM, Yang Y, Schmidt EP. Heparan Sulfate in the Developing, Healthy, and Injured Lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016;55(1):5-11. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2016-0043TR''' '''''&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4942210/&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haeger |first=Sarah M. |last2=Yang |first2=Yimu |last3=Schmidt |first3=Eric P. |date=2016-07 |title=Heparan Sulfate in the Developing, Healthy, and Injured Lung |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4942210/ |journal=American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1165/rcmb.2016-0043TR |issn=1535-4989 |pmc=4942210 |pmid=26982577}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''This Translational Review highlightsthe importance of athe glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) on lung health and disease.''

'''Hiebert, Linda M. 2021. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Diabetes. DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724118. Thieme E-''' '''Journals - Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis / Abstract (thieme-connect.com).''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hiebert |first=Linda M. |date=2021-04 |title=Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Diabetes |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0041-1724118 |journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis |language=en |volume=47 |issue=03 |pages=261–273 |doi=10.1055/s-0041-1724118 |issn=0094-6176}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Understanding the role of HSPGs and how they are modified by diabetes may lead to new treatments as well as preventative measures to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this complex condition.''

'''Ho, G., G Broze, A. Schwartz, 1997. Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Uptake and Degradation of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-Coagulation Factor Xa Complexes. CELL BIOLOGY AND METABOLISM| VOLUME 272, ISSUE 27, P16838-16844, JULY 1997.&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(18)39299-8/fulltext&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Guyu |last2=Broze |first2=George J. |last3=Schwartz |first3=Alan L. |date=1997-07-04 |title=Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Uptake and Degradation of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-Coagulation Factor Xa Complexes * |url=https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(18)39299-8/abstract |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=English |volume=272 |issue=27 |pages=16838–16844 |doi=10.1074/jbc.272.27.16838 |issn=0021-9258}}&lt;/ref&gt;''These results suggest that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are required for the uptake and degradation of 125I-TFPI·fXa complexes.'' 

'''Huang M, He H, Belenkaya T, Lin X. Multiple roles of epithelial heparan sulfate in stomach morphogenesis. J Cell Sci. 2018 May 29;131(10):jcs210781. doi: 10.1242/jcs.210781. PMID: 29700203; PMCID: PMC6031332.''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Meina |last2=He |first2=Hua |last3=Belenkaya |first3=Tatyana |last4=Lin |first4=Xinhua |date=2018-05-15 |title=Multiple roles of epithelial heparan sulfate in stomach morphogenesis |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/131/10/jcs210781/56866/Multiple-roles-of-epithelial-heparan-sulfate-in |journal=Journal of Cell Science |language=en |volume=131 |issue=10 |doi=10.1242/jcs.210781 |issn=1477-9137 |pmc=6031332 |pmid=29700203}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''In the posterior stomach, HS depletion disrupts glandular stomach patterning and cytodifferentiation via attenuation of Fgf signaling activity.'' 

'''Irie, F.,  H. Badie-Mahdavi, Y. Yamaguchi, 2012. Autism-like socio-communicative deficits and stereotypies in mice lacking heparan sulfate Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 109 (2012), pp. 5052-5056. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1117881109&lt;/nowiki&gt;.''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;''Our results demonstrate that heparan sulfate is critical for normal functioning of glutamatergic synapses and that its deficiency mediates socio-communicative deficits and stereotypies characteristic for autism.''

'''Jennes I, Pedrini E, Zuntini M, Mordenti M, Balkassmi S, Asteggiano CG, Casey B, Bakker B, Sangiorgi L, Wuyts W. Multiple osteochondromas: mutation update and description of the multiple osteochondromas mutation database (MOdb). Hum Mutat. 2009 Dec;30 (12):1620-7. doi: 10.1002/humu.21123. PMID: 19810120.''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jennes |first=Ivy |last2=Pedrini |first2=Elena |last3=Zuntini |first3=Monia |last4=Mordenti |first4=Marina |last5=Balkassmi |first5=Sahila |last6=Asteggiano |first6=Carla G. |last7=Casey |first7=Brett |last8=Bakker |first8=Bert |last9=Sangiorgi |first9=Luca |last10=Wuyts |first10=Wim |date=2009-12 |title=Multiple osteochondromas: mutation update and description of the multiple osteochondromas mutation database (MOdb) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/humu.21123 |journal=Human Mutation |language=en |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1620–1627 |doi=10.1002/humu.21123}}&lt;/ref&gt;''MO is genetically heterogeneous, and is associated with mutations in Exostosin-1 (EXT1) or Exostosin-2 (EXT2), both tumor-suppressor genes of the EXT gene family. All members of this multigene family encode glycosyltransferases involved in the adhesion and/or polymerization of heparin sulfate (HS) chains at HS proteoglycans (HSPGs).'' 

'''Jones, K. B., Pacifici, M., &amp; Hilton, M. J. (2014). Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE): elucidating the pathogenesis of a rare skeletal disorder through interdisciplinary research. Connective Tissue Research, 55(2), 80–88. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.3109/03008207.2013.867957&lt;/nowiki&gt;.''' ''MHE is largely caused by autosomal dominant mutations in EXT1 or EXT2, genes encoding Golgi-associated glycosyltransferases responsible for heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis. HS chains are key constituents of cell surface- and extracellular matrix-associated proteoglycans, which are known regulators of skeletal development. MHE affected individuals are HS-deficient, can display skeletal growth retardation and deformities, and consistently develop benign, cartilage-capped bony outgrowths (termed exostoses or osteochondromas) near the growth plates of many skeletal elements. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) critically modulate adhesion-, growth-, and migration-related processes.''

'''Kemp, Annissa et al. 2017. Control of Cell Shape, Neurite Outgrowth, and Migration by a Nogo-A/HSPG Interaction, Developmental Cell, Volume 43, Issue 1, 24 - 34.e5 &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/fulltext/S1534-5807(17)30674-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kempf |first=Anissa |last2=Boda |first2=Enrica |last3=Kwok |first3=Jessica C. F. |last4=Fritz |first4=Rafael |last5=Grande |first5=Valentina |last6=Kaelin |first6=Andrea M. |last7=Ristic |first7=Zorica |last8=Schmandke |first8=Andre |last9=Schmandke |first9=Antonio |last10=Tews |first10=Bjoern |last11=Fawcett |first11=James W. |last12=Pertz |first12=Olivier |last13=Buffo |first13=Annalisa |last14=Schwab |first14=Martin E. |date=2017-10-09 |title=Control of Cell Shape, Neurite Outgrowth, and Migration by a Nogo-A/HSPG Interaction |url=https://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/abstract/S1534-5807(17)30674-3 |journal=Developmental Cell |language=English |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=24–34.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.devcel.2017.08.014 |issn=1534-5807 |pmid=28943240}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) critically modulate adhesion-, growth-, and migration-related processes. Here, we show that the transmembrane protein, Nogo-A, inhibits neurite outgrowth and cell spreading in neurons and Nogo-A-responsive cell lines via HSPGs. Finally, we show in explant cultures ex vivo that Nogo-A-?20 promotes the migration of neuroblasts via HSPGs but not S1PR2.''

'''Kolset, S., Salmivirta, M. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and lipoprotein metabolism. CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 56, 857–870 (1999). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s000180050031&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s000180050031. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s000180050031.]  ''Heparan sulfate has been further implicated in presentation and stabilization of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase on cell surfaces and in the transport of lipoprotein lipase from extravascular cells to the luminal surface of the endothelia. In atherosclerosis, heparan sulfate is intimately involved in several events important to the pathophysiology of the disease.''

'''Laabs, T.; Carulli, D.; Geller, H.M.; Fawcett, J.W. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in neural development and regeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2005, 15, 116–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carulli |first=Daniela |last2=Laabs |first2=Tracy |last3=Geller |first3=Herbert M. |last4=Fawcett |first4=James W. |date=2005-02 |title=Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in neural development and regeneration |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15721753 |journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=116–120 |doi=10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.014 |issn=0959-4388 |pmid=15721753}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Proteoglycans are of two main types, chondroitin sulfate (CSPGs) and heparin sulfate (HSPGs). The CSPGs act mainly as barrier-forming molecules, whereas the HSPGs stabilise the interactions of receptors and ligands.'' 

'''Lundberg, Y.W., Y. Xu, K.D. Theissen, and K.L. Framer, 2014. Mechanisms of otoconia and otolith development. Developmental Dynamics, 9/24/2014.''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lundberg |first=Yunxia Wang |last2=Xu |first2=Yinfang |last3=Thiessen |first3=Kevin D. |last4=Kramer |first4=Kenneth L. |date=2015 |title=Mechanisms of otoconia and otolith development |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/dvdy.24195 |journal=Developmental Dynamics |language=en |volume=244 |issue=3 |pages=239–253 |doi=10.1002/dvdy.24195 |issn=1097-0177 |pmc=4482761 |pmid=25255879}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Deletion of different HSPGs and CSPGs causes calcification deficiencies  which exemplifies their critical role in bone and teeth formation.''

'''Mansouri, R., Jouan, Y., Hay, E. et al. Osteoblastic heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans control bone remodeling by regulating Wnt signaling and the crosstalk between bone surface and marrow cells. Cell Death Dis 8, e2902 (2017). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.287&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mansouri |first=Rafik |last2=Jouan |first2=Yohann |last3=Hay |first3=Eric |last4=Blin-Wakkach |first4=Claudine |last5=Frain |first5=Monique |last6=Ostertag |first6=Agnès |last7=Le Henaff |first7=Carole |last8=Marty |first8=Caroline |last9=Geoffroy |first9=Valérie |last10=Marie |first10=Pierre J. |last11=Cohen-Solal |first11=Martine |last12=Modrowski |first12=Dominique |date=2017-06 |title=Osteoblastic heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans control bone remodeling by regulating Wnt signaling and the crosstalk between bone surface and marrow cells |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/cddis2017287 |journal=Cell Death &amp; Disease |language=en |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=e2902–e2902 |doi=10.1038/cddis.2017.287 |issn=2041-4889 |pmc=5520938 |pmid=28661485}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Syndecan-2 is a membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is associated with osteoblastic differentiation. The osteogenic properties of matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been explored; however, the functions of GAGs at the surface of bone-forming cells are less documented.'' 

'''Matsuzawa, T. et al., 2021. Heparan sulfate promotes differentiation of white adipocytes to maintain insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Journal of Biological Chemistry.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Matsuzawa |first=Takuro |last2=Morita |first2=Masanobu |last3=Shimane |first3=Ai |last4=Otsuka |first4=Rina |last5=Mei |first5=Yu |last6=Irie |first6=Fumitoshi |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=Yu |last8=Yanai |first8=Kazuhiko |last9=Yoshikawa |first9=Takeo |date=2021-09 |title=Heparan sulfate promotes differentiation of white adipocytes to maintain insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34310946 |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=297 |issue=3 |pages=101006 |doi=10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101006 |issn=1083-351X |pmc=8379462 |pmid=34310946}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''We observed that Ext1Δ/WT mice showed glucose intolerance because of insulin resistance. Our results demonstrate that HS plays a crucial role in the differentiation of white adipocytes through BMP4–FGF1 signaling pathways, thereby contributing to insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.''

'''Meneghetti, Maria C. Z.; Hughes, Ashley J.; Rudd, Timothy R.; Nader, Helena B.; Powell, Andrew K.; Yates, Edwin A.; Lima, Marcelo A. (2015-09-06). &quot;Heparan sulfate and heparin interactions with proteins&quot;. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface. 12 (110): 0589. doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.0589. ISSN 1742-5662. PMC 4614469. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 26289657&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Echits |first=S. V. |last2=Pichko |first2=V. B. |last3=Tikhomirova |first3=A. S. |last4=Letunova |first4=E. V. |date=1975 |title=[Preparation and properties of beta-galactosidase linked covalently with KM-cellulose] |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1742 |journal=Prikladnaia Biokhimiia I Mikrobiologiia |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=848–851 |issn=0555-1099 |pmid=1742}}&lt;/ref&gt;''. Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides are ubiquitous components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix of all multicellular animals, whereas heparin is present within mast cells and can be viewed as a more sulfated, tissue-specific, HS variant. HS and heparin regulate biological processes through interactions with a large repertoire of proteins. Owing to these interactions and diverse effects observed during in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments, manifold biological/pharmacological activities have been attributed to them'''''.'''

'''Mooney et al. 2016.Pathway analysis in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ensemble approach. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Volume 171, Sept 2016. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajmg.b.32446&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mooney |first=Michael A. |last2=McWeeney |first2=Shannon K. |last3=Faraone |first3=Stephen V. |last4=Hinney |first4=Anke |last5=Hebebrand |first5=Johannes |last6=Consortium |first6=Image2 |last7=Group |first7=German ADHD GWAS |last8=Nigg |first8=Joel T. |last9=Wilmot |first9=Beth |date=2016 |title=Pathway analysis in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ensemble approach |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajmg.b.32446 |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics |language=en |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=815–826 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.b.32446 |issn=1552-485X |pmc=4983253 |pmid=27004716}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''These results support previous hypotheses about the role of regulation of neurotransmitter release, neurite outgrowth and axon guidance in contributing to the ADHD phenotype and suggest the value of cross-method convergence in evaluating pathway analysis results.''

'''Nackaerts, K. et al. 1997. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Expression In Human Lung-Cancer Cells. Int. J. Cancer (Pred. Oncol.): 74, 335–345 (1997) r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maurits_Demedts/publication/13997415_Heparan_sulfate_proteoglycan_expression_in_human_lung-cancer_cells/links/5600565108aeafc8ac8c7374.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nackaerts |first=Kris |last2=Verbeken |first2=Erik |last3=Deneffe |first3=Georges |last4=Vanderschueren |first4=Bernadette |last5=Demedts |first5=Maurits |last6=David |first6=Guido |date=1997-07-01 |title=Heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression in human lung-cancer cells |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13997415_Heparan_sulfate_proteoglycan_expression_in_human_lung-cancer_cells |journal=International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer |volume=74 |pages=335–45 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970620)74:33.3.CO;2-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Heparan sulfate (HS) functions as a co-factor in several signal-transduction systems that affect cellular growth, differentiation, adhesion and motility. HS, therefore, may also play a role in the malignant transformation of cells, tumor growth, cell invasiveness and the formation of tumor metastases. Our results suggest that poorly differentiated lung tumors have markedly altered patterns of HSPG expression, which may contribute to their invasive phenotype. Int. J. Cancer 74:335– 345, 1997.''

'''Nencini Sara , Ivanusic Jason J. The Physiology of Bone Pain. How Much Do We Really Know? Frontiers in Physiology. Volume 7 - 2016.''' '''&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2016.00157&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DOI=10.3389/fphys.2016.00157. ISSN=1664-042X'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; ''Pain is associated with most bony pathologies. Clinical and experimental observations suggest that bone pain can be derived from noxious stimulation of the periosteum or bone marrow Whilst these provide some clues as to the way information about bone pain is centrally coded, they need to be expanded to further our understanding of other central territories involved.''

'''Otsu, K.; Kato, S.; Ohtake, K.; Akamatsu, N. Alteration of rat liver proteoglycans during regeneration. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1992, 294, 544–549. Alteration of rat liver proteoglycans during regeneration - PubMed (nih.gov)'''''. Heparan sulfates (HS) are probably the major GAGs present on the surface of hepatocytes under normal conditions. Nevertheless, HSPGs expression increases during liver regeneration. Using [35S] sulfuric acid incorporation, Otsu et al. showed that, in the hepatic regeneration phase after hepatectomy, the synthesis of heparin sulfate proteoglycans, and to a lesser extent, of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, increases up to 3–5 days and is temporally shifted compared to the stage of maximum mitosis that occurs 1–2 days following the surgical procedure [94].'' 

'''Otsuka, T., Phan, A.Q., Laurencin, C.T. et al. Identification of Heparan-Sulfate Rich Cells in the Loose Connective Tissues of the Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) with the Potential to Mediate Growth Factor Signaling during Regeneration. Regen. Eng. Transl. Med. 6, 7–17 (2020). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-019-00140-3&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40883-019-00140-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otsuka |first=T. |last2=Phan |first2=A. Q. |last3=Laurencin |first3=C. T. |last4=Esko |first4=J. D. |last5=Bryant |first5=S. V. |last6=Gardiner |first6=D. M. |date=2020-03 |title=Identification of Heparan-Sulfate Rich Cells in the Loose Connective Tissues of the Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) with the Potential to Mediate Growth Factor Signaling during Regeneration |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40883-019-00140-3 |journal=Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=7–17 |doi=10.1007/s40883-019-00140-3 |issn=2364-4133 |pmc=7971174 |pmid=33748405}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''. We hypothesized that there are cells in the axolotl that synthesize specific HSPGs that control growth factor signaling in time and space. Given their high level of HSPG expression, their stellate morphology, and their distribution throughout the loose connective tissues, we refer to these as the positional information GRID (Groups that are Regenerative, Interspersed and Dendritic) cells.''

'''Parish, C., 2005. Heparan sulfate and inflammation. Nature Immunology 6(9):861-2 ·  October. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7645220_Heparan_sulfate_and_inflammation&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parish |first=Christopher |date=2005-10-01 |title=Heparan sulfate and inflammation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7645220_Heparan_sulfate_and_inflammation |journal=Nature immunology |volume=6 |pages=861–2 |doi=10.1038/ni0905-861}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Entry of leukocytes into tissues is a key feature of inflammation. New data suggest the polysaccharide heparan sulfate is required for several stages of this entry process.''

'''Park, P.J, and D. Shukla. Role of heparan sulfate in ocular diseases, Experimental Eye Research, Volume 110, 2013, Pages 1-9, ISSN 0014-4835, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2013.01.015&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Paul J. |last2=Shukla |first2=Deepak |date=2013-05-01 |title=Role of heparan sulfate in ocular diseases |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014483513000274 |journal=Experimental Eye Research |volume=110 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.exer.2013.01.015 |issn=0014-4835 |pmc=3638857 |pmid=23410824}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Abstract: Heparan sulfate (HS), a ubiquitous and structurally diverse cell surface polysaccharide and extracellular matrix component, is a factor common to several major eye pathologies. Its multitude of functions and variable distribution among the different ocular tissues makes it an important contributor to a variety of disease states. Although HS facilitates the pathogenesis of many disorders, its role in each varies. Unique functions of HS have been particularly noted in viral and bacterial keratitis and age-related macular degeneration.'' 

'''Pérez, C., Sawmiller, D. &amp; Tan, J. The role of heparan sulfate deficiency in autistic phenotype: potential involvement of Slit/Robo/srGAPs-mediated dendritic spine formation. Neural Dev 11, 11 (2016). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s13064-016-0066-x&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ''Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are the second most common developmental cause of disability in the United States. The brains of ASD patients have marked structural abnormalities, in the form of increased dendritic spines and decreased long distance connections. These structural differences may be due to deficiencies in Heparin Sulfate (HS), a proteoglycan involved in a variety of neurodevelopmental processes. Through interference with this pathway, HS deficiency can lead to excess spine formation.''

'''Poli, Maura, Michela Asperti, Paola Ruzzenenti, Annamaria Naggi, and Paolo Arosio. 2017. &quot;Non-Anticoagulant Heparins Are Hepcidin Antagonists for the Treatment of Anemia&quot; Molecules 22, no. 4: 598. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040598&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Poli |first=Maura |last2=Asperti |first2=Michela |last3=Ruzzenenti |first3=Paola |last4=Naggi |first4=Annamaria |last5=Arosio |first5=Paolo |date=2017-04-08 |title=Non-Anticoagulant Heparins Are Hepcidin Antagonists for the Treatment of Anemia |url=https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/4/598 |journal=Molecules |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=598 |doi=10.3390/molecules22040598 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=6154463 |pmid=28397746}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''This review summarizes recent findings on the anti-hepcidin activity of heparins and their possible use for the treatment of anemia caused by hepcidin excess, including the anemia of chronic diseases.''

'''Russel A.L. and M.F.McCarty, 2000 Glucosamine for migraine prophylaxis?  Medical Hypotheses. Volume 55, Issue 3, September 2000, Pages 195-198. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987799910125&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''We postulate that supplemental glucosamine can boost mast cell heparin synthesis – perhaps correcting a functional heparin deficiency – thereby preventing or ameliorating the neurogenic inflammation that mediates pain in vascular headache. Whether or not this idea has validity, a controlled study of glucosamine for migraine prophylaxis appears to be warranted.''

'''Stringer, S.E. and Gallagher. 1997. Molecules in focus. Heparan sulphate. The International Journal of Biochemistry &amp; Cell Biology, Volume 29, Issue 5, 1997.''' ''Heparan sulphates, the N-sulphated polysaccharides components of proteoglycans, are common constituents of cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix. The diverse functions of heparan sulphate, which range from the control of blood coagulation to the regulation of cell growth and adhesion, depend on the capacity of the chains to activate protein ligands, such as antithrombin III and members of the fibroblast growth factor family. These properties are currently being exploited in the development of synthetic heparan sulphates as anticoagulants and promoters of wound healing. Conversely organic mimics of growth factor activating saccharides could possibly be designed to suppress tumour growth and prevent restenosis after coronary vessel angioplasty.''

'''Theoharides TC et al.  1999. Stress-induced rat intestinal mast cell intragranular activation and inhibitory effect of sulfated proteoglycans.  Digestive Diseases and Sciences [1999, 44 (8 Suppl):87S-93S]. Pages 709-714. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/10490045&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''Cyclic vomiting syndrome is characterized by sudden episodes of vomiting and abdominal pain. It occurs primarily in children, is exacerbated by stress, and is often considered a migraine equivalent. Migraines have been linked to mast cells, which are often found close to neurons where they are activated by neuropeptides. We investigated the ultrastructural appearance of rat ileal brush border and mast cells following acute stress by immobilization.These results suggest the possible usefulness of chondroitin sulfate in conditions such as cyclic vomiting syndrome.''

'''Thompson, W.R. 2011. Perlecan modulates the function of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular system. University of Delaware, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2011. 3443246.''' ''In this study, along with my colleagues, I examined osteocyte lacunocanalicular morphology in mice deficient in the large heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) PLN in this tissue. . . Ultrastructural measurements using electron micrograph images of PLN deficient mice demonstrate a significant decrease in osteocyte canalicular pericellular area, resulting from a reduction in the total canalicular area, when compared to controls. Additionally, PLN deficient mice show significantly diminished canalicular density and a significant reduction in the number of transverse tethering elements per canaliculus.''

'''van den Born J, van den Heuvel LP, Bakker MA, Veerkamp JH, Assmann KJ, Weening JJ, Berden JH., 1993. ''Distribution of GBM heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein and side chains in human glomerular diseases.'' Kidney Int. 1993 Feb;43(2):454-63. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441243&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''  ''Using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing either the core protein or the heparan sulfate (HS) side chain of human GBM heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), we investigated their glomerular distribution on cryostat sections of human kidney tissues. In conclusion, major alterations were observed in the glomerular distribution of HS and HSPG-core in various human glomerulopathies. The mAbs can be useful to further delineate the significance of HSPG and HS for glomerular diseases.''

'''Vicente, Carolina Meloni, da Silva, Daiana Aparecida, Sartorio, Priscila Veronica, Silva, Tiago Donizetti, Saad, Sarhan Sydney, Nader, Helena Bonciani, Forones, Nora Manoukian, Toma, Leny, Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Human Colorectal Cancer, Analytical Cellular Pathology, 2018, 8389595, 10 pages, 2018.''' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8389595&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/acp/2018/8389595/&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are complex molecules present in the cell membrane and extracellular matrix, which play vital roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and signaling pathways. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are candidate molecules to clarify colorectal cancer tumorigenesis, as well as important targets to therapy and diagnosis.''

'''Vlodavestky, I. et al. 2007. Heparanase: Structure, Biological Functions, and Inhibition by Heparin-Derived Mimetics of Heparan Sulfate. Current Pharmaceutical Design, Volume 13, Number 20, July 2007, pp. 2057-2073(17). &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cpd/2007/00000013/00000020/art00004&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''Heparanase is an endoglycosidase which cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) and hence participates in degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Heparanase is preferentially expressed in human tumors and its over-expression in tumor cells confers an invasive phenotype in experimental animals. These observations and the unexpected identification of a single functional heparanase, suggest that the enzyme is a promising target for anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drug development.''

'''Weihua T. et al. 2002. Heparanase: A Key Enzyme in Invasion and Metastasis of Gastric Carcinoma.Mod Pathol 2002;15(6):593–59. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v15/n6/abs/3880571a.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''Previous reports have shown that the biochemical activity of heparanase is significantly correlated with the invasion and metastasis of malignant cells in vitro.'' ''It was concluded that heparanase might play an important role in the development of invasion and metastasis of the gastric cancer. It was indicated that patients with heparanase-positive gastric carcinoma would have a greater chance of metastasis with a poor prognosis.''

'''Whitelock John M. and Renato V. Iozzo, 2005. H''eparan Sulfate:  A Complex Polymer Charged with Biological Activity''. Chem. Rev., 2005, 105 (7), pp 2745–2764. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cr0102&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''  “HS is a complex and highly active biopolymer…” one section is on heparan sulfate therapies,''

'''Yan Yin, Adam Wang, Li Feng, Yu Wang, Hong Zhang, Ivy Zhang, Brent M Bany, Liang Ma, Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Sulfation Regulates Uterine Differentiation and Signaling During Embryo Implantation, Endocrinology, Volume 159, Issue 6, June 2018, Pages 2459–2472, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2018-00105&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''  ''One important modulator of these signaling pathways is the cell surface and extracellular matrix macromolecules, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs play crucial roles in signal transduction by regulating morphogen transport and ligand binding. In this study, we examine the role of HSPG sulfation in regulating uterine receptivity…''

'''Zhongjun Zhou et al. 2004.  Impaired Angiogenesis, Delayed Wound Healing and Retarded Tumor Growth in Perlecan Heparan Sulfate-Deficient Mice. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0810 Published July 2004. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/64/14/4699&lt;/nowiki&gt;.''' ''Perlecan, a modular proteoglycan carrying primary heparan sulfate (HS) side chains, is a major component of blood vessel basement membranes.Perlecan HS-deficient (Hspg2Δ3/Δ3) mice survived embryonic development and were apparently healthy as adults. However, mutant mice exhibited significantly delayed wound healing, retarded FGF-2-induced tumor growth, and defective angiogenesis.''

'''Zhu W, Li J, Liang G. How does cellular heparan sulfate function in viral pathogenicity? Biomed Environ Sci. 2011 Feb;24(1):81-7. doi: 10.3967/0895-3988.2011.01.011. PMID: 2144084'''4. ''Heparan sulfate (HS) is ubiquitously expressed on the surfaces and in the extracellular matrix of virtually all cell types, making it an ideal receptor for viral infection. Understanding how heparan sulfate functions during virus infection in vivo may prove critical for elucidating the molecular mechanism of viral pathogenesis, and may contribute to the development of therapeutics targeting HS''.

== Case studies ==
'''Ahn, YS., Kim, S., Kim, WJ. et al. Characteristics of hip impingement syndrome in patients with multiple hereditary exostoses. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 22, 153 (2021). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04021-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahn |first=Yeong-Seub |last2=Kim |first2=Sungmin |last3=Kim |first3=Woo-Jong |last4=Lim |first4=Jun-Hyuk |last5=Jung |first5=Sung-Taek |date=2021-02-06 |title=Characteristics of hip impingement syndrome in patients with multiple hereditary exostoses |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04021-1 |journal=BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=153 |doi=10.1186/s12891-021-04021-1 |issn=1471-2474 |pmc=7868013 |pmid=33549073}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Between 2001 and 2019, total 51 patients (102 hips) were evaluated in this study. Patients with MHE were classified to femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI) symptom group, ischio-femoral impingement (IFI) symptom group and non-impingement symptom group by comparing the symptoms, clinical signs and imaging studies.'' 

'''Albokhari, Daniah, Christopher R. Bailey, Francis Hwang, Clifford R. Weiss, Jonathan Forsberg, Nara Sobreira.  2023. Venous malformation may be a feature of EXT1-related hereditary multiple exostoses: A report of two unrelated probands.  American Journal of Medical Genetics.''' '' ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Albokhari |first=Daniah |last2=Bailey |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Hwang |first3=Francis |last4=Weiss |first4=Clifford R. |last5=Forsberg |first5=Jonathan |last6=Sobreira |first6=Nara |date=2023 |title=Venous malformation may be a feature of EXT1-related hereditary multiple exostoses: A report of two unrelated probands |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajmg.a.63158 |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |language=en |volume=191 |issue=6 |pages=1570–1575 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.63158 |issn=1552-4833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Report two unrelated probands that presented with a clinical and molecular diagnosis of HME with venous malformation, a clinical feature not previously reported in individuals with HME.''

'''Anel-Quimpo, Joselynna, Mark Anthony Santiago Sandoval, Frances Lina Lantion-Ang, 2011. Hypercalcaemia from genitourinary tuberculosis in a female with multiple exostoses. BMJ Journals. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2011/bcr.12.2010.3651&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Anel-Quimpo |first=Joselynna |last2=Sandoval |first2=Mark Anthony Santiago |last3=Lantion-Ang |first3=Frances Lina |date=2011-05-17 |title=Hypercalcaemia from genitourinary tuberculosis in a female with multiple exostoses |url=https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2011/bcr.12.2010.3651 |journal=BMJ Case Reports |language=en |volume=2011 |pages=bcr1220103651 |doi=10.1136/bcr.12.2010.3651 |issn=1757-790X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The authors present a puzzling case of nephrolithiasis, hypercalcaemia, amenorrhoea, short stature and gross skeletal deformities in a 30-year-old female. Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency and metabolic bone disease were initially considered but were eventually excluded. The final diagnosis is genitourinary tuberculosis (TB) which caused the hypercalcaemia, nephrolithiasis and amenorrhoea, and also found to have the syndrome of multiple exostoses which explained the gross skeletal deformities and the short stature. After treatment with anti-TB therapy, there was resolution of hypercalcaemia and return of regular menstruation. The short stature and gross skeletal deformities remain as part of the congenital syndrome.''

'''Bari MS, Jahangir Alam MM, Chowdhury FR, Dhar PB, Begum A. 2012. Hereditary multiple exostoses causing cord compression. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 22:797–799.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;''' ''' ''Neurological presentations are rare and usually happened due to direct compression of a peripheral nerve or nerve root or less often the spinal cord. This case is possibly the first case of HME described from Bangladesh, presented with dorsal cord compression. Decompression was done and the complaints of myelopathy were improved.''

'''Caino, Silvia, Marisa Angelica Cubilla, Romina Alba, María Gabriela Obregón, Virginia Fano, Abel Gómez, Lorena Zecchini, Pablo Lapunzina, Miriam Aza-Carmona, Karen E. Heath, and et al. 2022. &quot;Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Multiple Osteochondromas in a Cohort of Argentine Patients&quot; Genes 13, no. 11: 2063.''' '''&lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13112063&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Caino |first=Silvia |last2=Cubilla |first2=Marisa Angelica |last3=Alba |first3=Romina |last4=Obregón |first4=María Gabriela |last5=Fano |first5=Virginia |last6=Gómez |first6=Abel |last7=Zecchini |first7=Lorena |last8=Lapunzina |first8=Pablo |last9=Aza-Carmona |first9=Miriam |last10=Heath |first10=Karen E. |last11=Asteggiano |first11=Carla Gabriela |date=2022-11-07 |title=Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Multiple Osteochondromas in a Cohort of Argentine Patients |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/11/2063 |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2063 |doi=10.3390/genes13112063 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9690389 |pmid=36360300}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Multiple Osteochondromatosis (MO, MIM 133700 &amp; 133701), an autosomal dominant O-glycosylation disorder (EXT1/EXT2-CDG), can be associated with a reduction in skeletal growth, bony deformity, restricted joint motion, shortened stature and pathogenic variants in two tumor suppressor genes, EXT1 and EXT2. In this work, we report a cross-sectional study including 35 index patients and 20 affected family members. Clinical phenotyping of all 55 affected cases was obtained, but genetic studies were performed only in 35 indexes.''

'''Hariri O, Al Laham O, Ibrahim Basha Z, Ghannam E, Ghannam M, Mohammad A. Multiple Hereditary Exostoses instigating a popliteal pseudoaneurysm in a young Middle Eastern male: A case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2024 Apr 12;118:109633. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109633. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38626641; PMCID: PMC11035074.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hariri |first=Omar |last2=Al Laham |first2=Omar |last3=Ibrahim Basha |first3=Zein |last4=Ghannam |first4=Eman |last5=Ghannam |first5=Mohammad |last6=Mohammad |first6=Ammar |date=2024-05 |title=Multiple Hereditary Exostoses instigating a popliteal pseudoaneurysm in a young Middle Eastern male: A case report and literature review |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109633 |journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports |language=en |volume=118 |issue=C |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109633 |issn=2210-2612 |pmc=11035074 |pmid=38626641}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''We present the case of a 37-year-old Middle Eastern male with Multiple Hereditary Exostoses who experienced sudden-onset left lower limb pain persisting for a month prior to admission. It was associated with coldness and paresthesia of the ipsilateral lower limb. The presurgical radiological workup uncovered a popliteal pseudoaneurysm subsequent to Multiple Hereditary Exostoses.''

'''Kambouris, M., Fadda A, Al-Arraj, Y, et al., 2016. Putative Relation Between Autism Spectrum Disease &amp; Hereditary Multiple Exostosis Investigated by Whole Genome Sequencing &amp; Comparative Genome Analyses in a Family with ASD and HME with EXT-1 Mutations''' ''A family with two male children affected with ASD and HME as well as an unaffected female child, was studied to identify the Genetic basis of ASD in the family and the possible relation between ASD &amp; HME. The HME unaffected parent [mother] contributed heterozygous variants in the Heparan Sulfate biosynthesis pathway that in synergy with the EXT-1 mutation could be the genetic causes of ASD in the family.''

'''Kim, Min Jeong, Yunjin Lee, Sang Ook Nam, Young Mi Kim, 2021. An 8q24.11q24.13 Microdeletion Encompassing EXT1 in a Boy with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, and Multiple Hereditary Exostoses. Annals of Child Neurology. Letter to the Editor, 11/9/2021.''' ''Here, we describe the case of a boy with a microdeletion (8q24.11q24.13 [118,625,768-124,169,620]×1), who presented with autism, intellectual disability, and MHE. the parents signed informed consent and approved the anonymous use of clinical and molecular data for the present diagnostic study'''''.'''

'''Küçükesmen, Çiḡdem DDS, PhD, Buḡra Özen, DDS, PhD,b and Mustafa Akçam, DDS, PhDc, 1997. Multiple Hereditary Osteochondromatosis: A Case Report. Eur J Dent. 2007 Jul; 1(3): 183–187.&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih&lt;/nowiki&gt;.''' ''Common carious lesions owing to vomiting are not widespread in children. In this case, we aimed to report an 11-years-old male patient with common carious lesions due to repeated vomitings, chewing and eating difficulty and retarded growth with Multiple Hereditary Osteochondromatosis (MHO).''

'''Li H, Yamagata T, Mori M, Momoi MY. 2002.Association of autism in two patients with hereditary multiple exostoses caused by novel deletion mutations of EXT1. J Hum Genet 2002;47:262-5. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032595/&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hung |last2=Yamagata |first2=Takanori |last3=Mori |first3=Masato |last4=Momoi |first4=Mariko Y. |date=2002 |title=Association of autism in two patients with hereditary multiple exostoses caused by novel deletion mutations of EXT1 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032595 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=262–265 |doi=10.1007/s100380200036 |issn=1434-5161 |pmid=12032595}}&lt;/ref&gt;''  Two boys from separate families presented with hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) and autism associated with mental retardation.'' 

'''Malagón, V., 2001.  Development of Hip Dysplasia in Hereditary Multiple Exostosis. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 21(2): 205-211.  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://journals.lww.com/pedorthopaedics/Abstract/2001/03000/Development_of_Hip_Dysplasia_in_Hereditary.14.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;''.'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Development of Hip Dysplasia in Hereditary... : Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics |url=https://www.ovid.com/jnls/pedorthopaedics/fulltext/01241398-200103000-00014~development-of-hip-dysplasia-in-hereditary-multiple |access-date=2026-07-16 |website=Ovid |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''In approximately 25% of patients with hereditary multiple exostosis, there is an abnormal osteochondral formation localized in the femoral proximal metaphysis. Although this entity is rather frequent and quite severe, it is rarely found in the medical literature. The author describes six private cases, taken from a total of 24,000 patients (0.25/1000) as examples of this entity, and provides a review of the literature.'' 

'''Mazza, D., Fabbri, M., Calderaro, C., Iorio, C., Labianca, L., Poggi, C., Turturro, F., Montanaro, A., &amp; Ferretti, A. (2017). Chest pain caused by multiple exostoses of the ribs: A case report and a review of literature. World journal of orthopedics, 8(5), 436–440. https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v8.i5.436&lt;nowiki/&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazza |first=Daniele |last2=Fabbri |first2=Mattia |last3=Calderaro |first3=Cosma |last4=Iorio |first4=Carlo |last5=Labianca |first5=Luca |last6=Poggi |first6=Camilla |last7=Turturro |first7=Francesco |last8=Montanaro |first8=Antonello |last9=Ferretti |first9=Andrea |date=2017 |title=Chest pain caused by multiple exostoses of the ribs: A case report and a review of literature |url=http://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v8/i5/436.htm |journal=World Journal of Orthopedics |language=en |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=436 |doi=10.5312/wjo.v8.i5.436 |issn=2218-5836 |pmc=5434351 |pmid=28567348}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''An exceptional case of multiple internal exostoses of the ribs in a young patient affected by multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) coming to our observation for chest pain as the only symptom of an intra-thoracic localization. The computed tomography (CT) scan revealed the presence of three exostoses located on the left third, fourth and sixth ribs, all protruding into the thoracic cavity, directly in contact with visceral pleura. Moreover, the apex of the one located on the sixth rib revealed to be only 12 mm away from pericardium.'' 

'''Montgomery BK, Cahan EM, Frick S. Spinal Screening MRI Trends in Patients with Multiple Hereditary Exostoses: National Survey- PubMed''' '''. Cureus. 2019 Dec 23;11(12):e6452. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6452. PMID: 32010535; PMCID: PMC6975245'''''.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=Blake K |last2=Cahan |first2=Eli M |last3=Frick |first3=Steve |date=2019-12-23 |title=Spinal Screening MRI Trends in Patients with Multiple Hereditary Exostoses: National Survey |url=https://www.cureus.com/articles/23789-spinal-screening-mri-trends-in-patients-with-multiple-hereditary-exostoses-national-survey |journal=Cureus |language=en |doi=10.7759/cureus.6452 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=6975245 |pmid=32010535}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Background Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) is a rare disease characterized by multiple osteochondromas. Osteochondromas growing into the spinal canal can produce devastating consequences, including permanent neurologic deficits and even death.  This study presents a case of an intracanal osteochondroma at C1 identified by routine screening and a survey describing current practices of MHE experts.''

'''Narvid, J., M. L. Gorno-Tempini, A. Slavotinek, S. J. DeArmond, Y. H. Cha, B. L. Miller &amp; K. Rankin, 2009. Of brain and bone: The unusual case of Dr. A. Neurocase Vol. 15, Iss. 3, 2009.''' '''&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13554790802632967&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Narvid |first=J. |last2=Gorno-Tempini |first2=M. L. |last3=Slavotinek |first3=A. |last4=DeArmond |first4=S. J. |last5=Cha |first5=Y. H. |last6=Miller |first6=B. L. |last7=Rankin |first7=K. |date=2009-06-01 |title=Of brain and bone: The unusual case of Dr. A |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790802632967 |journal=Neurocase |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=190–205 |doi=10.1080/13554790802632967 |issn=1355-4794 |pmc=2997763 |pmid=20183548}}&lt;/ref&gt;''. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive decline in social conduct and a focal pattern of frontal and temporal lobe damage. Its biological basis is still poorly understood but the focality of the brain degeneration provides a powerful model to study the cognitive and anatomical basis of social cognition. Here, we present Dr. A, a patient with a rare hereditary bone disease (hereditary multiple exostoses) and FTD (pathologically characterized as Pick's disease),  This case provides new evidence regarding the neural basis of social cognition and suggests a possible genetic link between bone disease and FTD.''

'''Puiu1, Maria , Iulia Simina-Jurca, Simona Dumitriu, Smaranda Arghirescu,  Adela Chirita-Emandi,  2012. . Multiple Hereditary Exostoses - Clinical Features and Management.''' ''We report two cases of skeletally immature patients who presented with multiple exostoses, bone deformation without bone pain; and growth and pubertal retardation. The cases need adequate counseling, long-term follow-up, and measures to improve the quality of life of patients with multiple hereditary exostoses.''

'''Stitzman Wengrowicz, M.L., J  Pretell-Mazzini,  J.P. Dormans, R.S. Davidson, 2011.. Regression of a Sessile Osteochondroma: A Case Study and Review of the Literature.''' ''&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267426996_Regression_of_a_Sessile_Osteochondroma_A_Case_Study_and_Review_of_the_Literature&lt;/nowiki&gt; . The most common benign bone tumor is osteochondroma.  Its natural history is poorly understood as a consequence of its benign symptomatology in most cases. It typically grows in childhood and growth during adulthood can be a sign of malignant  degeneration. We present  a case of  spontaneous regression of  a solitary osteochondroma.  A review of the  current  literature which  reveals 21  other cases of  spontaneous regression  of solitary  osteochondromas is also discussed. We believe that the possibility of regression of solitary osteochondromas should be taken into account when considering surgical excision.''

'''Viala P, Vanel D, Larbi A, Cyteval C, Laredo JD. Bilateral ischiofemoral impingement in a patient with hereditary multiple exostoses. Skeletal Radiol. 2012;41:1637–40. [PubMed] &lt;nowiki&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22865159/&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Viala |first=Pierre |last2=Vanel |first2=Daniel |last3=Larbi |first3=Ahmed |last4=Cyteval |first4=Catherine |last5=Laredo |first5=Jean-Denis |date=2012-12 |title=Bilateral ischiofemoral impingement in a patient with hereditary multiple exostoses |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22865159 |journal=Skeletal Radiology |volume=41 |issue=12 |pages=1637–1640 |doi=10.1007/s00256-012-1488-0 |issn=1432-2161 |pmid=22865159}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''We report a case of bilateral ischiofemoral impingement in a patient with hereditary multiple exostoses. The association of exostoses and femoral metaphyseal widening resulted in the narrowing of the ischiofemoral spaces.''

'''Wang YZ, Park KW, Oh CS, Ahn YS, Kang QL, Jung ST, Song HR. Developmental pattern of the hip in patients with hereditary multiple exostoses. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16:54'''''.'' '''https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4429362/&lt;nowiki/&gt;.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Ya-Zhou |last2=Park |first2=Kwang-Won |last3=Oh |first3=Chang-Seon |last4=Ahn |first4=Yeong-Seub |last5=Kang |first5=Qing-Lin |last6=Jung |first6=Sung-Taek |last7=Song |first7=Hae-Ryong |date=2015-03-15 |title=Developmental pattern of the hip in patients with hereditary multiple exostoses |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4429362/ |journal=BMC musculoskeletal disorders |volume=16 |pages=54 |doi=10.1186/s12891-015-0514-5 |issn=1471-2474 |pmc=4429362 |pmid=25888017}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''C'''''oxa valga is a common clinical feature of hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). The current study aimed to determine the unique developmental pattern of the hip in patients with HME and evaluate the factors that influence its progression.''

'''Wiater JM, Farley FA. Popliteal pseudoaneurysm caused by an adjacent osteochondroma: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 1999 Jul;28(7):412-6. PMID: 10426440.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wiater |first=J. M. |last2=Farley |first2=F. A. |date=1999-07 |title=Popliteal pseudoaneurysm caused by an adjacent osteochondroma: a case report and review of the literature |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10426440 |journal=American Journal of Orthopedics |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=412–416 |issn=1078-4519 |pmid=10426440}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''A male 17-year-old with multiple hereditary exostoses presented with a mass in the distal left thigh several days after lifting weights. An arteriogram showed a popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm adjacent to a femoral osteochondroma. The osteochondroma was excised and the artery was repaired with a saphenous vein interposition graft. A review of the literature identified 23 similar reports. The average age of the patients was 21.3 years. Seventy-eight percent were men and half of the patients had multiple hereditary exostoses. Ten patients were initially misdiagnosed. The clinician should consider the diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm in a young patient with an osteochondroma and a mass about the knee.''

'''Zaijun L, Xinhai Y, Zhipeng W, Wending H, Quan H, Zhenhua Z, Dapeng F, Jisheng Z, Wei Z, Jianru X. 2013. Outcome and prognosis of myelopathy and radiculopathy from osteochondroma in the mobile spine: a report on 14 patients. J Spinal Disord Tech 26:194–199.''' ''Fourteen symptomatic spinal osteochondroma (OC)  cases, including 2 hereditary multiple exostoses, were treated surgically from 2001 to 2010.''

= People and books with HME: =
[[w:Deena_Larsen|Deena Larsen]] wrote about her mother at http://www.deenalarsen.net/firs

Irv Rosenfeld wrote about his experiences with medical marijuana from the U.S. government in My Medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MY MEDICINE |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22078567-my-medicine |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

= Spanish Translation =


Problemas de deficiencia de proteoglicano de sulfato de heparán (HSPG). La MHE es el resultado de una mutación en los genes EXT1 y EXT2. Los pacientes con MHE tienen una biosíntesis de HSPG defectuosa: sus cuerpos no producen HSPG (cf Cueller et al. 2013 y Jones et al. 2014). Los HSPG son parte de cada superficie celular y regulan los procesos biológicos (cf Zak et al. 2002, Meneghetti et al. 2015). Desempeñan un papel vital en la adhesión, migración, crecimiento y comunicación celular (Vicente et al. 2018). Whitlock e Iozzo (2005) han identificado varias enfermedades relacionadas con la ausencia de HSPG (es decir, si un proceso corporal requiere HSPG y no hay suficiente HSPG para completar esa función, entonces podrían ocurrir estos problemas). Los pacientes con MHE han reportado síntomas como:

* Baja masa ósea (Nozawa et al. 2018 y Matsumoto et al. 2020)
* Deficiencias neurológicas: Trastorno del espectro autista (Li et al, 2002, Fumitoshi et al. 2012, Irie et al, 2012, Yamaguchi 2012, Perez et al. 2015, Kambouris et al. 2016, Kim et al 2022); y problemas cognitivos (Farhan et al. 2015)
* Demencia frontotemporal (Narvid et al. 2009) y TDAH (Mooney et al. 2016), función cerebral (Condomitti y Wit 2018). Vea también el vídeo de ratones MHE en &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-EXRt_YL6A&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Enfermedades oculares (Park y Shukla, 2013)
* Defectos dentales (Kucukesmen et al. 2007 y Wiweger et al. 2012)
* Prediabetes (Heibert 2021)Diabetes y dificultad para controlar la glucosa (Matsuzawa 2021)
* Reacciones medicamentosas inusuales (muchos medicamentos actúan sobre el dominio de unión del heparán [Boer y Gaillard 2007]) 
* Fatiga severa y continua (Berg et al. 1999)
* Problemas gástricos graves, incluidas úlceras no causadas por H. pylori (Ascencio et al. 1993 y Chmiela et al. 1995), cáncer gástrico (Weihua et al. 2002) y síndrome de vómitos cíclicos (Kucukesmen et al. 2007 y Theoharides et al. 1999)
* Cálculos renales y otros problemas (véase Van den Born et al. 1993 y Farhan et al. 2015)
* Vértigo e hiperacusia (Lundberg et al., 2014) y migrañas
* Problemas pulmonares (Nackerts et al. 1997 y Haeger et al. 2016)
* Anemia (Poli et al. 2017), coágulos sanguíneos y coagulación (Stringer y Gallagher 1997 y Ho et al. 1997), pseudoaneurismas (Wiater y Farley 1996 y Harari et al. 2024)
* Problemas menstruales y de embarazo extremadamente dolorosos (Alphin et al. 1988, Yin et al. 2018)
* Inflamación (Parroquia 2005); cicatrización lenta de heridas (Zhongjun et al. 2004); cicatrices y queloides (Hosalkar et al. 2007, y problemas del tejido conectivo (Forsberg y Kjellen, 2001 y Otsuka et al. 2020).
* Funciones hepáticas (Arnold et al. 2020 y Dituri et al. 2022)
* Funciones del colesterol y los lípidos (Kolsett y Salmverta 1999) y Síntesis de vitamina D (Cooper 2021)  '''Problemas de crecimiento óseo.''' En la MHE, la falta de HSPG hace que los pacientes desarrollen exostosis, que son tumores benignos en múltiples ubicaciones en todo el cuerpo (Brown 2008, Thompson 2011 y Mansouri et al. 2017). La gravedad (número y tamaño de los tumores y otras complicaciones) de la MHE varía de un paciente a otro. Las exostosis en sí mismas pueden causar numerosos problemas, incluidos: irritación de tendones y músculos que produce dolor y pérdida de movimiento, deformidad esquelética, baja estatura, discrepancia en la longitud de las extremidades, subluxaciones y deformidad angular. Los problemas directamente asociados con estas exostosis incluyen:

* Dolor crónico y problemas con la calidad de vida (Goud et al. 2012)
* Inflamación, respuestas inmunitarias (Callaghan et al. 2018 y Collins y Troeberg 2019)
* Formación de bursa y bursitis resultante, así como artritis de aparición temprana.
* Problemas respiratorios y pulmonares al estar sobre costillas que sobresalen hacia la cavidad torácica (Mazza et al. 2017)
* Irritación de un nervio cercano (dolor, debilidad, entumecimiento, hormigueo)
* Aneurisma de vasos sanguíneos por exostosis que presionan los vasos sanguíneos u otros problemas vasculares (Albokhari et al. 2023)
* Problemas de compresión de la médula espinal: incontinencia, daño nerv'''Résumé de la MEM pour les médecins et les écoles'''

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>effcacboipvr9pvt3q0g3n0rr9kdpaq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maxima/Programming</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673170</id>
      <parentid>4673019</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T13:31:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4673170</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27582" sha1="j673b3rb2zbwyokdw1tuiva8ku6k6zx" xml:space="preserve">=Maxima Programming=
Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character.

Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved.

Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, for the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention.

One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest.  The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means are chosen.

The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Maxima Programming Category
|if
|unless
|errcatch
|prederror
|-
|block
|for
|error
|return
|-
|catch
|from
|warning
|throw 
|-
|local
|thru
|errormsg
|sstatus
|-
|garbage_collect
|step
|errormsg
|status
|-
|do
|next
|go
|
|-
|while
|in
|
|
|}

Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category.

=== Block Expressions ===
Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. All &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors:

* &lt;code&gt;( expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; )&lt;/code&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;block ([v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;], expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;

The first form of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;, as in &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operators are used in the block expression. In that, case the form &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; must be used. It should be noted that for Maxima to interpret of the syntax of the first of these forms as a block operator, there must be at least two expressions in the comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. Otherwise, Maxima will interpret the parentheses of this syntax as simply grouping related to the precedence order of operations.

The purpose of the list argument,  &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt; is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operators are used in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression), and either form is sufficient.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* This block expression */
(%i1)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o1)	4

/* Is equivalent to this block expression */
(%i2)	block (x : 2, x^2);
(%o2)	4&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is a matter of user preference. In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; are global, and not local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency use of the latter form may be a better choice. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* The value 3 assigned to x is global */
(%i3)	x : 3;
(x)	    3

/* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */
(%i4)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o4)	4

/* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */
(%i5)	x;
(%o5)	2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; may not be global:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* the value of identifier y is local only */
(%i6)	block ([y], y : 4, y);
(%o6)	4

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i7)	y;
(%o7)	y

/* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */
(%i8)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x);
(%o8)	3

/* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */
(%i9)	x;
(%o9)	2

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i10)	y;
(%o10)	y&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Regardless of the form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. 

The main purpose of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, regardless of the form, is to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression.

One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag &lt;code&gt;stringdisp&lt;/code&gt; set to &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; which is the default value.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i11)	stringdisp;
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, &quot;&quot;);
(%o12)	

(%i13)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
The display of the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may be suppressed using a &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt; to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator becomes the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i14)	is (equal (x, 2));
(%o14)	true

%i15)	block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), &quot; x not 2&quot;);
(%o15)	2

(%i16)	x : 3;
(x)	3

(%i17)	block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), &quot;x not 2&quot;);
(%o17)	x not 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;When a &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is evaluated within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression the result is to stop evaluation of expressions within the enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression and to return the value of its argument as the value of the enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. It therefore can be compared with the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; statement found in other programming languages, but with one difference: In Maxima, the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator affects only the block expression in which the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is an expression, and has no effect otherwise.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i18)	test_nested_block (val) := 
	block (
		  [outer_var : 10],
		  print(&quot;Entering outer block expression&quot;),
		  
		       /* inner block expression */
		       block(
		           [inner_var : 20],
		           print (&quot;      Entering inner block expression&quot;),
	        
		           if val &gt; 5 then
	        
	               /* another inner block expression */  
	               block (
	               print (&quot;   val &gt; 5&quot;),
	               print (&quot;   Returning only to inner block expression&quot;),
		           return (inner_var + val)
	        	   /* returns only to the inner block expression */
	               ),
	               /* end of another inner block expression */
	        
	               print (&quot;   inner_var + val is &quot;, inner_var + val)
		           ),     
	               /* end of inner block expression */
		  
		  print (&quot;Back in outer block expression&quot;),
		  outer_var + val
		  
	/* end of outer block expression */
	)$

(%i19)	test_nested_block (1);
Entering outer block expression
      Entering inner block expression
      inner_var + val is 21
Back in outer block expression
(%o19)	11

(%i20)	test_nested_block (6);
Entering outer block expression
      Entering inner block expression
      val &gt; 5
      Returning only to inner block expression
Back in outer block expression
(%o20)	16&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


'''''The &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operators''''': Each instance may define local variables and has a comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments.

'''''Nested blocks''''': There are three &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operators used in the right-hand side of the function definition expression named &lt;code&gt;test_nested_block (val&lt;/code&gt;. There is an outer &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression that has an inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression as an argument,and there is a third &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression that is an argument of the inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.

'''''The &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator''''': If &lt;code&gt;val &gt; 5&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; then the return operator of the most inner  &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is evaluated and evaluation of remaining expressions of that block expression does not occur. The value of that most inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is the value of the argument of the return operator –  &lt;code&gt;inner_var + val&lt;/code&gt;. 

Evaluation of expressions continues with the first expression of the inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression after the end of the most inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression  – which is &lt;code&gt;print (&quot;   inner_var + val is &quot;, inner_var + val)&lt;/code&gt;. The value of the &lt;code&gt;print&lt;/code&gt; operator is the value of  &lt;code&gt;inner_var + val&lt;/code&gt;. However, while that value is the value of the inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression it is effectively lost, as it is not the last expression of the outer &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; sequence of expressions.  That value is the value of &lt;code&gt;outer_var + val&lt;/code&gt;, which, being the last expression of the outer &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; is always the value of the function.

==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ====
&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt; unless this sequence is modified by some means.

One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is by way of a &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator with a ''label'' (or ''&quot;tag&quot;'') argument ( the ''&quot;go to&quot;'') as the following exemplifies:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i18)	sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0],
	                             loop,
	                                total : total + i,
	                                i : i + 1,
	                                if i &lt;= n then go (loop),
	                             total)$

(%i19)	sum_to_n(25);
(%o19)	325

(%i20)	n;
(%o20)	n

(%i21)	i;
(%o21)	i

(%i22)	total;
(%o22)	total
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Note the following:

* &lt;code&gt;'''block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)'''&lt;/code&gt;: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt;. The function argument &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is also a local identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;'''loop'''&lt;/code&gt;: This label serves as a target inside the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression to where &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; can jump.
* &lt;code&gt;'''if i &lt;= n then go (loop)'''&lt;/code&gt;: This conditional expression causes the &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; operator to be evaluated if the condition is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;'''total'''&lt;/code&gt;: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.
It should also be worth noting that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; have local values assigned within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; were both declared local and assigned initial values within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; list argument.

The ''go-to'' label argument of the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. There is nothing special about the &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt; identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic.

Another way to modify a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression evaluation sequence is by way of the &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt; operator.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i32)	/* Define a function using a block expression that searches 
	     for a specific condition and a throw value to catch */
	
	find_element (target_list, threshold) := block (
	      
	    [found_val : false], /* local identifier value */
	    
	      catch(
	          
	        for x in target_list do 
	          (
	              if x &gt; threshold then 
	                (
	                  /* Immediately exit the block and 
	                     return this value */
	                  throw (x)
	                  )
	            ),
	          /* This string is returned only if the do loop 
	             finishes without a throw to catch */
	                 &quot;No element exceeded the threshold&quot;
	      )
	    
	)$

(%i31)	/* Test the block */
	find_element ( [10, 20, 55, 80], 50 );
(%o31)	55&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This example unpacks as follows:

&lt;code&gt;'''catch (...)'''&lt;/code&gt;: This expression creates a target scope that ''&quot;catches&quot;'' the value of any &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt; expression evaluated within that scope.

&lt;code&gt;'''throw (x)'''&lt;/code&gt;: When Maxima encounters this operator, it immediately stops evaluation of the &lt;code&gt;do&lt;/code&gt; loop expression '''''and the rest of the''''' &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; '''''expression.''''' It jumps directly out of the scope of the &lt;code&gt;catch&lt;/code&gt; expression, returning the value of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; as the value of the entire &lt;code&gt;catch&lt;/code&gt; expression.

==== Nested Block Expressions ====
&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operator list argument, are created each time a nested &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; is evaluated.  

However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions, are global values for nested &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as well as enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	z : 2^(1/3);
(z)	2^(1/3)

(%i24) /* Outer block starts */
	block 
	(
	 [x : 10, y : 20],
	 /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */
	  
	 /* Inner block starts */
	     block 
	     (
	      [y : 99, z : 100], 
	      /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */
	      print (&quot;Inside inner block:&quot;),
	      print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	      print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y, &quot;is the local value of y of outer block&quot;),
	      print(&quot;z =&quot;,  z, &quot;is the local value of z of inner block&quot;)
	     ),
	 /* Inner block ends */
	 
	 /* Outer block resumes */
	 print (&quot;Back in outer block:&quot;),
	 print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y,  &quot;is the restored value of y of the outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;z =&quot;,  z,  &quot;is the value of z global to both blocks&quot;)
	 /* Outer block ends */
	)$
	
Inside inner block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block
z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block
Back in outer block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block
z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Values, Properties, and the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; Operator ====
The expression &lt;code&gt;local (v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols &lt;code&gt;v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block.

Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own &quot;dictionary&quot; of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers.

Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	declare (x, real);
(%o23)	done
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood:

====== Functions and Arrays ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using &lt;code&gt;f(x) := x^2&lt;/code&gt;, the actual expression (&lt;code&gt;x^2&lt;/code&gt;) and its argument list (&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;) are stored as a property of the symbol &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like &lt;code&gt;a[i]&lt;/code&gt;), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable.

====== Calculus and Dependencies ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;:''' If you declare &lt;code&gt;depends(y, x)&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; noting that it functionally depends on &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. This tells the &lt;code&gt;diff&lt;/code&gt; (differentiation) engine not to treat &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; as a constant relative to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., &lt;code&gt;atvalue(y, x=0, 1)&lt;/code&gt;), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol.

====== Pattern Matching and Rules ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like &lt;code&gt;tellsimp&lt;/code&gt;). When you type &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a predicate property to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; to see what conditions a matching expression must meet.

====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;:''' Declaring &lt;code&gt;declare(c, constant)&lt;/code&gt; places a &quot;constant&quot; flag on property list of  &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; out of integrals or differentiate it to zero.
* '''&lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol.
* '''&lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;:''' When an expression such as &lt;code&gt;assume(x &gt; 0)&lt;/code&gt; is used, Maxima's database system (&lt;code&gt;context&lt;/code&gt;) assigns facts and properties (like &lt;code&gt;pos&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;nonnegative&lt;/code&gt;) to the symbol &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like &lt;code&gt;sqrt(x^2)&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.

The effect of the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator is to make such declarations effective only within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. Otherwise, declarations within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression are considered to be global declarations.

So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument  of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. 

In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator must be used as an expression within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator should have been named something like &lt;code&gt;local_properties&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i25)	f (s) := cos (s);
(%o25)	f(s):=cos(s)

(%i26)	f (%pi/6);
(%o26)	sqrt(3)/2

(%i27)	block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6));
(%o27)	1/2

(%i28)	f (s);
(%o28)	cos(s)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared to be local in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression using the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator. However, global properties of the identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local function definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. The global definition expression of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; which is &lt;code&gt;cos (s)&lt;/code&gt; and the argument &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; because the properties of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.  

&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions can be used for different purposes in the Maxima programming context. &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions can be used in a stand-alone fashion or as part of an expression. However, &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions are commonly used in expressions that define '''''functions''''', which is the topic that follows. 

=== Functions ===
As a technical term '''''function''''' is aptly characterized as being overloaded. In the context of Maxima as a CAS, it has both a programming meaning and a mathematical meaning in terms of usage. In this book, the convention is to refer to what may otherwise be referred to as built-in Maxima functions as ''operators'' including those of built-in packages. By this convention, the term '''''function''''' in this book refers exclusively to expressions composed by the user by way of the &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;define&lt;/code&gt; operators.

As has been mentioned elsewhere in this book, what are conventionally termed ''operators'' that are built-in to Maxima, are at the level of underlying expression construction, Lisp procedures of one type or another. So it makes sense to simply refer to built-in Maxima functions and operators simply as operators one and all. This convention obviates the need for the repetitious use of qualifiers such as ''built-in Maxima'' and ''user-defined'' functions.

There are two operators used to define functions as follows:

# The &lt;code&gt;''''':='''''&lt;/code&gt; operator
# The &lt;code&gt;'''define'''&lt;/code&gt; operator

 &lt;var&gt;&lt;code&gt;f (x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; ..., x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;) ''':=''' expr&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; ..., x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;] ''':=''' expr&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; ..., x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;](y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., y&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;) ''':=''' expr&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/var&gt; 

 &lt;code&gt;define (f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;(x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;), expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;], expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;](y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, y&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, y&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;), expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (funmake (f, [&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;]), expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (arraymake (f, [&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;]), expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (ev (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;))&lt;/code&gt;
where &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;/code&gt; is some Maxima expression that is commonly referred to as the ''function body''. As can be concluded from the above, each of these operators has different forms of syntax that can be used. In any case, the most significant differences between these two operators are in terms of the evaluation of the function body and the composition and identification of functions dynamically. 

* '''Evaluation:'''
** The &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; operator '''suppresses''' the function body when this operator is first evaluated. It does not evaluate or simplify the function body until the function identifier itself is evaluated with arguments.
** The &lt;code&gt;define()&lt;/code&gt; operator '''evaluates''' the function body when this operator is first evaluated. If the function body involves intermediate computations, substituted values, or extracted parts of expressions (like &lt;code&gt;rhs()&lt;/code&gt; or derivative results), the &lt;code&gt;define()&lt;/code&gt; operator includes the evaluated results of those directly into the function body.

* '''Dynamic Function Composition and Identifiers:'''
** Function identifiers cannot easily be composed dynamically on the left-hand side of the &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; operator when used inside programmatic loop expressions or in scripts.
** The &lt;code&gt;define()&lt;/code&gt; operator accepts expressions like &lt;code&gt;funmake&lt;/code&gt; or evaluated symbols as its first argument, allowing the composition and identification of functions dynamically during evaluation.


=== Lisp and Maxima ===

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>j673b3rb2zbwyokdw1tuiva8ku6k6zx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673322</id>
      <parentid>4673170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:16:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4673322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27947" sha1="8clkehe5f7lgn0rho1jowkwn1mdn6jg" xml:space="preserve">=Maxima Programming=
Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character.

Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved.

Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, for the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention.

One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest.  The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means are chosen.

The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Maxima Programming Category
|if
|unless
|errcatch
|prederror
|-
|block
|for
|error
|return
|-
|catch
|from
|warning
|throw 
|-
|local
|thru
|errormsg
|sstatus
|-
|garbage_collect
|step
|errormsg
|status
|-
|do
|next
|go
|
|-
|while
|in
|
|
|}

Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category.

=== Block Expressions ===
Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. All &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors:

* &lt;code&gt;( expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; )&lt;/code&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;block ([v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;], expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;

The first form of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;, as in &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operators are used in the block expression. In that, case the form &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; must be used. It should be noted that for Maxima to interpret of the syntax of the first of these forms as a block operator, there must be at least two expressions in the comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. Otherwise, Maxima will interpret the parentheses of this syntax as simply grouping related to the precedence order of operations.

The purpose of the list argument,  &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt; is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operators are used in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression), and either form is sufficient.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* This block expression */
(%i1)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o1)	4

/* Is equivalent to this block expression */
(%i2)	block (x : 2, x^2);
(%o2)	4&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is a matter of user preference. In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; are global, and not local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency use of the latter form may be a better choice. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* The value 3 assigned to x is global */
(%i3)	x : 3;
(x)	    3

/* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */
(%i4)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o4)	4

/* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */
(%i5)	x;
(%o5)	2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; may not be global:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* the value of identifier y is local only */
(%i6)	block ([y], y : 4, y);
(%o6)	4

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i7)	y;
(%o7)	y

/* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */
(%i8)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x);
(%o8)	3

/* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */
(%i9)	x;
(%o9)	2

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i10)	y;
(%o10)	y&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Regardless of the form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. 

The main purpose of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, regardless of the form, is to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression.

One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag &lt;code&gt;stringdisp&lt;/code&gt; set to &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; which is the default value.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i11)	stringdisp;
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, &quot;&quot;);
(%o12)	

(%i13)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
The display of the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may be suppressed using a &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt; to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator becomes the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i14)	is (equal (x, 2));
(%o14)	true

%i15)	block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), &quot; x not 2&quot;);
(%o15)	2

(%i16)	x : 3;
(x)	3

(%i17)	block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), &quot;x not 2&quot;);
(%o17)	x not 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;When a &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is evaluated within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression the result is to stop evaluation of expressions within the enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression and to return the value of its argument as the value of the enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. It therefore can be compared with the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; statement found in other programming languages, but with one difference: In Maxima, the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator affects only the block expression in which the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is an expression, and has no effect otherwise.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i18)	test_nested_block (val) := 
	block (
		  [outer_var : 10],
		  print(&quot;Entering outer block expression&quot;),
		  
		       /* inner block expression */
		       block(
		           [inner_var : 20],
		           print (&quot;      Entering inner block expression&quot;),
	        
		           if val &gt; 5 then
	        
	               /* another inner block expression */  
	               block (
	               print (&quot;   val &gt; 5&quot;),
	               print (&quot;   Returning only to inner block expression&quot;),
		           return (inner_var + val)
	        	   /* returns only to the inner block expression */
	               ),
	               /* end of another inner block expression */
	        
	               print (&quot;   inner_var + val is &quot;, inner_var + val)
		           ),     
	               /* end of inner block expression */
		  
		  print (&quot;Back in outer block expression&quot;),
		  outer_var + val
		  
	/* end of outer block expression */
	)$

(%i19)	test_nested_block (1);
Entering outer block expression
      Entering inner block expression
      inner_var + val is 21
Back in outer block expression
(%o19)	11

(%i20)	test_nested_block (6);
Entering outer block expression
      Entering inner block expression
      val &gt; 5
      Returning only to inner block expression
Back in outer block expression
(%o20)	16&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


'''''The &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operators''''': Each instance may define local variables and has a comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments.

'''''Nested blocks''''': There are three &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operators used in the right-hand side of the function definition expression named &lt;code&gt;test_nested_block (val&lt;/code&gt;. There is an outer &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression that has an inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression as an argument,and there is a third &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression that is an argument of the inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.

'''''The &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator''''': If &lt;code&gt;val &gt; 5&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; then the return operator of the most inner  &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is evaluated and evaluation of remaining expressions of that block expression does not occur. The value of that most inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is the value of the argument of the return operator –  &lt;code&gt;inner_var + val&lt;/code&gt;. 

Evaluation of expressions continues with the first expression of the inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression after the end of the most inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression  – which is &lt;code&gt;print (&quot;   inner_var + val is &quot;, inner_var + val)&lt;/code&gt;. The value of the &lt;code&gt;print&lt;/code&gt; operator is the value of  &lt;code&gt;inner_var + val&lt;/code&gt;. However, while that value is the value of the inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression it is effectively lost, as it is not the last expression of the outer &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; sequence of expressions.  That value is the value of &lt;code&gt;outer_var + val&lt;/code&gt;, which, being the last expression of the outer &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; is always the value of the function.

==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ====
&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt; unless this sequence is modified by some means.

One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is by way of a &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator with a ''label'' (or ''&quot;tag&quot;'') argument ( the ''&quot;go to&quot;'') as the following exemplifies:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i18)	sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0],
	                             loop,
	                                total : total + i,
	                                i : i + 1,
	                                if i &lt;= n then go (loop),
	                             total)$

(%i19)	sum_to_n(25);
(%o19)	325

(%i20)	n;
(%o20)	n

(%i21)	i;
(%o21)	i

(%i22)	total;
(%o22)	total
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Note the following:

* &lt;code&gt;'''block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)'''&lt;/code&gt;: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt;. The function argument &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is also a local identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;'''loop'''&lt;/code&gt;: This label serves as a target inside the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression to where &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; can jump.
* &lt;code&gt;'''if i &lt;= n then go (loop)'''&lt;/code&gt;: This conditional expression causes the &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; operator to be evaluated if the condition is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;'''total'''&lt;/code&gt;: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.
It should also be worth noting that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; have local values assigned within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; were both declared local and assigned initial values within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; list argument.

The ''go-to'' label argument of the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. There is nothing special about the &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt; identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic.

Another way to modify a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression evaluation sequence is by way of the &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt; operator.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i32)	/* Define a function using a block expression that searches 
	     for a specific condition and a throw value to catch */
	
	find_element (target_list, threshold) := block (
	      
	    [found_val : false], /* local identifier value */
	    
	      catch(
	          
	        for x in target_list do 
	          (
	              if x &gt; threshold then 
	                (
	                  /* Immediately exit the block and 
	                     return this value */
	                  throw (x)
	                  )
	            ),
	          /* This string is returned only if the do loop 
	             finishes without a throw to catch */
	                 &quot;No element exceeded the threshold&quot;
	      )
	    
	)$

(%i31)	/* Test the block */
	find_element ( [10, 20, 55, 80], 50 );
(%o31)	55&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This example unpacks as follows:

&lt;code&gt;'''catch (...)'''&lt;/code&gt;: This expression creates a target scope that ''&quot;catches&quot;'' the value of any &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt; expression evaluated within that scope.

&lt;code&gt;'''throw (x)'''&lt;/code&gt;: When Maxima encounters this operator, it immediately stops evaluation of the &lt;code&gt;do&lt;/code&gt; loop expression '''''and the rest of the''''' &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; '''''expression.''''' It jumps directly out of the scope of the &lt;code&gt;catch&lt;/code&gt; expression, returning the value of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; as the value of the entire &lt;code&gt;catch&lt;/code&gt; expression.

==== Nested Block Expressions ====
&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operator list argument, are created each time a nested &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; is evaluated.  

However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions, are global values for nested &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as well as enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	z : 2^(1/3);
(z)	2^(1/3)

(%i24) /* Outer block starts */
	block 
	(
	 [x : 10, y : 20],
	 /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */
	  
	 /* Inner block starts */
	     block 
	     (
	      [y : 99, z : 100], 
	      /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */
	      print (&quot;Inside inner block:&quot;),
	      print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	      print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y, &quot;is the local value of y of outer block&quot;),
	      print(&quot;z =&quot;,  z, &quot;is the local value of z of inner block&quot;)
	     ),
	 /* Inner block ends */
	 
	 /* Outer block resumes */
	 print (&quot;Back in outer block:&quot;),
	 print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y,  &quot;is the restored value of y of the outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;z =&quot;,  z,  &quot;is the value of z global to both blocks&quot;)
	 /* Outer block ends */
	)$
	
Inside inner block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block
z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block
Back in outer block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block
z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Values, Properties, and the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; Operator ====
The expression &lt;code&gt;local (v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols &lt;code&gt;v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block.

Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own &quot;dictionary&quot; of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers.

Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	declare (x, real);
(%o23)	done
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood:

====== Functions and Arrays ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using &lt;code&gt;f(x) := x^2&lt;/code&gt;, the actual expression (&lt;code&gt;x^2&lt;/code&gt;) and its argument list (&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;) are stored as a property of the symbol &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like &lt;code&gt;a[i]&lt;/code&gt;), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable.

====== Calculus and Dependencies ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;:''' If you declare &lt;code&gt;depends(y, x)&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; noting that it functionally depends on &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. This tells the &lt;code&gt;diff&lt;/code&gt; (differentiation) engine not to treat &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; as a constant relative to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., &lt;code&gt;atvalue(y, x=0, 1)&lt;/code&gt;), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol.

====== Pattern Matching and Rules ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like &lt;code&gt;tellsimp&lt;/code&gt;). When you type &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a predicate property to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; to see what conditions a matching expression must meet.

====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;:''' Declaring &lt;code&gt;declare(c, constant)&lt;/code&gt; places a &quot;constant&quot; flag on property list of  &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; out of integrals or differentiate it to zero.
* '''&lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol.
* '''&lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;:''' When an expression such as &lt;code&gt;assume(x &gt; 0)&lt;/code&gt; is used, Maxima's database system (&lt;code&gt;context&lt;/code&gt;) assigns facts and properties (like &lt;code&gt;pos&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;nonnegative&lt;/code&gt;) to the symbol &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like &lt;code&gt;sqrt(x^2)&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.

The effect of the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator is to make such declarations effective only within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. Otherwise, declarations within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression are considered to be global declarations.

So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument  of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. 

In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator must be used as an expression within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator should have been named something like &lt;code&gt;local_properties&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i25)	f (s) := cos (s);
(%o25)	f(s):=cos(s)

(%i26)	f (%pi/6);
(%o26)	sqrt(3)/2

(%i27)	block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6));
(%o27)	1/2

(%i28)	f (s);
(%o28)	cos(s)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared to be local in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression using the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator. However, global properties of the identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local function definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. The global definition expression of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; which is &lt;code&gt;cos (s)&lt;/code&gt; and the argument &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; because the properties of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.  

&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions can be used for different purposes in the Maxima programming context. &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions can be used in a stand-alone fashion or as part of an expression. However, &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions are commonly used in expressions that define '''''functions''''', which is the topic that follows. 

=== Functions ===
As a technical term '''''function''''' is aptly characterized as being overloaded. In the context of Maxima as a CAS, it has both a programming meaning and a mathematical meaning in terms of usage. In this book, the convention is to refer to what may otherwise be referred to as built-in Maxima functions as ''operators'' including those of built-in packages. By this convention, the term '''''function''''' in this book refers exclusively to expressions composed by the user by way of the &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;define&lt;/code&gt; operators.

As has been mentioned elsewhere in this book, what are conventionally termed ''operators'' that are built-in to Maxima, are at the level of underlying expression construction, Lisp procedures of one type or another. So it makes sense to simply refer to built-in Maxima functions and operators simply as operators one and all. This convention obviates the need for the repetitious use of qualifiers such as ''built-in Maxima'' and ''user-defined'' functions.

There are two operators used to define functions as follows:

# The &lt;code&gt;''''':='''''&lt;/code&gt; operator
# The &lt;code&gt;'''define'''&lt;/code&gt; operator

 &lt;var&gt;&lt;code&gt;f (x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; ..., x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;) ''':=''' expr&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; ..., x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;] ''':=''' expr&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; ..., x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;](y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, y&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., y&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;) ''':=''' expr&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/var&gt; 

 &lt;code&gt;define (f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;(x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;), expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;], expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (f&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;[x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;](y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, y&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, y&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;), expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (funmake (f, [&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;]), expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (arraymake (f, [&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, x&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; …, x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;]), expr)&lt;/code&gt;
 &lt;code&gt;define (ev (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;))&lt;/code&gt;
where &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;/code&gt; is some Maxima expression that is commonly referred to as the ''function body''. As can be concluded from the above, each of these operators has different forms of syntax that can be used. In any case, the most significant differences between these two operators are in terms of the evaluation of the function body and the composition and identification of functions dynamically. 

* '''Evaluation:'''
** The &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; operator '''suppresses''' the function body when this operator is first evaluated. It does not evaluate or simplify the function body until the function identifier itself is evaluated with arguments.
** The &lt;code&gt;define()&lt;/code&gt; operator '''evaluates''' the function body when this operator is first evaluated. If the function body involves intermediate computations, substituted values, or extracted parts of expressions (like &lt;code&gt;rhs()&lt;/code&gt; or derivative results), the &lt;code&gt;define()&lt;/code&gt; operator includes the evaluated results of those directly into the function body.

* '''Dynamic Function Composition and Identifiers:'''
** Function identifiers cannot easily be composed dynamically on the left-hand side of the &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; operator when used inside programmatic loop expressions or in scripts.
** The &lt;code&gt;define()&lt;/code&gt; operator accepts expressions like &lt;code&gt;funmake&lt;/code&gt; or evaluated symbols as its first argument, allowing the composition and identification of functions dynamically during evaluation.&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Function Operators
and Identifiers 
|&lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;fundef&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;buildq&lt;/code&gt;
|-
|&lt;code&gt;::=&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;lambda&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;macros&lt;/code&gt;
|-
|&lt;code&gt;define&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;slice&lt;/code&gt;
|-
|&lt;code&gt;dispfun&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;remfunction&lt;/code&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;code&gt;functions&lt;/code&gt;
|&lt;code&gt;setup_autoload&lt;/code&gt;
|
|}


=== Lisp and Maxima ===

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>8clkehe5f7lgn0rho1jowkwn1mdn6jg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Conclusion</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673152</id>
      <parentid>4671476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold</comment>
      <origin>4673152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11531" sha1="pctcouq1es45zs09rv1v3hx8g66i0mw" xml:space="preserve">== Conclusion — What This Book Has Established ==

=== The Position, Stated ===

The traversal is complete, and its result can be stated in two sentences. There is one material field, constitutively unstable, within which conditioned thresholds can make capacities operative that were unavailable to the components taken separately — among them capacities to inscribe, to symbolise, and to reorganise selected relations in the field. Because symbolically responsive configurations already redistribute exposure, ethics is not an immaterial addition to ontology; yet its normative criteria are not deduced from ontology and still require argument, evidence, and contestation.

An enabling threshold is reached when a configuration supports the material conditions under which a new range of operations can occur. An operational threshold is crossed when those operations are demonstrably present. The distinction is empirical as well as conceptual: a concrete case must not convert evidence of possibility into evidence of realisation.

The name for this position is threshold materialism. It was composed cumulatively rather than deduced. The commitments of Part I cleared the terrain: one field, no exterior, no ground, no soul, no plan, matter as the only substrate, instability as condition. Part II showed that these commitments bind the method itself — thought as singular response, listening as exposure, no redemption at the end of inquiry. Part III supplied the mechanics: complexity as relational organisation; operative excess as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form; threshold-crossing as the point at which a materially conditioned reconfiguration makes a new capacity effective without a pre-written outcome; and order as a local, conditioned effect sustained by domain-specific relations and, where demonstrated, functional couplings. Part IV developed ethical and political criteria for judging reorganisations of exposure, and Part V measured the whole against the traditions it displaces. The lexicon of Part VI fixes the vocabulary in which all of this can be restated, tested, and contested.

=== Three Differences, Demonstrated ===

The first difference concerns emergence. Novelty, in this framework, is not treated as the actualisation of an independently existing reserve — virtual, preindividual, or dispositional — that already specifies the later configuration. The argument ran through the analysis of precedence and irruption (§3.2): antecedent material conditions constrain without necessarily specifying the new capacity, which remains conditioned without being pre-written. Simondon's language of individuation and metastability is retained, but the preindividual is not adopted as a distinct explanatory reserve. Deleuze and DeLanda preserve the problem of novelty beyond present actuality, but the virtual is not retained as a separate ontological register. Operative excess replaces neither concept as a hidden reserve. It is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. Emergence is established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and makes a new capacity effective. Against stratified versions of emergentism, the framework locates thresholds within organisations of one material field; the functional couplings involved must be demonstrated in each case rather than inferred from novelty alone.

The second difference concerns the symbol. The chain that runs from material difference through trace, singular inscription, and mark to symbolic recognition (§1.4, §6.1) establishes the symbol as the materially realised dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with a mark. The symbol represents that mark; the organised system establishes relations only among symbols. Representation is therefore constitutive but immanent, never a bridge between separate domains. The criteria fixed in the lexicon allow a reader to decide, for a new case, whether there is trace, inscription, mark, or symbol and which operations belong to the system.

The third difference concerns ethics. Vulnerability was established as the possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with unequal distributions of protection and capacities for response. No norm follows from that description alone. The additional premise is that, where a symbolically responsive configuration can recognise that its operations impose avoidable damage or suppress another configuration's capacity to respond, that recognition supplies a reason to alter the arrangement. Proposed responses are then tested through four connected conditions: maintained or expanded capacities for response, reduced destructive asymmetries of exposure, accessible possibilities of contestation and repair, and preserved heterogeneity (§4.2). Normative judgement therefore requires explicit reasons and remains open to contestation.

=== What This Book Has Not Done ===

This book has not proved the Ontology of Emergent Complexity, if proving means deriving it from premises that no rational interlocutor could refuse. It has not refuted the traditions it has engaged — neither classical ontology, nor modern rationalism, nor post-structuralism. It has not established an ultimate foundation or converted its conclusions into a complete and final system. Logical consistency remains a requirement of the argument; refusing closure is not a refusal of non-contradiction, evidence, or rational criticism.

What it has done is formulate and articulate a set of conceptual operations with sufficient consistency to be used, taught, criticised, and revised. This formulation is materially and symbolically realised, but it should not be called an inscription merely because it has been written: inscription has the narrower technical meaning fixed in the lexicon. Any symbolic ordering may exist under conditions in which, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in its present form (§3.1), and the symbolic ordering developed in this book claims no exemption. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Its concepts organise a field of inquiry without exhausting it. Relations, configurations, and material pressures may remain outside what the current vocabulary can articulate. This is not proof of the framework; it states the conditions under which its claims remain answerable to correction.

=== The OEC as an Open Project ===

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity is not a completed system. It is an operative programme — a set of conceptual tools, a diagnostic vocabulary, and a specific way of posing questions — that is designed to be extended, tested, and, where necessary, revised. The normative apparatus that regulates the current — its constitution, its theoretical annex, its operative glossary, its production guides — is itself subject to revision: not arbitrarily, but through the procedures that the apparatus itself specifies for its own modification.

This openness is not a weakness disguised as a virtue. It is the structural consequence of taking instability and materially limited representation seriously. A philosophical framework that claimed exhaustive completeness while denying that capacity to every other finite symbolic ordering would exempt itself from the condition it describes. The OEC does not claim that exemption. Its categories are instruments, not essences; its architecture is a configuration, not a foundation; and its arguments are materially supported symbolic formulations that can reorganise inquiry without mastering the real.

The domains of application that this book has not explored — the detailed engagement with physics, biology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, law, economics, ecology — are not missing parts of a system that should have been complete. They are future variations: regions of the field where the operators developed here can be tested, where their adequacy and their limits can be assessed, and where new operators may need to be forged. The lexicon presented in Part VI is a beginning, not an inventory.

=== An Invitation to Operate ===

This book does not end with a demonstration and it does not end with a summary. It ends with an invitation. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity does not ask for adherence — for the acceptance of a doctrine, the memorisation of a vocabulary, or the pledge of allegiance to a tradition. It asks for operation. To operate with these concepts is to test them: to apply the operators to specific phenomena, to evaluate whether they illuminate features that other frameworks leave invisible, to identify the points where they fail and where the vocabulary needs to be extended.

The invitation is directed to any reader who has followed the argument to this point and who recognises, in the instability of the field, in operative excess as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, and in the material conditions of vulnerability and decision, something that corresponds to the real as they encounter it. The framework claims that no material configuration has a final guarantee of persistence, that operative excess is established by an explicit comparison between materially realisable and presently realised relations, that emergent novelty is established only when a materially conditioned reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and makes a new capacity effective, that symbols are materially supported dimensions of legibility and representation rather than transparent vehicles of immaterial content, that ethical judgement concerns the distribution of exposure without descending from transcendent principles, and that every order is local, conditioned, and open to assessment at a stated scale. If these claims organise the reader's experience of the real more consistently than the alternatives — if they make visible what was previously obscured, if they connect what was previously separated, if they open questions that were previously foreclosed — then the concepts are operative, and the work continues.

The work continues because no finite formulation exhausts the field it addresses. Philosophy, in the framework developed here, is not the contemplation of eternal truths from a position of security. It is the ongoing and situated labour of articulating the conditions under which complexity can be thought — conditions that are themselves complex, unstable, and subject to reorganisation. This book is one materially supported symbolic configuration among others. It does not claim the last word. It claims only that its distinctions do specific work and remain worth testing.

There is no ultimate ground beneath the work, yet the work can hold through the consistency of its relations, the resistance of the real, and its openness to correction. That is its concluding claim, not an exemption from further argument.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>pctcouq1es45zs09rv1v3hx8g66i0mw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673225</id>
      <parentid>4673152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align terminology with the OEC Constitution: material coupling, symbolically constituted function, and non-teleological emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11527" sha1="d91vp1avdc2d3vktk1fznokdtf2to4i" xml:space="preserve">== Conclusion — What This Book Has Established ==

=== The Position, Stated ===

The traversal is complete, and its result can be stated in two sentences. There is one material field, constitutively unstable, within which conditioned thresholds can make capacities operative that were unavailable to the components taken separately — among them capacities to inscribe, to symbolise, and to reorganise selected relations in the field. Because symbolically responsive configurations already redistribute exposure, ethics is not an immaterial addition to ontology; yet its normative criteria are not deduced from ontology and still require argument, evidence, and contestation.

An enabling threshold is reached when a configuration supports the material conditions under which a new range of operations can occur. An operational threshold is crossed when those operations are demonstrably present. The distinction is empirical as well as conceptual: a concrete case must not convert evidence of possibility into evidence of realisation.

The name for this position is threshold materialism. It was composed cumulatively rather than deduced. The commitments of Part I cleared the terrain: one field, no exterior, no ground, no soul, no plan, matter as the only substrate, instability as condition. Part II showed that these commitments bind the method itself — thought as singular response, listening as exposure, no redemption at the end of inquiry. Part III supplied the mechanics: complexity as relational organisation; operative excess as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form; threshold-crossing as the point at which a materially conditioned reconfiguration makes a new capacity effective without a pre-written outcome; and order as a local, conditioned effect sustained by domain-specific relations and, where demonstrated, material couplings. Part IV developed ethical and political criteria for judging reorganisations of exposure, and Part V measured the whole against the traditions it displaces. The lexicon of Part VI fixes the vocabulary in which all of this can be restated, tested, and contested.

=== Three Differences, Demonstrated ===

The first difference concerns emergence. Novelty, in this framework, is not treated as the actualisation of an independently existing reserve — virtual, preindividual, or dispositional — that already specifies the later configuration. The argument ran through the analysis of precedence and irruption (§3.2): antecedent material conditions constrain without necessarily specifying the new capacity, which remains conditioned without being pre-written. Simondon's language of individuation and metastability is retained, but the preindividual is not adopted as a distinct explanatory reserve. Deleuze and DeLanda preserve the problem of novelty beyond present actuality, but the virtual is not retained as a separate ontological register. Operative excess replaces neither concept as a hidden reserve. It is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. Emergence is established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and makes a new capacity effective. Against stratified versions of emergentism, the framework locates thresholds within organisations of one material field; the material couplings involved must be demonstrated in each case rather than inferred from novelty alone.

The second difference concerns the symbol. The chain that runs from material difference through trace, singular inscription, and mark to symbolic recognition (§1.4, §6.1) establishes the symbol as the materially realised dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with a mark. The symbol represents that mark; the organised system establishes relations only among symbols. Representation is therefore constitutive but immanent, never a bridge between separate domains. The criteria fixed in the lexicon allow a reader to decide, for a new case, whether there is trace, inscription, mark, or symbol and which operations belong to the system.

The third difference concerns ethics. Vulnerability was established as the possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with unequal distributions of protection and capacities for response. No norm follows from that description alone. The additional premise is that, where a symbolically responsive configuration can recognise that its operations impose avoidable damage or suppress another configuration's capacity to respond, that recognition supplies a reason to alter the arrangement. Proposed responses are then tested through four connected conditions: maintained or expanded capacities for response, reduced destructive asymmetries of exposure, accessible possibilities of contestation and repair, and preserved heterogeneity (§4.2). Normative judgement therefore requires explicit reasons and remains open to contestation.

=== What This Book Has Not Done ===

This book has not proved the Ontology of Emergent Complexity, if proving means deriving it from premises that no rational interlocutor could refuse. It has not refuted the traditions it has engaged — neither classical ontology, nor modern rationalism, nor post-structuralism. It has not established an ultimate foundation or converted its conclusions into a complete and final system. Logical consistency remains a requirement of the argument; refusing closure is not a refusal of non-contradiction, evidence, or rational criticism.

What it has done is formulate and articulate a set of conceptual operations with sufficient consistency to be used, taught, criticised, and revised. This formulation is materially and symbolically realised, but it should not be called an inscription merely because it has been written: inscription has the narrower technical meaning fixed in the lexicon. Any symbolic ordering may exist under conditions in which, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in its present form (§3.1), and the symbolic ordering developed in this book claims no exemption. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Its concepts organise a field of inquiry without exhausting it. Relations, configurations, and material pressures may remain outside what the current vocabulary can articulate. This is not proof of the framework; it states the conditions under which its claims remain answerable to correction.

=== The OEC as an Open Project ===

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity is not a completed system. It is an operative programme — a set of conceptual tools, a diagnostic vocabulary, and a specific way of posing questions — that is designed to be extended, tested, and, where necessary, revised. The normative apparatus that regulates the current — its constitution, its theoretical annex, its operative glossary, its production guides — is itself subject to revision: not arbitrarily, but through the procedures that the apparatus itself specifies for its own modification.

This openness is not a weakness disguised as a virtue. It is the structural consequence of taking instability and materially limited representation seriously. A philosophical framework that claimed exhaustive completeness while denying that capacity to every other finite symbolic ordering would exempt itself from the condition it describes. The OEC does not claim that exemption. Its categories are instruments, not essences; its architecture is a configuration, not a foundation; and its arguments are materially supported symbolic formulations that can reorganise inquiry without mastering the real.

The domains of application that this book has not explored — the detailed engagement with physics, biology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, law, economics, ecology — are not missing parts of a system that should have been complete. They are future variations: regions of the field where the operators developed here can be tested, where their adequacy and their limits can be assessed, and where new operators may need to be forged. The lexicon presented in Part VI is a beginning, not an inventory.

=== An Invitation to Operate ===

This book does not end with a demonstration and it does not end with a summary. It ends with an invitation. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity does not ask for adherence — for the acceptance of a doctrine, the memorisation of a vocabulary, or the pledge of allegiance to a tradition. It asks for operation. To operate with these concepts is to test them: to apply the operators to specific phenomena, to evaluate whether they illuminate features that other frameworks leave invisible, to identify the points where they fail and where the vocabulary needs to be extended.

The invitation is directed to any reader who has followed the argument to this point and who recognises, in the instability of the field, in operative excess as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, and in the material conditions of vulnerability and decision, something that corresponds to the real as they encounter it. The framework claims that no material configuration has a final guarantee of persistence, that operative excess is established by an explicit comparison between materially realisable and presently realised relations, that emergent novelty is established only when a materially conditioned reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and makes a new capacity effective, that symbols are materially supported dimensions of legibility and representation rather than transparent vehicles of immaterial content, that ethical judgement concerns the distribution of exposure without descending from transcendent principles, and that every order is local, conditioned, and open to assessment at a stated scale. If these claims organise the reader's experience of the real more consistently than the alternatives — if they make visible what was previously obscured, if they connect what was previously separated, if they open questions that were previously foreclosed — then the concepts are operative, and the work continues.

The work continues because no finite formulation exhausts the field it addresses. Philosophy, in the framework developed here, is not the contemplation of eternal truths from a position of security. It is the ongoing and situated labour of articulating the conditions under which complexity can be thought — conditions that are themselves complex, unstable, and subject to reorganisation. This book is one materially supported symbolic configuration among others. It does not claim the last word. It claims only that its distinctions do specific work and remain worth testing.

There is no ultimate ground beneath the work, yet the work can hold through the consistency of its relations, the resistance of the real, and its openness to correction. That is its concluding claim, not an exemption from further argument.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>d91vp1avdc2d3vktk1fznokdtf2to4i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673257</id>
      <parentid>4673225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:57:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Align threshold terminology with the OEC Constitution: possibility, reconfiguration, and emergence</comment>
      <origin>4673257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11732" sha1="m0yg4shan5ozxhn1c8pnspuu53dnz1p" xml:space="preserve">== Conclusion — What This Book Has Established ==

=== The Position, Stated ===

The traversal is complete, and its result can be stated in two sentences. There is one material field, constitutively unstable, within which materially conditioned reconfigurations can produce capacities unavailable to the components taken separately — among them capacities to inscribe, to symbolise, and to reorganise selected relations in the field. Because symbolically responsive configurations already redistribute exposure, ethics is not an immaterial addition to ontology; yet its normative criteria are not deduced from ontology and still require argument, evidence, and contestation.

A possibility threshold describes the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible. It does not establish that the reconfiguration occurs. Occurrence is established by the processes that realise the reconfiguration; emergence is established by the new property, capacity, or effect produced. A concrete case must not convert evidence of possibility into evidence of realisation or emergence.

The name for this position is threshold materialism. It was composed cumulatively rather than deduced. The commitments of Part I cleared the terrain: one field, no exterior, no ground, no soul, no plan, matter as the only substrate, instability as condition. Part II showed that these commitments bind the method itself — thought as singular response, listening as exposure, no redemption at the end of inquiry. Part III supplied the mechanics: complexity as relational organisation; operative excess as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form; possibility threshold as the epistemic determination of the conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; emergence as the production of a new property, capacity, or effect through materially conditioned reconfiguration; and order as a local, conditioned effect sustained by domain-specific relations and, where demonstrated, material couplings. Part IV developed ethical and political criteria for judging reorganisations of exposure, and Part V measured the whole against the traditions it displaces. The lexicon of Part VI fixes the vocabulary in which all of this can be restated, tested, and contested.

=== Three Differences, Demonstrated ===

The first difference concerns emergence. Novelty, in this framework, is not treated as the actualisation of an independently existing reserve — virtual, preindividual, or dispositional — that already specifies the later configuration. The argument ran through the analysis of precedence and irruption (§3.2): antecedent material conditions constrain without necessarily specifying the new capacity, which remains conditioned without being pre-written. Simondon's language of individuation and metastability is retained, but the preindividual is not adopted as a distinct explanatory reserve. Deleuze and DeLanda preserve the problem of novelty beyond present actuality, but the virtual is not retained as a separate ontological register. Operative excess replaces neither concept as a hidden reserve. It is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. Emergence is established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that the prior organisation did not realise. Against stratified versions of emergentism, the framework locates this novelty within organisations of one material field; the material couplings involved must be demonstrated in each case rather than inferred from novelty alone.

The second difference concerns the symbol. The chain that runs from material difference through trace, singular inscription, and mark to symbolic recognition (§1.4, §6.1) establishes the symbol as the materially realised dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with a mark. The symbol represents that mark; the organised system establishes relations only among symbols. Representation is therefore constitutive but immanent, never a bridge between separate domains. The criteria fixed in the lexicon allow a reader to decide, for a new case, whether there is trace, inscription, mark, or symbol and which operations belong to the system.

The third difference concerns ethics. Vulnerability was established as the possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with unequal distributions of protection and capacities for response. No norm follows from that description alone. The additional premise is that, where a symbolically responsive configuration can recognise that its operations impose avoidable damage or suppress another configuration's capacity to respond, that recognition supplies a reason to alter the arrangement. Proposed responses are then tested through four connected conditions: maintained or expanded capacities for response, reduced destructive asymmetries of exposure, accessible possibilities of contestation and repair, and preserved heterogeneity (§4.2). Normative judgement therefore requires explicit reasons and remains open to contestation.

=== What This Book Has Not Done ===

This book has not proved the Ontology of Emergent Complexity, if proving means deriving it from premises that no rational interlocutor could refuse. It has not refuted the traditions it has engaged — neither classical ontology, nor modern rationalism, nor post-structuralism. It has not established an ultimate foundation or converted its conclusions into a complete and final system. Logical consistency remains a requirement of the argument; refusing closure is not a refusal of non-contradiction, evidence, or rational criticism.

What it has done is formulate and articulate a set of conceptual operations with sufficient consistency to be used, taught, criticised, and revised. This formulation is materially and symbolically realised, but it should not be called an inscription merely because it has been written: inscription has the narrower technical meaning fixed in the lexicon. Any symbolic ordering may exist under conditions in which, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in its present form (§3.1), and the symbolic ordering developed in this book claims no exemption. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Its concepts organise a field of inquiry without exhausting it. Relations, configurations, and material pressures may remain outside what the current vocabulary can articulate. This is not proof of the framework; it states the conditions under which its claims remain answerable to correction.

=== The OEC as an Open Project ===

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity is not a completed system. It is an operative programme — a set of conceptual tools, a diagnostic vocabulary, and a specific way of posing questions — that is designed to be extended, tested, and, where necessary, revised. The normative apparatus that regulates the current — its constitution, its theoretical annex, its operative glossary, its production guides — is itself subject to revision: not arbitrarily, but through the procedures that the apparatus itself specifies for its own modification.

This openness is not a weakness disguised as a virtue. It is the structural consequence of taking instability and materially limited representation seriously. A philosophical framework that claimed exhaustive completeness while denying that capacity to every other finite symbolic ordering would exempt itself from the condition it describes. The OEC does not claim that exemption. Its categories are instruments, not essences; its architecture is a configuration, not a foundation; and its arguments are materially supported symbolic formulations that can reorganise inquiry without mastering the real.

The domains of application that this book has not explored — the detailed engagement with physics, biology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, law, economics, ecology — are not missing parts of a system that should have been complete. They are future variations: regions of the field where the operators developed here can be tested, where their adequacy and their limits can be assessed, and where new operators may need to be forged. The lexicon presented in Part VI is a beginning, not an inventory.

=== An Invitation to Operate ===

This book does not end with a demonstration and it does not end with a summary. It ends with an invitation. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity does not ask for adherence — for the acceptance of a doctrine, the memorisation of a vocabulary, or the pledge of allegiance to a tradition. It asks for operation. To operate with these concepts is to test them: to apply the operators to specific phenomena, to evaluate whether they illuminate features that other frameworks leave invisible, to identify the points where they fail and where the vocabulary needs to be extended.

The invitation is directed to any reader who has followed the argument to this point and who recognises, in the instability of the field, in operative excess as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, and in the material conditions of vulnerability and decision, something that corresponds to the real as they encounter it. The framework claims that no material configuration has a final guarantee of persistence, that operative excess is established by an explicit comparison between materially realisable and presently realised relations, that emergent novelty is established only when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that the prior organisation did not realise, that symbols are materially supported dimensions of legibility and representation rather than transparent vehicles of immaterial content, that ethical judgement concerns the distribution of exposure without descending from transcendent principles, and that every order is local, conditioned, and open to assessment at a stated scale. If these claims organise the reader's experience of the real more consistently than the alternatives — if they make visible what was previously obscured, if they connect what was previously separated, if they open questions that were previously foreclosed — then the concepts are operative, and the work continues.

The work continues because no finite formulation exhausts the field it addresses. Philosophy, in the framework developed here, is not the contemplation of eternal truths from a position of security. It is the ongoing and situated labour of articulating the conditions under which complexity can be thought — conditions that are themselves complex, unstable, and subject to reorganisation. This book is one materially supported symbolic configuration among others. It does not claim the last word. It claims only that its distinctions do specific work and remain worth testing.

There is no ultimate ground beneath the work, yet the work can hold through the consistency of its relations, the resistance of the real, and its openness to correction. That is its concluding claim, not an exemption from further argument.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>m0yg4shan5ozxhn1c8pnspuu53dnz1p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673304</id>
      <parentid>4673257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:05:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidCota64</username>
        <id>3507033</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Final constitutional alignment and closing audit</comment>
      <origin>4673304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11805" sha1="pmm97epxhcw613hb3efe0fgh4e7t9sz" xml:space="preserve">== Conclusion — What This Book Has Established ==

=== The Position, Stated ===

The traversal is complete, and its result can be stated in two sentences. There is one material field, constitutively unstable, within which materially conditioned reconfigurations can produce capacities unavailable to the components taken separately — among them capacities to inscribe, to symbolise, and to reorganise selected relations in the field. Because symbolically responsive configurations already redistribute exposure, ethics is not an immaterial addition to ontology; yet its normative criteria are not deduced from ontology and still require argument, evidence, and contestation.

A possibility threshold describes the material conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible. It does not establish that the reconfiguration occurs. Occurrence is established by the processes that realise the reconfiguration; emergence is established by the new property, capacity, or effect produced. A concrete case must not convert evidence of possibility into evidence of realisation or emergence.

The name for this position is threshold materialism. It was composed cumulatively rather than deduced. The commitments of Part I cleared the terrain: one field, no exterior, no ground, no soul, no plan, matter as the only substrate, instability as condition. Part II showed that these commitments bind the method itself — thought as singular response, listening as exposure, no redemption at the end of inquiry. Part III supplied the mechanics: complexity as relational organisation; operative excess as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form; possibility threshold as the epistemic determination of the conditions under which an identified reconfiguration becomes possible; emergence as the production of a new property, capacity, or effect through materially conditioned reconfiguration; and order as a local, conditioned effect sustained by domain-specific relations and, where demonstrated, material couplings. Part IV developed ethical and political criteria for judging reorganisations of exposure, and Part V measured the whole against the traditions it displaces. The lexicon of Part VI fixes the vocabulary in which all of this can be restated, tested, and contested.

=== Three Differences, Demonstrated ===

The first difference concerns emergence. Novelty, in this framework, is not treated as the actualisation of an independently existing reserve — virtual, preindividual, or dispositional — that already specifies the later configuration. The argument ran through the analysis of precedence and irruption (§3.2): antecedent material conditions constrain without necessarily specifying the new capacity, which remains conditioned without being pre-written. Simondon's language of individuation and metastability is retained, but the preindividual is not adopted as a distinct explanatory reserve. Deleuze and DeLanda preserve the problem of novelty beyond present actuality, but the virtual is not retained as a separate ontological register. Operative excess replaces neither concept as a hidden reserve. It is established when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. Emergence is established separately when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that the prior organisation did not realise. Against stratified versions of emergentism, the framework locates this novelty within organisations of one material field; the material couplings involved must be demonstrated in each case rather than inferred from novelty alone.

The second difference concerns the symbol. The chain that runs from material difference through trace and singular inscription to the mark–symbol relation (§1.4, §6.1) establishes representation as materially realised. The symbol represents the corresponding mark; the organised system establishes relations only among symbols. First-order symbols symbolise discriminated differences, and second-order symbols are created through the articulation of symbols. Representation is therefore constitutive but immanent, never a bridge between separate domains. The criteria fixed in the lexicon allow a reader to decide, for a new case, whether there is trace, inscription, mark, or symbol and which operations belong to the system.

The third difference concerns ethics. Vulnerability was established as the possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with unequal distributions of protection and capacities for response. No norm follows from that description alone. The additional premise is that, where a symbolically responsive configuration can recognise that its operations impose avoidable damage or suppress another configuration's capacity to respond, that recognition supplies a reason to alter the arrangement. Proposed responses are then tested through four connected conditions: maintained or expanded capacities for response, reduced destructive asymmetries of exposure, accessible possibilities of contestation and repair, and preserved heterogeneity (§4.2). Normative judgement therefore requires explicit reasons and remains open to contestation.

=== What This Book Has Not Done ===

This book has not proved the Ontology of Emergent Complexity, if proving means deriving it from premises that no rational interlocutor could refuse. It has not refuted the traditions it has engaged — neither classical ontology, nor modern rationalism, nor post-structuralism. It has not established an ultimate foundation or converted its conclusions into a complete and final system. Logical consistency remains a requirement of the argument; refusing closure is not a refusal of non-contradiction, evidence, or rational criticism.

What it has done is formulate and articulate a set of conceptual operations with sufficient consistency to be used, taught, criticised, and revised. This formulation is materially and symbolically realised, but it should not be called an inscription merely because it has been written: inscription has the narrower technical meaning fixed in the lexicon. Any symbolic ordering may exist under conditions in which, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the symbolic relations realised in its present form (§3.1), and the symbolic ordering developed in this book claims no exemption. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Its concepts organise a field of inquiry without exhausting it. Relations, configurations, and material pressures may remain outside what the current vocabulary can articulate. This is not proof of the framework; it states the conditions under which its claims remain answerable to correction.

=== The OEC as an Open Project ===

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity is not a completed system. It is an operative programme — a set of conceptual tools, a diagnostic vocabulary, and a specific way of posing questions — that is designed to be extended, tested, and, where necessary, revised. The normative apparatus that regulates the current — its constitution, its theoretical annex, its operative glossary, its production guides — is itself subject to revision: not arbitrarily, but through the procedures that the apparatus itself specifies for its own modification.

This openness is not a weakness disguised as a virtue. It is the structural consequence of taking instability and materially limited representation seriously. A philosophical framework that claimed exhaustive completeness while denying that capacity to every other finite symbolic ordering would exempt itself from the condition it describes. The OEC does not claim that exemption. Its categories are instruments, not essences; its architecture is a configuration, not a foundation; and its arguments are materially supported symbolic formulations that can reorganise inquiry without mastering the real.

The domains of application that this book has not explored — the detailed engagement with physics, biology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, law, economics, ecology — are not missing parts of a system that should have been complete. They are future variations: regions of the field where the operators developed here can be tested, where their adequacy and their limits can be assessed, and where new operators may need to be forged. The lexicon presented in Part VI is a beginning, not an inventory.

=== An Invitation to Operate ===

This book does not end with a demonstration and it does not end with a summary. It ends with an invitation. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity does not ask for adherence — for the acceptance of a doctrine, the memorisation of a vocabulary, or the pledge of allegiance to a tradition. It asks for operation. To operate with these concepts is to test them: to apply the operators to specific phenomena, to evaluate whether they illuminate features that other frameworks leave invisible, to identify the points where they fail and where the vocabulary needs to be extended.

The invitation is directed to any reader who has followed the argument to this point and who recognises, in the instability of the field, in operative excess as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary, and in the material conditions of vulnerability and decision, something that corresponds to the real as they encounter it. The framework claims that no material configuration has a final guarantee of persistence, that operative excess is established by an explicit comparison between materially realisable and presently realised relations, that emergent novelty is established only when a materially conditioned reconfiguration produces a property, capacity, or effect that the prior organisation did not realise, that symbols are materially supported dimensions of legibility and representation rather than transparent vehicles of immaterial content, that ethical judgement concerns the distribution of exposure without descending from transcendent principles, and that every order is local, conditioned, and open to assessment at a stated scale. If these claims organise the reader's experience of the real more consistently than the alternatives — if they make visible what was previously obscured, if they connect what was previously separated, if they open questions that were previously foreclosed — then the concepts are operative, and the work continues.

The work continues because no finite formulation exhausts the field it addresses. Philosophy, in the framework developed here, is not the contemplation of eternal truths from a position of security. It is the ongoing and situated labour of articulating the conditions under which complexity can be thought — conditions that are themselves complex, unstable, and subject to reorganisation. This book is one materially supported symbolic configuration among others. It does not claim the last word. It claims only that its distinctions do specific work and remain worth testing.

There is no ultimate ground beneath the work, yet the work can hold through the consistency of its relations, the resistance of the real, and its openness to correction. That is its concluding claim, not an exemption from further argument.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>pmm97epxhcw613hb3efe0fgh4e7t9sz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:ActStuffOGWiki</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>485712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673173</id>
      <parentid>4670885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T16:10:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ActStuffOGWiki</username>
        <id>3624203</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673173</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="263" sha1="tu2nhxug3aamjcr5vx4longfgd9l9fj" xml:space="preserve">== Introducing Myself ==
Hello, I'm '''[[wikipedia:User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]''', or simply '''ActStuff'''. I like editing [[Wikibooks]] pages and like having fun in my daily routine. I live in India. I like [[Indian Railways/Overview|Indian Railways]].</text>
      <sha1>tu2nhxug3aamjcr5vx4longfgd9l9fj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Jaguar/VIN Codes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673180</id>
      <parentid>4673007</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T17:00:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673180</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18373" sha1="3vv8o28wx2uxa48abydq4ntrvkw5j31" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| D || 2.5L || V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>3vv8o28wx2uxa48abydq4ntrvkw5j31</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673181</id>
      <parentid>4673180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T17:00:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673181</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18388" sha1="pzgcwtervzjp2fu0rvb0icr7r98j9wl" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>pzgcwtervzjp2fu0rvb0icr7r98j9wl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673182</id>
      <parentid>4673181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T17:02:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18388" sha1="dz502u43kgmo3ih76dxlna5oceuc2t2" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>dz502u43kgmo3ih76dxlna5oceuc2t2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673196</id>
      <parentid>4673182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T19:32:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673196</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18977" sha1="frqy6dwkbedvy1faukcm23y31ksi5ks" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>frqy6dwkbedvy1faukcm23y31ksi5ks</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673198</id>
      <parentid>4673196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T19:48:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Model Line (Position 6-7) */</comment>
      <origin>4673198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19049" sha1="md3vktsuzdcpqadyfqclfmn8q8kcz52" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>md3vktsuzdcpqadyfqclfmn8q8kcz52</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673199</id>
      <parentid>4673198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T19:55:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Model Line (Position 6-7) */</comment>
      <origin>4673199</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19121" sha1="svfb66oozina0ngv4vcai599auzy6gf" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>svfb66oozina0ngv4vcai599auzy6gf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673200</id>
      <parentid>4673199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T19:59:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673200</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19693" sha1="ffel2dy1dxyinztcndpze9nzy85thmo" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'0).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'0).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'0).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>ffel2dy1dxyinztcndpze9nzy85thmo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673230</id>
      <parentid>4673200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673230</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19772" sha1="cxbx09lzntvt3p4xyjbx2iqe027szbr" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type ('06-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>cxbx09lzntvt3p4xyjbx2iqe027szbr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673231</id>
      <parentid>4673230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:49:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673231</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19785" sha1="7bw9x6leb9webj2bt0y86cwac4jlq05" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type ('06-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>7bw9x6leb9webj2bt0y86cwac4jlq05</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673232</id>
      <parentid>4673231</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:49:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673232</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19789" sha1="6ze8uhgvr7tbf45tdvsr7x6kln9em7d" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type ('06-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>6ze8uhgvr7tbf45tdvsr7x6kln9em7d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673233</id>
      <parentid>4673232</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673233</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19793" sha1="e13c0l2ojk2abri7icyqaulc4l6fe71" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type ('06-'08). 
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>e13c0l2ojk2abri7icyqaulc4l6fe71</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673243</id>
      <parentid>4673233</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T21:56:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673243</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19979" sha1="7yqqk53p9n6aen9a20suiuye5227lwq" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>7yqqk53p9n6aen9a20suiuye5227lwq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673343</id>
      <parentid>4673243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T04:46:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19979" sha1="j2oxczfdax3ftiosd9519kw3mjl7yjq" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>j2oxczfdax3ftiosd9519kw3mjl7yjq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673344</id>
      <parentid>4673343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T05:00:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20022" sha1="klhhch7qr4nk8b9wb0zcdwb89hwca2a" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>klhhch7qr4nk8b9wb0zcdwb89hwca2a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673345</id>
      <parentid>4673344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T05:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20026" sha1="l5g34ddv1tt2q77335cldrvw6u90w6r" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). 
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>l5g34ddv1tt2q77335cldrvw6u90w6r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673346</id>
      <parentid>4673345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T05:56:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673346</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20939" sha1="oekm23q41xgwf3cxrfm12uh7tkoqq40" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10-), XJ/XJL ('11-), XK ('10-).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XFR ('10-), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-), XKR ('10-).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>oekm23q41xgwf3cxrfm12uh7tkoqq40</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673354</id>
      <parentid>4673346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T06:19:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */</comment>
      <origin>4673354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20981" sha1="8mllq05v2x763vbyill8b9wfe8m4gdg" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):===
* J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00)
* B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07)
* E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,  XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,&lt;br&gt; XJ8/XJR '04-'09)
* W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09)
* X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09)

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 5):===
* A = Automatic / LHD
* B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04)

===Model Line (Position 6-7)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 6-7
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|51
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08)
|-
|52
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04)
|-
|53
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03)
|-
|54
|[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08)
|-
|01
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03)
|-
|03
|[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08)
|-
|05
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|06
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09)
|-
|07
|[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09)
|-
|12
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03)
|-
|14
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03)
|-
|15
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03)
|-
|23
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|24
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01)
|-
|25
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03)
|-
|71
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09)
|-
|73
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09)
|-
|74
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04)
|-
|79
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09)
|-
|82
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09)
|-
|86
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06)
|-
|94
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09)
|-
|41
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06)
|-
|42
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06)
|-
|43
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09)
|-
|44
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09)
|-
|45
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09)
|-
|46
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09)
|}

===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 8
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). 
|-
| A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10).
|-
| B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06).
|-
| B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09).
|-
| B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10-), XJ/XJL ('11-), XK ('10-).
|-
| C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). 
|-
| C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06).
|-
| C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09).
|-
| C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-), XKR ('10-).
|-
| D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01).
|-
| D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05).
|-
| E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake &amp; exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-).
|-
| N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02).
|-
| T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05).
|-
| U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05).
|-
| V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05).
|}

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* C - X-Type ('02-'03)
* D - X-Type ('03-'04)
* E - X-Type ('04-'06)
* J - X-Type ('06-'08)
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('13-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)
* K - F-Type ('14-'24)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line (Position 4)===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].&lt;br&gt; Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

===Positions 12–17, Serial Number===
** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27)
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100)</text>
      <sha1>8mllq05v2x763vbyill8b9wfe8m4gdg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Digital Synthora</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673174</id>
      <parentid>4672413</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T16:13:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ActStuffOGWiki</username>
        <id>3624203</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1158" sha1="924zoen3gjfai8y4rwqxgysscbe1vm0" xml:space="preserve">{{query|Appears to be an invention of the page creator; I can't find anything relevant online beyond the empty https://synthoraactstuff.fandom.com/.}}

''Note: Synthora is a '''conceptual language''' or a '''language concept'''. It means that this is not an officially recognized language nor a fully developed language either.''

== Table of Contents ==

=== 1. Synthora Basic ===

* Overview 
* Synthorentence Formation
* Defrauacative Check 
* Units of a Synthorode 
* Differences between Real and Digital Synthora 

=== 2. Synthora Normal ===

* Overview
* Synthorentence Shortening
* Intermediate Units of a Synthorode 
* Old Synthora 
* Customization

=== 3. Synthora Encrypted ===

* Overview 
* Encrypting Synthorode
* Synthorentence Complicating 
* Intermediate Customization 

====== Hope You Enjoy Reading! ======

== About The Book ==

* This book is made by [[User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]. 
* This book is made for the sole purpose of showing '''Synthora''' to the world. 
* This book is typed '''completely from memory''' with no external sources. Therefore, I might miss some [[Wikibooks:Subject pages|pages]] or sections. 
{{shelves}}</text>
      <sha1>924zoen3gjfai8y4rwqxgysscbe1vm0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673175</id>
      <parentid>4673174</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T16:15:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ActStuffOGWiki</username>
        <id>3624203</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1170" sha1="2hzmt78fd5l1f73nlyqd1nd8i9txbg5" xml:space="preserve">{{query|Appears to be an invention of the page creator; I can't find anything relevant online beyond the empty https://synthoraactstuff.fandom.com/.}}

''Note: Synthora is a '''conceptual language''' or a '''language concept'''. It means that this is not an officially recognized language nor a fully developed language either.''

== Table of Contents ==

=== 1. Synthora Basic ===

* Overview 
* Synthorentence Formation
* Defrauacative Check 
* Units of a Synthorode 
* Differences between Real and Digital Synthora 

=== 2. Synthora Normal ===

* Overview
* Synthorentence Shortening
* Intermediate Units of a Synthorode 
* Old Synthora 
* Customization

=== 3. Synthora Encrypted ===

* Overview 
* Encrypting Synthorode
* Synthorentence Complicating 
* Intermediate Customization 

====== Hope You Enjoy Reading! ======

== About The Book ==

* This book is made by [[User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]. 
* This book is made for the sole purpose of showing '''Synthora''' to the world. 
* This book is typed '''completely from memory''' with no external sources. Therefore, I might miss some [[Wikibooks:Subject pages|pages]] or sections. 
{{shelves}} {{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2hzmt78fd5l1f73nlyqd1nd8i9txbg5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673177</id>
      <parentid>4673175</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T16:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ActStuffOGWiki</username>
        <id>3624203</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4673177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1433" sha1="6q6xmjkb40h3bslw0obxszsgquvcf0y" xml:space="preserve">{{query|Appears to be an invention of the page creator; I can't find anything relevant online beyond the empty https://synthoraactstuff.fandom.com/.}}

''Note: Synthora is a '''conceptual language''' or a '''language concept'''. It means that this is not an officially recognized language nor a fully developed language either.''

== Table of Contents ==

=== 1. Synthora Basic ===

* [[Digital Synthora/Overview (Basic)|Overview]]
* [[Digital Synthora/Synthorentence Formation (Basic)|Synthorentence Formation]]
* [[Digital Synthora/Defrauacative Check (Basic)|Defrauacative Check]]
* [[Digital Synthora/Units of a Synthorode (Basic)|Units of a Synthorode]]
* [[Digital Synthora/Differences between Real and Digital Synthora (Basic)|Differences between Real and Digital Synthora]]

=== 2. Synthora Normal ===

* Overview
* Synthorentence Shortening
* Intermediate Units of a Synthorode 
* Old Synthora 
* Customization

=== 3. Synthora Encrypted ===

* Overview 
* Encrypting Synthorode
* Synthorentence Complicating 
* Intermediate Customization 

====== Hope You Enjoy Reading! ======

== About The Book ==

* This book is made by [[User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]. 
* This book is made for the sole purpose of showing '''Synthora''' to the world. 
* This book is typed '''completely from memory''' with no external sources. Therefore, I might miss some [[Wikibooks:Subject pages|pages]] or sections. 
{{shelves}} {{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6q6xmjkb40h3bslw0obxszsgquvcf0y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koine Greek/Contract Verbs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673159</id>
      <parentid>4673028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:29:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
      <origin>4673159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2436" sha1="tahjeeujbf8m5901kf0jmo2r8a98pkf" xml:space="preserve">=Contract Verbs=
A special class of thematic verbs are the contracted verbs. In the dictionary these are entered as ending -άω, -έω, or -όω. For example, ὁράω &quot;I see&quot;, ποιέω &quot;I do&quot;, δηλόω &quot;I show&quot;; but in most cases when they are found in a text the vowel α, ε, ο (a, e, o) contracts with the ending to make a single vowel. Thus the present tense of ὁράω &quot;I see&quot; goes as follows:
::'''ὁρῶ''', ὁρᾷς, ὁρᾷ, ὁρῶμεν, ὁρᾶτε, ὁρῶσι(ν)
::I see, thou seest, he sees, we see, ye see, they see

while the present tense of ποιέω (poiéō) &quot;I do&quot; is as follows:
::'''ποιῶ''', ποιεῖς, ποιεῖ, ποιοῦμεν, ποιεῖτε, ποιοῦσι(ν) 
::I do, thou dost, he does, we do, ye do, they do

and the present tense of δηλόω &quot;I show&quot; is as follows:
::'''δηλῶ''', δηλοῖς, δηλοῖ, δηλοῦμεν, δηλοῦτε, δηλοῦσι(ν)
::I show, thou showest, he/she/it shows, we show, ye show, they show
The present infinitive active of the three types of contracted verbs is ὁρᾶν &quot;to see&quot;, ποιεῖν, &quot;to do&quot;, δηλοῦν &quot;to show&quot;.

Contracted verbs are also found in the middle and passive voices, e.g. ἀφικνέομαι/ἀφικνοῦμαι &quot;I arrive&quot; and τιμάομαι/τιμῶμαι &quot;I am honoured&quot;.

==Contraction Rules==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Following
! Α-stem
! Ε-stem
! Ο-stem
|-
| + ε||ᾱ||ει||ου
|-
| + ει||ᾳ||ει||οι
|-
| + η||ᾱ||η||ω
|-
| + ο||ω||ου||ου
|-
| + οι||ῳ||οι||οι
|-
| + ου||ω||ου||ου
|-
| + ω||ω||ω||ω
|}

==Common GNT Contract Verbs==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Α
! Ε
! Ο
|-
|ἀγαπάω: I love||ποιέω: I do, make||πληρόω: I fill, fulfill
|-
|ὁράω: I see||λαλέω: I speak||δικαιόω: I justify
|-
|ἐρωτάω: I ask||καλέω: I call||σταυρόω: I crucify
|-
|νικάω: I conquer||ζητέω: I seek||φανερόω: I reveal, manifest
|-
|τιμάω: I honor||θεωρέω: I see, observe||ἐλευθερόω: I set free
|-
|γεννάω: I beget||τηρέω: I keep, guard||ζηλόω: I am jealous
|-
|πλανάω: I lead astray||μαρτυρέω: I bear witness||ὑψόω: I exalt
|-
|πεινάω: I hunger||ἀκολουθέω: I follow||κοινόω: I make common, share
|-
|διψάω: I thirst||προσκυνέω: I worship||τελειόω: I make perfect, complete
|}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>tahjeeujbf8m5901kf0jmo2r8a98pkf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:ZS Khumalo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>485936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673184</id>
      <parentid>4673067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T17:22:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZS Khumalo</username>
        <id>3506399</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome! */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4673184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1222" sha1="ft1azrcg3xpmn2qu1dov25zghgaxabs" xml:space="preserve">
==Welcome!==

{| style=&quot;background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;&quot;
 ! style=&quot;background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;&quot; | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks
 |-
 | style=&quot;padding:5px;&quot; |
* Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]].
* To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126; 
* Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community.
* [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun!
 |}

If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally.
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 07:59, 30 September 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks so much. I love Wikibooks so much. There is a WikiBook I want to publish on the precolonial history of the Kingdom of Eswatini. I was currently busy with research. [[User:ZS Khumalo|ZS Khumalo]] ([[User talk:ZS Khumalo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ZS Khumalo|contribs]]) 17:22, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ft1azrcg3xpmn2qu1dov25zghgaxabs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g5/2. d4/2...f6</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673126</id>
      <parentid>4673110</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
      <origin>4673126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="276" sha1="gwb15813mfg7srwo6tsvr7cu00johha" xml:space="preserve">=== 2...f6?? ===
This move is a blunder because it allows White to immediately checkmate with 3. Qh5#. This is known as a reverse fool's mate, and it is the fastest possible mate for White.
{{Chess/board
| fen = rnbqkbnr/ppppp2p/5p2/6p1/3PP3/8/PPP2PPP/RNBQKBNR
}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>gwb15813mfg7srwo6tsvr7cu00johha</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-52297-30</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>485948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673129</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author about page tagging</comment>
      <origin>4673129</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="599" sha1="8nq5izp34ji71ot36didi5uqb3jqztn" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8nq5izp34ji71ot36didi5uqb3jqztn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673132</id>
      <parentid>4673129</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4673132</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1459" sha1="ojqieeisvfqwszppizoo5a61d9o5q1d" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Head First HTML and CSS]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Head First HTML and CSS|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ojqieeisvfqwszppizoo5a61d9o5q1d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673134</id>
      <parentid>4673132</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4673134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2283" sha1="g6evhpv8vj9mnl9e9oldubyi2vgoooz" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Head First HTML and CSS]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Head First HTML and CSS|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Kerse]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Kerse|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g6evhpv8vj9mnl9e9oldubyi2vgoooz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673145</id>
      <parentid>4673134</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author about page tagging</comment>
      <origin>4673145</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2862" sha1="jaza77qtdo38d1nucifot4ct1h4ljbq" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Head First HTML and CSS]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Head First HTML and CSS|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Kerse]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Kerse|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky/Escort Mission]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jaza77qtdo38d1nucifot4ct1h4ljbq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673151</id>
      <parentid>4673145</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:26:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4673151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3716" sha1="eof86xer43uijbd3b45o171ed1zgcbl" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Head First HTML and CSS]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Head First HTML and CSS|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Kerse]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Kerse|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky/Escort Mission]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Definition of unfair]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Definition of unfair|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eof86xer43uijbd3b45o171ed1zgcbl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673155</id>
      <parentid>4673151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:27:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author about page tagging</comment>
      <origin>4673155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4282" sha1="p0tqadhaxku2bsg791nolhdtmqtkcrp" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Head First HTML and CSS]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Head First HTML and CSS|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Kerse]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Kerse|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky/Escort Mission]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Definition of unfair]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Definition of unfair|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:How to boost performance in Wii Fit Aerobics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:27, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>p0tqadhaxku2bsg791nolhdtmqtkcrp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673157</id>
      <parentid>4673155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T12:28:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author about page tagging</comment>
      <origin>4673157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4839" sha1="2uisi6pi4dscgharo3g2jp0gplxko26" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Head First HTML and CSS]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Head First HTML and CSS|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Kerse]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Kerse|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky/Escort Mission]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Definition of unfair]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Definition of unfair|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:How to boost performance in Wii Fit Aerobics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:27, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:28, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2uisi6pi4dscgharo3g2jp0gplxko26</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673308</id>
      <parentid>4673157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4673308</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5717" sha1="q6g38axc8688c1yoft2von4bov9yhb5" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Head First HTML and CSS]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Head First HTML and CSS|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Kerse]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Kerse|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky/Escort Mission]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Definition of unfair]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Definition of unfair|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:How to boost performance in Wii Fit Aerobics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:27, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:28, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 23:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>q6g38axc8688c1yoft2von4bov9yhb5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673310</id>
      <parentid>4673308</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T23:24:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4673310</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6679" sha1="64fiksz6x26y7b1jw519s6erd7mljvx" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Head First HTML and CSS]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Head First HTML and CSS|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Kerse]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Kerse|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky/Escort Mission]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Definition of unfair]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Definition of unfair|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:How to boost performance in Wii Fit Aerobics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:27, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:28, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 23:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 23:24, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>64fiksz6x26y7b1jw519s6erd7mljvx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4673325</id>
      <parentid>4673310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:57:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4673325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7572" sha1="jcc76k5afk8vxxmv13kfdd3rlc3lkxb" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Head First HTML and CSS]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Head First HTML and CSS|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Kerse]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Kerse|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky/Escort Mission]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Definition of unfair]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Definition of unfair|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:How to boost performance in Wii Fit Aerobics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:27, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;has some problems that need to be looked at.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:28, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 23:23, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 23:24, 30 September 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:How to boost performance in Wii Fit Aerobics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:How to boost performance in Wii Fit Aerobics|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 02:57, 1 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jcc76k5afk8vxxmv13kfdd3rlc3lkxb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Digital Synthora/Overview (Basic)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673178</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T16:27:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ActStuffOGWiki</username>
        <id>3624203</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I made it</comment>
      <origin>4673178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3788" sha1="iv91dbufz16pure6a6law8lgsmmrtu8" xml:space="preserve">== What is Synthora? ==
'''Synthora''' is a multi-use, customizable and conceptual language which doesn’t have the traditional syntax, semantics or grammar like most languages, but it has its own language framework, philosophy and '''lexicon''' while also using the beauty of arithmetics, geometry, creativity, Synthora levels, etc. Synthora doesn’t prefer memorization, complex syntax or studies of different things, but rather focuses on practicality for coding, secret text or letters as well as writing digitally and in real life. This language is not well known. The whole point of this language was to make coding user-friendly and customizable to the user’s choice. Later on, Synthora got upgraded by a lot when the creator saw its true potential. 

=== Synthora Levels ===
Synthora levels are basically the kinds of Synthora based on the number of combinations per word (approximate), method of writing and use cases. The three primary major levels are Synthora are '''Synthora Basic''', '''Synthora Normal''' and '''Synthora Encrypted'''. The two secondary major levels are '''Digital Synthora''', which is on a device or gadget and '''Real Synthora''', which is real-life writing in the form of physical books, paper, articles or writing pads. 

== Etymology ==
The word “Synthora” originated as two words; “syntax” and “nora”. '''Syntax''' is the study of how words are combined to form larger units such as sentences and phrases. It also means lines of code which represent a specific function in coding. '''Nora''' is not an English word, but an old Latin word describing “future-minded” or “futuristic” which shows the honor of Synthora’s existence. The partial reason why I used “nora”, and not any other suffix is because a group project that was made in my school, about Robotics, named their bodybuilding robot: “Nora”. 

== Historical Context ==
It was '''Christmas 2024''' and me and my friend, i.e., '''Tanay''', were having a conversation on what new inventions might help the world one day. You see, we wanted to make a business since I loved economics, commerce and businesses as well as creating new stuff for fun. When Tanay came to coding, we found out that most coding languages were not '''customizable''' enough for the user. There were some that were customizable, sure, but they had two problems. Firstly, they were only customizable for some syntax and some grammar rules and secondly, even if they were more customizable than that, you still had to memorize syntax, '''language rules''', '''semantics''' and '''operators'''. We also thought of making the coding language like a normal language too, meaning, you don’t need an application or website to use Synthora, and you can use it in real life communication too. This was not easy for a person like me with no coding experience. But Tanay knew '''Python''' and '''HTML''' pretty well, so he helped me. We eventually developed the vocabulary, language philosophy and the customizable syntax. 

== What Do You Mean By &quot;Customizable&quot;? ==
'''Customizable languages''', i.e., extensible languages are languages designed to let developers (maybe users) modify their syntax, operators, language rules, or '''morphemes''' for their own benefit. This means that if any code in Synthora for example,

·      '''{(|)+(|)+(-)[m]]} {(|)+(=)[toudaerps]}!''' 

cannot be understood by you; you can just change it to something else that you actually understand like this,

·      '''{([puc]-(_)+(-)[m]]} {(|)+(_)+(_)[t]]}!''' 

and it will still show the same message. Even users can customize their syntax in Synthora. Customization can be done for anything, but you still have to follow the language philosophy and '''language framework''' appropriately. 

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>iv91dbufz16pure6a6law8lgsmmrtu8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Book:Digital Synthora</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>485950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673179</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T16:29:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ActStuffOGWiki</username>
        <id>3624203</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== Introduction == This category contains pages that are part of the '''''[[Digital Synthora]]''''' book. If a page of the book isn't showing here, please add text &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{BookCat}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to the end of the page concerned. You can view a list of all subpages under the book main page (not including the book main page itself), regardless of whether they're categorized.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4673179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="386" sha1="46o74v4dzg6aqa151bmwxd1m1hhzh4j" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This category contains pages that are part of the '''''[[Digital Synthora]]''''' book. If a page of the book isn't showing here, please add text &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{BookCat}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to the end of the page concerned. You can view a list of all subpages under the book main page (not including the book main page itself), regardless of whether they're categorized.</text>
      <sha1>46o74v4dzg6aqa151bmwxd1m1hhzh4j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Trizek (WMF)</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>485951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673192</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T18:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-40500-29</username>
        <id>3615407</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Thanks, sorry I cannot properly thank you */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4673192</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="301" sha1="k14mw56zpdabd176ugtfuk1gnpi2hly" xml:space="preserve">== Thanks, sorry I cannot properly thank you ==
Thanks {{PAGENAME}}, unfortunately being an anonymous-User(User who is not signed in)I am not allowed to use the thank you button. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 18:59, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>k14mw56zpdabd176ugtfuk1gnpi2hly</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-52196-32</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>485952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673193</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T19:10:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-40500-29</username>
        <id>3615407</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hi */ new section why?</comment>
      <origin>4673193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="372" sha1="9v58l5270cx73ftscfkrrn3ezzw2bm6" xml:space="preserve">== Hi ==
Hi {{PAGENAME}}, I see you have just posted &quot;Understanding the Importance of Regular Health Check-Ups&quot; to the page &quot; Wikibooks talk:Welcome&quot;. Since you are new here I wonder why you posted your message on the wrong page?

Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 19:10, 30 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9v58l5270cx73ftscfkrrn3ezzw2bm6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:DVD206/Collections/DVD</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>485962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4673323</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DVD206</username>
        <id>724793</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{saved book  |title=  |subtitle=  |cover-image=  |cover-color=}}  == DVD AI == === Gemini Google === :[[On 2D Inverse Problems]] :[[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the author]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4673323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="174" sha1="o7umjz83tv6juzfufjm7xwdpnq40kru" xml:space="preserve">{{saved book
 |title=
 |subtitle=
 |cover-image=
 |cover-color=}}

== DVD AI ==
=== Gemini Google ===
:[[On 2D Inverse Problems]]
:[[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the author]]</text>
      <sha1>o7umjz83tv6juzfufjm7xwdpnq40kru</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Homological Algebra/Defintion of abelian category</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485972</id>
    <redirect title="Homological Algebra/Definition of abelian category" />
    <revision>
      <id>4673405</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T11:53:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WereSpielChequers</username>
        <id>248949</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>WereSpielChequers moved page [[Homological Algebra/Defintion of abelian category]] to [[Homological Algebra/Definition of abelian category]]: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>4673405</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64" sha1="5apiy7ixpojh6lv1oa55qr64x5kx3e5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Homological Algebra/Definition of abelian category]]</text>
      <sha1>5apiy7ixpojh6lv1oa55qr64x5kx3e5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>